asm 


_ 

HUB 


_„!_ i 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


GUIDE 

TO  THE  STUDY  AND  READING  OF 
AMERICAN   HISTORY 


BY 

EDWARD  CHANNING 
ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART 

AND 

FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER 

PROFESSORS    IN    HARVARD   UNIVERSITY 


REVISED  AND  AUGMENTED  EDITION 


BOSTON  AND   LONDON 

GINN  AND  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1912 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


COPYRIGHT,  1896,  BY  EDWARD  CHANNING  AND 
ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART 


COPYRIGHT,  1912,  BY  EDWARD  CHANNING,  ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART 

AND  FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


Cfte  fltftenatum  j>retts 

GINN  AND  COMPANY  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS  •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 


In  1896  appeared  the  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History, 
which  is  the  foundation  of  the  present  work.  The  two  original  au 
thors  have  taken  part  in  the  preparation  of  the  volume  now  laid  be 
fore  the  public,  and  with  them  has  joined  Professor  Turner.  The 
book  is  therefore  the  outcome  of  thirty  years'  experience  in  the  study 
and  teaching  of  American  history  by  the  three  authors,  and  is  based 
upon  their  own  class  work  and  investigation.  Their  point  of  view  is 
that  every  scholar  owes  it  to  the  cause  to  communicate  his  collection 
of  materials,  so  that  through  such  mutual  exchange  American  history 
may  be  made  clearer  and  more  authentic. 

In  several  ways  the  present  work  differs. from  the  preceding  form: 
it  has  been  extended  from  1865  down  to  1910;  it  includes  a  great 
number  of  references  to  the  immense  literature  which  has  accumu 
lated  since  1 896 ;  it  replaces  earlier  and  less  accessible  books  with 
references  to  more  available  works;  it  enlarges  and  increases  the 
sections  on  social,  economic,  and  industrial  history ;  and  it  includes 
a  new  set  of  references  from  the  growing  wealth  of  writings  upon 
the  West. 

As  in  the  previous  issue,  the  volume  is  divided  into  parts.  Part  I 
attempts  to  make  clear  the  general  place  of  American  history  as  a 
study,  a  recreation,  and  a  discipline.  Part  1 1  is  a  reclassified  and  en 
larged  set  of  references  to  groups  of  related  books,  such  as  general 
works,  biographies,  sources,  and  so  on.  This  is  intended  to  contain  the 
titles  of  the  most  significant  books  dealing  with  America,  the  United 
States,  the  states,  and  notable  individuals  and  phases  of  history.  It 
must  be  understood  that  all  these  lists  are  selected  from  a  larger  mass 
of  material,  and  are  not  intended  to  be  complete  or  comprehensive 
bibliographies.  Part  III  includes  the  pedagogical  apparatus  of  the 
work,  much  reduced  in  length  from  the  first  edition  because  of  the 
large  amount  of  good  material  on  the  teaching  of  American  history 

iii 


IV 


PREFACE 


which  has  come  forward  in  the  last  sixteen  years.  In  §  10,  Part  I, 
is  a  bibliography  of  books  and  articles  on  this  subject. 

Parts  IV,  V,  and  VI  contain  references  made  and  classified  on  an 
entirely  different  basis  from  that  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  work. 
Under  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  successive  topics  appear  specific 
references  to  works  and  designated  parts  of  works,  arranged  under 
the  four  captions,  General,  Special,  Sources,  and  Bibliography. 
These  references  are  intended  to  be  useful  to  readers,  students,  and 
teachers  who  wish  to  be  directed  to  the  most  convenient  and  most 
available  treatment  of  particular  subjects.  In  some  cases,  particularly 
in  the  topics  on  economic  and  social  history,  there  is  a  subdivision 
easily  understood  by  the  user. 

As  to  the  general  scope  of  the  work  a  paragraph  may  be  quoted 
from  the  preface  to  the  first  edition :  "No  one  can  be  better  aware 
than  the  authors  of  the  inadequacy  of  this  work ;  the  immense  mass 
of  rich  material  on  American  history  cannot  be  condensed  into  a 
single  volume ;  and  doubtless  much  has  been  omitted  that  ought  to 
go  in,  or  inserted  that  might  well  be  left  out.  It  is  to  be  remembered, 
however,  that  the  plan  of  the  work  does  not  admit  of  complete  biblio 
graphical  information  on  any  topic.  It  has  been  our  endeavor  to  select 
out  of  the  available  material  that  likely  to  be  most  immediately  useful 
to  the  searcher  into  political,  social,  constitutional,  and  economic  his 
tory.  For  the  antiquarian  and  the  genealogist  we  have  not  been  able 
to  provide.  We  have,  however,  noted  as  many  as  possible  of  the 
more  elaborate  bibliographies,  to  serve  as  guides  to  more  complete 
information ;  and  we  have  ventured  to  save  space  in  some  cases  by 
referring  to  bibliographies  or  other  material  previously  prepared  by 
the  same  hands." 

In  the  preparation  of  the  book  every  effort  has  been  made  to  select 
accurate  references  and  to  verify  them.  The  Index  covers,  together 
with  other  matter,  an  alphabetic  list  by  authors  of  most  of  the  works 
to  which  reference  is  made ;  but,  inasmuch  as  little  additional  infor 
mation  is  given  by  a  mere  second  reference  to  a  title,  the  Index 
enters  only  that  page  upon  which  the  name  of  a  book  is  printed 
in  full,  with  place  and  date  of  publication,  or  on  which  the  book  is 
first  mentioned  if  the  title  is  nowhere  given  fully.  In  spite  of  all 
efforts  to  the  contrary,  errors  have  doubtless  crept  in ;  and  the 


PREFACE  V 

authors  will  be  grateful  for  any  indication  of  mistakes,  and  for  any 
suggestions  as  to  the  improvement  of  the  Guide  in  case  later  editions 
should  be  called  for.  Without  the  expert  aid  of  David  M.  Matteson 
and  Miss  Addie  F.  Rowe,  the  work  could  not  have  been  carried  to 
completion. 

All  three  authors  take  joint  responsibility  for  the  whole  book ;  but 
Professor  Channing  has  been  especially  interested  in  Part  II  (Classi 
fied  Bibliography)  and  Part  IV  (Colonial  History  and  the  Revolu 
tion);  Professor  Hart  has  worked  upon  Parts  I  and  III  (Methods), 
and  Part  V  (United  States  History  to  1865);  Professor  Turner  has 
taken  responsibility  for  most  of  the  references  on  the  West,  and  for 
Part  VI  (Recent  United  States  History). 

EDWARD   CHANNING 
ALBERT   BUSHNELL  HART 
FREDERICK  J.  TURNER 
CAMBRIDGE,  August  31   1912 


CONTENTS 

PART   I 
STATUS  AND   METHODS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.     STATUS  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

§  i.    What  is  American  History  ? I 

§  2.    Relation  to  the  History  of  Other  Countries          .         .  2 

§  3.    Materials  for  American  History 3 

§  4.    Proper  Position  in  a  Curriculum 4 

§  5.    Educational  Value  of  American  History      ...  5 

§  6.   Complexity  and  Unity 6 

§  7.   The  Truth  in  American  History 8 

§  8.   Point  of  View 10 

§  9.   Convenient  Subdivisions 12 

II.    HISTORICAL  METHODS 

§  10.    Bibliography  of  Methods 15 

§11.    Reports  of  Conferences  and  Societies  .         .         .         .16 

§  12.    Books  and  Essays  on  Methods 17 

§  13.    Selected  Periodical  Articles  on  Methods      .         .         .  19 

§  14.    Collateral  Authorities  on  Methods       ....  22 

§15.   Place  of  Method 22 

§  1 6.    Preparation  of  Teachers 23 

§  1 7.   School  Work 24 

§  18.    College  Work 25 

§  19.   Investigation 25 

§  20.   Study  without  a  Teacher 26 

PART    II 

CLASSIFIED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

III.     BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  AIDS 

§  21.    Special  Aids         .         . 28 

§  22.   Formal  Bibliographies 3° 


viii  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

§  23.  Topical  Outlines 31 

§  24.  Useful  Indexes 32 

§  25.  Useful  Library  Catalogues 34 

§  26.  Indexes  to  Public  Documents  .         ,        •         -35 

IV.    GENERAL  WORKS 

§  27.   General  Reference  Books         .  .         .         •         -3° 

§  28.   Brief  Histories          .         .         .  .         •         •         .40 

§  29.    Larger  Comprehensive  Works  41 

V.    GEOGRAPHY 

§  30.  Historical  Geography 45 

§31.  Physical  Geography  of  America        ....  47 

§32.  Physical  Maps  of  North  America      ....  49 

§  33.  Historical  Maps        .         .         .         .  .         -5° 

§  34.  Sources  of  Historical  Geography 5 l 

§  35.  Gazetteers,  Geographies,  and  Registers    ...  53 

VI.     SPECIAL  WORKS 

§  36.   Works  on  Special  Topics 57 

§  37.    State  and  Local  Histories 62 

§  38.   Books  of  Travel       . 89 

§  39.   Biographies IO2 

VII.  SOURCES 

§  40.  Periodicals .  .122 

§  41.  Newspapers ^5 

§42.  Collections  of  Public  Records  and  Statutes  .  .128 
§  43.  Colonial,  State,  and  Local  Records,  Statutes,  and 

Constitutions 132 

§  44.  United  States  Records 152 

§45.  Publications  of  Learned  Societies  ....  157 
§46.  Collected  Works  of  American  Statesmen  .  .  163 
§  47.  Autobiographies  and  Reminiscences  .  .  .168 
§  48.  Unofficial  Collections  of  Narratives,  Documents,  and 

Speeches 176 

§  49.  Manuscript  Sources 180 

VIII.  ILLUSTRATIVE  WORKS 

§  50.   Illustrative  Material 182 

§51.    Historical  Novels 183 

§  52.   Poems  and  Ballads 189 


CONTENTS  ix 

PART    III 
TEACHING   AND   READING   HISTORY 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

IX.    WORKING  LIBRARIES 

§  53.   Necessity  of  Working  Libraries        ....  191 

§  54.   Small  Collections      .......  191 

§  55.    Small  Standard  Library 193 

§56.   Collateral  Use  of  Public  Libraries    .         .         .         .194 

§57.   Use  of  Great  Libraries 195 

§  58.    Special  Use  of  Libraries  by  Students        .         .         .  196 

X.  CLASS  EXERCISES 

§  59.    Recitations 19$ 

§60.   Use  of  Textbooks 199 

§  61.    Chronology  and  Memorizing 199 

§  62.    Reviews .         .         .  206 

§  63.   The  "  Quiz "     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .207 

§  64.    Physical  Geography  and  Maps          ....  208 

§  65.    Political  Geography 209 

§  66.    Illustrative  Methods 210 

§  67.    Historical  Recreations 210 

§  68.    Debates 211 

§69.    Oral  Reports  of  Pupils      .         .         .         .         .         .212 

§  70.    Student  Lectures 212 

§  71.    Seminaries 213 

§  72.    Classroom  Tests 214 

§  73.    Oral  Examinations 214 

§  74.    Formal  Written  Tests       .         .         .         .         .         .215 

XI.  HISTORICAL  READING 

§75.   Necessity  of  Reading 216, 

§  76.    Consecutive  Reading 217 

§  77.   Topical  Reading <>         .217 

§  78.   Conference  System 2I7 

§  79.    How  to  use  Books 218 

§  80.    Secondary  and  Primary  Materials     ....  220 

§  81.   Use  of  Sources          .  22° 

XII.     LECTURES 

§  82.   Talks  by  Teachers 222 

§  83.    Formal  Lectures 222 


x  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 

§  84.  Student's  Note  Taking  in  Lectures         .         .         .223 

§  85.  Investigator's  Note  Taking 225 

§  86.  Giving  out  References 227 

XIII.    WRITTEN  WORK 

§  87.  Written  Reviews 22^ 

§  88.  Brief  Written  Recitations 22$ 

§  89.  Classroom  Papers 229 

§  90.  Topical  System 229 

§91.  Subjects  for  Topics 23° 

§  92.  Composition  in  Historical  Subjects         .         .         .  231 

§  93.  Special  Report  System 232 

§  94.  Essay  or  Thesis  System 232 

§  95.  Monographs 234 


PART   IV 

COLONIAL   HISTORY   AND   THE   REVOLUTION 

1492-1783 

XIV.     DISCOVERY  AND  LATIN  COLONIZATION,  1492-1783 

§    96.   Physiography  of  North  America    ....  236 

§    97.    Geography  of  North  America,  1492-1775      .         .  236 

§    98.   Archaeology 240 

§    99.  The  Aborigines 241 

§  100.    Pre-Columbian  Discoveries  .....  243 

§  101.   Columbian  Discoveries          .....  244 

§  1 02.   Companions  and  Successors  of  Columbus      .         .  245 

§  103.   Naming  of  America      ......  246 

§  104.   The  Spanish  Conquerors       .....  247 

§  105.   The  Spaniards  in  the  United  States       .         .         .  248 

§  1 06.    Early  French  Explorers 249 

§  107.    Huguenot  Settlements 250 

§  108.   Champlain  and  French  Colonization  in  the  North  251 
§  109.    French  Explorers  in  the  Interior  .  .       .         .         .252 

§  1 10.    Settlement  of  Louisiana 253 

XV.     ENGLISH  EXPLORERS  AND  THE  SOUTHERN  COLONIES, 

1497-1760 

§  in.  The  Cabots 255 


CONTENTS  xi 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

§  112.   The  English  Seamen     ......  256 

§  113.   The  Ralegh  Colonies 257 

§  1 14.   Genesis  of  the  United  States          ....  258 

§115.   The  Virginia  Colony  to  1624         ....  258 

§  116.   Virginia,  1624-1688 260 

§117.    Provincial  Virginia,  1688-1760     .         .         .         .261 

§  118.    Settlement  of  Maryland 262 

§  119.    Puritans  in  Maryland 263 

§  120.   The  Carolinas 264 

§  121.   Georgia 265 

XVI.     MIDDLE  COLONIES,  1609-1760 

§  122.   New  Netherland 266 

§123.   The  English  in  New  York 267 

§  124.   New  Jersey 268 

§  125.   Settlement  of  Pennsylvania 269 

§126.    Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  1685-1760        .         .  270 

XVII.    NEW  ENGLAND,  1607-1760 

§  127.   New  England  before  1620    .         .         .         .         .  272 

§  128.   The  English  Puritans    ......  272 

§  129.   The  Pilgrims         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  273 

§  130.    Plymouth,  1620-1629    ......  274 

§  131.   New  Plymouth  Colony,  1629-1691         .         .         .  275 

§  132.   The  Council  for  New  England      ....  275 

§  133.    Early  Massachusetts,  1620-1628   .         .         . .       .  276 

§  134.   The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company          .         .         .  277 

§135.    Development  of  Massachusetts,  1630-1650  .         .  278' 
§  136.    Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  1636- 

1640 280 

§  137.    Rhode  Island  to  1665 281 

§  138.   Connecticut,  1638-1662         .         .         .         .         .  281 

§  139.   New  Haven  Colony,  1638-1662    ....  282 

§  140.   Northern  Settlements,  1620-1660          .         .         .  283 

§  141.   The  New  England  Confederation          .         .         .  283 

§  142.   The  Quakers 284 

§  143.    King  Philip's  War 285 

§  144.   Overthrow  of  the  Massachusetts  Charter       .         .  285 

§  145.   The  Tyranny  of  Andros 286 

§  146.    Provincial  New  England       .         .  *               .         .  286 


xii  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

XVIII.    EXPULSION  OF  THE  FRENCH,  1689-1763 

§  147.  Conflict  with  France  on  the  Seaboard  .  .  288 
§  148.  Struggle  for  the  Possession  of  the  Great  Valleys  289 

XIX.    THE  REVOLUTION,  1760-1783 

§  149.   The  Colonies  in  1760          ...         .         .         .291 

§  150.    Passive  Resistance,  1761-1766    .         .         .         .295 

§  151.   Active  Resistance,  1767-1774     ....     298 

§  152.  Revolution  Precipitated,  1772-1776  .  .  .  301 
§  153.  The  Declaration  of  Independence,  1774-1776  .  303 
§  154.  The  War  in  the  Middle  States  and  in  the  West  304 

§  155.   The  French  Alliance 3°8 

§  156.   The  War  in  the  Southern  Department        .         .     309 

§157.   The  Treaty  of  Peace 3IQ 

§158.  Formation  of  the  Confederation,  1775-1783  .  311 
§  159.  The  State  Constitutions,  1775-1781  .  .  .  3*3 


PART   V 
UNITED   STATES  HISTORY,   1781-1865 

XX.  GENESIS  OF  THE  UNION,  1607-1775 

§  1 60.  Political  Geography  of  the  United  States,  1775- 

1911       .         .         .         .         .         .  .  .  316 

§  161.  People  of  the  United  States,  1607-1911  .  .  317 

§162.  The  English  in  the  West,  1730-1775  .  .  318 

§163.  English  Political  Institutions  to  1 775  .  .  323 

§  164.  Colonial  Political  Institutions      ."        .  .  .325 

§  165.  Colonial  Social  Institutions  and  Slavery  .  .  327 

XXI.  CONFEDERATION  AND  CONSTITUTION,  1781-1788 

§  166.   Government  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788     .     329 
§  167.   Territorial  Questions  under  the  Confederation, 

1781-1789 330 

§  168.   Settlement  of  the  West  and  Land  Policy,  1775- 

1789 331 

§169.   Finances  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788  .         .     333 
§  170.    Slavery    Questions    under    the    Confederation, 

'    1774-1787 334 


CONTENTS  xiii 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

§  171.   Foreign  and  Commercial  Relations  of  the  Con 
federation,  1783-1789 335 

§  172.    States  under  the  Confederation,  1781-1788         .  337 

§  173.   The  Federal  Convention  of  1787         .         .         .  339 

§174.    Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  1787-1790          .  341 

§175.   Theories  of  the  Constitution        ....  343 

XXII.    ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT,  1789-1801 

§  176.    Organization  of  the  Three  Departments  of  Gov 
ernment,  1789-1793 346 

§  177.  Organization  of  a  Financial  System,  1789-1791  .  348 
§178.  Doctrine  of  Implied  Powers,  1789-1911  .  .  350 
§  179.  Political  Parties,  1789-1793  .  .  .  .  351 
§  180.  Territorial  and  Slavery  Questions,  1789-1802  .  352 
§  181.  Foreign  and  Indian  Relations,  1789-1798  .  .  354 
§  182.  Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1792-1797  356 
§  183.  Breach  with  France,  1797-1800  .  .  .  358 
§  184.  Alien  and  Sedition  Acts,  and  Virginia  and  Ken 
tucky  Resolutions,  1798-1800  .  .  .  360 
§185.  Fall  of  the  Federalists,  1799-1801  .  .  .361 

XXIII.  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815 

§  186.   Thomas  Jefferson  and  his  Party,  1801-1805         .  363 
§  187.    Annexation    of   Louisiana,    West    Florida,    and 

Oregon,  1800-1812 365 

§  1 88.   The  Burr  Conspiracy,  1803-1807         .         .         .  367 

§189.   Neutral  Trade,  1789-1807 368 

§  190.   The  Embargo  and  Non-Intercourse,  1807-1811  .  370 
§  191.   The  War  of  1812,  1812-1815       .         .         .         .371 

§192.    Opposition  to  the  War,  1811-1815      .         .         .  374 

§193.    Settlement  of  the  West,  1789-1820     .         .         .  375 

XXIV.  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829 

§  194.    Financial  and  Commercial  Organization,  1816- 

1820 379 

§  195.   The  Great  Constitutional  Decisions,  1792-1824  .  381 

§  196.    Era  of  Good  Feeling  in  Politics,  1817-1825         .  383 

§  197.   The  Missouri  Compromise           ....  3^4 

§  198.   The  Monroe  Doctrine 386 

§199.    Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams        .         .  388 


XIV 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

XXV.    JACKSON'S  ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837 

§  200.  Development  of  American  Society,  1820-1860  391 
§  201.  Development  of  Industry  and  Transportation, 

1820-1860 398 

§  202.   Development  of  Labor  and  Occupations,  1820- 

1860 405 

-  §  203.   Development  of  Government  and  Administra 
tion,  1820-1860 408 

§  204.  Andrew  Jackson  and  his  Policy  .  .  .412 
§  205.  Jackson's  War  on  the  Bank,  1829-1832  .  .  414 
§  206.  Tariff  and  Nullification,  1828-1833  .  .  .415 
§207.  Removal  of  the  Deposits,  1833-1837  .  .417 
§  208.  Territorial  Questions  and  Surplus  Revenue, 

1829-1841 419 


XXVI. 


SLAVERY  AND  TEXAS,  1830-1848 

§  209.  Negro  Slavery  from  1830  to  1860  .  .  .421 
§  210.  The  Abolition  Movement,  1830-1850  .  .  423 
§211.  Public  Controversy  as  to  Slavery,  1835-1844  .  425 
§  212.  International  and  Interstate  Status  of  Slavery, 

1830-1850 426 

§  213.  Van  Buren's  Administration,  1837-1841  .  .  428 
§  214.  The  Whigs  and  Tyler,  1840-1844  .  .  .430 
§215.  Exploration  of  the  Far  West  to  1850  .  .  431 
§  216.  Trade  and  Settlement  of  the  Far  West  to  1850  433 
§  217.  Northeastern  and  Northwestern  Boundaries, 

1783-1846 437 

§218.  Annexation  of  Texas,  1836-1846  .  .  .  439 
§  219.  The  Mexican  War,  1846-1848  .  .  .  .441 
§220.  Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1845-1849  443 


XXVII, 


THE  SLAVERY  CRISIS,  1846-1860 

§  221.  Territorial  Crisis,  1846-1849     . 

§  222.  Compromise  of  1850 

§  223.  Fugitive  Slaves  and  Anti-Slavery  Propaganda, 

1850-1860    

§  224.  American  Diplomacy,  1844-1860 

§  225.  Kansas-Nebraska  Act,  1854 

§  226.  The  Kansas  Struggle,  1854-1861 

§  227.  Rise  of  the  Republican  Party,  1852-1858 


445 
447 

449 
451 
452 
454 
456 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER 


XV 
PAGE 


§  228.    Dred  Scott  Decision  and  John  Brown's  Raid, 

1857-1859 458 

§  229.    Presidential  Election  of  1860  ....     459 


XXVIII.     THE  CIVIL  WAR  PERIOD 


§  230.  The  Sections  Compared,  1861 ....  462 

§231.  Theory  of  Secession 464 

§232.  Process  of  Secession,  1860-1861  .  .  .  466 

§  233.  Coercion  and  Compromise,  1860-1861  .  .  468 
§  234.  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Outbreak  of  War, 

1860-1861 470 

§  235.  The  Southern  Confederacy,  1861-1865  .  .  472 

§  236.  Military  Events  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865  .  475 

§237.  Financial  Measures  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865  47& 
§  238.  International  Complications  of  the  War,  1861- 

1865 480 

§  239.  National  Administration  and  Northern  People 

during  the  War,  1861-1865  .  .  .  483 

§  240.  Abolition  of  Slavery,  1861-1865  .  .  .  •  485 


PART   VI 
RECENT  UNITED  STATES   HISTORY,   1865-1910 

XXIX.     RECONSTRUCTION  AND  DEVELOPMENT,  1865-1872 
§  241.    Presidential    and    Congressional    Reconstruc 
tion,  1863-1868  .         .         .         .  •       .         .489 

§  242.   Carpetbag  and  Negro  Rule,  1868-1877  .         .  495 

§  243.    Financial  Reconstruction,  1865-1872       .         .  498 

§  244.    Foreign  Relations,  1865-1885          .         .         .  500 
§  245.    Development  of  the  Mining  Frontier,   1859- 

1876 502 

§  246.   Continental  Railroads,  1861-1872  .         .         .  504 

§  247.    Indian  Relations,  1860-1876   ....  505 

§  248.    Lands  and  Western  Agriculture,  1862-1880    .  507 


XXX.    POLITICAL  REACTION,  1872-1880 

§  249.    Administrative  Demoralization  and  the  Lib 
eral  Republicans,  1869-1875        . 


510 


XVI 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER 


XXXI. 


XXXII. 


XXXIII. 


INDEX 


PAGE 
§  250.   Transportation  and   the  Granger  Movement, 

1867-1877.         .        .         .        .         •         •     512 
§  251.    Disputed  Election  and  the  Closing  of  Recon 
struction,  1876-1879 514 

§252.  Financial  Questions,  1873-1880  .  .  .516 
§  253.  Commercial  Reorganization,  1865-1880  .  .  517 

NEW  INDUSTRIAL  FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890 

§  254.    Administrative    Problems    and    the    Surplus, 

1880-1884 520 

§  255.  Democratic  Administration,  1885-1889  .  .  521 
§  256.  Capital  and  Labor,  1885-1890  .  .  .523 
§  257.  Canal  Diplomacy,  1866-1889  .  .  .525 

§258.  Problem  of  Immigration,  1878-1898  .  .  528 
§  259.  Extension  of  Transportation  and  Population 

to  the  Northwest,  1880-1890       .         .         .530 
§  260.    Extension  of  Transportation  and  Population 

to    the    Great    Plains   and   the  Southwest, 

1880-1896 533 

§  261.   The  New  South,  1870-1895     .         .         .         .536 

ECONOMIC  UNREST,  1890-1898 

§  262.  Money  and  Tariff,  1890-1898  .  .  .  .539 
§  263.  Foreign  Relations,  1885-1897  .  .  .  543 
§  264.  Development  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  1890-1910  .  545 

THE  TRANSFORMING  NATION,  1898-1910 

§  265.   Cuba  and  the  Spanish-American  War,  1895- 

1899 549 

§266.   Government  of  Dependencies,  1899-1910        .  551 

§  267.    American  Diplomatic  Problems,  1901-1910     .  554 

§  268.   The  Orient,  1861-1910 557 

§  269.   The  Trust  Problem,  1898-1910        .         .         .  560 

§  270.    Labor  and  Injunction,  1894—1910    .         .         .  566 

§  271.   Tariff,  1898-1910 570 

§  272.    Politics  and  Parties,  1900-1910         .         .         .  571 

§  273.   Conservation 576 

§  274.   American  Society  in  the  Twentieth  Century    .  581 

' 587 


GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN    HISTORY 


PART   I.     STATUS   AND    METHODS 

CHAPTER   I 
STATUS  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY1 

§  1.  What  is  American  History  ? 

USED  in  its  broadest  sense,  the  term  "American  History"  would 
mean  an  account  of  everything  that  has  ever  happened  within 
the  western  hemisphere.  But  such  an  inclusion  would  be  beyond 
the  bounds  of  human  acquirement ;  for  previous  to  the  discovery 
by  Europeans  written  records  are  few  and  are  with  the  greatest 
difficulty  deciphered.  The  records  of  Mexico  and  Peru  have 
little  that  is  suggestive  to  the  modern  world;  native  traditions 
are  scanty  and  ill-preserved;  among  the  Indians  there  were  no 
great  national  organizations,  and  hence  little  history  in  the  modern 
sense.  There  is  little  significance  to  present-day  readers  in  Ameri 
can  history  earlier  than  the  discovery  by  Columbus.  Before 
that  we  get  but  an  imperfect  notion  of  native  communities  con 
fusedly  struggling  with  each  other,  and  a  few  far-away  suggestions 
of  earlier  discoverers.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  even  the  race 
origin  of  the  aborigines. 

In  the  development  of  America  during  the  historic  period  the 
Latin- American  races  have  had  a  large  part.  Spain  was  the  first 
to  discover,  first  to  conquer,  first  to  colonize.  France  preceded 
England,  both  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (except  for  Cabot)  and  in  the 
interior.  Portugal  was  in  the  field  a  century  earlier  than  England 
as  a  colonizing  American  power.  During  the  three  hundred  years 

1 A  longer  discussion  of  this  subject  may  be  found  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.  (1896),  §§  1-7. 

(l) 


2  STATUS   OF  AMERICAN   HISTORY  [§2 

of  colonization  two  of  these  three  powers  shared  in  the  develop 
ment  of  regions  which  later  became  English,  or  a  part  of  the  United 
States.  Since  about  1820,  however,  the  parts  of  Latin  America 
not  incorporated  in  the  United  States  have  pursued  a  separate 
road  and  developed  a  civilization  and  history  of  their  own. 

It  is  common  and  allowable,  therefore,  for  the  people  of  the 
United  States  to  use  the  term  "American  History"  to  cover  the 
history  of  the  regions  now  a  part  of  the  continental  United  States 
and  subject  to  the  dominance  of  Anglo-Saxon  ideas  and  institu 
tions.  This  includes  the  history  of  the  Spanish,  French,  Dutch, 
and  Swedish  colonies ;  the  extension  of  the  English  flag  previous 
to  the  Revolution;  and  the  growth,  development,  and  external 
and  internal  affairs  of  the  United  States  of  America  down  to  the 
present  day.  It  is  for  the  field  thus  defined  and  circumscribed 
that  this  volume  undertakes  to  analyze  the  events  and  tendencies. 


§  2.  Relation  to  the  History  of  Other  Countries 

Throughout  the  story  it  should  be  recognized  that  the  history 
of  America  cannot  be  entirely  separated  from  that  of  the  Old 
World ;  we  must  take  into  account  the  nations  out  of  which  our 
civilization  has  sprung,  and  particularly  England.  The  early 
colonies  brought  with  them  an  inheritance  of  ideas:  the  feudal 
system ;  the  medieval  church ;  traditions  of  Roman  law  and  insti 
tutions  ;  aristocracy  and  royalty ;  civil  and  criminal  law  and  jus 
tice.  The  English  colonists  who  came  to  the  most  vigorous  and 
permanent  colonial  life  had  also  an  obstinate  belief  in  the  English 
principles  of  personal  freedom,  local  self-control,  representative 
government,  and  the  traditional  common  law,  which  are  the  com 
mon  inheritance  of  all  the  members  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 

Hence  a  reasonable  point  of  departure  for  the  study  of  American 
history  is  a  brief  account  of  the  conditions  of  the  colonizing  coun 
tries,  and  particularly  of  England,  at  the  beginning  of  the  colo 
nization  period ;  for  these  social  and  political  ideas  were  as  much  a 
part  of  the  outfit  of  the  colonists  as  their  clothing,  arms,  and 
cattle. 

From  discovery  to  the  independence  of  the  Spanish-American 
states,  the  history  of  the  colonies  and  the  United  States  is  closely 


§3]  MATERIALS   FOR   AMERICAN   HISTORY  3 

enwrapped  with  the  history  of  the  European  powers.  Then  for 
about  eighty  years  the  United  States  had  few  political  relations 
with  European  countries  except  with  the  possessors  of  neighbor 
ing  colonies.  Since  1898  the  United  States  has  become  an  Asiatic 
power,  and  through  its  relations  with  other  European  powers  in 
the  Orient  seems  likely  to  take  part  in  the  general  affairs  of  the 
world. 

§  3.  Materials  for  American  History 

Although  there  were  throughout  colonial  times  historians  of 
this  or  that  colony,  it  was  not  till  fifty  years  after  the  Revolution 
that  a  literature  of  American  history  sprang  up ;  and  most  of  the 
renowned  writers  of  the  nineteenth  century  such  as  Bancroft, 
Irving,  Prescott,  and  Parkman,  were  attracted  by  the  romantic 
and  eventful  side  of  the  colonial  period.  Since  the  Civil  War 
there  has  grown  up  a  second  cycle  of  historical  writers,  —  Fiske, 
Schouler,  McMaster,  Henry  Adams,  Hoist,  Rhodes,  A  very,  and 
others,  —  who  have  undertaken  to  write  on  considerable  areas 
of  American  history  in  detail,  and  from  a  broad  standpoint  of 
interest  in  the  various  developments  of  American  life.  A  swarm 
of  monographs  has  also  poured  from  the  press,  founded  upon 
archives,  manuscript  collections,  and  the  enormous  mass  of  publi 
cations  from  historical  and  other  learned  societies. 

The  textbooks  of  American  history  were  at  first  of  the  Mercy 
Warren  or  Peter  Parley  type,  —  dull  summaries  of  the  colonial 
and  revolutionary  periods,  or  easy-going,  gossipy  little  books. 
Until  about  1880  there  was  no  school  history  of  the  United  States 
written  by  anybody  who  had  made  himself  an  expert  in  American 
history.  Now  there  are  many  such  books,  which  not  only  are 
truthful  and  reasonably  impartial,  but  deal  with  ^ocial,  economic, 
and  industrial  history  as  well  as  with  political  events,  and  refer 
the  pupil  to  the  best  detailed  accounts. 

This  development  of  sources,  secondary  books,  and  textbooks 
is  a  proof  that  the  American  people  look  upon  their  history  as 
worth  reading  about,  worth  studying,  and  worth  teaching  to 
their  children.  In  schools,  academies,  and  universities  American 
history  is  recognized  as  an  important  and  often  an  essential  subject. 
The  material  is,  however,  still  much  unorganized,  and  methods 


4  STATUS   OF  AMERICAN   HISTORY  [§4 

of  dealing  with  it  are  in  many  places  crude  and  unformed.  To 
open  up  highways  and  footpaths  into  this  literature,  and  thus 
to  contribute  to  sound  learning  and  accurate  judgment  of  cause 
and  effect,  is  another  purpose  of  this  work. 

§  4.  Proper  Position  in  a  Curriculum 

The  most  recent  discussions  of  the  teaching  of  history  in  ele 
mentary  schools  advise  Indian  and  frontier  stories  on  American 
history  in  the  first  grade ;  and  formal  study  with  textbooks  as 
early  as  the  sixth  grade  (which  is  about  the  eleventh  year  of  age 
for  most  children)  is  recommended  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
of  Eight  on  the  Study  of  History  in  Elementary  Schools  and  in 
Bliss,  History  in  the  Elementary  Schools  (see  §§  9,  12  below). 
American  history  is  an  almost  universal  subject  in  the  high  school, 
sometimes  taken  up  in  three  different  years. 

There  should  be  no  study  of  American  history  without  some 
where  in  the  course  also  a  study  of  the  history  and  conditions  of 
the  countries  and  eras  from  which  much  of  American  civilization 
is  derived.  Greek  and  Roman  history  are  important  to  the 
American  youth,  not  because  originally  written  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
but  because  our  ideas  of  the  government  of  republics,  of  the  con 
centration  and  diffusion  of  power,  and  of  the  nature  of  law  are 
largely  an  inheritance  from  those  wonderful  peoples.  American 
children  need  cross-lights,  contacts  with  other  races  and  experi 
ences.  On  the  other  hand,  American  children  need  formal  teach 
ing  on  the  conditions  that  they  see  around  them  in  their  own 
towns,  cities,  states,  and  Union.  In  many  schools  the  method 
of  historical  treatment  is  from  within  outward,  beginning  with  the 
town  meeting  or  city  government,  and  widening  to  state,  nation, 
all  America,  and  the  rest  of  the  world.  For  high  school  and 
college  pupils  the  obverse  of  this  method  is  advisable,  —  beginning 
with  a  study  of  ancient,  medieval,  or  English  history,  as  preceding 
and  conditioning  American  history. 

Laterally,  American  history  is  closely  related  to  several  other 
subjects  that  have  by  force  of  circumstances  come  into  the  cur 
riculum.  Such  are  civil  government,  political  science,  constitu 
tional  law,  economics,  and  international  law,  which  last  is  in  these 


§5]  VALUE   OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY  5 

days  of  close  approach  between  nations  becoming  an  essential 
part  of  the  outfit  of  well-educated  persons. 


§  5.  Educational  Value  of  American  History 

The  time  has  long  gone  by  when  history  had  a  slender  hold 
upon  the  schools  as  an  adjunct  to  the  study  of  Greek  and  Latin. 
History  is  an  intellectual  discipline  which  has  many  peculiar 
advantages.  Like  literature,  it  deals  with  humanity,  with  char 
acter,  with  intellectual  progress.  Like  the  sciences,  it  is  based 
on  a  body  of  facts,  some  of  which  must  be  kept  in  mind  through 
the  training  of  the  memory.  Like  economics,  it  abounds  in 
generalizations  drawn  from  a  multitude  of  data,  and  it  develops 
the  judgment.  Like  philosophy,  history  attempts  to  study  the 
workings  of  the  human  mind,  and  from  the  experiences  of  the 
past  to  derive  some  light  for  the  future.  Few  subjects  studied  in 
school  or  college  bring  so  clearly  to  the  mind  the  process  of  arriv 
ing  at  the  truth  out  of  a  mass  of  apparently  chaotic  material. 

The  history  of  the  United  States  is  inferior  to  that  of  no  other 
country  in  the  romance  of  discovery,  border  warfare,  and  frontier 
life,  or  in  the  record  of  the  material  results  of  a  nation's  efforts. 
The  Indians  are  certainly  as  interesting  in  customs,  warfare,  and 
tribal  government  as  the  ancient  Germans.  The  three  centuries 
of  strife  between  these  native  races  and  the  white  invaders — • 
what  Parkman  calls  "the  history  of  the  forest"  —is  one  of  the 
world's  treasure  houses  of  romantic  episodes,  comparable  with 
the  history  of  chivalry.  To  the  men  and  the  principles  of  the 
Revolution  the  world  has  agreed  to  give  its  admiration.  The 
later  settlement  of  the  West  is  a  movement  not  less  important 
than  the  migrations  of  the  nations  at  the  close  of  the  period  of 
greatness  of  the  Roman  Empire.  The  slavery  struggle,  culminat 
ing  in  the  Civil  War,  is  one  of  the  two  most  important  and  in 
teresting  episodes  since  the  French  Revolution.  In  no  other 
country  have  the  modern  rivalries  of  capital  and  labor,  and  of 
associations  of  capital  and  individuals,  been  so  clearly  brought 
out ;  and  no  other  country  has  more  resolutely  attempted  to  find 
a  remedy  for  the  resulting  evils. 

As  a  training  in  the  use  of  materials,  American  history  has  the 


6  STATUS   OF   AMERICAN   HISTORY  [§6 

great  advantage  of  possessing  a  large  body  of  sources  in  English, 
the  only  language  known  to  most  school  children ;  and  these  are 
scattered  abroad  in  many  available  volumes.  The  stimulating 
study  of  local  history  by  American  young  people  is  of  course  con 
fined  to  American  history.  Logical  reasoning  is  as  well  applied 
to  the  growth  of  the  United  States  as  to  the  growth  of  Rome; 
and  accurate  knowledge,  the  foundation  of  good  judgment,  is 
much  easier  to  attain. 

As  a  means  of  training  the  judgment,  American  history  has 
also  great  advantages.  The  mind  is  chiefly  developed  in  three 
ways :  by  cultivating  the  power  of  discriminating  observation ;  by 
strengthening  the  logical  faculty  of  following  an  argument  from 
point  to  point ;  and  by  improving  the  process  of  comparison,  that 
is,  the  judgment.  It  seems  reasonable  to  claim  that  judgment 
about  a  country  into  the  spirit  of  which  a  child  is  born  ought  to 
have  as  sound  a  basis,  and  to  be  as  quickly  applicable  to  new 
problems,  as  judgment  about  a  foreign  nation  with  which  its 
associations  are  purely  artificial.  The  principal  purpose  of  the 
study  of  history  is  to  put  the  student  into  such  a  frame  of  mind 
that  he  may  apply  known  principles  to  things  with  which  he  is 
for  the  first  time  confronted.  It  is  the  best  training  for  adminis 
trative  duties,  for  citizenship,  for  public  life,  and  especially  for 
the  decision,  of  any  question  which  needs  a  knowledge  of  the  past 
for  its  settlement.  As  for  the  study  of  character  and  the  value 
of  example,  American  history  furnishes  a  host  of  strong,  individual, 
idea-producing  men. 

§  6.  Complexity  and  Unity 

Few  countries  have  a  history  more  complex  and  more  difficult 
to  reduce  to  a  system  than  the  United  States.  Many  native  races 
of  various  degrees  of  barbarism,  and  most  races  of  Europe,  besides 
some  of  Africa,  have  helped  to  people  the  United  States.  Settle 
ments  began  at  a  number  of  widely  separated  points  along  the 
coast,  and  expanded  .into  many  little  commonwealths,  each  with 
its  own  institutions,  interests,  and  public  men.  Many  of  the 
early  commonwealths  became  merged  into  others,  as  New  Plym 
outh  and  New  Haven ;  most  of  these  commonwealths  continued, 
and  the  nation  has  thrown  off  additional  states  till  there  are  now 


§6]  COMPLEXITY   AND   UNITY  7 

forty-eight,  each  having  a  history  of  its  own.  The  central  govern 
ment  is  complicated,  and  each  part  of  it  has  had  its  peculiar 
growth.  It  is  difficult  to  find  a  clew  through  the  maze ;  but  it  is 
not  impossible,  if  regard  be  had  for  certain  well-defined  principles. 

In  the  first  place,  the  first  settlers  whose  children  were  to  con 
trol  North  America  were  of  one  stock,  and  had  one  general  set  of 
institutions  which  they  brought  with  them  from  Britain.  As  the 
English  race  grew  and  developed,  Britain  and  the  colonies  diverged 
both  from  one  another  and  from  the  original  type,  the  colonies  per 
haps  less  than  the  mother  country;  but  to  this  day  the  two 
nations  have  substantially  the  same  system  of  law  and  the  same 
political  traditions. 

In  the  second  place,  the  significant  part  of  America  has  never 
ceased  growing  since  the  beginning.  Colonization  has  always  been 
going  on  through  the  immigration  of  foreigners  and  through  the 
steady  westward  movement ;  in  our  day,  also,  through  the  acquisi 
tion  of  tropical  colonies,  both  in  America  and  in  Asia.  Because 
of  this  unceasing  change  the  basis  of  the  nation  has  continually 
been  widening;  hence  unexpected  changes  have  succeeded  each 
other  in  the  make-up  of  the  general  government. 

The  sectional  divergences  which  at  one  time  threatened  to 
wreck  the  Union  have  ceased  to  alarm.  The  building  of  roads, 
canals,  and  railroads  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  inland,  and  thence  to 
the  Pacific,  has  forever  bound  together  the  East  and  the  West. 
Slavery,  which  for  eighty  years  was  a  cause  of  difference  between 
North  and  South,  has  long  since  come  to  an  end.  The  people  of 
the  whole  United  States  are  constantly  coming  closer  together. 

Since  the  Revolution  the  history  of  the  states  and  cities  has 
to  a  large  degree  been  merged  in  that  of  the  Union.  Public 
attention  is,  indeed,  centered  too  much  on  national  affairs  and 
national  statesmen.  The  present  great  problem  of  the  United 
States  is  to  make  the  government  correspond  to  the  economic 
and  social  problems  which  are  increasing  in  greatness  and  in  num 
ber.  National,  state,  and  local  governments  all  have  a  similar 
task,  and  are  moved  by  one  general  public  opinion.  It  is  there 
fore  possible  to  make  the  history  of  federal  America  interesting, 
instructive,  and  uplifting;  American  history  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  disciplines  of  the  schools  arid  colleges. 


8  STATUS   OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY  [  §  7 

§  7.  The  Truth  in  American  History 

Like  all  study  of  the  annals  of  mankind,  American  history 
abounds  in  uncertain,  disputed,  and  hotly  controverted  questions. 
The  voyages  of  Vespucius,  the  purposes  of  Nathaniel  Bacon,  the 
loyalty,  or  otherwise,  of  Charles  Lee,  Jackson's  orders  in  Florida, 
the  Battle  of  the  Maps,  McClellan's  strategy,  the  blowing  up  of 
the  Maine,  are  examples  of  questions  which  apparently  no  re 
search  can  settle,  because  the  materials  are  too  scanty  or  the  preju 
dices  of  writers  too  great.  What  is  the  guarantee  of  the  teacher 
or  the  reader  that  any  particular  thing  happened,  or  that  any 
particular  man  was  bad,  or  good,  or  like  Franklin  Pierce? 

The  main  occurrences  of  American  history  are  better  verified 
than  those  of  most  countries,  because  they  are  comparatively 
recent  and  are  founded  on  undisputed  records.  The  date  of  the 
discovery  of  America  is  stated  by  Columbus;  the  landing  at 
Plymouth  stands  on  Bradford's  history;  the  X  Y  Z  correspond 
ence  is  found  in  the  diplomatic  archives  of  the  government ;  the 
battle  of  Manila  is  described  in  the  report  of  Admiral  Dewey. 
America  is  rich  in  contemporary  records  of  every  kind,  —  private 
letters,  official  reports,  records  of  town  meetings,  assemblies,  and 
congresses,  newspapers,  the  works  of  travelers  and  observers. 
The  exact  dates  of  notable  events  have  been  worked  out  by  a 
succession  of  careful  scholars,  and  with  few  exceptions  are  not 
assailed. 

Doubtless  many  important  and  significant  events  have  hot 
been  recorded :  we  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  sense,  judgment,  and 
discrimination  of  voyagers,  town  clerks,  and  newspaper  editors. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  events  and  personages  of  greatest  signifi 
cance  have  been  brought  into  prominence  by  the  constant  dis 
cussion  of  later  times.  Probably  no  important  Atlantic  coasting 
voyage  previous  to  1560  escaped  the  lawyers  who  later  made  up 
arguments  for  the  possession  of  the  coast,  based  upon  such  voyages. 
In  like  manner,  the  character  and  motives  of  men  like  Daniel 
Webster,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  and  Grover  Cleveland  have  been 
studied  from  so  many  points  of  view  that  notable  happenings  in 
their  lives  can  hardly  have  escaped  notice.  The  facts  of  Ameri 
can  history  are  reasonably  well  established. 


§7]  THE   TRUTH    IN   AMERICAN    HISTORY  9 

The  choice  out  of  the  enormous  number  of  facts  presumably 
true  is  a  different  matter;  it  depends  on  the  wisdom  and  im 
partiality  of  secondary  writers  in  dealing  with  the  first-hand 
materials  for  themselves,  and  choosing  one  event  out  of  a  hundred 
because  to  their  minds  it  is  typical  of  broad  conditions.  Hence, 
any  one  who  reads  t,wo  histories  by  competent  minds  in  the  same 
field  will  be  struck  with  the  things  which  seem  to  one  writer  vital 
and  by  another  are  omitted. 

The  great  difficulty  of  all  historical  writing  is  to  arrive  at  the 
motives  of  the  individuals  whose  relations  with  each  other  form 
the  tangled  web  of  history  ;  for  the  occurrences  of  nature  —  storm, 
flood,  earthquake,  and  dark  day  —  form  but  a  trifling  part  of 
what  mankind  has  agreed  to  consider  -history.  Motives  are  things 
which  a  man's  intimate  friends  frequently  cannot  discover;  and 
later  generations  are  often  still  more  deceived  by  a  reputation, 
bad  or  good,  which  a  man  has  acquired  in  his  lifetime,  and  which 
goes  on  down  indefinitely.  Hence  the  endless  discussions  over 
such  characters  as  Charles  I.,  William  Penn,  Thomas  Hutchinson 
Andrew  Jackson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  James  G.  Elaine. 
Were  they  single-minded  patriots?  Were  they  hypocrites  and 
self-seekers?  Were  they  mixtures  of  good  and  bad  qualities? 
No  final  results  can  be  reached  on  such  questions.  The  only  his 
torical  truth  that  can  be  impregnably  established  about  them  is 
that  it  is  not  possible  to  penetrate  into  the  intricacies  of  human 
character.  Nevertheless,  the  place  of  most  American  public 
characters  is  pretty  definitely  fixed  by  the  consensus  of  historical 
writers.  Franklin,  Washington,  Jefferson,  Lincoln,  Hamilton, 
have  an  undisputed  place  among  the  world's  great  men;  and,  if 
there  is  dispute  as  to  the  motives  of  Webster,  Calhoun,  Jefferson 
Davis,  or  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  their  relation  to  the  history  of  their 
times  is  indisputable. 

More  difficult  still  is  the  study  of  sectional  or  national  motives ; 
and  from  century  to  century  what  seemed  to  be  absolutely  estab 
lished  judgments  come  to  be  modified.  We  now  admit  that 
Andros  was  not  simply  a  tyrant,  that  he  had  in  view  a  consolida 
tion  of  the  colonies  which  might  have*  been  to  their  advantage. 
The  colonies  in  1775  were  not  ground  down  by  oppression,  but,  as 
a  matter  of  fact,  were  freer  than  any  civilized  people  of  their 


10  STATUS   OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY  [§  8 

times.  In  1861  the  North  thought  most  of  the  Southern  people 
pirates  and  traitors,  and  the  South  thought  most  of  the  Northern 
people  cowards  and  ogres :  both  opinions  have  been  dispelled  by 
fifty  years'  experience.  The  searcher  for  historical  truth  becomes 
convinced  that  even  bad  individuals  have  some  good  in  them, 
and  that  national  enemies  may,  when  peace  is  declared,  appear 
very  decent  fellows. 

§  8.  Point  of  View 

The  search  for  historical  truth  depends  in  great  part  on  what 
writers  and  readers  of  history  look  upon  as  the  really  significant 
part  of  the  nation's  life.  On  this  subject  there  has  been  a  great 
change  since  the  beginning -of  systematic  study  of  national  his 
tory,  about  one  hundred  years  ago.  For  a  long  time  historians, 
and  particularly  writers  of  textbooks,  were  chiefly  interested  in 
warfare,  —  wars  with  the  Indians,  wars  with  the  French  and 
Spanish,  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  so  to  the  end.  There  is  a 
romantic  and  exhilarating  side  to  frontier  fighting,  —  Miles 
Standish  is  a  kind  of  American  Cid;  but  the  details  of  all  war 
fare  are  a  technical  matter,  about  as  instructive  to  the  ordinary 
reader  as  the  calculation  of  stresses  for  bridge  building.  Along 
side  this  militant  matter  came  naturally  some  account  of  the 
externals  of  colonial,  and  later  of  state  and  national,  governments : 
the  governors,  and  their  quarrels  with  the  assemblies ;  early  legis 
lation  ;  and  especially  the  quaint  social  and  criminal  laws.  As  a 
part  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  came  into  the  histories  the  Decla 
ration  of  Independence,  which  has  had  a  deserved  attraction  for 
the  young  American. 

Not  till  after  the  Civil  War  did  the  development  of  forms  of 
government  in  the  colonies  and  in  the  United  States  come  to  be 
recognized  as  an  essential  part  of  the  study  of  American  history. 
Then  general  histories  and  textbooks  began  to  trace  modern 
democracy  from  England  through  the  colonial  governments  into 
the  Revolution,  and  out  of  it  to  the  national  government.  A 
still  later  development  has  been  to  see  that  the  state  governments 
and  the  city  governments,  as  they  came  along,  were  a  part  of  the 
experience  of  the  nation,  interwoven  with  national  progress. 

The  next  step  was  to  discover  that  the  political  side  of  Ameri- 


§8]  POINT   OF   VIEW  II 

can  history  did  not  account  completely  for  the  extraordinary 
growth  of  the  nation.  Then  "arose  a  school  of  historians  who 
busied  themselves  with  the  study  of  the  social  customs  of  the 
people;  who  followed  the  immigrant  to  the  factory  and  the 
frontiersman  to  his  farm ;  who  treated  the  dress,  food,  and  houses 
of  the  Americans  as  indications  of  their  standards  of  life;  who 
studied  their  educational  systems,  reviewed  their  literature,  ex 
amined  their  labor  systems,  went  into  their  religious  life,  and 
tried  to  present  them  as  they  actually  lived,  moved,  quarreled, 
plowed,  and  prayed. 

From  the  social  life  it  was  a  short  step  to  the  economic  and  the 
industrial,  particularly  as  it  came  to  be  seen  that  laws  and  govern 
ments  were  extremely  affected  by  the  occupations  and  the  markets 
of  the  people.  Hence  there  strode  into  the  formal  history  and 
the  textbook  an  investigation  into  the  physical  setting  of  the 
colonies :  the  mountains,  rivers,  forests,  prairies,  and  seaports ; 
the  products  most  easily  gathered ;  exports  and  imports,  course  of 
commerce,  shipping  and  internal  transportation;  fisheries;  manu 
factures;  governmental  restrictions,  whether  English  or  colonial ; 
the  economic  reasons  for  colonial  prosperity  and  for  the  Revolution. 

Gradually  all  these  different  points  of  view  have  been  fused 
into  the  conviction  that  the  true  American  history  must  take 
into  account  all  the  great  factors  of  the  life  of  a  community:  the 
character  of  the  population;  its  spread  upon  the  land;  its  pur 
suits;  its  social,  and  particularly  its  religious,  life;  its  efforts  to 
create  governments  that  would  answer  the  needs  of  its  compli 
cated  existence;  the  great  principles  of  human  rights  and  of 
human  government  which  underlie  all  American  laws  and  con 
stitutions.  From  this  comprehensive  point  of  view  the  national  „ 
controversies  must  all  be  described  and  judged.  For  instance, 
slavery  no  longer  appears  as  simply  a  moral  question,  or  as  a  po 
litical  issue,  a  balancing  of  sections;  it  is  also  a  race  question  and 
an  economic  question,  a  contest  between  rival  forms  of  labor. 

In  such  an  attempt  to  generalize,  to  assemble  events,  tend 
encies,  and  states  of  public  opinion,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  in 
mind  the  unequal  development  of  various  parts  of  the  Union, 
and  the  coming  of  one  section  after  another  into  the  common  life. 
Thus,  in  colonial  history  every  writer  notices  and  treats  separately 


12  STATUS   OF   AMERICAN   HISTORY  [§9 

the  New  England,  Southern,  and  Middle  groups.  Every  writer 
brings  into  prominence  the  later 'differences  in  habits  and  point 
of  view  between  the  Northern  and  Southern  states.  Only  in  the 
last  few  decades  has  it  been  clearly  seen  that  the  West  has  always 
had  and  still  has  an  individuality  of  its  own,  and  that  the  Pacific 
slope  has  a  yet  different  origin  and  course  of  growth,  while  the 
new  dependencies  add  another  element  to  make  up  the  national 
composite. 

The  Guide  undertakes  to  analyze  the  whole  chronological  course 
of  American  history,  keeping  in  mind  all  these  various  points  of 
view.  In  the  numbered  sections  below  will  be  found  summaries 
and  references  upon  political,  international,  national,  state,  and 
municipal  questions  in  their  historic  aspects.  The  aim  is  to  give 
aid  to  the  searcher  into  party  history,  social  history,  economic 
history,  industrial  history,  the  history  of  North,  South,  West, 
the  islands  of  the  sea,  and  all  the  other  parts  of  one  general  and 
comprehensive  history  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

§  9.  Convenient  Subdivisions 

Students  and  teachers  of  American  history  are  much  aided  by 
a  subdivision  of  the  field  into  appropriate  periods.  While  the 
history  of  America,  like  that  of  every  country,  is  a  continuous 
series  of  events  and  episodes  springing  out  of  previous  ones,  there 
are  many  recognizable  transition  points  between  which  material 
may  be  grouped. 

So  many  elaborate  and  careful  systems  have  been  drawn  up 
for  this  purpose  that  the  users  of  this  book  may  be  referred  to  the 
abundant  works  on  method,  containing  analyses  of  the  subject; 
and  to  those  secondary  histories,  particularly  school  textbooks, 
which  are  carefully  and  logically  arranged.  Some  of  the  most 
helpful  of  these  subdivisions  are  to  be  found  in  the  following 
books  on  method. 

In  History  Teachers1  Magazine,  I,  No.  4,  and  II,  No.  5,  is  a  bibliography 
of  syllabi,  many  of  which  contain  outlines  of  American  history.  Helpful 
syllabi  of  this  kind  are  the  following : 

John  G.  Allen,  Topical  Studies  in  American  History.  Rev.  ed.  N.Y., 
1899. 


§9]  SUBDIVISIONS  13 

American  Historical  Association,  Committee  of  Eight,  Study  of  His 
tory  in  the  Elementary  Schools;  also  in  the  Association's  Annual  Report, 
1906,  I,  72-86.  (See  §  ii  below.)  —  Contains  topics  on  American  history 
intermixed  with  those  of  European  history. 

A.  W.  Bacheler,  Reference  Handbook  of  American  History  by  the  Li 
brary  Method  for  Secondary  Schools.  Boston,  1895.  —  Gives  223  topics 
on  the  period  1781-1889. 

W.  F.  Bliss,  History  in  the  Elementary  Schools  Methods,  Courses  of 
Study,  Bibliographies.  N.Y.,  etc.,  1911.  —  A  topical  analysis  of  the 
whole  subject. 

Edward  Channing  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American 
History,  ist  ed.  Boston,  1896.  —  Subdivisions  into  ten,  twenty,  fifty, 
and  one  hundred  topics,  covering  American  history  to  1895,  appear  in 
§§  7  a-7  d. 

George  R.  Crissman,  Library  Method  in  American  History;  a  Refer 
ence  Outline  and  Guide.  Davis ville,  N.Y.,  1905.  —  Covers  the  history 
to  1905  in  109  main  topics  with  many  subdivisions. 

G.  S.  Hall,  Method  in  Teaching  History.  Rev.  ed.  Boston,  1885. 
(See  §  12  below.)  —  Contains  a  list  of  subdivisions  to  1877. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  of  American  History,  Diplomacy,  and  Government: 
for  Class  Use.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1908. —  Contains  90  detailed  topics  on 
the  period  1789-1903  ;  and  30  for  the  period  1775-1903;  besides  lists 
of  90  and  30  topics  on  diplomatic  history  from  1492  to  1907. 

Andrew  C.  McLaughlin,  Teaching  of  American  History.  N.Y.,  1899. 
—  A  pamphlet  to  accompany  his  school  history  ;  contains  a  list  of  topics. 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  History  Syllabus  for 
Secondary  Schools.  Boston,  1904.  —  39  headings,  to  1904,  each  with 
subdivisions. 

Many  of  the  textbooks  in  American  history  are  subdivided  into  pe 
riods  and  epochs,  and  most  of  the  more  recent  ones  are  arranged  in  con 
secutively  numbered  paragraphs  —  ranging  from  400  to  700  topics. 
Examples  are : 

E.  Channing,  Students1  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1897, 
and  later  eds.  —  With  a  "perspective"  showing  subdivisions  in  four 
degrees. 

W.  F.  Gordy ,  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools.  New  ed.  N.  Y. , 
IQII.  —  450  topics. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Essentials  in  American  History.  N.Y.,  1905,  and  later 
eds.  —  507  topics. 

A.  C.  McLaughlin  and  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  History  of  the  United  States 
for  Schools.  N.Y.,  1911.  —  737  topics. 


14  STATUS  OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY  [§9 

D.  H.  Montgomery,  Leading  Facts  of  American  History.  New  ed. 
Boston,  1910.  — 432  topics. 

In  the  advanced  and  comprehensive  histories  of  the  United  States 
(see  §§  28,  29)  the  division  into  periods  is  little  accented.  The  American 
Nation,  §  29,  in  its  twenty-six  volumes  of  text,  has  about  five  hundred 
chapters,  which  are  substantially  topics.  In  the  two  brief  series,  Ameri 
can  History  Series  and  Epochs  of  American  History  (see  §  28  below)  there 
are  convenient  subdivisions  with  topics. 


CHAPTER  II 
HISTORICAL  METHODS1 

§  10.  Bibliography  of  Methods 

To  the  subject  of  methods  in  history  great  attention  has  been 
paid  of  late  years,  and  a  considerable  literature  both  of  books  and 
periodical  articles  has  grown  up.  Those  mentioned  in  this  book 
are  almost  all  in  English.  The  principal  works  dealing  with  the 
subject  are  as  follows : 

Mary  Sheldon  Barnes,  Studies  in  Historical  Methods.  Boston,  1896.  — 
Part  v  is  a  bibliography. 

G.  Stanley  Hall  and  John  Mansfield,  Hints  toward  a  Select  and  Descrip 
tive  Bibliography  of  Education.  Boston,  1886.  —  Includes  the  titles  of 
many  books,  pamphlets,  and  articles  on  history,  especially  at  pp.  140- 
149. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  and  Teach  History  with  Partic 
ular  Reference  to  the  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1894.  (Inter 
national  Education  series,  Vol.  XXV.)  —  Bibliographical  note  at  the 
beginning  of  each  chapter.  An  admirable  book  in  arrangement  and  exe 
cution. 

National  Educational  Association,  Fiftieth  Anniversary  Volume,  Wi- 
nona,  Minn.,  1907.  —  Pages  692-693  contain  a  bibliography  of  articles 
on  history  teaching  which  had  been  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Association  from  1889  to  1905. 

James  W.  Thompson,  Bibliography  upon  the  Teaching  of  History  in 
Secondary  Schools  Abroad.  (School  Review,  XV,  217-218.)  Chicago, 
1907. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Bulletin:  Bibliography  of  Edu 
cation.  Washington,  1908-. — A  periodic  work  of  which  two  numbers, 
covering  1907-1909,  have  been  issued.  Contains  a  section  on  history 
teaching. 

1  This  subject  is  treated  at  much  greater  length  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.,  Boston, 
1896,  §§  8-14. 

ds) 


1 6  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§n 

James  I.  Wyer,  Bibliography  of  the  Study  and  Teaching  of  History. 
(American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1899,  I,  559-612.) 
Washington,  1900. — The  most  comprehensive  list,  containing  foreign 
as  well  as  English  works.  The  bibliography  was  intended  to  form  a 
section  of  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  Seven  (see  §  n  below),  but  only 
a  part  of  the  titles  are  given  as  Appendix  vii  in  that  report. 


§  11.  Reports  of  Conferences  and  Societies 

During  recent  y.ears  various  associations  of  teachers  of  history 
have  published  the  proceedings  of  their  meetings,  and  have  also 
put  forth  reports  by  special  committees  on  methods  of  teaching 
history.  The  American  Historical  Association  also,  through  three 
special  committees,  as  well  as  by  several  conferences  on  particular 
phases  of  the  question,  has  made  important  contributions  to  the 
study  of  method. 

American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports :  1905,  I,  133  and 
1906,  I,  6 1  ("Conferences  on  History  in  Elementary  Schools") ;  1905,  I, 
147  and  1906,  I,  105  ("Conferences  on  History  in  College");  1907,  I, 
43  ("Conference  on  Relation  of  Geography  and  History");  1908,  I,  65 
("Conference  on  History  in  Secondary  Schools"). 

American  Historical  Association  :  Committee  of  Eight,  Study  of  His 
tory  in  Elementary  Schools.  N.Y.,  1909.  —  Ranks  with  Bliss,  History  in 
the  Elementary  Schools  (see  §  9),  as  the  standard  on  its  subject. 

American  Historical  Association  :  Committee  of  Five,  Study  of  His 
tory  in  Secondary  Schools.  N.Y.,  1911.  —  A  reconsideration  of  the  report 
of  the  Committee  of  Seven  (see  next  title). 

American  Historical  Association :  Committee  of  Seven,  Study  of 
History  in  Schools.  N.Y.,  1899.  Also  in  the  Association's  Annual  Re 
port,  1898,  p.  427.  — An  epoch-making  work  in  the  teaching  of  history. 

Association  of  History  Teachers  of  the  Middle  States  and  Maryland, 
Annual  Conventions,  1903-.  —  Much  discussion  of  methods. 

National  Education  Association :  Committee  on  Secondary  School 
Studies  (Committee  of  Ten),  Report,  with  the  Reports  of  the  Conferences. 
(United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Whole  No.  205.)  Washington, 
1893;  another  edition,  N.Y.,  1894.  The  "Report  of  the  Conference 
on  History,  Civil  Government,  and  Political  Economy"  is  at  pp.  162- 
203  in  both  editions/ — This  is  the  first  and  most  influential  of  the  re 
ports  on  history  teaching. 

National  Society  for  the  Scientific  Study  of  Education,  Second  Year 


§12]  BOOKS   AND   ESSAYS  i  j 

Book.  Chicago,  1903.  —  Part  ii  contains  a  "Course  of  Study  in  His 
tory  in  the  Common  School." 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  Publications  [Annual 
Register  and  Report,  and  occasional  issues,  1897-].  —  Many  discussions 
based  on  actual  experience. 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  Historical  Sources  in 
School.  (See  §  22.) 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  History  Syllabus. 
(See  §  9.) 

North  Central  History  Teachers'  Association,  Proceedings,  1899-. 
Chicago,  [1899-].  —  Discussions  and  reports. 

§  12.  Books  and  Essays  on  Methods  1 

J.  E.  E.  D.  Acton  (baron),  Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History.  N.Y., 
1895. 

Herbert  B.  Adams,  The  Study  of  History  in  American  Colleges  and 
Universities.  (United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Circular  of  Infor 
mation,  No.  2,  1887.)  Washington,  1887. 

Rafael  Altamira,  La  Ensenanza  de  la  Historia.  2d  ed.  Madrid, 
1895. 

Hubert  H.  Bancroft,  Literary  Industries.  (Works,  Vol.  XXXIX.) 
San  Francisco,  1890. — An  account  of  the  method  of  his  historical 
work. 

Mary  Sheldon  Barnes,  Studies  in  Historical  Method's.  Boston,  1896. 
—  Originally  prepared  with  especial  reference  to  use  of  sources. 

Ernst  Bernheim,  Lehrbuch  der  historischen  Methode  und  der  Geschichts- 
philosophie.  4th  ed.  Leipsic,  1903.  —  The  standard  modern  German 
work. 

Henry  E.  Bourne,  Teaching  of  History  and  Civics  in  the  Elementary 
and  the  Secondary  School.  (American  Teachers  series.)  N.Y.,  1902.  — 
A  full,  sane,  and  comprehensive  book;  one  of  the  best. 

John  B.  Bury,  Inaugural  Lecture  [on  the  Science  of  History].  Cam 
bridge,  Eng.,  1903. 

F.  M.  Fling  and  H.  W.  Caldwell,  Studies  in  European  and  American 
History :  an  Introduction  to  the  Source  Study  Method  in  History.  Lin 
coln,  Neb.,  1898.  —  The  best  aid  to  the  source  method. 

Frank  H.  Foster,  The  Seminary  Method  of  Original  Study  in  the  His 
torical  Sciences  Illustrated  from  Church  History.  N.Y.,  1888. 

1  Several  titles  of  books  on  historical  method  no  longer  in  print  may  be  found 
in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.,  Boston,  1896,  §  15  a. 


1 8  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§12 

Edward  A.  Freeman,  Methods  of  Historical  Study.  London,  1886.  — 
Eight  lectures  read  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  Not  pedagogical. 

W.  F.  Gordy  and  W.  I.  Twitchell,  A  Pathfinder  in  American  History. 
Boston,  1893.  —  For  the  use  of  teachers,  normal  schools,  and  more  ma 
ture  pupils. 

G.  Stanley  Hall,  editor,  Methods  of  Teaching  History.  Boston,  1883  J 
2d  ed.,  1885,  entirely  recast  and  rewritten.  (Pedagogical  Library,  Vol.  I.) 

—  Essays  by   various   hands.     Bibliography  of   French   and   German 
works,  pp.  v-viii.     Now  overshadowed  by  more  recent  works. 

Frederic  Harrison,  The  Meaning  of  History.     London,  1894. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Studies  in  American  Education.     N.Y.,  1895.  —  Essays 
iv  and  v  are  on  the  study  and  teaching  of  history. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  How  to  Study  History.     (See  §  10.)  —  Very  helpful  to 
the  teacher. 

Oskar  Jager,  Teaching  of  History.  Translated  from  the  German  by 
H.  J.  Clayton.  Oxford,  1908.  —  On  teaching  history  in  Prussian  schools. 

Maurice  W.  Keatinge,  Studies  in  the  Teaching  of  History.  London, 
1910. 

Karl  Lamprecht,  Alte  und  neue  Richtungen  in  der  Geschichtswissen- 
schaft.  Berlin,  1897.  —  Develops  the  author's  theories  of  vital  history. 

Karl  Lamprecht,  What  is  History?  Translated  from  the  German  by 
E.  A.  Andrews.  N.Y.,  1905. 

C.  V.  Langlois  and  Charles  Seignobos,  Introduction  aux  Etudes  Histo- 
riques.     Paris,  1898.     English  translation,  by  G.  G.  Berry.     N.Y.,  1898. 

—  Standard  Frenth  book  on  the  subject. 

William  H.  Mace,  Method  in  History  for  Teachers  and  Students.  Boston, 
1897.  —  General  in  treatment,  but  illustrates  from  American  history. 

Charles  A.  McMurry,  Special  Method  in  History:  a  Complete  Outline 
of  a  Course  of  Study  in  History  for  the  Grades  below  the  High  School. 
N.Y.,  1903, 

Frederick  W.  Maitland  and  others,  Essays  on  the  Teaching  of  History. 
Cambridge,  Eng.,  1901. 

James  F.  Rhodes,  Historical  Essays.  N.Y.,  1909.  —  Essays  i-iv 
treat  of  method  in  historical  writing ;  by  an  expert  in  graphic  writing. 

H.  J.  Rogers,  editor,  Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Universal  Exposi 
tion,  St.  Louis.  Vol.  II,  History;  Vol.  VI,  Social  Sciences.  Boston, 
1906.  — Various  papers  on  historical  methods  and  problems. 

James  Schouler,  Historical  Briefs.  N.Y.,  1896.  —  Several  of  the 
essays  are  on  method  in  writing  history ;  with  some  reference  to  his  own 
experience. 

A.  W.  Small,  The  Meaning  of  Social  Science.  Chicago,  [1910].  — An 
exposition  of  the  need  of  cooperation  by  history  and  other  social  sciences. 


§13]  PERIODICAL   ARTICLES  19 

§  13.  Selected  Periodical  Articles  on  Methods 
Academy,  Syracuse.     [Discontinued  in  1892} 

A.  B.  Hart,  History  in  High  and  Preparatory  Schools  (II,  256,  306 : 
1887) ;  I.  B.  Burgess,  Methods  of  Teaching  College  Preparatory  History 
(III,  293  :  1888) ;  Mary  S.  Barnes,  General  History  in  the  High  School 
(IV,  285 :  1889) ;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  History  in  Academies  and  Colleges 
(V,  283  :  1890) ;  Rose  B.  Winterburn,  History  in  High  Schools  (VI,  510: 
1891). 

American  Antiquarian  Society  Proceedings,  Worcester 

W.  E.  Foster,  Point  of  View  in  History  (new  series,  XVII,  349  :  1906). 
—  One  of  the  most  stimulating  studies  of  the  subject. 

Papers  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  Washington 

W.  H.  Mace,  Organization  of  Historical  Material  (V,  143  :  1891). 
Reports  of  the  American  Historical  Association 

1896,  H.  B.  Adams,  Teaching  of  History  (I,  243) ;  J.  H.  Robinson, 
Teaching  of  European  History  (I,  265) ;  1897,  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Under 
graduate  Students  and  the  Use  of  Sources  (p.  43) ;  1898,  Mary  R.  W.  Stub- 
bert,  Cambridge  School  of  History  (p.  381) ;  1899,  C.  M.  Andrews,  Should 
Recent  European  History  have  a  Place  in  the  College  Curriculum?  (I,  537) ; 
1900,  Edward  Eggleston,  New  History  (I,  35) ;  1902,  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sub 
ordination  in  Historical  Treatment  (I,  49). 

American  Historical  Review,  New  York 

J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science  and  History  (II,  401  :  1897);  A.  B. 
Hart,  Historical  Opportunity  in  America  (IV,  i:  1898);  F.  M.  Fling, 
Historical  Synthesis  (IX,  i  :  1903) ;  H.  C.  Lea,  Ethical  Values  in  History 
(IX,  233  :  1904) ;  Goldwin  Smith,  Treatment  of  History  (X,  511  :  1905) ; 
A.  H.  Lloyd,  History  and  Materialism  (X,  727 :  1905) ;  S.  E.  Baldwin, 
Religion  still  the  Key  to  History  (XII,  219:  1907);  D.  J.  Hill,  Ethical 
Function  of  the  Historian  (XIV,  9  :  1908) ;  G.*B.  Adams,  History  and  the 
Philosophy  of  History  (XIV,  221:  1909);  A.  B.  Hart,  Imagination  in 
History  (XV,  227:  1910);  F.  J.  Teggart,  The  Circumstance  or  the  Sub- 
stance  of  History  (XV,  709  :  1910) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  Social  Forces  in  Amer 
ican  History  (XVI,  217:  1911). 

Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston 

Goldwin  Smith,  Study  of  History  (XXV,  44 :  1870)  ;  A.  T.  Mahan, 
Writing  of  History  (XCI,  289 :  1903)  ;  Carl  Becker,  Detachment  and  the 
Writing  of  History  (CVI,  524:  1910). 


20  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§13 

Education,  Boston 

J.  L.  Hughes,  Topical  Reading  of  History  (II,  410:  1882);  J.  M. 
Greenwood,  Teaching  of  History  (IV,  623  :  1884) ;  H.  P.  Judson,  History 
in  Secondary  Schools  (VI,  19  :  1885) ;  H.  B.  Adams,  History  in  American 
Colleges  (Harvard,  VI,  535,  618 :  1886;  Columbia,  VII,  7,  92;  Amherst, 
VII,  177;  Yale,  VII,  334:  1887);  S.  MacKibbin,  Outline  Course  of 
Study  in  History  (X,  159  :  1889) ;  W.  Boughton,  Study  of  Local  History 
(XIII,  400:  1893);  Lucy  M.  Seymour,  Teaching  History  (XVII,  624: 
1897);  M.  A.  Tucker,  Modern  Methods  of  Teaching  History  (XX,  220: 
1899) ;  Edward  McMahon,  History  in  our  Public  Schools  (XXIII,  109 : 
1902);  M.  A.  Carringer,  Preparation  for  History  Teaching  (XXVI,  275  : 
1906);  A.  C.  Barrows,  Teaching  History  (XXIX,  140:  1908);  C.  A. 
Ellwood,  How  History  can  be  Taught  from  a  Sociological  Point  of  View 
(XXX,  300 :  1910) ;  Charles  Welsh,  Outlook  in  Teaching  History  (XXXI, 
370:  1911). 

Educational  Review,  New  York 

Lucy  M.  Salmon,  History  in  Elementary  Schools  (I,  438:  1891); 
R.  G.  Huling,  History  in  Secondary  Education  (VII,  448  :  1894) ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Entrance  Requirements  in  History  (X,  417  :  1895) ;  Emily  J.  Rice, 
History  in  the  Common  Schools  (XII,  169  :  1896) ;  Text-books  in  American 
History  (XVI,  480 :  1898) ;  Anna  B.  Thompson,  How  to  study  History 
(XVII,  167  :  1899) ;  G.  E.  Howard,  Study  of  History  in  Schools  (XIX, 
257  :  1900) ;  H.  B.  Learned,  College  Preparatory  Work  in  American  His 
tory  (XXII,  397 :  1901) ;  History  Teaching  in  New  York  State  (XXIII, 
400 :  1902) ;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  How  should  the  Entrance  Examination 
Paper  in  History  be  constructed?  (XXVI,  22:  1903);  Smith  Burnham, 
History  in  the  Schools  (XXVII,  521 :  1904) ;  Ellen  G.  Davison,  History 
in  German  Secondary  Schools  (XL,  356 :  1910). 

Elementary  School  Teacher,  Chicago 

History  in  the  Grades  (V,  528-558 :  1905). 
History  Teacher's  Magazine,  Philadelphia 

This  monthly  journal,  of  which  the  first  number  appeared  in  Sep 
tember,  1909,  is  entirely  devoted  to  the  teaching  of  history  in  schools 
and  colleges. 

Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science,  Bal 
timore 

H.  B.  Adams,  Methods  of  Historical  Study  (II,  Nos.  i,  2:  1884); 
A.  D.  White,  European  Schools  of  History  and  Politics  (V,  No.  12  :  1887) ; 


§13]  PERIODICAL   ARTICLES  21 

P.  Fredericq,  Study  of  History  (in  England  and  Scotland,  V,  No.  12: 
1887  ;  in  Germany  and  France,  VIII,  Nos.  5,  6;  and  in  Belgium  and  Hol 
land,  No.  10 :  1890). 

Journal  of  Philosophy,  Psychology,  and  Scientific  Methods,  New  York 

J.  H.  Robinson,  Relation  of  History  to  the  Newer  Sciences  of  Man 
(VIII,  141:  1911)- 

Nation,  New  York 

Situation  of  History  in  Secondary  Schools  (LXXXV,  225,  279,  323, 
324 :  1907).  —  Discussion  by  several  teachers. 

National  Education  Association  Proceedings  and  Addresses 

Volume  for  1906  (Fiftieth  Anniversary  Volume},  pp.  692-693,  a  list 
of  all  the  articles  on  history  teaching  published  in  the  Proceedings  (also 
to  be  reached  through  pp.  88-89  of  the  Index  to  the  Publications  for  the 
First  Fifty  Years) ;  1909,  V.  K.  Froula,  Scope  and  Value  of  History  in 
the  High  School  (p.  507). 

Popular  Science  Monthly,  New  York 

Lynn  Thorndike,  Scientific  Presentation  of  History  (LXXVI,  170: 
1910). 

Psychological  Review,  Baltimore 

Hugo  Miinsterberg,  Psychology  and  History  (VI,  i :   1899). 
School  Review,  Chicago 

New  England  Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools, 
Report  of  the  Conference  on  College  Entrance  Requirements,  and  Complete 
Report  of  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  (III,  469,  597  :  1895) ;  O.  J.  Thatcher, 
Preparation  for  College  in  History  (VI,  84  :  1898) ;  E.  V.  D.  Robinson, 
Ideal  Course  in  History  in  Secondary  Schools  (VI,  672 :  1898) ;  W.  M. 
Sloane,  How  to  bring  out  the  Ethical  Value  of  .History  (VI,  724:  1898); 
H.  E.  Bolton,  Place  of  American  History  in  the  High  School  Course  (IX, 
516  :  1901) ;  G.  W.  Knight,  What  the  Teacher  of  American  History  should 
Be  and  Do  (X,  208  :  1902) ;  A.  D.  Cromwell,  Source,  or  Scientific,  Method 
in  History  (XI,  677  :  1903) ;  Lotta  A.  Clark,  A  Good  Way  to  Teach  His 
tory  (XVII,  255 :  1909) ;  J.  M.  Gillette,  Reconstruction  of  History 
for  Teaching  Purposes  (XVII,  548:  1909) ;  L.  A.  Chase,  Institutional 
History  in  the  High  School  (XVIII,  698  :  1910). 

Teachers'  College  Record,  New  York 

Problem  of  Adapting  History  to  Children  in  the  Elementary  School 
(IX,  293:  1908). 


22  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§14 

§  14.  Collateral  Authorities  on  Methods 

Parts  of  some  of  the  general  books  contain  special  material  on 
American  history,  especially  Hall,  Bourne,  Fling  and  Caldwell, 
Hinsdale,  and  Mace  (see  §  12).  Special  suggestions  to  teachers 
maybe  found  in  the  introduction  to  many  of  the  brief  school 
histories,  especially  E.  Channing,  Students'  History  of  the  United 
States;  W.  F.  Gordy,  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Essentials  of  American  History ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin, 
Teaching  of  American  History,  published  to  accompany  his  His 
tory  of  the  American  Nation  (see  §  9). 

§  15.  Place  of  Method 1 

It  is  easy  to  plunge  into  the  study  of  American  history;  to 
reach  a  satisfactory  result  is  more  difficult.  No  other  historical 
subject  has  more  need  of  intelligent  selection  of  topics  and  refer 
ences,  or  of  systematic  and  thorough  investigation. 

"Method"  is  simply  the  use  of  devices  which  experience  has 
suggested  for  gaining  and  holding  the  student's  or  reader's  in 
terest,  and  for  applying  his  time  and  thought  in  such  a  way  as 
to  make  mental  effort  go  farthest  toward  securing  a  permanent 
impression.  Method  is  simply  a  means  to  an  end;  the  objects 
to  be  attained  are  simple,  and  a  few  principles  may  be  laid  down 
as  to  the  best  way  of  attaining  them. 

The  primary  necessity  in  history  is  to  know  the  truth,  and  that 
implies  that  every  student  should  see  for  himself  how  history  is 
written.  This  is  best  done  by  some  study  of  the  sources ;  hence 
all  good  methods  include  at  least  information  about  the  original 
records  on  which  a  statement  is  based.  In  schools  this  part  of 
the  work  can  usually  be  done  by  the  use  of  extracts  from  the 
sources;  in  colleges  a  considerable  body  of  sources  on  limited 
subjects  may  be  used;  in  graduate  work  the  student  must  learn 
to  exhaust  all  the  sources  of  information  on  his  subject. 

The  next  essential  is  to  train  the  student  to  handle  secondary 
works  with  discrimination.  In  schools  this  may  be  done  by  using 
several  parallel  textbooks,  and  comparing  them  with  standard 

1  This  subject  is  treated  at  greater  length  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.,  Boston,  1896, 
§§  8-14. 


§16]  PREPARATION   OF   TEACHERS  23 

authors ;  in  colleges  by  wide  collateral  reading ;  in  advanced  work 
by  studying  authors  and  tracking  them  back  to  their  sources. 
One  of  the  first  things  to  break  up  in  a  child's  mind  is  the  confi 
dence  that  "it  must  be  so  because  the  book  says  so";  he  must 
learn  to  discriminate  between  accurate  and  inaccurate  books, 
between  accounts  written  at  second  or  third  hand  and  records  of 
contemporaries. 

The  task  of  finding  material  which  bears  on  a  particular  subject 
grows  harder  as  books  multiply;  hence  every  pupil,  reader, 
teacher,  and  investigator  must  know  how  to  use  bibliographical 
aids,  with  the  least  possible  expenditure  of  energy.  In  schools 
such  work  must  be  very  simple,  and  may  be  confined  to  the  lists 
of  books  in  textbooks  and  standard  authors;  in  colleges  every 
student  should  learn  how  to  use  library  and  periodical  indexes; 
in  investigation  a  knowledge  of  bibliography  opens  the  gate  to 
many  important  fields  of  material. 

The  study  of  history  also  includes  experience  in  recording  what 
one  hears  or  reads;  hence  a  good  method  includes  training  in 
note  taking  and  in  the  statement  of  results  in  a  clear  and  com 
prehensible  fashion.  The  youngest  child  can  note  historical  facts 
in  their  simplest  and  broadest  form.  In  the  college,  where  lec 
tures  are  common,  notebooks  are  indispensable.  -To  the  inves 
tigator,  training  in  workmanlike  note  taking  is  especially  desirable, 
for  on  it  the  value  of  his  conclusions  often  depends. 

§  16.  Preparation  of  Teachers 

In  1893  the  Conference  on  History,  Civil  Government,  and 
Political  Economy,  in  its  Report  to  the  Committee  of  Ten,  thought 
it  necessary  to  give  this  warning:  "Finally,  we  urge  that  only 
teachers  who  have  had  adequate  special  training  shall  be  em 
ployed  to  teach  these  important  subjects."  Such  preparation  is 
no  longer  difficult  to  get  by  those  who  are  fitting  themselves  for 
the  profession  of  teaching ;  and,  through  self -preparation  and  the 
summer  extension  and  collegiate  courses  open  in  various  univer 
sities  and  cities,  it  is  not  out  of  the  reach  of  those  already  in 
service. 

Assuming  good  general  training,  how  is  the  teacher  to  prepare 
for  the  day's  exercises?  He  should  in  his  own  reading  have 


24  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§17 

accumulated  extracts  and  illustrations  with  which  to  enrich  the 
lesson;  he  should  know  the  textbook  so  well  that  he  need  not 
open  it.  The  teacher's  function  is  not  only  to  enforce  study,  but 
also  to  arrange  and  organize  the  material  outside  the  textbook, 
to  apply  it  where  it  will  enlarge  the  textbook,  and  to  stimulate 
the  pupils. 

§  17.  School  Work 

What  part  of  the  work  in  American  history  may  be  undertaken 
in  primary  and  secondary  schools?  The  most  advanced  sugges 
tion  is  that  the  study  of  history  should  extend  over  eight  years, 
of  which  about  a  third  to  a  half  would  be  given  to  American  his 
tory  and  allied  subjects,  such  as  civil  government.  Children 
should  usually  first  hear  and  then  read  the  legends  and  stories, 
then  take  up  the  lives  of  notable  people.  When  sufficiently  ad 
vanced,  they  should  cover  the  whole  field  in  a  simple  textbook ; 
later  they  should  go  over  the  same  ground  again  with  a  more 
advanced  textbook,  wider  reading,  topical  work,  and  composi 
tions  on  subjects  chosen  from  American  history,  taking  up  as 
parallel  studies  civil  government  and  the  principles  of  economics. 
Throughout  the  course,  historical  geography  ought  to  be  taught, 
reiterated,  and  enforced,  till  it  comes  home  to  the  child's  mind 
as  an  inseparable  part  of  historical  study.  Illustrative  methods 
should  also  be  used,  such  as  the  display  of  maps,  charts,  and 
lantern-slides;  and  interest  may  be  stimulated  by  visits  to  his 
toric  places,  by  debates,  and  by  mock  legislatures.  Children 
may  also  be  aroused  by  the  study  of  their  own  local  history  and 
institutions. 

History  is  almost  the  only  subject  in  the  grammar  school  cur 
riculum  dealing  with  human  character  and  motives  as  a  basis  for 
study.  To  pupils  going  on  to  colleges  and  professional  schools  it 
should  be  a  foundation  for  later  work.  Toward  the  end  of  the 
grammar  school  course  there  should  be  a  year  devoted  to  Ameri 
can  history  taught  as  a  practical  and  not  simply  as  a  textbook 
subject.  In  the  high  schools  the  instruction  should  include  more 
use  of  materials  and  more  written  work,  more  instruction  in 
kindred  subjects,  such  as  European  history,  economics,  and 
government. 


§19]  SCHOOL   AND    COLLEGE  25 

§  18.  College  Work 

With  older  minds,  already  accustomed  to  read,  to  study,  and 
to  digest  history,  the^  only  textbook  should  be  some  brief  and 
comprehensive  book,  intended  merely  to  show  the  relation  of  the 
parts  of  the  subject  and  the  development  of  one  period  out  of 
another.  Details  should  be  gained  by  extensive  reading,  so 
arranged  as  to  take  in  a  variety  of  authors.  Historical  reading  is 
like  the  making  of  Japanese  lacquer  work :  one  imperceptible 
coating  is  added  to  another ;  by  and  by  it  is  found  that  where 
the  layers  are  most  numerous  a  pattern  stands  out  in  relief.  The 
literature  in  American  history  is  extraordinarily  rich  in  biographies 
and  books  of  reminiscence,  as  well  as  in  the  works  of  public  men ; 
so  that  there  is  opportunity  to  weigh  opinions  and  set  them  over 
against  each  other.  (See  §  78  for  a  description  of  a  method  of 
collateral  reading  known  as  the  "conference  system.") 

The  college  is  also  a  place  where  written  work  of  all  kinds  is 
most  easily  carried  out.  In  later  pages  (§§  87-95)  several  systems 
are  described  in  detail.  In  American  history  such  work  is  especially 
advisable ;  in  few  subjects  is  there  such  a  variety  of  topics  of  every 
degree  of  difficulty,  many  of  them  as  yet  unwrought.  The  col 
lege  has  also  an  atmosphere  of  interest  in  political  and  historical 
matters,  which  makes  possible  many  side  devices  for  lighting  up 
the  subject,  such  as  lectures,  public  debates,  discussions,  and  the 
like.  Furthermore,  it  is  possible  in  college  to  specialize  in  Ameri 
can  history  —  to  take  courses  in  the  theory  of  government,  in 
constitutional  law,  in  American  diplomacy,  in  financial  or  economic 
history,  in  American  government  or  American  literature,  —  and 
to  make  a  special  study  of  some  one  period  or  topic. 

§  19.  Investigation 

Investigation  is  the  most  difficult  kind  of  historical  study ;  but 
it  is  perhaps  the  most  valuable  sort  of  training,  because  it  requires 
patience  and  thoroughness  in  searching  for  material,  judgment  in 
selecting  out  of  it  the  cogent  facts,  a  peculiar  use  of  the  analytical 
powers  in  arranging  and  classifying  it,  a  high  degree  of  mental 
force  in  making  generalizations,  and  quick  imagination  in  so  stat 
ing  the  results  as  to  appeal  to  other  minds. 


26  HISTORICAL   METHODS  [§20 

These  advantages  may  be  gained  throughout  all  the  parts  of 
the  educational  field.  The  youngest  pupil  who  begins  to  study 
history  for  himself  may  be  taught  to  bring  in  a  contribution  of 
facts  got  somewhere  outside  of  the  textbook.  As  he  progresses, 
more  emphasis  may  be  laid  on  the  difference  between  contem 
porary  accounts  and  records  and  later  works  based  on  such  material. 

In  college  the  benefits  of  investigation  can  best.be  gained  by 
practice  in  going  to  the  bottom  of  very  limited  subjects,  so  as  to 
be  prepared  in  later  life  to  look  up  historical  points  or  intelligently 
to  review  the  work  of  others.  In  the  graduate  school,  and  often 
in  the  upper  classes  of  the  college,  where  there  is  an  opportunity 
for  specialization,  historical  investigation  becomes  the  most  im 
portant  element  in  the  student's  training.  He  must  learn  to 
exhaust  the  literature  of  the  subject,  to  use  all  the  available  ma 
terial,  and  to  make  himself  master  of  that  which  he  undertakes  to 
investigate. 

§  20.  Study  without  a  Teacher 

Since  the  material  of  history  is  to  be  found  in  considerable  part 
in  print,  the  subject  is  one  which  can  be  carried  on  without  a 
teacher  and  even  without  access  to  a  large  library.  A  distinction 
must  be  made  between  reading  history  and  studying  it:  the 
study  of  history  implies  a  concentration  upon  a  field  small  enough 
to  permit  the  use  of  various  parallel  authorities. 

American  history  is  well  adapted  for  home  study.  The  first 
necessity  is  to  choose  some  brief  books  which  cover  the  ground  in 
a  summary  fashion,  so  that  the  student  may  have  in  his  mind 
the  dimensions  of  the  subject ;  then  comes  the  process  of  widen 
ing,  the  working  out  of  the  ground  plan  of  the  historical  edifice. 
For  this  purpose  the  student  should  choose  some  of  the  standard 
histories,  such  as  are  suggested  in  §  29  below  or  through  the 
topical  analyses  (§  23).  Many  students  have  derived  benefit 
from  the  practice  of  writing  out  in  brief  form  the  ideas  which 
have  been  gathered  from  reading  on  some  previous  day. 

Having  thus  gone  over  several  books  on  a  period,  the  student 
begins  to  find  that  one  effaces  another  ;  the  knowledge  of  men 
and  events  laboriously  acquired  begins  to  dissolve  in  the  very 
multiplicity  of  facts.  Hence  it  is  desirable  for  the  student  at 


§20]  STUDY   WITHOUT   A   TEACHER  27 

home  to  make  up  some  written  outline  of  his  subject,  arranged  in 
what  seems  to  him  a  logical  order.  This  outline  will  be  in  a  sense 
his  own  history. 

The  student  at  home  should  not  neglect  the  use  of  sources. 
Presumably  he  will  not  have  material  so  abundant  that  he  may 
base  his  study  upon  it ;  but  he  ought  to  read  enough  to  give  him 
that  flavor  of  original  accounts  which  is  indispensable  for  the  right 
understanding  of  history. 

It  is  difficult  to  get  a  sharp  and  permanent  impression  from 
general  books,  or  even  from  sources,  without  some  system  of  note 
taking.  Students  may  do  too  much  of  this.  They  need  not  copy 
out  long,  exact  quotations  from  books  which  are  perfectly  acces 
sible  ;  they  should  reduce  the  author's  statements  to  a  brief  form. 
Notes  should  be  a  summary  rather  than  a  digest;  they  should 
state  the  main  points  with  sufficient  illustration  to  make  the 
argument  clear.  The  principal  danger  for  the  lonely  student  is 
always  that  he  will  read  too  much  and  absorb  too  little. 


PART   II.    CLASSIFIED    BIBLIOGRAPHY 

CHAPTER   III 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  AIDS 

§  21.  Special  Aids 

No  systematic  bibliography  concerning  the  whole  field  of  Ameri 
can  history  has  as  yet  been  completed,  though  several  works 
cover  portions  of  the  field  in  detail;  and  there  are  numerous 
special  bibliographies  of  persons,  periods,  or  special  subjects. 

A  list  of  bibliographies  and  check  lists  of  American  history  is 
P.  L.  Ford,  Check  List  of  Bibliographies  .  .  .  of  American  Books 
and  Subjects,  Brooklyn,  1889;  and  the  Annual  Literary  Index  and 
Annual  Library  Index  (1892-)  list  current  bibliographies  on  general 
and  specific  topics  (see  §  24  below,  under  Poole). 

The  most  significant  bibliographies  on  a  considerable  scale  are 
as  follows: 

Joseph  Sabin,  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America  (see  §  24).  This 
is  intended  to  include  the  title  of  every  book  published  in  America  or 
about  America ;  but  it  contains  only  titles  up  to  the  dates  of  the  several 
volumes  (1868-1892),  and  it  does  not  refer  to  periodicals.  It  now  (1911) 
reaches  the  name  of  Henry  H.  Smith;  publication  has  been  suspended 
and  the  work  is  out  of  print.  A  set,  including  all  numbers  so  far  pub 
lished,  would  probably  cost  five  hundred  dollars. 

Charles  Evans,  American  Bibliography  (§24)  has  only  reached  1785 
and  will  not  extend  beyond  1820. 

Bradford  and  Henkel,  Bibliographer's  Manual  (§  24)  is  confined  to 
state  and  local  history. 

F.  Leypoldt,  American  Catalogue  and  its  continuations  (§  24)  contain 
the  titles  of  all  books  in  print  in  America  in  1876,  and  since  issued. 
Marion  E.  Potter,  United  States  Catalog  (§  24)  serves  the  same  purpose 
for  book  in  print  in  1902  or  since  issued. 

(28) 


§21]  SPECIAL    AIDS  29 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  (§  29)  is  a  work  of  vast 
learning,  and  includes  admirable  bibliographies  of  all  subjects  treated 
up  to  about  1820,  giving  the  titles  of  the  best  books  issued  up  to  the  date 
of  publication. 

J.  N.  Earned,  Literature  of  American  History  (§  22)  is  a  very  helpful 
cooperative  work  with  characterization  of  over  four  thousand  titles, 
topically  arranged. 

Writings  on  American  History  (§  24)  is  an  annual  bibliography,  in 
cluding  articles  in  periodicals  and  proceedings  of  societies.  It  was  first 
issued  for  the  year  1902. 

The  publications  of  American  and  Canadian  historical  societies  down 
to  1905  have  been  made  available  by  A.  P.  C.  Griffin's  Bibliography  of 
American  Historical  Societies  (§  24). 

Historical  articles  in  general  literature  and  essays  may  be  found 
through  W.  I.  Fletcher's  A.  L.  A.  Index  (§  24),  supplemented  by  the 
lists  in  Guthrie's  Readers1  Guide  (§  24)  and  the  Annual  Library  Index  (see 
§  24,  under  Poole). 

For  periodical  literature,  Poolers  Index,  Guthrie's  Readers'  Guide,  and 
L.  A.  Jones's  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature  are  indispensable  guides. 
Jones's  work  stops  with  1899,  but  since  1908  its  place  has  been  taken  by 
the  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals  (see  §  24). 

None  of  the  great  American  libraries  has  recently  issued  a  printed 
catalogue  (see  §  25),  though  the  card  catalogues  of  the  Boston  Athe 
naeum,  Boston  Public  Library,  Harvard  College  Library,  Library  of  Con 
gress,  and  New  York  Public  Library  are  especially  serviceable ;  and  printed 
catalogue  cards  on  almost  any  subject  in  American  history  can  be  bought 
from  the  Library  of  Congress  (see  §  24).  Full  titles  of  most  books  pub 
lished  before  1900  can  be  found  in  the  printed  catalogue  of  the  British 
Museum. 

Several  topical  outlines  have  been  prepared  by  college  and  other 
teachers,  some  of  which  are  listed  in  §§  9,  23 ;  but  they  usually  deal  little 
with  sources. 

During  recent  years  there  has  been  much  activity  in  making  guides 
to  the  government"  documents,  so  that  Poore's  Catalogue,  formerly  the 
only  general  help,  has  been  both  supplemented  and  partly  superseded 
(see  §  26). 

For  many  subjects  the  easiest  path  of  entrance  is  by  the  footnotes 
and  bibliographical  chapters  or  appendices  of  the  standard  histories 
(see  §  29)  and  biographies  (§  39).  The  most  serviceable  are  those  of 
George  Bancroft  in  the  earlier  volumes  of  his  first  edition  and  his  History 
of  the  Constitution;  Henry  Adams,  United  States;  E.  M.  A  very.  United 
States;  Edward  Channing,  United  States;  A.  B.  Hart,  American  Nation; 


30  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   AIDS  [§22 

H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies;  H.  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States;  J.  F.  Rhodes, 
United  States  since  1850;  J.  Schouler,  United  States;  and,  more  than  all 
others  for  this  purpose,  Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History. 

§  22.  Formal  Bibliographies 

C.  K.  Adams,  Manual  of  Historical  Literature,  comprising  Brief  De 
scriptions  of  the  Most  Important  Histories  in  English,  French,  and  German. 
N.Y.,  1882.  —  Discusses  a  limited  number  of  authors  and  works. 

C.  M.  Andrews,  J.  M.  Gambrill,  and  L.  L.  Tall,  A  Bibliography  of 
History  for  Schools  and  Libraries.  N.Y.,  1910.  —  The  most  recent  com 
prehensive  work. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1908.  — 
Bibliography  at  pp.  471-502.  Summarizes  economic  work. 

R.  R.  Bowker  and  George  lies,  editors,  Reader's  Guide  in  Economic, 
Social,  and  Political  Science.  (Economic  Tracts,  No.  27.)  N.Y.,  1891. — 
A  classified  bibliography,  American,  English,  French,  and  German,  with 
descriptive  notes,  author,  title,  and  subject  index,  courses  of  reading, 
college  courses,  etc. ;  now  almost  out  of  date. 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  Pamphlets  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Brooklyn,  1888.  —  "Bibliography  and  Reference  List  of  the  History 
and  Literature  of  the  United  States  Constitution,"  at  pp.  381-441. 
Standard  list  on  its  subject. 

A.  B.  Hart,  editor,  The  American  Nation:  a  History.  26  vols.  and 
index  vol.  N.Y.,  1904-1908.  —  A  bibliographical  chapter  at  the  end  of 
each  volume,  subdivided  into  topics. 

Harvard  University :  Department  of  Social  Ethics,  Guide  to  Reading 
in  Social  Ethics  and  Allied  Subjects.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1910.  —  An 
evaluated  list  of  books  and  articles,  intended  primarily  for  the  use  of  gen 
eral  readers ;  has  many  titles  of  special  reference  to  American  conditions. 

The  History  Teacher's  Magazine  (Monthly).  Edited  by  A.  E.  Mc- 
Kinley.  Phila.,  1909-  . — Each  number  contains  a  brief  annotated 
bibliography  of  "History  and  Civics." 

Alexander  Johnston,  in  Lalor's  Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science.  Chi 
cago,  1881-1884.  —  Valuable  bibliographies  are  appended  to  his  signed 
articles.  The  articles  are  reprinted  by  J.  A.  Woodburn  as  American  Polit 
ical  History,  1763-1876.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1905. 

J.  N.  Lamed,  editor,.  Literature  of  American  History:  a  Bibliographical 
Guide.  Boston,  American  Library  Association,  1902.  —  Supplements, 
1900-1904,  by  P.  P.  Wells  :  that  for  1900-1901,  published,  Boston,  1902  ; 
those  for  1902  and  1903  in  Annotated  Titles  of  Books  on  English  and  Amer- 


§23]  BIBLIOGRAPHIES   AND   OUTLINES  31 

lean  History,  issued  by  the  Association  in  1904;  that  for  1904  in  the 
A.L.A.  Booklist  for  February,  1906.  —  A  very  serviceable  book,  excellent 
in  analysis,  choice  of  titles,  execution,  and  index.  Brief  signed  appreci 
ations  of  about  4000  books. 

Library  of  Congress  :  Division  of  Bibliography,  Lists  [on  various  sub 
jects].  Compiled  by  A.  P.  C.  Griffin  and  others.  Washington,  1898. 
—  Not  analyzed  or  characterized. 

Henry  Matson,  References  for  Literary  Workers;  with  Introductions 
to  Topics  and  Questions  for  Debate.  Chicago,  1892.  —  Includes  many 
subjects  related  to  American  history.  Now  out  of  date. 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Association,  Historical  Sources  in 
Schools.  By  a  Select  Committee.  N.Y.,  1902.  —  Contains  bibliog 
raphies  of  sources. 

Justin  Winsor,  Reader's  Handbook  of  the  American  Revolution,  1761- 
1783.  Boston,  1880.  Substantially  incorporated  in  his  Narrative  and 
Critical  History  (see  §  21). 

§  23.  Topical  Outlines 

Many  teachers  in  colleges  and  schools  have  prepared  outlines 
of  their  courses,  with  references  and  other  helps.  Some  of  these 
aids  have  been  printed  and  thus  made  available  for  other  people. 
A  brief  list  of  such  books  is  printed  above  (§  9) ;  to  which  may 
be  added  the  following  titles : 

H.  V.  Ames,  Outline  of  Lectures  on  American  Political  and  Institu 
tional  History  during  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  Periods;  with  Ref 
erences  for  Collateral  Reading.  Revised  edition.  University  of  Pennsyl 
vania  [Phila.],  1902. 

Hannah  H.  Davidson,  Reference  History  of  the  United  States  for  High 
Schools  and  Academies.  Boston,  1892.  —  Refers  chiefly  to  brief  books. 

C.  F.  Dunbar,  Topics  and  References,  History  of  Financial  Legislation 
in  the  United  States.  Cambridge,  1892. 

C.  F.  Dunbar,  Topics  and  References  in  Political  Economy  IV:  Eco 
nomic  History  of  Europe  and  America  since  the  Seven  Years'  War.  Cam 
bridge,  1885. 

C.  R.  Fish,  Syllabus  for  American  History,  Course  4.  University  of 
Wisconsin,  Madison,  1907. 

W.  F.  Gordy  and  W.  I.  Twitchwell,  A  Pathfinder  in  American  History. 
Boston,  1893. 

F.  H.  Hodder,  Outlines  of  American  Colonial  History.  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  1910. 


32  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   AIDS  [§24 

W.  H.  Mace,  A  Working  Manual  of  American  History  for  Teachers 
and  Students.  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  1895. 

New  York  State  Education  Department,  Syllabus  for  Secondary 
Schools:  History  and  Social  Science.  Albany,  1910. 

R.  R.  Price,  Topics  and  References  for  the  Class  in  American  History 
at  the  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kansas.  Revised  edition. 
[Manhattan],  1908. 

R.  C.  Ringwalt  and  W.  D.  Brookings,  Briefs  for  Debate.     N.Y.,  1896. 

R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  with  Selected  Lists  of  Ref 
erences.  N.Y.,  1905. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists  in  American  History.     Columbus, 
1893. 

F.  W.  Taussig,  Topics  and  References  in  Economics  6:  Tariff  Legis 
lation  in  the  United  States.     Cambridge,  1896. 

Washington  (D.C.)  High  Schools,  Course  of  Study  [in]  American 
History:  Colonial  Period.  [No  place,  no  date.] 

§  24.  Useful  Indexes 

R.  R.  Bowker,  State  Publications:  a  Provisional  List  of  the  Official 
Publications  of  the  Several  States.  4  pts.  N.Y.,  1899-1908. 

T.  L.  Bradford  and  S.  V.  Henkels,  Bibliographer's  Manual  of  American 
History,  containing  an  Account  of  All  State,  Territory,  Town,  and  County 
Histories.  4  vols.  and  index  vol.  Phila.,  1907-1910. 

Cumulative  Book  Review  Digest.  Vols.  I-VI  (1905-1910).  Minneapolis, 
1905-.  —  Monthly  issues  cumulating  in  the  December  number  of  each 
year. 

Charles  Evans,  American  Bibliography:  a  Chronological  Dictionary 
of  All  Books,  Pamphlets,  and  Periodical  Publications  printed  in  the  United 
States  .  .  .from  .  .  .  1639  down  to  .  .  .  1820.  Vols.  I-VI  [1639-1785]. 
Chicago,  1903-.  —  In  progress. 

W.  I.  Fletcher,  The  "A.  L.  A"  Index:  an  Index  to  General  Literature, 
Essays  and  Sketches,  Publications  of  Societies,  etc.  Issued  by  the  publish 
ing  board  of  the  American  Library  Association.  2d  ed.  Boston,  1901. 
—  An  avenue  of  approach  to  collected  essays  and  similar  works. 

A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Bibliography  of  American  Historical  Societies  (Amer 
ican  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1905,  Vol.  II).  Washington, 
1907.  —  A  vast  number  of  entries  with  a  fair  index. 

A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Index  of  Articles  upon  American  Local  History.     See 

§37- 

Anna  L.  Guthrie,  Readers'  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature.  Vols.  I,  II 
(1900-1909).  Minneapolis,  1905-.  —  Continued  by  monthly  issues 


§24]  USEFUL   INDEXES  33 

cumulating  quarterly  into  annual  volumes,  with  final  volumes  each  fifth 
year.     The  work  also  supplements  the  A.  L.  A.  Index. 

Adelaide  R.  Hasse,  Index  of  Economic  Material  in  ^Documents  of  the 
States.  (Carnegie  Institution,  Publications,  No.  85.)  10  pts.  [Wash 
ington],  1907-.  —  Includes,  to  1911,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
New  York,  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  California,  Illinois,  Kentucky, 
Delaware.  ,  Extends  only  to  1904. 

Index  to  Legal  Periodicals  and  Law  Library  Journal.  Chicago -and 
Madison,  1908-.  —  Issued  quarterly,  with  annual  cumulation. 

Leonard  A.  Jones,  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Literature.  [Vol.  I], 
Boston,  1888.  Vol.  II  (1887-1899),  Boston,  1899.  —  Well  analyzed  and 
very  serviceable. 

F.  Leypoldt  and  L.  E.  Jones,  The  American  Catalogue:  Author  and 
Title  [and  Subject]  Entries  of  Books  in  Print .  .  .  1876.  Continued  to  1907 
by  R.  R.  Bowker  and  others.  8  vols.  N.Y.,  1880-1908.  —The  work 
is  now  published  cumulatively  from  the  entries  in  Publishers'  Weekly, 
and  is  finally  put  into  main  volumes.  —  This  series  contains  titles  of 
substantially  all  the  books  in  print  in  the  United  States  in  1876,  and  since 
published. 

W.  C.  Lane  and  Nina  E.  Browne,  A.  L.  A.  Portrait  Index:  Index  to 
Portraits  contained  in  Printed  Books  and  Periodicals.  Washington, 
1906. 

Library  of  Congress,  A.  L.  A.  Catalog:  8000  Volumes  for  a  Popular 
Library,  with  Notes.  Washington,  1904.  —  Supplement  in  preparation 
in  1911. 

Library  of  Congress,  Monthly  Lists  of  State  Publications.  Beginning 
January,  1910. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Charlemagne  Tower  Collection  of 
American  Colonial  Laws.  Phila.,  1890. 

W.  F.  Poole,  Poole's  Index  to  Periodical  Literature.  3d  ed.  (to  1882), 
with  the  assistance  of  W.  I.  Fletcher.  Boston,  1882.  — There  are  five 
supplements  (1882-1906),  edited  first  by  Poole  and  Fletcher,  later  by 
Fletcher  and  others,  Boston,  1888-1908.  The  work  is  continued  by 
Fletcher  and  the  American  Library  Association  as  The  Annual  Literary 
Index,  1892-1904,  and  The  Annual  Library  Index,  1905-  (N.Y.,  1893-), 
which  also  supplements  the  A.  L.  A.  Index  and  gives  lists  of  bibliogra 
phies.  —  Poole's  Index,  Abridged  Edition,  and  the  First  Supplement  index 
37  periodicals,  1815-1904  (Boston,  1901-1905). 

Marion  E.  Potter,  United  States  Catalog:  Books  in  Print  1902.  Min 
neapolis,  1903.  Supplement :  Books  published  1902-1905.  Minne 
apolis,  1906.  Continued  by  the  Cumulative  Book  Index;  —  monthly 
issues  cumulating  quarterly  into  annual  volumes. 


34  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   AIDS  [§25 

Joseph  Sabin,  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America,  from  its  Dis 
covery  to  the  Present  Time.  20  vols.  N.Y.,  1868-1892.  —  Unfinished 
(see  §  21). 

W.  S.  Sonnenschein,  Best  Books.     36  ed.     Part  I.     London,  1910-. 

—  In  progress. 

C.  C.  Soule,  Lawyer's  Reference  Manual  of  Law  Books  and  Citations. 
Boston,  1883. 

Writings  on  American  History:  year  1902,  compiled  by  E.  C.  Richard 
son  and  A.  E.  Morse,  Princeton,  1904  ;  year  1903,  by  A.  C.  McLaughlin 
and  others,  Washington,  1905  ;  years  1904  and  1905,  never  issued  ;  years 
1906-1908  by  Grace  G.  Griffin,  N.Y.,  1908-1910  ;  now  issued  by  the  Amer 
ican  Historical  Association  in  its  Annual  Reports,  beginning  with  1909. 

§  25.  Useful  Library  Catalogues 

George  A.  Barringer,  Catalogue  de  VHistoire  de  rAmerique.  (Biblio- 
theque  Nationale.)  3  vols.  Paris,  1903-1907. 

Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Catalogue  General  des  Limes  Imprimis:  Au- 
teurs.  Vols.  I-XLI  (A-Dri.).  Paris,  1897-.  —  In  progress. 

Boston  Public  Library,  Annual  List  of  New  and  Important  Books 
[1896-1907].  Boston,  1898-1908.  —  Selected  from  and  continued  by 
the  Monthly  Bulletin  [1896-1908],  13  vols.,  Boston,  1896-1908,  and  by 
the  Bulletin,  3d  series,  Vols.  I-IV.  Boston,  1908-. 

British  Museum,  Catalogue  of  Printed  Books.     London,  1881-1900. 

—  Supplement  [1882-1899],  London,  1900-1905. 

Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh,  Classified  Catalogue*:  years  1895-1902, 
3  vols.,  Pittsburgh,  1907  ;  years  1902-1906,  2  vols.,  Pittsburgh,  1908. 

George  W.  Cole,  Catalogue  of  Books  relating  to  the  Discovery  and  Early 
History  of  North  and  South  America,  forming  a  Part  of  the  Library  of 
E.  D.  Church.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  1907. 

G.  K.  Fortescue,  Subject  Index  of  the  Modern  Works  added  to  the  Li 
brary  of  the  British  Museum  [1881-1905].  4  vols.  London,  1902-1906. 

Harvard  College  Library,  Card  Catalogue  Subjects.  To  be  used  in 
connection  with  the  card  catalogue. 

Harvard  Law  School,  Catalogue  of  the  Library.  2  vols.  Cambridge, 
1909. 

Library  of  Congress,  Catalogue,  Index  of  Subjects.  2  vols.  Washing 
ton,  1869. 

Library  of  Congress,  printed  catalogue  cards  of  all  books  copyrighted 
since  1899  and  of  older  or  foreign  books  in  the  Library  in  certain  groups 
(which  include  most  works  on  United  States  history).  For  sale  by  title, 
series,  set,  or  general  subject.  See  the  Library's  Handbook  of  Card  Dis 
tribution,  2d  ed.,  Washington,  1907. 


§26]  USEFUL   CATALOGUES  35 

Massachusetts  State  Library,  Catalogue.  Boston,  1880. — Annual 
Supplement,  1880-.  (Massachusetts  Public  Documents,  1880-.) 

New  York  (City)  Public  Library,  Bulletin.  Vols.  I-XV.  N.Y., 
1897-.  —  Monthly  numbers,  which  contain  "recent  accessions  of  in 
terest"  and  also  lists  of  works  relating  to  special  subjects. 

New  York  State  Library,  Best  Books,  with  Notes.  —  Published  annu 
ally  at  Albany  since  1897;  has  a  special  brief  section  on  American 
history. 

Peabody  Institute  of  Baltimore,  Catalogue  of  the  Library.  5  vols. 
Baltimore,  1883-1892.  —  Second  Catalogue,  8  vols.,  Baltimore,  1896-1905. 

§  26.  Indexes  to  Public  Documents 

To  the  valuable  set  of  government  documents  there  is  no  ade 
quate  complete  guide.  Poore's  Catalogue  (1774-1881),  Ames's 
Comprehensive  Index  (1881-1893),  an<i  the  Document  Catalogue  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Documents  (1893-)  together  cover  the 
whole  period  since  1774;  the  last  two  works  are  adequate,  but 
Poore  furnishes  less  aid  by  reason  of  an  imperfect  and  misleading 
index.  The  Superintendent  of  Documents'  Table  and  Index  is  of 
first  importance  for  the  Congressional  series  of  documents  from 
1817  to  1893.  General  books  on  the  system  and  excellent  guides 
in  all  matters  concerning  the  Public  Documents,  but  not  them 
selves  indexes,  are  the  following : 

Elfrida  Everhart,  Handbook  of  United  States  Public  Documents. 
Minneapolis,  1910. 

J.  I.  Wyer,  Jr.,  United  States  Government  Documents.  (N.  Y.  State 
Library,  Bulletin,  No.  102.)  Albany,  1906. 

The  following  is  a  nearly  complete  list  of  aids  that  are  now  of 
value,  arranged  chronologically : 

[1774-1881.]  B.  P.  Poore,  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Government  Publica 
tions.  Washington,  1885. 

[1774-1789.]  Library  of  Congress,  Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress. 
Washington,  1904-.  —  In  progress.  Bibliographical  notes 
at  end  of  Journals  of  each  year. 

[1789-1901.]  J.  M.  Baker,  Finding  List  to  Important  Serial  Documents 
published  by  the  Gpvernment.  (Senate  Docs.,  56  Cong. 
2  sess.  No.  238.)  Washington,  1901. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  AIDS 


[§26 


[1789-1895.]  F.  A.  Crandall,  Checklist  of  Public  Documents  containing 
Debates  and  Proceedings  oj  Congress  .  .  .,  with  Miscel 
laneous  Lists  of  Documents  and  Historical  and  Bibliograph 
ical  Notes.  2d  ed.  Washington,  1895.  —  The  check 
list  has  been  superseded  by  the  Tables  and  Index  (1817- 
1893),  but  the  other  material  remains  useful.  "Advance 
sheets"  of  a  third  edition  (to  1907),  which  will  include 
a  classification  of  departmental  publications,  are  now 
being  issued. 

[1789-1891.]  Digested  Summary  and  Alphabetical  List  of  Private  Claims 
presented  to  the  House.  Washington,  1853-1896.  —  Issued 
from  time  to  time  (4  pts.  in  6  vols.)  in  the  Congressional 
series  as  follows:  House  Misc.  Docs.,  32  Cong,  i  sess. 
[unnumbered;  serial  numbers,  653-655];  42  Cong.  3  sess. 
No.  109 ;  47  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  53  ;  53  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  213. 

[1789-1873.]  Edward  McPherson,  Index  of  Bills  presented  in  the  House 
. . .  relating  to  Banks,  Currency,  Public  Debt,  Tariff,  and  Direct 
Taxes,  showing  .  .  .  Disposition  of  the  Bill.  (House  Misc. 
Docs.,  43  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  92.)  Washington,  1875. 

[1789-1869.]  Index  to  the  Executive  Communications  made  to  the  House, 
and  Index  to  the  Reports  of  Committees.  Washington, 
1824-1870.  —  Issued  from  time  to  time  (together  for  1789- 
1839  and  separately  for  1839-1869,  6  pts.)  in  the  Con 
gressional  series,  as  follows:  House  Docs.,  18  Cong,  i  sess. 
No.  163;  17  Cong.  2  sess.  [unnumbered];  21  Cong.  2  sess. 
[unnumbered] ;  25  Cong.  3  sess.  [unnumbered] ;  40  Cong. 
3  sess.  [2  vols.,  unnumbered].  The  volumes  have  the 
following  serial  numbers :  104,  852,  2O92,  350,  1386,  1387. 

[1789-1863.]  Boston  Public  Library,  Index  (ed.  1861),  pp.  794-842 
(especially  the  index,  815-842);  and  First  Supplement 
(ed.  1866),  pp.  644-654  (especially  647-654). 

[1789-1821.]  Albert  Ordway,  General  Index  of  the  Journals  of  Congress. 
(House  Reports,  46  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  1776;  47  Cong,  i  sess. 
No.  1559.)  Washington,  1880-1883. 

[1789-1821.]  General  Personal  Index  of  the  Journals  of  Congress. 
(House  Reports,  48  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  2692;  49  Cong, 
i  sess.  No.  3475.)  Washington,  1885-1887. 

[1789-1817.]  A.  W.  Greely,  Public  Documents  of  the  First  Fourteen  Con 
gresses.  (Senate  Docs.,  56  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  428.)  Wash 
ington,  1900. 

[1815-1899.]  List  of  Private  Claims  brought  before  the  Senate.  Washing 
ton,  1881-1900.  —  Issued  from  time  to  time  (3  pts.,  in 


§26]  INDEXES   TO   PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS  37 

7  vols.)  in  the  Congressional  series,  as  follows:  Senate 
Misc.  Docs.,  46  Cong.  3  sess.  No.  14;  53  Cong.  2  sess. 
No.  266 ;  Senate  Docs.,  56  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  449. 

[1815-1887.]  T.  H.  McKee  [Indexes  to]  Reports  of  the  Select  and  Special 
Committees,  United  States  Senate.  Washington,  1887.  — 
Also  same  of  the  House,  Washington,  1887. 

[1817-1893.]  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Table  of  and  Annotated 
Index  to  the  Congressional  Series  of  United  States  Public 
Documents.  Washington,  1902.  —  Gives  the  serial  num 
bers  of  the  Congressional  series.  The  set  of  three  vol 
umes,  of  which  this  (Vol.  II)  is  the  only  one  published, 
will  form  an  index  of  all  government  publications  from 
1789  to  1893,  connecting  with  the  Document  Catalogue 

(1893-)- 

[1871-1880.]  J.  B.  Holloway  and  W.  H.  French,  Consolidated  Index  of 
Claims  reported  by  the  Commissioners  of  Claims  to  the  House. 
Washington,  1892. 

[1881-1893.]  J-  G.  Ames,  Comprehensive  Index  of  the  Publications  of  the 
United  States  Government.  2  vols.  Washington,  1905. 

[1885-1894.]  J.  H.  Hickcox,  United  States  Government  Publications, 
Monthly  Catalogue.  10  vols.  Washington,  1885-1894.  — 
Succeeded  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents'  Monthly 
Catalogue. 

[1893-  .]  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Catalogue  of  the  Public 
Documents  of  .  .  .  Congress  and  of  other  Departments  of 
the  Government  [commonly  cited  as  Document  Catalogue]. 
Vols.  I-VIII  (to  1907).  —  Published  under  act  of  January 
12,  1895,  one  volume  for  the  period  of  each  Congress 
except  the  54th,  which  has  two.  The  Index  to  Reports 
and  Documents  of  .  .  .  Congress  [cited  as  Document  Index], 
one  volume  for  each  session  and  listing  only  the  Congres 
sional  series,  is  a  temporary  form  of  the  Document  Cata 
logue. 

[1895-  .]  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Monthly  Catalogue,  United 
States  Documents.  Washington,  1895-.  —  Provided  for 
by  act  of  January  12,  1895  ;  until  July,  1907,  called  Cat 
alogue  of  United  States  Public  Documents.  After  various 
changes  the  index  is  now  (1911)  issued  separately  each 
quarter,  and  is  cumulated  annually. 


CHAPTER  IV 

GENERAL  WORKS 

§  27.  General  Reference  Books 

THE  following  works  contain  a  variety  of  historical  data,  usually 
arranged  alphabetically  by  persons  or  subjects;  such  books 
facilitate  easy  topical  work,  and  the  better  ones  are  a  guide  to 
more  detailed  information : 

S.  A.  Allibone,  Critical  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and  British 
and  American  Authors.  3  vols.  Phila.,  1858-1871.  —  Supplement,  edited 
by  J.  F.  Kirk,  2  vols.,  1891.  —  About  83,000  articles. 

American  Year  Book,  a  Record  of  Events  and  Progress.  Edited  under 
the  Direction  of  a  Supervisory  Board  representing  National  Learned  Soci 
eties.  Vol.  I,  1910,  edited  by  S.  N.  D.  North,  N.Y.,  1911.  — An  An 
nual  containing  departments  of  history,  international  law,  government, 
etc. 

Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopcedia  and  Register  of  Important  Events  (1861- 
1902).  42  vols.  N.Y.,  1862-1903. — The  volumes  from  1861  to  1875, 
inclusive,  form  one  series,  entitled  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  with  a 
separate  index  volume.  The  second  or  "New  Series"  (1876-1895)  has 
an  index  at  the  end  of  the  1895  volume.  The  index  to  the  "Third 
Series"  (1896-1902)  is  cumulative. 

Appletons'  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography  (see  Wilson  and  Fiske). 

Biographical  Congressional  Directory,  1774  to  1903.  (House  Docs., 
57  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  458.)  Washington,  1903. 

John  H.  Brown,  Lamb's  Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  United  States. 
7  vols.  Boston,  1900-1903.  —  Reissued,  with  changes,  by  Rossiter  John 
son  as  Twentieth  Century  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Notable  Americans, 
10  vols.,  Boston,  1904.  —  About  16,000  names. 

Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names  (see  B.  E.  Smith). 

F.  M.  Colby  and  others,  International  Year  Book:  a  Compendium  of 
the  World's  Progress  in  every  Department  of  Human  Knowledge  (1898- 
1902).  5  vols.  N.Y.,  [1899-1903].  —  Cumulative  index  in  Vols.  III- 

(38) 


§27]        GENERAL  REFERENCE  BOOKS        39 

V.  —  Also  a  New  International  Year  Book  (1907-),  N.Y.,  1908-  (not 
indexed). 

E.  A.  and  G.  L.  Duyckinck,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Literature.  2 
vols.  N.Y.,  1856.  —  Supplement;  N.Y.,  1866;  and  a  later  edition, 
"edited  to  date  by  M.  Laird  Simons,"  2  vols.,  Phila.,  1875. 

Encyclopedia  Britannica.  nth  ed.  28  vols.  and  index  vol. 
Cambridge,  England,  1911.  —  Many  articles  on  American  history  and 
affairs. 

D.  C.  Gilman  and  others,  New  International  Encyclopedia.  New 
edition,  revised  to  1907.  20  vols.,  with  an  extra  volume  entitled  Courses 
of  Reading  and  Study.  N.Y.,  1907. 

Harper's  Encyclopedia  of  United  States  History  from  458  to  1902. 
10  vols.  N.Y.,  1902.  —  Based  on  Lossing's  earlier  work. 

Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates  and  Universal  Information.  24th  ed. 
London,  1906. 

International  Cyclopedia  and  International  Year  Book  (see  F.  M. 
Colby,  D.  C.  Gilman). 

J.  J.  Lalor,  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  Political  Economy,  and  of 
the  Political  History  of  the  United  States.  3  vols.  Chicago,  1881-1884. 

J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference  from  the  Best  Historians, 
Biographers,  and  Specialists:  their  own  Words  in  a  Complete  System  of 
History  (to  1910).  7  vols.  Springfield,  Mass.,  1894-1910.  —  Chiefly 
extracts  from  secondary  writers,  ingeniously  fitted  to  each  other. 

C.  E.  Little,  Cyclopedia  of  Classified  Dates.     N.Y.,  1900. 

Lippincotfs  Dictionary  of  Biography  (see  Joseph  Thomas) . 

A.  C.  McLaughlin  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern 
ment.    3  vols.     N.Y.,  1913.  —  About  2500  articles,  mostly  with  bibli 
ographies. 

C.  W.  Moulton,  Library  of  Literary  Criticism  of  English  and  American 
Authors  (1680-1904).  8  vols.  Buffalo,  1901-1905. 

National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography.  13  vols.  and  index  vol. 
N.Y.,  1892-1906.  —  Vols.  I,  II,  revised,  1898-1899.  —  About  16,000 
names. 

Karl  Ploetz,  Epitome  of  Ancient,  Medieval,  and  Modern  History. 
Translated,  with  extensive  additions,  by  W.  H.  Tillinghast.  New  revised 
edition  (to  1908).  Boston,  [1909]. 

B.  E.  Smith,  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names.     N.Y.,  [1894].  —  Various 
later  issues  with  minor  changes,  and  a  supplement  which  includes  all 
changes,  in  Century  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia,  Vol.  XII,  N.Y.,  [1909]. 

Statesman's  Year  Book  (1864-).  London,  1864-.  —  Beginning  with 
1906,  a  special  part  is  devoted  to  the  United  States  and  to  separate 
states  and  dependencies. 


GENERAL   WORKS 


[§28 


Joseph  Thomas,  Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  Biography  and 
Mythology.  3d  ed.,  rev.  Phila.,  1901. 

Who's  Who  in  America:  a  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Notable  Living 
Men  and  Women  of  the  United  Stales.  Biennial  volumes.  Chicago, 

[1899-]- 

J.  H.  Willsey,  Harper's  Book  of  Facts:  a  Classified  History  of  the 
World.  N.Y.,  1895. 

J.  G.  Wilson  and  John  Fiske,  Appletons'  Cyclopaedia  of  American 
Biography.  6  vols.  N.Y.,  1887-1889.  —  New  edition,  6  vols.,  N.Y., 
1900.  The  new  material  in  this  edition  is  also  printed  in  a  separate 
volume  (1901),  which  is  published  as  Vol.  VII  to  the  first  edition.  — 
About  20,000  names. 

§  28.  Brief  Histories 

Textbooks  are  not  included  in  the  following  list.  A  few  of  them  are 
listed  in  §  9. 

[1450-1877.]  American  History  Series.  7  -vols.  N.Y.  —  Vol.  I,  G.  P. 
Fisher,  The  Colonial  Era  (1892) ;  Vol.  II,  W.  M.  Sloane, 
The  French  War  and  the  Revolution  (1893);  Vol.  Ill, 

F.  A.  Walker,  The  Making  of  the  Nation,  1783-1817  (1895) ; 
Vol.  IV,  J.   W.  Burgess,  The  Middle  Period,  1817-1858 
(1897) ;  Vols.  V,  VI,  J.  W.  Burgess,  The  Civil  War  and  the 
Constitution   (1901);    Vol.   VII,   J.   W.   Burgess,    Recon 
struction  and  the  Constitution  (1902). 

[1000-1890.]     E.   B.   Andrews,   History   of  the   United  States.     2   vols. 

N.Y.,  1894. 
[1577-1902.]     Cambridge  Modern   History.     Edited   by   A.    W.    Ward, 

G.  W.  Prothero,  and  Stanley  Leathes.     Vol.  VII,  United 
States.     Cambridge,  England,  1904. 

[1765-1865.]     Edward  Channing,  United  States  of  America,  1765-1865. 

(Cambridge  Historical  series.)     N.Y.,  1896. 
[1513-1824.]     Ernst  Daenell,  Die  Spanier  in  Nordamerika.     (Historische 

Bibliothek,  Vol.  XV.)     Munich,  1911. 
[1607-1907.]     Paul    Darmstaedter,    Vereinigten    Staaten  von    Amerika. 

(Bibliothek  der  Geschichtswissenschaft,  Vol.  VI.)     Leipsic, 

1909. 
[1578-1910.]      Encyclopedia     Britannica.      nth    ed.      Vol.     XXVIII, 

pp.  663-735  (article  on  history  of  United  States).     Cam 
bridge,  England,  1911. 
[1492-1909.]     Epochs   of  American   History.     Edited   by   A.    B.   Hart. 

3  vols.     N.Y. —  Vol.    I,  R.    G.  Thwaites,   The  Colonies 


§29] 


BRIEF   HISTORIES 


(1891,  latest  edition,  1910);  Vol.  II,  A.  B.  Hart,  Forma 
tion  of  the  Union  (1892,  latest  edition,  1910) ;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion  (1893,  latest  edition,  by 
E.  S.  Corwin,  1910). 

[  986-1905.]  T.  W.  Higginson  and  William  MacDonald,  History  of  the 
United  States.  N.Y.,  1905.  —  A  new  edition  of  Higgin 
son 's  Larger  History. 

[1760-1909.]  Alexander  Johnston,  History  of  American  Politics.  N.Y., 
1880.  —  Enlarged  edition,  revised  by  W.  M.  Sloane, 
continued  by  W.  M.  Daniels,  1910. 

[1607-1887.]  Alexander  Johnston,  The  United  States;  its  History  and 
Constitution.  N.Y.,  1889.  —  New  edition,  1902. 

{1607-1899.]  Judson  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  and  Government 
of  the  United  States.  Revised  edition.  Boston,  1900. 

[1492-1871.]  Goldwin  Smith,  The  United  States ;  an  Outline  of  Politi 
cal  History.  N.Y.,  1893. 

[1783-1900.]  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States  of  America.  (Story  of  the 
Nations  series.)  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1904. 

§  29.  Larger  Comprehensive  Works 

[1800-1817.]  Henry  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States.  9  vols.  N.Y., 
1889-1891. 

[1760-1804.]  John  Adolphus,  History  of  England.  7  vols.  London, 
1840-1845. 

[1492-  .]  E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States  and  its  People 
from  their  Earliest  Records  to  the  Present  Time.  Vols. 
I-VII  (to  1806),  Cleveland,  1904-1910.  —  In  progress. 

[1492-1789.]  George  Bancroft,  History  of  the  United  States.  10  vols. 
Boston,  1834-1874.  (A  general  index,  paged  consecu 
tively  with  Vol.  X,  is  bound  separately.)  —  Six-volume 
edition,  known  as  The  Author's  Last  Revision.  N.Y., 
1883-1885. 

[1501-1890.]     H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Pacific  States.     34  vols. 

*San  Francisco,  1882-1890.     Also  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific 

States,  5  vols.,  N.Y.,  1874-1876.     The  whole  reissued  as 

Works,  39  vols.,  San  Francisco,  1883-1890.     Various  parts 

are  also  published  under  other  titles  (see  §  37). 

[1492-1893.]  W.  C.  Bryant  and  S.  H.  Gay,  Popular  History  of  the  United 
States.  5  vols.  N.Y.,  1876-1898.  —  Vol.  V,  by  Noah 
Brooks  and  others,  is  entitled  Scribner's  Popular  His 
tory  of  the  United  States. 


GENERAL   WORKS 


[§29 


[1607-  J  W.  E.  Chancellor  and  F.  W.  Hewes,  The  United  Slates,  a 
History  of  Three  Centuries.  Vols.  I,  II  (to  1774).  N.Y., 
1904-1905.  —  No  more  published.  Partly  statistical. 

[1000-  .]  Edward  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States.  Vols.  I, 
II  (to  1760).  N.Y.,  1905-1908.  —  In  progress. 

[1783-1877.]  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1889-1896.  —  Vol.  I  is  a  reprint  of  the 
author's  History  of  the  Constitution.  2  vols.,  1854.  Vol. 
II  is  edited  by  J.  C.  Clayton. 

[1784-1875.]  Jefferson  Davis,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Govern 
ment.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1881. 

[1492-1760.]  J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English  in  America.  5  vols.  London, 
1882-1907 ;  reprinted  with  a  different  pagination,  in  N.Y., 
as  English  Colonies  in  America. — Vol.  I  bears  also  the 
title  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  the  Carolinas;  Vols.  II, 
III,  The  Puritan  Colonies;  Vol.  IV,  The  Middle  Colonies; 
Vol.  V,  The  Colonies  under  the  House  of  Hanover. 

[1850-1865.]  J.  W.  Draper,  History  of  the  American  Civil  War.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  1867-1870. 

[1492-1904.]  H.  W.  Elson,  History  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
N.Y.,  1904.  —  2d  ed.,  5  vols.,  1905. 

[1000-1865.]  John  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1892.  —  Fiske's  other  historical  works  form,  with  this, 
part  of  a  comprehensive  history,  as  follows:  Old  Virginia 
and  her  ^Neighbours,  2  vols.,  1897;  Beginnings  of  New 
England,  1889  ;  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies  in  America,  2 
vols.,  1899 ;  New  France  and  New  England,  1902  ;  The 
American  Revolution,  2  vols.,  1892-1893  ;  Critical  Period  of 
American  History,  1783-1789,  1888;  Mississippi  Valley 
in  the  Civil  War,  1900. 

[1000-1905.]  The  whole  field  was  later  covered  by  Fiske  in  three 
volumes,  —  Colonization  of  the  New  World,  Independence 
of  the  New  World,  and  (with  J.  B.  McMaster)  Modern 
Development  of  the  New  World,  —  published  since  his 
death  as  Vols.  XXI-XXIII  of  A  History  of  All  Nations, 
edited  by  J.  H.  Wright ;  24  vols.,  Phila.,  [1905]. 

[1000-1906.]  J.  W.  Garner  and  H.  C.  Lodge,  The  United  States.  2  vols. 
(The  History  of  Nations,  edited  by  H.  C.  Lodge,  Vols. 
XXIII,  XXIV.)  Phila.,  [copyright,  1906].  —  Also  pub 
lished  as  History  of  the  United  States,  4  vols.  (paged 
continuously),  Phila.,  1906. 


§29] 


LARGER   COMPREHENSIVE   WORKS 


43 


[1776-1865.]  Horace  Greeley,  The  A merican  Conflict.  2  vols.  Hartford, 
1864-1867. 

[1300-1907.]     A.   B.  Hart,  editor,   The  American  Nation:    a  History. 

26  vols.  and  index  vol.     N.Y.,  1904-1908. 
[1492-1821.]     Richard  Hildreth,  History  of  the  United  States.     6  vols. 

N.Y.,  1849-1856.  —  Revised  edition,  1880-1882. 

[1700-1800.]  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  History  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century.  8  vols.  London,  1878-1890.  —  American  edi 
tion,  8  vols.,  N.Y.,  1878-1890.  References  in  the  later 
pages  of  the  Guide  are  made  to  this  edition.  —  The  chap 
ters  and  passages  relating  to  America  in  Lecky's  work 
have  been  arranged  and  edited  by  J.  A.  Woodburn  as 
The  American  Revolution,  1763-1783,  N.Y.,  [1898]. 

[I783-  .]  J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States 
from  the  Revolution  to  the  Civil  War.  Vols.  I-VII  (to 
1850).  N.Y.,  1883-1910. — An  eighth  volume  will  com 
plete  the  work. 

[1713-1783.]      Lord    Mahon,    History    of    England.     3d    ed.,  revised. 
7  vols.     Boston,  1853-1854.  —  A  convenient  edition  is  the 
"Tauchnitz,"  in  paper  covers. 
[1745-1802.]     W.  N.  Massey,  History  of  England  during  the  Reign  of 

George  the  Third.     4  vols.     London,  1855-1863. 
[1492-1775.]     J.  G.  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England.     5  vols.     Boston, 

Little,  1858-1890. 

[1492-1763.]  Francis  Parkman,  France  and  England,  in  North  America: 
a  Series  of  Historical  Narratives.  9  vols.  Boston,  1865- 
1892.  —  Parkman's  volumes  bear  the'  following  titles: 
I,  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World;  II,  The  Jesuits 
in  North  America  in  the  Seventeenth  Century;  III,  Dis 
covery  of  the  Great  West  (nth  ed.  called  La  Salle  and 
the  Discovery,  etc.) ;  IV,  The  Old  Regime  in  Canada;  V, 
Count  Frontenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV ;  VI, 
-  A  Half-Century  of  Conflict  (2  vols.) ;  VII,  Montcalm  and 
Wolfe  (2  vols.).  — The  series  is  supplemented  by  The  Con 
spiracy  of  Pontiac,  6th  ed.,  2  vols.,  1870. 
[1497-1797.]  Timothy  Pitkin,  Political  and  Civil  History  in  the  United 

States.     2  vols.     New  Haven,  1828. 

[1849-1877.]  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States  from  the  Com 
promise  of  1850.  7  vols.  N.Y.,  1893-1906.  —  A  con 
tinuation  is  in  progress. 


44 


GENERAL   WORKS 


[§29 


[1783-1865.]  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States  under  the  Con 
stitution.  Revised  edition.  6  vols.  N.Y.,  [copyright 
1894-1899]. 

[1607-1909.]  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation.  12  vols.  Rich 
mond,  [copyright,  1909-1910]. A  cooperative  history. 

[1861-1865.]  A.  H.  Stephens,  Constitutional  View  of  the  Late  War  be 
tween  the  States.  2  vols.  Phila.,  [copyright,  1868-1870]. 

[1600-1841.]  George  Tucker,  History  of  the  United  States.  4  vols. 
Phila.,  1856-1857. 

[1776-1850.]  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional  History  of  the  American 
People.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1898. 

[1765-1895.]  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States. 
3  vols.  Chicago,  1901. 

[  986-1900.]  F.  N.  Thorpe,  History  of  the  American  People.  Chicago, 
1901. 

[1750-1861.]  Hermann  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  and  Political  History 
of  the  United  States.  Translated  from  the  German  by 
Lalor  and  Mason.  7  vols.  and  index  vol.  Chicago, 
1876-1892.  —  New  edition,  1899. 

[1620-1877.]  Henry  Wilson,  History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 
Power  in  America.  3  vols.  Boston,  1872-1877. 

[1492-1900.]  Woodrow  Wilson,  History  of  the  American  People.  5  vols. 
N.Y.,  1902. 

[1000-1850.]  Justin  Winsor,  editor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America.  8  vols.  Boston,  [copyright,  1884-1889]. 


CHAPTER  V 

GEOGRAPHY 

§  30.  Historical  Geography 

No  other  important  subject  connected  with  American  history 
has  been  so  neglected  as  the  historical  geography  of  the  United 
States.  Territorial  history  is  nevertheless  essential  to  an  under 
standing  of  the  general  subject.  In  the  American  Historical  Asso 
ciation's  Annual  Report  for  1907,  I,  45-48,  is  a  "Report  of  Con 
ference  on  the  Relation  of  Geography  and  History,"  and  in  the 
Twenty-second  Meeting  of  the  New  England  History  Teachers' 
Association  a  paper  on  the  same  subject  by  Professor  G.  L.  Burr 
(see  §  n).  The  sources  are :  (i)  the  reports  of  the  first  explorers, 
the  contemporaneous  accounts  of  the  early  explorations,  and  the 
maps  of  the  old  cartographers;  (2)  the  grants  made  by  various 
European  powers  to  their  colonies,  especially  the  English  charters ; 
(3)  treaties  defining  international  boundaries ;  (4)  decisions  of  the 
English  Privy  Council  on  contested  boundaries,  and  of  inter 
national  courts  of  arbitration ;  and  (5)  the  statutes  of  the  United 
States  establishing  territories  and  admitting  states. 

Several  books  contain  descriptions  of  the  physical  characteris 
tics  of  the  country  and  their  influence  on  men  of  European  origin. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  works  of  Professors  Whitney 
and  Shaler,  both  entitled  The  United  States,  and  the  books  by  A.  P. 
Brigham  and  Ellen  C.  Semple  (see  §  31).  The  more  important 
works  dealing  with  the  territorial  development  are  Winsor's  contri 
butions  in  his  Columbus,  Cartier  to  Frontenac,  Mississippi  Basin, 
and  Westward  Movement,  and  in  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History. 
Professor  Hinsdale  has  done  good  work  in  this  field,  especially  in 
his  Old  Northwest;  and  the  government  publications  connected 
with  the  names  of  Gannett  and  Donaldson  contain  many  valuable 

(45) 


46  GEOGRAPHY  [§30 

suggestions  and  documents.  In  the  general  histories,  such  as  those 
of  Bancroft,  Hildreth,  McMaster,  and  Henry  Adams,  may  be 
found  elaborate  discussions  of  boundary  and  other  territorial 
questions.  The  larger  state  histories  and  historical  society  reports 
contain  many  important  discussions  of  these  and  kindred  subjects. 
Besides  the  treatment  of  the  subject  in  the  general  histories 
(especially  Hildreth's),  the  following  special  authorities  may  be 
mentioned : 

Bioren  and  Duane,  Laws  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  including  many  other 
Valuable  .  .  .  Documents.  5  vols.  Phila.,  1815.  —  Usually  cited  as 
"Duane's  Laws." 

Thomas  Donaldson,  The  Public  Domain.  3d  ed.  (House  Misc. 
Docs.,  47  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  45,  Pt.  4.)  Washington,  1884. 

Existing  Laws  of  the  United  States  of  a  General  and  Permanent  Char 
acter  and  relating  to  the  .  .  .  Public  Domain.  (Ibid.,  Pt.  i.)  Washington, 
1884. 

Laws  of  the  United  States  of  a  Local  or  Temporary  Character,  and  exhib 
iting  the  Entire  Legislation  of  Congress  upon  which  the  Public  Land  Titles 
in  each  State  and  Territory  have  depended.  (Ibid.,  Pts.  2,  3.)  2  vols. 
Washington,  1884. 

Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories.  3d  ed.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin,  No. 
226.)  Washington,  1904. 

Henry  Gannett,  Origin  of  Certain  Place  Names  in  the  United  States. 
2d  ed.  (United  States  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin,  No.  258.)  Washing 
ton,  1905. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  Bounding  the  Original  United  States.  —  Re 
print  from  Magazine  of  Western  History,  II,  401-423  (Sept.,  1885). 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  The  Old  Northwest;  with  a  View  of  the  Thir 
teen  Colonies  as  constituted  by  the  Royal  Charters.  N.Y.,  1891.  —  Revised 
edition,  Boston,  [copyright,  1899]. 

Archer  B.  Hulbert,  Historic  Highways  of  America.  15  vols.  and 
index  vol.  Cleveland,  1902-1905. 

Organic  Acts  for  the  Territories  of  the  United  States.  (Senate  Docs., 
56  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  148.)  Washington,  1900. 

C.  C.  Royce,  Indian  Land  Cessions.  (Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
1 8th  Annual  Report,  Pt.  ii.)  Washington,  1899. 

W.  B.  Scaife,  America:  its  Geographical  History.     Baltimore,  1892. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.  8  vols. 
Boston,  [copyright,  1884-1889].  —  Especially  VII,  527-562. 


§31]  PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY  47 

§  31.  Physical  Geography  of  America 

Physical  geography  and  geology  are  intimately  connected,  and 
much  geographical  matter  is  to  be  found  in  the  publications  of 
national  and  state  geological  surveys  and  in  those  of  the  coast 
survey.  The  reports  of  state  surveys  are  easily  found  in  libraries 
under  the  names  of  the  states,  the  more  recent  publications  gen 
erally  giving  the  best  material.  National  geological  surveys  were 
for  a  number  of  years  conducted  under  various  governmental 
bureaus,  and  their  work  was  confined  to  the  western  part  of  the 
continent.  The  most  important  of  them  were  the  Hayden, 
King,  Powell,  and  Wheeler  surveys,  each  of  which  published  a 
report.  A  bibliography  of  these  reports  is  in  Bulletin,  No.  222,  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Vol.  I  of  the  Wheeler  Sur 
vey  contains  an  analytical  account  of  all  explorations  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River  from  1500  to  1880.  In  1879  these  separate 
surveys  were  discontinued  and  the  United  States  Geological  Sur 
vey  was  organized  (for  its  history  and  operations  see  Bulletin, 
No.  227.)  It  publishes  Annual  Reports,  Bulletins,  Monographs, 
Water-Supply  Papers,  Mineral  Resources,  Professional  Papers, 
topographic  and  geologic  maps,  besides  special  publications,  of 
which  an  analytical  bibliography  (1880-1901)  is  contained  in 
Bulletin,  No.  177,  and  continued  to  1903  in  Bulletin,  No.  215. 
Complete  lists  of  all  publications  (except  topographic  maps)  are 
also  issued  periodically.  The  following  bibliographical  bulletins 
of  the  Survey  deserve  mention :  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  of  the 
United  States  (Bulletin,  No.  274  ;  5th  ed.  in  preparation) ;  Catalogue 
and  Index  of  Contributions  to  North  American  Geology  (1732-1891, 
Bulletin,  No.  127;  1892-1900,  Bulletins,  Nos.  188,  189,  and 
periodic  continuations) ;  Catalogue  of  Geological  Maps  of  America 
(Bulletin,  No.  7).  Much  geographical  material  is  also  to  be  found 
in  the  American  Geologist  (discontinued  in  1905),  and  in  the 
Journal  of  Geology,  tha  National  Geographic  Society's  National 
Geographic  Magazine,  the  Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical 
Society,  and  the  Journal  of  Geography.  In  McLaughlin  and  Hart, 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  are  several  discussions  of 
American  geography. 

Upon  the  basis  of  the  geography  of  the  country,  —  its  physiog- 


48  GEOGRAPHY  [§31 

raphy,  —  references  will  be  found  in  §§  32-34  below.     The  follow 
ing  books  will  also  be  found  serviceable: 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History.  Boston, 
1903. 

W.  M.  Davis,  Continent  of  North  America.  (R.  H.  Mill,  International 
Geography,  664-678.)  N.Y.,  1901. 

W.  M.  Davis,  Physical  Geography  of  the  United  States.  (Encyclopedia 
Britannica,  nth  ed.,  XXVII,  612-624.)  Cambridge,  England,  1911. 

W.  M.  Davis,  Practical  Exercises  in  Physical  Geography  [with  Atlas]. 
Boston,  1908. 

W.  M.  Davis,  C.  F.  King,  and  G.  L.  Collie,  Report  on  Governmental 
Maps  for  Use  in  Schools.  N.Y.,  1894. 

J.  W.  Draper,  History  of  the  American  Civil  War.  3  vols.  N.Y., 
1867-1870.  —  At  Vol.  I,  39-62. 

H.  E.  Gregory,  A.  G.  Keller,  and  A.  L.  Bishop,  Physical  and  Commer 
cial  Geography.  Boston,  1910. 

A.  J.  Henry,  Climatology  of  the  United  States.  (Weather  Bureau,  No. 
361.)  Washington,  1906. 

Jedidiah  Morse,  American  Universal  Geography.  2  parts.  Boston, 
1793-  —  6th  ed.,  1812. 

National  Geographic  Monographs.  Vol.  I,  Nos.  i-io.  N.Y.,  1895. — 
No  more  published.  Of  special  value  are  J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic 
Regions;  B.  Willis,  Northern  Appalachians;  C.  W.  Hayes,  Southern 
Appalachians. 

J.  H.  Patton,  Natural  Resources  of  the  United  States.     N.Y.,  1888. 

Friedrich  Ratzel,  Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  N ord-Amerika.  2  vols. 
Munich,  1878-1880. 

R.  D.  Salisbury  and  W.  W.  Atwood,  Interpretation  of  Topographic 
Maps.  (U.S.  Geological  Survey,  Professional  Paper,  No.  60.)  Washing 
ton,  1908. 

Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Conditions. 
Boston,  1903. 

Ellen  C.  Semple,  Influence  of  Geographic  Environment,  on  the  Basis  of 
Ratzel' s  System  of  Anthropo-geography.  N.Y.,  1911. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and  Man  in  America.     N.Y.,  1891 ;  also  1899. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  United  States.  2  vols.  N.Y*.,  1894.  —  Also  in  3  vols., 
paged  continuously. 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources  in  the  United 
States.  N.  Y.,  1910. 

J.  D.  Whitney,  United  States.     Boston,  1889.  —  Supplement,  1894. 


§32]  PHYSICAL   MAPS  49 

§  32.  Physical  Maps  of  North  America 

The  data  for  a  complete  physical  map  of  the  United  States  do 
not  yet  exist.  Henry  Gannett,  in  his  essay  on  the  Maps  of  the 
United  States  (Washington,  National  Geographic  Society,  1892), 
points  out  the  sources.  The  United  States  Geological  Survey  has 
in  progress  a  topographic  map  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  a  geologic 
map  on  the  scales  of  one,  two,  and  four  miles  to  the  inch.  Nearly 
two  thousand  sheets  have  been  issued,  and  many  more  will  be 
needed  to  complete  the  map.  Various  states  have  cooperated 
with  the  Survey  in  its  topographic  work,  with  the  result  that  all 
the  sheets  for  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  New 
Jersey  are  completed.  The  volume  by  Davis,  King,  and  Collie 
noted  in  §  31,  and  that  by  Salisbury  and  Atwood,  show  how  to 
use  these  sheets  in  teaching  geography. 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  has  issued  four  very  use 
ful  maps,  (i)  The  most  beautiful  is  the  United  States  Relief  Map, 
printed  in  several  shades  of  brown ;  (2)  the  United  States  Contour 
Map,  giving  the  contour  lines  in  brown,  is  more  useful;  (3)  a 
map  of  the  same  size  as  these  (28  X  17  J  inches),  but  without 
title  and  showing  only  land  and  water  (base  map),  is  most  service 
able  for  the  filling  in  of  historical  data.  These  maps  are  the 
originals  of  the  physical  maps  printed  in  the  ordinary  textbooks. 
An  excellent  map  showing  the  forms  of  land  in  colors  may  be  found 
in  J.  W.  Powell's  Physiographic  Regions  of  the  United  States 
(National  Geographic  Monographs,  I,  No.  3),  N.Y.,  1895. 

The  Survey  has  also  issued  a  map  of  the  United  States  in  three 
sheets  on  the  scale  of  forty  miles  to  the  inch.  The  names  and 
political  boundaries  are  in  black,  the  contours  in  brown,  the  water 
in  blue.  This  is  an  admirable  map  for  wall  reference  in  the  class 
room.  In  the  census  publications  there  are  some  similar  maps, 
especially  in  the  Statistical  Atlas  prepared  at  the  twelfth  census 
and  published  at  Washington,  1903;  or  in  the  similar  work  of  the 
thirteenth  census,  now  in  preparation. 

Outline  maps  for  school  use  are  now  abundant  and  may  be 
obtained  from  any  school  supply  company. 

In  the  recent  school  histories  are  usually  to  be  found  colored 
maps  in  relief,  based  on  the  government  maps.  A  similar  one  is 


50  GEOGRAPHY  [§33 

in  Epoch  Maps,  No.  i.     Some  of  the  most  valuable  physical  wall 
maps  are  the  following : 

Richard  Kiepert,  Nord-Amerika.  Published  by  Dietrich  Reimer. 
Berlin,  1894.  Scale  of  i  cm.  to  80  km. 

Emil  von  Sydow  and  Hermann  Habenicht,  Nord-Amerika;  oro- 
hydrographische  Schul-Wandkarte.  Published  by  Justus  Perthes.  Gotha, 
1894.  Scale  of  i  cm.  to  60  km. — These  two  maps  are  published  in 
America  by  Rand  and  McNally,  Chicago. 

Physical  Map  of  the  United  States.  Rand  and  McNally,  Chicago, 
1910.  66  X  46  inches. 

[Steinwehr],  Case's  Map  of  the  United  States,  the  British  Provinces, 
Mexico,  and  Part  of  the  West  Indies.  Hartford,  1893.  6o|x6o| 
inches. 

United  States  Land  Office,  Map  of  the  United  States  and  Territories 
with  Adjacent  Parts  of  Canada  and  Mexico.  Washington,  Land  Office, 
1909.  — This  excellent  wall  map  may  be  had  from  the  Land  Office  for 
$i,  unmounted.  Size,  5X7  feet. 

§  33.  Historical  Maps 

There  is  great  need  of  an  elaborate  historical  atlas  of  North 
America,  worked  out  from  the  documentary  sources  as  illustrated 
by  contemporary  maps;  and  it  is  understood  that  the  Division 
of  Historical  Research  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 
has  in  mind  the  making  of  such  an  atlas.  The  New  England  His 
tory  Teachers'  Association  has  just  issued  a  brief  Catalogue  of  .  .  . 
[its]  Collection  of  Historical  Material.  In  Avery's  United  States, 
Channing's  United  States,  and  the  American  Nation  (see  §  29) 
are  sets  of  maps  which  taken  together  constitute,  or  will  constitute, 
in  each  series  an  informal  atlas. 

There  are  a  few  series  of  historical  maps  of  the  United  States 
outside  of  the  ordinary  histories,  including  the  following : 

A.  B.  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  Illustrating  American  History.  N.Y.,  1910. 
—  Fifteen  colored  maps ;  the  same  maps  appear  in  the  three  volumes  of 
Epochs  of  American  History. 

F.  W.  Hewes  and  Henry  Gannett,  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas  of  the 
United  States.  N.Y.,  1885.  —  Pages  31-40;  plates  12-17. 

Townsend  MacCoun,  Historical  Geography  of  the  United  States. 
Boston,  1901.  Substantially  a  reprint  of  the  maps  in  Labberton's 
Atlas. 


§34]  MAPS   AND    SOURCES  51 

William  .R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas.  (American  Historical  series.) 
N.Y.,  1911.  —  A  general  atlas  containing  twenty-four  maps  connected 
with  United  States  history. 

Several  series  of  reprints  of  early  maps  are  serviceable,  especially  : 

Samuel  Abbott,  Fac-similes  of  Old  Historical  American  Maps.  Boston, 
[no  date].  —  Seven  maps,  from  1520  to  1775;  issued  separately  with 
booklets. 

A.  B.  Hulbert,  Crown  Collection  of  Photographs  of  American  Maps. 
5  vols.  Cleveland,  1904-1908.  —  Second  Series.  3  vols.  1910. 

E.  L.  Stevenson,  Atlas  of  Portolan  Charts.  N.Y.,  1911.  —  Facsimile 
of  manuscript  probably  of  1508  ;  contains  20  maps,  4  of  which  relate  to 
the  New  World. 

E.  L.  Stevenson,  Maps  illustrating  Early  Discovery  and  Exploration  in 
America,  1502-1530.  New  Brunswick,  N.J.,  1906.  —  Twelve  maps, 
from  Cantino  to  Verrazano. 

In  Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  (§  29)  there  are 
many  reprints  ;  also  in  his  other  works  (§  36). 

§  34.  Sources  of  Historical  Geography 

The  advanced  student  of  the  subject  must  search  for  his  ma 
terial  first  of  all  in  the  various  patents  and  charters,  English, 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  French,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Russian.  The 
principal  English  patents  have  been  collected  in  Poore's  Charters 
and  Constitutions,  and  are  reedited  in  Thorpe's  edition  (see  §  42). 
Many  of  the  Dutch  and  Swedish  documents  are  to  be  found  in 
O'Callaghan's  Documentary  History  of  the  State  of  New  York;  the 
French  grants  of  Louisiana  are  in  Gayarre's  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane. 
The  Canadian  documents  may  be  found  through  the  index  to  the 
Canadian  Archives,  published  at  Ottawa  in  1909.  Care  should  be 
taken  in  all  these  cases  to  keep  as  near  as  possible  to  the  originals, 
as  imperfect  texts  and  translations  are  not  uncommon. 

For  the  treaties  of  partition  and  delimitation  among  the  various 
European  nations  from  1492  to  1910,  the  best  collections  are  the 
following : 

Recueil  des  Traitez  de  Paix,  de  Treve,  .  .  .  et  d'autres  Actes  Publics. 
4  vols.,  folio.  Amsterdam,  1700. 

George  Chalmers,  Collection  of  Treaties  between  Great  Britain  and  other 
Powers.  2  vols.  London,  1790. 


52  GEOGRAPHY  [§34 

Jean  Dumont,  Corps  Universel  Diplomatique  du  Droit  des  Gens.  8 
vols.  Amsterdam,  1726-1731. 

Barbeyrac  and  Rousset,  Supplement  au  Corps  Universel  Diplomatique. 
5  vols.  Amsterdam,  1739. 

Guillaume  de  Garden,  Histoire  Generale  des  Traites  de  Paix.  15  vols. 
Paris,  1848-1887. 

A  General  Collection  of  Treatys.     4  vols.     London,  1732. 

James  Watson  Gerard,  The  Peace  of  Utrecht.     N.Y.,  1885. 

Christophe  Guillaume  de  Koch,  Abrege  de  V Histoire  des  Traites  de 
Paix.  4  vols.  Basle,  1796-1797. 

Friedrich  Schoell,  Histoire  Abregee  des  Traites  de  Paix.  15  vols. 
Paris,  1817-1818.  —  This  is  Koch's  work  recast  and  continued. 

Charles  de  Martens  et  Ferdinand  de  Cussy,  Traites  et  Conventions 
Diplomatiques .  7  vols.  Leipsic,  1846-1857. 

Georges  Frederic  de  Martens  and  others,  Recueil  de  Traites  des  Puis 
sances  et  Etats  de  r Europe  (1761-1910).  85  vols.  (including  4  supple 
mentary  ones)  in  90  parts,  and  an  extra  index  vol.  Gottingen  and  Leip 
sic,  1817-1910.  —  After  Vol.  VIII  the  title  became  Nouveau  Recueil,  etc., 
and  other  changes  appear  in  titles  of  the  later  volumes. 

All  the  treaties  to  which  the  United  States  was  a  party  are  in 
the  official  volumes,  Treaties  and  Conventions  and  Malloy's 
Treaties,  Conventions,  and  International  Acts  (§  44).  The  Car 
negie  Institution  has  in  preparation  a  publication  giving  all 
treaties  between  European  powers  that  bear  in  any  way  on 
America.  Internal  colonial  boundaries  must  be  ascertained  from 
the  original  grants,  the  colonial  records  (§  43),  and  the  decisions 
of  the  Privy  Council.  Internal  boundaries  within  the  United 
States  are  usually  denned  by  act  of  Congress  (Statutes  at  Large) ; 
but  frequently  they  are  described  in  presidential  proclamations, 
which  may  be  found  in  the  Statutes  since  1855,  and  in  J.  D.  Rich 
ardson's  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents  (§  48).  Contro 
versies  between  states  have  almost  always  been  subjects  for  in 
vestigation  by  Congress,  and  in  such  cases  they  are  described  in 
the  Congressional  Documents;  or  they  have  given  rise  to  suits 
before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  the  decisions 
are  recorded  in  the  Reports  of  the  court.  Many  monographs  and 
separate  reports  on  these  topics  will  be  found  under  the  topical 
readings  in  Parts  IV,  V,  and  VI  of  this  Guide. 


§35]      GAZETTEERS,  GEOGRAPHIES,  REGISTERS          53 

§  35.  Gazetteers,  Geographies,  and  Registers 

Books  of  this  type  are  often  of  value  in  fixing  local  names  and 
giving  details  of  routes  of  travel,  prices  of  commodities,  rates  of 
fare,  etc.,  that  are  otherwise  difficult  to  discover.  The  following 
volumes,  among  others,  have  been  found  useful  by  one  or  another 
of  the  compilers.  A  few  state  gazetteers  are  noted  in  §  37.  Others 
(for  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Cuba,  Delaware,  Indian  Territory, 
Kansas,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  Porto  Rico, 
Rhode  Island,  Texas,  Utah,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia),  compiled 
by  Henry  Gannett,  are  published  in  the  Bulletins  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey. 

William  Amphlett,  The  Emigrant's  Directory  to  the  Western  States 
of  North  America.  London,  1819. 

Appletons'  Companion  Hand-Book  of  Travel  to  the  United  States  and 
British  Provinces.  N.Y.,  1861. 

Daniel  Bio  we,  Geographical,  Commercial,  and  Agricultural  View  of  the 
United  States.  Liverpool,  about  1820. 

Bowles's  New  Map  of  North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  London, 
1781.  —  Shows  the  limits  of  the  British  Empire  as  fixed  by  the  treaty 
of  1763,  and  also  the  dominions  of  other  European  states. 

Samuel  R.  Brown,  The  Western  Gazetteer,  or  Emigrant's  Directory. 
Auburn,  N.Y.,  1817. 

J.  Ross  Browne,  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Slope.     N.Y.,  1869. 

William  Cobbett,  The  Emigrant's  Guide;  in  Ten  Letters,  addressed  to 
the  Tax-Payers  of  England.  London,  1829. 

A.  J.  Coolidge  and  J.  B.  Mansfield,  History  and  Description  of  New 
England,  General  and  Local.  Vol.  I,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont. 
Boston,  1859.  —  No  more  published. 

Samuel  Cumings,  The  Western  Pilot,  containing  Charts  of  the  Ohio 
River,  and  of  the  Mississippi.  Cincinnati,  1828,  1829,  1834,  etc. 

Edwin  A.  Curley,  Nebraska,  its  Advantages,  Resources,  and  Draw 
backs.  N.Y.,  1875. 

Dakota :  Department  of  Immigration,  Resources  of  Dakota.  Pierre, 
1887.  —  Other  editions. 

E.  Dana,  Description  of  the  Bounty  Lands  in  the  State  of  Illinois.  Cin 
cinnati,  1819.  —  Contains  also  the  principal  roads  and  routes,  by 
land  and  water,  in  the  United  States,  from  New  Brunswick  to  the 
Pacific. 

E.  Dana,  Geographical  Sketches  on  the  Western  Country:  designed  for 


54  GEOGRAPHY  [§35 

Emigrants  and  Settlers.  Cincinnati,  1819.  —  Contains  also  a  list  of  the 
public  roads  from  Eastport  to  the  Missouri  River. 

William  Darby,  The  Emigrants'  Guide  to  the  Western  and  Southwestern 
States  and  Territories.  N.Y.,  1818. 

William  Darby,  Geographical  Description  of  the  State  of  Louisiana. 
N.Y.,  1816.—  2d  ed.,  1817. 

G.  M.  Davison,  The  Traveller's  Guide  through  the  Middle  and  Northern 
States  and  the  Provinces  of  Canada.  8th  ed.  Saratoga,  1840. — The 
early  editions  (1825-1830)  were  called  The  Fashionable  Tour. 

[John  Disturnell],  A  Trip  through  the  Lakes  of  North  America.  .  .  . 
A  Complete  Guide  for  the  Pleasure  Traveler  and  Emigrant.  N.Y.,  1857. 

[John  Disturnell],  The  Western  Traveller;  embracing  the  Canal  and 
Railroad  Routes  from  Albany  and  Troy  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls. 
N.Y.,  1844. 

[Theodore  Dwight],  The  Northern  Traveller  and  Northern  Tour.  5th 
ed.  N.Y.,  [1834].  —  Earlier  editions,  1825,  1831,  etc. 

The  Emigrants'  Guide;  or,  Pocket  Geography  of  the  Western  States  and 
Territories.  Cincinnati,  1818. 

Richard  S.  Fisher,  A  New  and  Complete  Statistical  Gazetteer  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  N.Y.,  1853. 

R.  S.  Fisher  and  Charles  Colby,  American  Statistical  Annual.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1854-1855. 

Timothy  Flint,  History  and  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  etc. 
3d  ed.  2  vols.  (in  one).  Cincinnati,  1833  .  Earlier  editions,  1828, 
1832. 

Peter  Force,  A  National  Calendar  (1820-29).  7  vols.  Published 
annually  at  Washington. 

[Hugh]  Gaine's  Universal  Register,  or  American  and  British  Kalendar 
for  the  Year  1776.  N.Y. 

John  Hay  ward,  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Hartford, 
1853.  —  Hayward  also  compiled  The  New  England  Gazetteer  (Boston, 
1839,  1840,  etc.),  and  gazetteers  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Vermont. 

Samuel  Hazard,  editor,  Hazard's  United  States  Commercial  and  Statis 
tical  Register.  6  vols.  Phila.,  1840-1842. 

D.  Hewett,  The  American  Traveller.    Washington,  1825. 

John  S.  Hittell,  Resources  of  California.    6th  ed.    San  Francisco,  1874. 

C.  C.  Hutchinson,  Resources  of  Kansas.     Topeka,  1871. 

Indiana  Gazetteer,  or  Topographical  Dictionary.  Indianapolis,  1833, 
1849. 

Abner  D.  Jones,  Illinois  and  the  West.  Boston,  1838.  —  Especially 
good  on  pioneer  conditions. 


§35]      GAZETTEERS,  GEOGRAPHIES,  REGISTERS          55 

John  Lathrop,  Jr.,  Gentleman's  Pocket  Register,  and  Free-Mason's 
Annual  Anthology,  for  .  .  .  1813.  Boston. 

John  Melish,  Geographical  Description  of  the  United  States.  Phila., 
1826.  —  Earlier  editions,  1816,  1818,  1822.  Some  of  the  material  was 
published  in  1815  as  Part  I  of  The  Traveller's  Directory  (below). 

John  Melise,  Information  and  Advice  to  Emigrants  to  the  United  States. 
Phila.,  1819. 

John  Melish,  The  Traveller's  Directory  through  the  United  States.  5th 
ed.  Phila.,  1819.  —  Earlier  editions,  1815, 1818 ;  enlarged  edition  called  A 
Statistical  View  of  the  United  States,  N.Y.,  1825.  The  second  part  of 
the  work  is  A  Description  of  the  Roads  in  the  United  States  (Phila.,  1814, 
etc.). 

Mills  and  Hicks' s  British  and  American  Register,  with  an  Almanack. 
2  vols.  Boston,  1774-1775. 

[Samuel  A.  Mitchell],  An  Accompaniment  to  Mitchell's  Reference  and 
Distance  Map  of  the  United  States.  Phila.,  1834. — Other  editions, 

1835-1845- 

[Samuel  Mitchell],  Illinois  in  1837.    Phila.,  1837. 

Montana:  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  The  Treasure  State:  Montana  and 
its  Magnificent  Resources.  Helena,  1899.  —  Extra  edition  of  the  Board's 
sixth  annual  report. 

Jedidiah  Morse,  The  American  Gazetteer.  Boston,  1797.  —  2d  and 
3d  eds.,  revised  and  enlarged ;  1804,  1810. 

Jedidiah  Morse,  The  American  Geography.     Elizabeth  town,  1789. 

New  Empires  in  the  Northwest.  (Library  of  Tribune  Extras,  I,  No.  8.) 
N.Y.,  1889. 

Oregon:  Immigration  Board,  Pacific  Northwest:  Information  for 
Settlers  and  Others.  N.Y.,  1883.  —  Various  later  editions  sometimes  with 
change  of  title. 

J.  M.  Peck,  A  Guide  for  Emigrants,  containing  Sketches  of  Illinois, 
Missouri,  etc.  Boston,  1831. 

J.  M.  Peck,  A  New  Guide  for  Emigrants  to  the  West.  Boston,  1836, 
1837,  1844,  etc. 

Poor  Clergyman's  Almanack;  or,  an  Astronomical  Diary  and  Serious 
Monitor  (1809-1822).  Published  annually  at  Boston. 

Joseph  Scott,  Geographical  Dictionary  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America.  Phila.,  1805. 

Joseph  Scott,  United  States  Gazetteer.     Phila.,  1795. 

Ernest  Seyd,  California  and  its  Resources.     London,  1858. 

Joshua  Shaw,  United  States  Directory  for  the  Use  of  Travellers  and 
Merchants,  giving  an  account  of  the  Principal  Establishments  of  Business 
and  Pleasure  throughout  the  Union.  Phila.,  [1823]. 


56  GEOGRAPHY  [§35 

John  Calvin  Smith,  Western  Tourist  and  Emigrant's  Guide.  N.Y., 
1840. 

Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  Pocket  Guide  for  the  Tourist  and  Traveller 
along  the  line  of  the  Canals  and  the  Interior  Commerce  of  the  State  of  New 
York.  N.Y.,  1824. 

[Oliver  G.  Steele],  Steele's  Western  Guide  Book  and  Emigrant's  Direc 
tory,  nth  ed.  Buffalo,  1839.  —  ist  ed.,  1832. 

H.  S.  Tanner,  The  American  Traveller;  or  Guide  through  the  United 
States.  8th  ed.  Phila.,  1842. 

H.  S.  Tanner,  The  Central  Traveller,  or  Tourist's  Guide  through  the 
States  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  etc.  2d  ed. 
N.Y.,  1844. 

H.  S.  Tanner,  Geographical,  Historical,  and  Statistical  View  of  the 
Central  or  Middle  United  States.  Phila.,  1841. 

George  Temple,  The  American  Tourist's  Pocket  Companion;  or  a 
Guide  to  the  Springs  and  Trip  to  the  Lakes.  N.Y.,  1812. 

D.  B.  Warden,  Statistical,  Political,  and  Historical  Account  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America.  3  vols.  Edinburgh,  1819. 

Henry  J.  Winser,  The  Great  Northwest;  a  Guide  Book  and  Itinerary. 
N.Y.,  1883. 


CHAPTER   VI 

SPECIAL  WORKS 

§  36.  Works  on  Special  Topics 

IN  addition  to  the  works  that  attempt  to  give  a  general  sum 
mary  of  a  longer  or  a  shorter  period,  there  is  a  body  of  literature 
devoted  to  special  topics  which  runs  all  the  way  through  American 
history.  Many  such  works  are  elaborate  studies  of  very  limited 
fields;  others  sweep  over  several  centuries  and  have  the  dignity 
of  standard  histories. 

The  monographs  have  commonly  been  produced  under  the 
auspices  of  some  historical  society  (§  45)  or  some  university.  The 
Johns  Hopkins  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science,  the 
Columbia  Studies  in  History,  Economics,  and  Public  Law,  the 
Harvard  Historical  Studies,  and  the  publications  of  the  universi 
ties  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  and  Pennsylvania  have 
been  the  means  of  bringing  out  carefully  prepared  books  on  Ameri 
can  history.  In  the  Papers  and  Reports  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  are  also  to  be  found  some  valuable  monographs. 
This  kind  of  literature  is  on  the  increase,  and  as  yet  there  is  no 
complete  guide  to  it ;  but  it  is  partly  indexed  in  Griffin's  Bibliog 
raphy  (see  §  24). 

Akin  to  this  form  of  historical  writing  is  the  cooperative  history, 
of  which  the  great  examples  are  the  Memorial  History  of  Boston 
and  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  both  edited  by 
Justin  Winsor ;  the  Memorial  History  of  New  York,  edited  by 
James  Grant  Wilson ;  The  United  States,  edited  by  N.  S.  Shaler ; 
and  the  American  Nation:  a  History,  edited  by  Albert  Bushnell 
Hart.  The  recent  editions  of  the  encyclopaedias  (§  27)  with  their 
signed  articles  have  adopted  the  same  system.  Below  is  a  list  of 
some  of  the  more  useful  works  of  this  class;  others  will  be  found 
in  Parts  IV,  V,  and  VI  of  this  Guide. 

(57) 


58  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§36 

James  R.  Albach,  Annals  of  the  West.     Pittsburg,  1858. 

American  Church  History  Series.     13  vols.     N.Y.,  1893-1897. 

E.  B.  Andrews,  United  States  in  Our  Own  Time  (1870-1903).  N.Y., 
1903. 

[Anon.],  History  of  the  British  Dominions  in  North  America,  1497- 
1763.  London,  1773. 

Susan  B.  Anthony  and  others,  History  of  Woman  Suffrage.  4  vols. 
N.Y.  and  Rochester,  i88i-[i902J. 

J.  L.  BisHop,  History  of  American  Manufactures  from  1608  to  1860. 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1861-1864. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States.    N.Y.,  1908. 

E.  E.  Brown,  Making  of  Our  Middle  Schools.     N.Y.,  1903. 

W.  G.  Brown,  The  Lower  South  in  American  History.     N.Y.,  1902. 

[Edmund  Burke],  Account  of  the  European  Settlements  in  America. 
2d  ed.  2  vols.  London,  1758. 

James  Bryce,  The  American  Commonwealth.  3d  ed.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1893-1895.  —  4th  ed.,  revised,  2  vols.,  1910. 

J.  M.  Callahan,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific  and  the  Far  East. 
(Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XIX,  Nos.  1-3.)  Baltimore,  1901. 

J.  M.  Callahan,  Cuba  and  International  Relations.  (Ibid.,  Extra  Vol. 
XXI.)  Baltimore,  1899. 

J.  M.  Callahan,  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Southern  Confederacy.  Bal 
timore,  1901. 

F.  T.  Carlton,  History  and  Problem  of  Organized  Labor.     Boston, 
1911. 

Century  Company,  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War.  4  vols. 
N.Y.,  [copyright,  1884-1888]. 

F.  E.  Chadwick,  Relations  of  the  United  States  and  Spain.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  1909-1911.  —  Vol.  I,  Diplomacy;  Vols.  II,  III,  Spanish- American 
War. 

George  Chalmers,  Political  Annals  of  the  Present  United  Colonies, 
from  their  Settlement  to  the  Peace  of  1763.  Book  I  (all  ever  published). 
London,  1780. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  The  American  Fur  Trade  of  the  Far  West.  3  vols. 
N.Y.,  1902. 

George  R.  Clark  and  others,  Short  History  of  the  United  States  Navy. 
Phila.,  IQII. 

Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  the  United  States.  N.Y., 
1905.  —  Revised  edition,  1910. 

J.  R.  Commons  and  others,  editors,  Documentary  History  of  American 
Industrial  Society.  10  vols.  Cleveland,  1909-1911. 

John  R.  Commons,  Races  and  Immigrants  in  America.     N.Y.,  1907. 


§36]  WORKS   ON    SPECIAL   TOPICS  59 

A.  C.  Coolidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power.     N.Y.,  1908. 
Clive  Day,  History  of  Commerce.     N.Y.,  1907. 

D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States.     (American 
Citizen  series.)     N.Y.,  1903.  —  3d  ed.,  1907. 

E.  G.  Dexter,  History  of  Education  in  the  United  States.     N.Y.,  1904. 
T.  A.  Dodge,  Bird's-eye  View  of  Our  Civil  War.     Revised  edition. 

Boston,  1897. 

William  Douglass,  A  Summary,  Historical  and  Political,  of  the  .  .  . 
British  Settlements  in  North  America.  2  vols.  London,  1760. 

S.  A.  Drake,  Making  of  the  Great  West,  1512-1883.     N.Y.,  1887. 

W.  A.  Dunning,  Essays  on  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction,  and 
Related  Topics.  N.Y.,  1898. 

Edward  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation.    N.Y.,  1896. 

Edward  Eggleston,  Transit  of  Civilization  from  England  to  America. 
N.Y.,  1901. 

C.  W.  Elliott,  New  England  History,  from  the  Discovery  of  the  Conti 
nent  by  the  Northmen,  A.D.  986,  to  1776.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1857. 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1909. 

Joseph  B.  Felt,  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New  England.  2  vols.  Bos 
ton,  1855-1862. 

Amelia  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  Our  National  Land  System. 
(University  of  Wisconsin,  Bulletin,  History  series,  Vol.  II,  No.  2.) 
Madison,  1910. 

H.  J.  Ford,  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Politics.     N.Y.,  1898. 

J.  W.  Foster,  American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient.     Boston,  1903. 

J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy  (1776-1876).  Boston, 
1900. 

R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States.  Boston, 
1872. 

Albert  A.  Giesecke,  American  Commercial  Legislation  before  1789. 
(University  of  Pennsylvania,  Publications  in  Political  Economy  and  Public 
Law.}  N.Y.,  1910. 

J.  P.  Gordy,  Political  History  of  the  United  States  (1787-1828).  2d.  ed. 
2  vols.  (No  more  published.)  N.Y.,  1900-1903.  —  First  edition  was 
published  as  History  of  Political  Parties. 

G.  W.  Greene,  Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolution.  Boston, 
1865. 

L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways  (to  1887).  (Uni 
versity  of  Wisconsin,  Bulletin,  Economics  and  Political  Science  series, 
Vol.  Ill,  No.  2,  Vol.  VI,  No.  i.)  2  vols.  Madison,  1908-1910. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy.     N.Y.,  1901. 


60  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§36 

A .  B .  Hart ,  National  Ideals  Historically  Traced.  ( The  A  merican  Nation, 
Vol.  XXVI.)  N.Y.,  1907. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South.    N.Y.,  1910. 

R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Domain  and  Democracy.     N.Y.,  1910. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest.     N.Y.,  1888. 

Mary  L.  Hinsdale,  History  of  the  President's  Cabinet.  Ann  Arbor, 
1911. 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  History  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase.     N.Y.,  1902. 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  Short  History  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Boston, 
1901.  « 

D.  F.  Houston,  Critical  Study  of  Nullification  in  South  Carolina. 
(Harvard  Historical  Studies,  Vol.  III.)     N.Y.,  1896. 

J.  H.  Latane,  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United  States  and  Spanish 
America.  Baltimore,  1900. 

H.  B.  Learned,  The  President's  Cabinet.     New  Haven,  1912. 

Mary  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery  in  America,  i6ig-i8o8.  (Radcliffe 
College,  Monographs,  No.  n.)  Boston,  1901. 

L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine.  N.Y., 
1896. 

H.  C.  Lodge,  Story  of  the  Revolution.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1898. —Also 
in  one  volume,  1903. 

Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties  in  the  United  States,  1846-1861.  (Citi 
zen's  Library.)  N.Y.,  1900. 

E.  S.  Maclay,  History  of  American  Privateers.     N.Y.,  1899. 

E.  S.  Maclay,  History  of  the  United  States  Navy  from  1775  to  1902. 
Enlarged  edition.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1901-1902. 

A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  in  its  Relations  to  the  War  of  1812.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1905. 

Lois  K.  Mathews,  The  Expansion  of  New  England.     Boston,  1909. 

C.  E.  Merriam,  History  of  American  Political  Theories.     N.Y.,  1903. 
J.  W.  Monette,  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the  Valley 

of  the  Mississippi.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1846. 

J.  B.  Moore,  American  Diplomacy,  its  Spirit  and  Achievements.  N.Y., 
1905. 

A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  American  Finance.     N.Y.,  1909. 

Herbert  L.  Osgood,  The  American  Colonies  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 
3  vols.  N.Y.,  1904-1907. 

J.  G.  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England  (1492-1774).  5  vols.  Boston, 
1858-1890. — The  last  volume  was  published  after  the  author's  death 
under  the  editorship  of  his  son,  F.  W.  Palfrey. 

Comte  de  Paris,  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America.  4  vols. 
Phila.,  i875-[i888]. 


§36]  WORKS   ON    SPECIAL   TOPICS  6 1 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier.     N.Y.,  1910. 

John  H.  Perkins,  Annals  of  the  West.     Cincinnati,  1846. 

W.  F.  Reddaway,  Monroe  Doctrine.     Cambridge,  Eng.,  1898. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Naval  War  of  1812.     3d  ed.    -N.Y.,  1883. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1889-1896. 
—  Also  Sagamore  edition,  6  vols. 

J.  B.  Sanborn,  Congressional  Grants  of  Land  in  Aid  of  Railways. 
(University  of  Wisconsin,  Bulletin,  Economics,  Political  Science,  and 
History  series,  Vol.  II,  No.  3.)  Madison,  1899. 

J.  C.  Schwab,  Confederate  States,  .  .  .  a  Financial  and  Industrial 
History.  N.Y.,  1901. 

H.  E.  Scudder,  Men  and  Manners  in  America  One  Hundred  Years 
Ago.  (Sans  Souci  series.)  N.Y.,  1876. 

W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad.     N.Y.,  1898. 

Richmond  Mayo  Smith,  Emigration  and  Immigration.     N.Y.,  1890. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  Expansion  of  the  American  People.     Chicago,  1900. 
John  R.  Spears,  History  of  our  Navy.     4  vols.     N.Y.,  1897.  —  An 

additional  volume  on  Spanish  War,  1898. 

O.  M.  W.  Sprague,  History  of  Crises  under  the  National  Banking 
System.  (National  Monetary  Commission.)  Washington,  1910. 

Edward  Stanwood,  American  Tariff  Controversies  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  2  vols.  Boston,  1903. 

Edward  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presidency.     Boston,  1898. 

F.  W.  Taussig,  Tarijf  History  of  the  United  States.     N.Y.,  1888.  —  5th 
ed.,  revised  (to  1909),  [1910]. 

R.  H.  Titherington,  History  of  the  Spanish- American  War  of  1898. 
N.Y.,  1900. 

P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  1785-1820.     N.Y.,  1910. 

G.  O.  Trevelyan,  American  Revolution.    Parts  I-III  (to  1778).     N.Y., 
1899-1907.  —  In  progress. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  History  of  American  Literature  during  the  Colonial  Time. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1907. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revolution.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1897. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  editor,  History  of  American  Art.  3  vols.  N.Y., 
1903-1905. 

Charles  Warren,  History  of  the  American  Bar,  Colonial  and  Federal,  to 
1860.  Boston,  1911. 

W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1890. 

Barrett  Wendell,  Literary  History  of  America.  (Library  of  Literary 
History.)  N.Y.,  1900. 


62  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

G.  W.  Williams,  History  of  the  Negro  Race  in  America  from  1619  to 
1880.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1883. 

Justin  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac:  Geographical  Discovery  in  the 
Interior  of  North  America,  1554-1700.  Boston,  1894. 

Justin  Winsor,  The  Mississippi  Basin:  the  Struggle  in  America  be 
tween  England  and  France,  1697-1763.  Boston,  1895. 

Justin  Winsor,  The  Westward  Movement :  the  Colonies  and  the  Republic 
West  of  the  Alleghanies.  Boston,  1897. 

J.  A.  Woodburn,  American  Politics:  Political  Parties  and  Party 
Problems  in  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1903. 

§  37.  State  and  Local  Histories 

Of  late  years  successful  attempts  have  been  made  to  arouse 
interest  among  school  children  and  college  students  in  the  history 
of  their  own  states  and  towns.  It  is  hence  desirable  that  every 
good  school  library  should  have  a  set  of  all  available  books  on  the 
local  history ;  the  state  histories  are  also  often  sources  for  the  study 
of  national  history  or  of  special  topics.  Two  series  of  brief  state 
histories  have  been  partly  completed,  —  the  American  Common 
wealth  series,  edited  by  H.  E.  Scudder,  and  the  Story  of  the  States 
series,  edited  by  E.  S.  Brooks ;  and  there  are  older  and  more  ex 
haustive  works  on  nearly  all  the  states.  County  and  town  his 
tories  abound ;  but  there  is  little  good  literature  on  the  history  of 
cities. 

The  following  list  is  arranged  alphabetically  by  states,  bibliog 
raphies  (when  there  are  any)  standing  first  in  each  case,  then 
state  histories  and  important  books  on  prominent  cities  and  other 
places  of  local  interest  in  alphabetical  order.  Additional  material 
on  most  of  the  states  will  be  found  among  the  state  papers  (§  29) 
and  in  the  publications  of  the  historical  societies  (§  31). 

Bradford  and  Henkels,  Bibliographer's. Manual.  (See  §  24.) 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Index  of  Articles  upon  American  Local  History  in 
Historical  Collections  in  the  Boston  Public  Library.  (Boston  Public 
Library,  Bulletin,  April,  1883,  etc.)  Reprinted,  Boston,  1889.  —  Sup 
plemented  by  his  Index  of  the  Literature  of  American  Local  History,  in 
Collections  published  4n  1890-1895.  Boston,  1896. 

F.  B.  Perkins,  Check  List  for  American  Local  History.  (Boston  Public 
Library,  Bulletin,  January,  1876,  etc.)  Reprinted,  Boston,  1876.  — 
Gives  titles  of  independent  works  only. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL    HISTORIES  63 


Alabama 

Thomas  M.  Owen,  Bibliography  of  Alabama.  (American  Historical 
Association,  Annual  Report,  1897,  pp.  777-1248.)  Washington,  1898. 

W.  Brewer,  Alabama:  her  History,  Resources,  War  Record,  and  Public 
Men.  Montgomery,  1872. 

W.  G.  Brown,  History  of  Alabama  for  Use  in  Schools.  (State  History 
series.)  N.Y.,  1900. 

Peter  J.  Hamilton,  Colonial  Mobile.  Boston,  1897.  —  Revised  edition, 
1910. 

Albert  J.  Pickett,  History  of  Alabama,  and  incidentally  of  Georgia 
and  Mississippi.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1851. 

Alaska 

W.  H.  Dall  and  Marcus  Baker,  Partial  List  of  Charts,  Maps,  and  Pub 
lications  relating  to  Alaska  and  the  Adjacent  Region.  [Washington,  1880.] 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Alaska.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXVIII.) 
San  Francisco,  1886. 

William  H.  Dall,  Alaska  and  its  Resources.     Boston,  1870. 

George  Davidson,  The  Alaska  Boundary.     San  Francisco,  1903. 

Henry  W.  Elliott,  Our  Arctic  Province.     N.Y.,  1886. 

Henry  W.  Elliott,  Report  on  the  Condition  of  Affairs  in  Alaska.  Wash 
ington,  1875. 

A.  W.  Greely,  Handbook  of  Alaska;  its  Resources,  Products,  and  Attrac 
tions.  N.Y.,  1909. 

Arizona 

J.  A.  Munk,  Arizona  Bibliography:  a  Private  Collection  of  Arizoniana. 
2d  ed.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  1908. — The  first  edition,  1900,  is  a  much 
smaller  collection. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  (History  of  the  Pacific 
States,  Vol.  XII.)  San  Francisco,  1888. 

Patrick  Hamilton,  The  Resources  of  Arizona.  3d  ed.  San  Fran 
cisco,  1884. 

Arkansas 

John  Hallum,  Biographical  and  Pictorial  History  of  Arkansas.     Vol.  I. 
Albany,  1887. 

John  Hugh  Reynolds,  Makers  of  Arkansas.  (Stories  of  the  States 
series.)  N.Y.,  [1905]. 


64  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

California 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  California.  7  vols.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States, 
Vols.  XIII-XIX.)  San  Francisco,  1884-1890. 

J.  S.  Hittell,  History  of  the  City  of  San  Francisco.  San  Francisco, 
1878. 

T.  H.  Hittell,  History  of  California.  4  vols.    San  Francisco,  1885-1897. 

I.  B.  Richman,  California  under  Spain  and  Mexico,  1535-1847. 
Boston,  1911. 

Josiah  Royce,  California  from  the  Conquest  in  1846  to  the  Second  Vigi 
lance  Committee  in  San  Francisco.  (American  Commonwealth  series.) 
Boston,  1886. 

Colorado 

F.  L.  Paxson,  A  Preliminary  Bibliography  of  Colorado  History.  (Uni 
versity  of  Colorado  Studies,  III,  No.  3,  pp.  101-114.)  Boulder,  1906. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XX.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

[O.  L.  Baskin  &  Co.,  publishers],  History  of  Denver  and  Colorado. 
Chicago,  1880.  — The  publishers  state  that  the  historical  portion  of  this 
work  was  prepared  by  W.  B.  Vickers. 

D.  Boyd,  History  of  Greeley,  and  the  Union    Colony   of  Colorado. 

Greeley,  1891. 

Connecticut 

Charles  A.  Flagg,  Reference  List  of  Connecticut  Local  History.  (New 
York  State  Library,  Bulletin,  No.  53,  "Bibliography  23.")  Albany, 
1900. 

J.  H.  Trumbull,  List  of  Books  printed  in  Connecticut,  1709-1800. 
[Hartford],  1904. 

Edward  E.  Atwater,  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Haven  to  its  Absorp 
tion  into  Connecticut.  New  Haven,  1881. 

Frances  M.  Caulkins,  History  of  New  London,  from  the  First  Survey 
of  the  Coast  in  1612.  New  London,  1852. 

Frances  M.  Caulkins,  History  of  Norwich,  from  its  Possession  by  the 
Indians  till  1866.  "Published  by  the  Author,"  [Hartford],  1866.  An 
other  edition  was  pubished  by  "Friends  of  the  Author"  in  1874. 

Theodore  Dwight,  History  of  Connecticut,  from  the  First  Settlement. 
N.Y.,  1841. 

M.  Louise  Greene,  Development  of  Religious  Liberty  in  Connecticut. 
Boston,  1905. 

Gideon  H.  Hollister,  History  of  Connecticut,  from  the  First  Settlement 
of  the  Colony.  2  vols.  Hartford,  1857. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  65 

Alexander  Johnston,  Connecticut :  a  Study  of  a  Commonwealth-Democ 
racy.  (American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1887.  —  New  edi 
tion,  1903. 

Edward  R.  Lambert,  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Haven,  before  and 
after  the  Union  with  Connecticut.  New  Haven,  1838. 

Ellen  D.  Larned,  History  of  Windham  County,  Connecticut.  2  vols. 
Worcester,  1874. 

Charles  H.  Levermore,  The  Republic  of  New  Haven.  (Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Studies,  Extra  Vol.  I.)  Baltimore,  1886. 

Elias  B.  Sanford,  History  of  Connecticut.     Hartford,  1888. 

Bernard  C.  Steiner,  History  of  the  Plantation  of  Menunkatuck  and  of  the 
Original  Town  of  Guilford,  Connecticut,  comprising  the  Present  Towns  of 
Guilford  and  Madison.  Baltimore,  1897. 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  History  of  Ancient  Windsor.     N.Y.,  1859. 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  History  and  Genealogies  of  Ancient  Windsor,  1635- 
1891.  2  vols.  (Vol.  I,  History;  Vol.  II,  Genealogies  and  Biographies.) 
Hartford,  1891-1892. 

Benjamin  Trumbull,  Complete  History  of  Connecticut,  from  1630  to 
1764.  2  vols.  New  Haven,  1818.  —  New  edition  (with  index).  2  vols. 
New  London,  1898. 

James  Hammond  Trumbull,  Memorial  History  of  Hartford  County, 
Connecticut,  1633-1884.  2  vols.  Boston,  1886. 

Dakota 

M.  K.  Armstrong,  The  Early  Empire  Builders  of  the  Great  West.  St. 
Paul,  1901.  —  Compiled  from  his  Early  History  of  Dakota  Territory, 
1866. 

G.  A.  Batchelder,  Sketch  of  the  History  and  Resources  of  Dakota  Terri 
tory.  Yank  ton,  1870. 

W.  M.  Blackburn,  Historical  Sketch  of  North  and  South  Dakota. 
(South  Dakota  Historical  Society,  Collections,  I,  23-162.)  Aberdeen, 
1902. 

North  Dakota  Historical  Society,  Collections.  Vols.  I-II.  Bismarck, 
N.D.,  1906-1908.  —  Contains  much  correlated  matter  on  the  history  of 
the  state. 

Doane  Robinson,  Brief  History  of  South  Dakota.     N.Y.,  [1905]. 

South  Dakota  Historical  Society,  Collections.  Vols.  I-IV.  Aber 
deen,  S.D.,  1902-1908.  —  Contains  much  correlated  matter  on  the  history 
of  the  state. 


66  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 


Delaware 

Israel  Acrelius,  Beskrifning  om  de  Swenska  Forsamlingars  gedan  Nya 
Nederland.  Stockholm,  1759.  — Translated  by  William  M.  Reynolds  as 
History  of  New  Sweden.  (Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs, 
Vol.  XI.)  Phila.,  1876. 

J.  C.  Clay,  Annals  of  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.     Phila.,  1835. 

H.  C.  Conrad,  History  of  the  State  of  Delaware.  3  vols.  Wilmington, 
1908. 

Benjamin  Ferris,  History  of  the  Original  Settlements  on  the  Delaware. 
Wilmington,  1840. 

Thomas  C.  Holm,  Kort  Beskrifning  om  Provincien  Nya  Swerige. 
Stockholm,  1702. — Translated  by  Peter  S.  du  Ponceau,  as  Description 
of  the  Province  of  New  Sweden.  Phila.,  1834. 

Amandus  Johnson,  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware,  1638-1664. 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1911. 

J.  T.  Scharf,  History  of  Delaware,  1609-1888.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1888. 

Florida 

W.  W.  Dewhurst,  History  of  Saint  Augustine,  Florida.     N.Y.,  1881. 

George  R.  Fairbanks,  History  of  Florida,  1512-1842.     Phila.,  1871. 

George  R.  Fairbanks,  Florida;  its  History  and  its  Romance,  1497- 
1898.  New  edition.  Jacksonville,  1898. 

James  G.  Forbes,  Sketches,  Historical  and  Topographical,  of  the  Floridas; 
more  especially  of  East  Florida.  N.Y.,  1821. 

H.  B.  Fuller,  The  Purchase  of  Florida;  its  History  and  Diplomacy. 
Cleveland,  1906. 

Paul  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Floride  Franqaise.     Paris,  1875. 

Sidney  Lanier,  Florida:  its  Scenery,  Climate,  and  History.  Phila., 
[copyright,  1875!. 

John  Wallace,  Carpet  Bag  Rule  in  Florida.    Jacksonville,  1888. 

John  Lee  Williams,  The  Territory  of  Florida.     N.Y-.,  1837. 

Georgia 

Books  relating  to  the  History  of  Georgia  in  the  Library  of  Wymberley 
Jones  De  Renne.  [Copyright,  Savannah,  1905.! 

Charles  Colcock  Jones,  History  of  Georgia.     2  vols.     Boston,  1883. 

Hugh  McCall,  History  of  Georgia.     2  vols.     Savannah,  iSn. 

U.  B.  Phillips,  Georgia  and  State  Rights.  (American  Historical  Asso 
ciation,  Annual  Report,  1901,  Vol.  II.)  Washington,  1902. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  67 

Adiel  Sherwood,  Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Washington  City, 
1827,  1829,  1837,  etc. 

W.  B.  Stevens,  History  of  Georgia.     2  vols.   N.Y.,  1847 ;   Phila.,  1859. 
Adelaide  Wilson,  Historic  and  Picturesque  Savannah.     Boston,  1889. 

Idaho 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana.     (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXVI.)     San  Francisco,  1890. 
John  Hailey,  History  of  Idaho.     Boise,  1910. 

Illinois 

A.  T.  Andreas,  History  of  Chicago.     3  vols.     Chicago,  1885. 

Harlan  H.  Barrows,  Geography  of  the  Middle  Illinois  Valley.  (Illi 
nois  State  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin,  No.  15.)  Urbana,  1910. 

A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  1778-1830.     Chicago,  1908. 

Sidney  Breese,  Early  History  of  Illinois.     Chicago,  1884. 

Henry  Brown,  History  of  Illinois.     N.Y.,  1844. 

Alexander  Davidson  and  Bernard  Stuve,  Complete  History  of  Illinois, 
from  1673  to  1873.  Springfield,  1874. 

George  Flower,  History  of  the  English  Settlement  in  Edwards  County* 
Illinois.  (Chicago  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  I.)  Chicago, 
1882. 

Thomas  Ford,  History  of  Illinois.     Chicago,  1854. 

Edward  G.  Mason,  Chapters  from  Illinois  History.     Chicago,  1901. 

John  Moses,  Illinois,  Historical  and  Statistical.  2  vols.  Chicago, 
1889-1892. 

J.  M.  Peck,  Gazetteer  of  Illinois.     Jacksonville,  1834;  Phila.,  1837. 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  1830-1850.  Madison,  Wis., 
1908. 

John  Reynolds,  Pioneer  History  of  Illinois.  Belleville,  111.,  1852.  —  2d 
ed.,  Chicago,  1887. 

Indiana 

Wallace  A.  Brice,  History  of  Fort  Wayne.     Fort  Wayne,  1868. 

Charles  Rufus  Brown,  The  Government  of  Indiana,  including  the  His 
tory.  Kalamazoo,  1875. 

Ignatius  Brown,  Logan's  History  of  Indianapolis.     [No  date.] 

W.  M.  Cockrum,  Pioneer  History  of  Indiana.     Oakland  City,  1907. 

John  B.  Dillon,  History  of  Indiana  to  the  Close  of  the  Territorial  Gov 
ernment  in  1816.  Indianapolis,  1859. 

Jacob  P.  Dunn,  Indiana,  a  Redemption  from  Slavery.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1888. 


68  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

De  Witt  Goodrich  and  C.  R.  Tuttle,  Illustrated  History  of  the  State  of 
Indiana.  Indianapolis,  1874.  —  Revised  edition  by  W.  S.  Haymond, 
1879. 

Julia  H.  Levering,  Historic  Indiana.     N.Y.,  1909. 

William  Henry  Smith,  History  of  the  State  of  Indiana.  2  vols.  Indi 
anapolis,  1897. 

Iowa 

[Anon.],  History  of  Marshall  County,  Iowa.     Chicago,  1878. 

B.  F.  Gue,  History  of  Iowa  from  the  Earliest  Times.  4  vols.  N.Y., 
[copyright,  1903]. 

W.  J.  J.  Harsha,  The  Story  of  Iowa.     Omaha,  1890. 

L.  D.  Ingersoll,  Iowa  and  the  Rebellion.     Phila.,  1866.  —  3d  ed.  1867. 

William  Salter,  Iowa,  the  First  Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Chicago,  1905. 

B.  F.  Shambaugh,  ed.,  Iowa  Biographical  Series.     Iowa  City,  1907-. 


F.  W.  Giles,  Thirty  Years  in  Topeka:  a  Historical  Sketch.  Topeka, 
1886. 

John  N.  Hollo  way,  History  of  Kansas.    Lafayette,  Ind.,  1868. 

Leverett  W.  Spring,  Kansas:  the  Prelude' to  the  War  for  the  Union. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1885. 

D.  W.  Wilder,  Annals  of  Kansas.    Topeka,  1875.  —  Another  edition, 

1886. 

Kentucky 

Mann  Butler,  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky.  Louis 
ville,  1834.  —  2d  ed.  Cincinnati,  1836. 

Benjamin  Casseday,  History  of  Louisville.     Louisville,  1852. 

Lewis  Collins,  Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky.  Published  by  the 
author  at  Maysville,  Ky.,  and  by  J.  A.  James,  at  Cincinnati,  1848. 

Lewis  Collins,  History  of  Kentucky.  Revised  and  enlarged  by  his  son, 
Richard  H.  Collins.  2  vols.  Covington,  Ky.,  1878. 

Daniel  Drake,  Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky.  Edited  by  his  son,  Charles 
D.  Drake.  Cincinnati,  1870. 

R.  M.  McElroy,  Kentucky  in  the  Nation's  History.  N.Y.,  1909.  — 
Bibliography  at  pp.  547-577- 

Humphrey  Marshall,  History  of  Kentucky.     2  vols.     Frankfort,  1824. 

George  W.  Ranck,  History  of  Lexington,  Kentucky.     Cincinnati,  1872. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky:  a  Pioneer  Commonwealth.  (American  Com 
monwealth  series.)  Boston,  1885. 

Zachary  F.  Smith,  History  of  Kentucky.  Louisville,  1886.  —  Contains 
a  bibliography  and  a  facsimile  of  Filson's  map. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  69 

Louisiana 

Francois  Barbe-Marbois,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane  et  de  la  Cession. 
Paris,  1829.  —  Translated  as  History  of  Louisiana,  particularly  of  the 
Cession  of  that  Colony  to  the  United  States.  Phila.,  1830. 

Alcee  Fortier,  History  of  Louisiana.    4  vols.     N.Y.,  1904. 

Alexander  Franz,  Die  Kolonisation  des  Mississippitales  bis  zum 
Ausgange  der  franzosischen  Herrschaft.  Leipsic,  1906. 

B.  F.  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana.  5  vols.  N.Y., 
1846-1853. 

B.  F.  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1869-1875. 

Charles  Gayarre,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane.  2  vols.  (in  one).  New 
Orleans,  1846. 

Charles  Gayarre,  History  of  Louisiana.  3d  ed.  4  vols.  New  Orleans, 
1885. 

Pierre  Heinrich,  La  Louisiane  sous  la  Compagnie  des  Indes,  1717- 
1731.  Paris,  [1908]. 

Grace  King,  New  Orleans,  the  Place  and  the  People.     N.Y.,  1895. 

Gra.ceKmg,SieurdeBienville.   (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Grace  King  and  John  R.  Ficklen,  History  of  Louisiana.  3d  ed.  N.Y., 
1897. 

Francois  Xavier  Martin,  History  o* Louisiana.  2  vols.  New  Or 
leans,  1827.  —  Reprinted  in  i  vol.  (with  continuation  to  1861),  1882. 

J.  W.  Monette,  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the  Valley 
of  the  Mississippi.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1846. 

B.  M.  Norman,  New  Orleans  and  Environs.     New  Orleans,  1845. 

Albert  Phelps,  Louisiana;  a  Record  of  Expansion.  (American  Com 
monwealth  series.)  Boston,  1905. 

Le  Page  du  Pratz,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane.  3  vols.  Paris,  1758.  — 
Translation:  History  of  Louisiana.  2  vols.  London,  1763;  new  edition 
in  i  vol.,  1774. 

James  A.  Robertson,  editor,  Louisiana  under  the  Rule  of  Spain, 
France,  and  the  United  States,  1785-1807.  2  vols.  Cleveland,  1911. — 
Contemporary  accounts  by  Paul  Alliot  and  others.  Has  a  bibliography. 

State  Papers  and  Correspondence  bearing  upon  the  Purchase  of  the 
Territory  of  Louisiana.  (House  Docs.,  57  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  431.)  Wash 
ington,  1903. 

Amos  Stoddard,  Sketches,  Historical  and  Descriptive,  of  Louisiana. 
Phila.,  1812. 

Marc  de  Villiers  du  Terrage,  Les  Dernier es  Annies  de  la  Louisiane 
Fran^aise.  Paris,  [1904]. 


/O  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 

Maurice  Thompson,  The  Story  of  Louisiana.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1889. 

Maine 

D.  B.  Hall,  Reference  List  on  Maine  Local  History.  (New  York  State 
Library,  Bulletin,  No.  63,  "Bibliography  28.")  Albany,  1901. 

Joseph  Williamson,  Bibliography  of  the  State  of  Maine.  2  vols. 
Portland,  1896. 

James  Sullivan,  History  of  the  District  of  Maine.     Boston,  1795. 
George  Jones  Varney,  Brief  History  of  Maine.     Portland,  1888. 
W.  D.  Williamson,  History  of  the  State  of  M  aine.     2  vols.     Hallo  well, 
1832. 

Maryland 

Francis  C.  Sparks,  Appendix  [to  the  proposed  report  of  the  Maryland 
Public  Records  Commission.  Baltimore,  1910.]  —  A  list  of  officers  and 
towns,  with  dates  of  establishment.  .  , 

Bernard  C.  Steiner,  Descriptions  of  Maryland.  (Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Studies,  XXII,  Nos.  11-12.)  Baltimore,  1904. — This  is 
a  bibliography  of  Maryland. 

L.  L.  Bozman,  History  of  M aryland  (1633-1660).  2  vols.  Baltimore, 
1837- 

George  Johnston,  History  of  Cecil  County,  Maryland.     Elkton,  1881. 

W.  H.  Lowdermilk,  History  of  Cumberland.     Washington,  1878. 

John  V.  L.  McMahon,  Historical  View  of  the  Government  of  Maryland. 
Baltimore,  1831. 

Newton  D.  Mereness,  Maryland  as  a  Proprietary  Province.  N.Y., 
1901. 

David  Ridgely,  Annals  of  Annapolis.     Baltimore,  1841. 

J.  T.  Scharf,  Chronicles  of  Baltimore.     Baltimore,  1874. 

J.  Tr  Scharf,  History  of  Maryland  from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Present 
Day.  3  vols.  Baltimore,  1879. 

Massachusetts  1 

Brooks  Adams,  The  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts.     Boston,  1887. 
C.  F.  Adams,  Massachusetts,  Historians  and  History.     Boston,  1893. 
C.  F.   Adams,    Three   Episodes   of  Massachusetts   History.     2    vols. 
Boston,  1892. 

1  Books  on  Massachusetts  are  arranged  in  two  lists,  —  (i)  those  relating  to 
the  state;  (2)  those  dealing  with  the  local  history.  The  latter  are  arranged 
alphabetically  by  places. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  71 

John  S.  Barry,  History  of  Massachusetts  (1492-1820).  3  vols.  Bos 
ton,  1855-1857. 

Alden  Bradford,  History  of  Massachusetts.  3  vols.  Boston,  1822- 
1829. —  Vol.  I  deals  with  the  years  1764-1777;  II,  with  1775-1789;  III, 
with  1790-1820. 

George  E.  Ellis,  Puritan  Age  and  Rule  in  the  Colony  of  the  Massa 
chusetts-Bay,  1629-1685.  Boston,  1888. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  History  of  the  Colony  [and  Province]  of  Massa 
chusetts-Bay.  3  vols.  London,  1765,  1768,  and  1828.  —  Vol.  I  deals 
with  the  years  1628-1691 ;  II,  with  1691-1750;  III,  with  1750-1774. 

G.  R.  Minot,  Continuation  of  the  History  of  the  Province  of  Massachu 
setts  Bay,  from  the  Year  1748  to  1765.  2  vols.  Boston,  1798-1803. 

Peter  Oliver,  The  Puritan  Commonwealth:  an  Historical  Review  of  the 
Puritan  Government  in  Massachusetts.  Boston,  1856. 


Jeremiah  Colburn,  Bibliography  of  the  Local  History  of  Massachusetts. 
Boston,  1871. 

Charles  A.  Flagg,  Guide  to  Massachusetts  Local  History.  Salem, 
[copyright,  1907]. 

Joseph  Merrill,  History  of  Amesbury  and  Merrimac.     Haverhill,  1880. 

John  Daggett,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Attleborough.     Dedharn,  1834. 

Samuel  Gardner  Drake,  History  and  Antiquities  of  Boston.  Boston, 
1856.  —  2d  ed.,  1857;  also  in  2  vols.,  1857. 

H.  C.  Lodge,  Boston.     (Historic  Towns  series.)     N.Y.,  1891. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Municipal  History  of  Boston.     Boston,  1852. 

Caleb  H.  Snow,  History  of  Boston.     2d  ed.     Boston,  1828. 

Justin  Winsor,  editor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  1630-1880.  4  vols. 
Boston,  1880-1881. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  History  of  Braintree,  the  North  Precinct  of 
Bralntree,  and  the  Town  of  Quincy.  Cambridge,  1891. 

W.  S.  Pattee,  History  of  Old  Braintree  and  Quincy.     Quincy,  1878. 

Harriet  F.  Woods,  Historical  Sketches  of  Brookline.     Boston,  1874. 

Lucius  R.  Paige,  History  of  Cambridge,  1630-1877.     Boston,  1877. 

Frederick  Freeman,  History  of  Cape  Cod.  2  vols.  Boston,  1860- 
1862. 

Richard  Frothingham,  History  of  Charlestown.     Boston,  1845. 

Alfred  S.  Hudson,  History  of  Concord.  Vol.  I:  Colonial  Concord. 
Concord,  1904. 

Herman  Mann,  Historical  Annals  of  Dedham.     Dedham,  1847. 

George  Sheldon,  History  of  Deerfield.     2  vols.     Deerfield,  1895-1896. 


72  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

James  Blake,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Dorchester  [to]  1750.     (Dorchester 
Antiquarian  and  Historical  Society,  Collections,  No.  2.)     Boston,  1846. 

History  of  the  Town  of  Dorchester  (1626-1858).     By  a  Committee  of 
the  Dorchester  Antiquarian  and  Historical  Society.     Boston,  1859. 

John  J.  Babson,  History  of  the  Town  of  Gloucester,  Cape  Ann,  includ 
ing  the  Town  of  Rockport.     Gloucester,  1860. 

Frederick  C.  Pierce,  History  of  Grafton.     Worcester,  1879. 

Francis  M.  Thompson,  History  of  Greenfield.     2  vols.     Greenfield, 
1904. 

Samuel  A.  Green,  Groton  Historical  Series.     Boston,  1882,  etc. 

Sylvester   Judd,    History   of  Hadley.     Northampton,    1863.  —  New 
edition,  edited  by  George  Sheldon,  Springfield,  1905. 

Lucius  R.  Paige,  History  of  Hardwick.     Boston,  1883. 

George  W.  Chase,  History  of  Haverhill.     Haverhill,  1861. 

History  of  the  Town  of  Hingham.     3  vols.     Hingham,  1893.  —  Pub 
lished  by  the  town.     Vol.  I  (in  two  parts)  is  historical. 

Joseph  B.  Felt,  History  of  Ipswich,  Essex,  and  Hamilton.     Cambridge, 
1834. 

Thomas  F.  Waters,  Ipswich  in  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.     Ips 
wich,  1905. 

Samuel  Roads,  History  and  Traditions  of  Marblehead.     Boston,  1880. 

John  G.  Metcalf,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Mendon.     Providence,  1880. 

Obed  Macy,  History  of  Nantucket.     2  pts.     Boston,  1835. 

Joshua  Coffin,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Newbury,  Newburyport,  and 
West  Newbury.     Boston,  1845. 

Joseph  E.  A.  Smith,  History  of  Pittsfield,  1734-1800.     Boston,  1869. 

William  Thomas  Davis,  Ancient  Landmarks  of  Plymouth.     Boston, 
1883. 

John  Abbott  Goodwin,  The  Pilgrim  Republic:    an  Historical  Review 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth.     Boston,  1888. 

Francis  S.  Drake,  The  Town  of  Roxbury.     Roxbury,  1878. 

Joseph  B.  Felt,  Annals  of  Salem.     Salem,  1827. 

W.  A.  Benedict  and  H.  A.  Tracy,  History  of  the  Town  of  Sutton. 
Worcester,  1878. 

J.  G.  Holland,  History  of  Western  Massachusetts.     2  vols.     Spring 
field,  1855. 

Michigan 

Thomas  M.  Cooley,  Michigan:  a  History  of  Governments .     (American 
Commonwealth  series.)     Boston,  1885.  —  New  edition,  1905. 
James  H.  Lanman,  History  of  Michigan.    N.Y.,  1839. 
Electra  M.  Sheldon,  Early  History  of  Michigan.    N.Y.,  1856. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  73 

Minnesota 

[J.  F.  Williams],  Bibliography  of  Minnesota.  (Minnesota  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  III,  13-75.)  St.  Paul,  1880. 

W.  W.  Folwell,  Minnesota,  the  North  Star  State.  (American  Com 
monwealth  series.)  Boston,  1908. 

Edward  D.  Neill,  Concise  History  of  Minnesota.     Minneapolis,  1887. 

Edward  D.  Neill,  History  of  Minnesota,  from  the  Earliest  French  Ex 
plorations  to  the  Present  Time.  Phila.,  1858.  —  5th  edition,  revised  and 
enlarged,  Minneapolis,  1883. 

E.  S.  Seymour,  Sketches  of  Minnesota.     N.Y.,  1850. 

J.  F.  Williams,  History  of  the  City  of  Saint  Paul,  Minnesota.  St. 
Paul,  1876. — This  forms  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Collections  of  the 
Minnesota  Historical  Society. 

Mississippi 

Director  of  the  Department  of  Archives  and  History  of  Mississippi, 
Annual  Reports,  1902-1904.  3  vols.  Jackson,  Miss.,  and  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  1902-1905.  —  Contains  catalogues  of  letters,  documents,  Confed 
erate  war  records,  etc. 

Thomas  M.  Owen,  Bibliography  of  Mississippi.  (American  His 
torical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1899,  I,  633-828.)  Washington, 
1900.  —  Also  bound  separately. 

J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi  as  a  Province,  Territory,  and  State. 
Jackson,  1880. 

Robert  Lowry  and  W.  H.  McCardle,  History  of  Mississippi.  Jack 
son,  1891. 

Albert  J.  Pickett,  History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi. 
2  vols.  Charleston,  1851. 

Missouri 

Chancy  R.  Barns,  editor,  The  Commonwealth  of  Missouri.  St. 
Louis,  1877. — The  chapter  on  "Educational  Progress"  is  by  W.  T. 
Harris. 

Frederic  L.  Billon,  Annals  of  St.  Louis  in  its  Territorial  Days,  1804- 
1821.  St.  Louis,  1889. 

Lucien  Carr,  Missouri,  a  Bone  of  Contention.  (American  Common 
wealth  series.)  Boston,  1888. 

W.  B.  Davis  and  D.  S.  Durrie,  Illustrated  History  of  Missouri.  St. 
Louis,  1876. 


74  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

Richard  Edwards  and  M.  Hopewell,  Edwards'  Great  West  and  her 
Commercial  Metropolis  [St.  Louis].  St.  Louis,  1860. 

Louis  Houck,  History  of  Missouri,  from  the  Earliest  Explorations  .  .  . 
until  the  Admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union  [1821].  3  vols.  Chicago, 
1908. 

Louis  Houck,  Spanish  Regime  in  Missouri:  a  Collection  of  Papers  and 
Documents.  2  vols.  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  1910. 

J.  T.  Scharf ,  History  of  Saint  Louis,  City  and  County,  from  the  Earliest 
Periods  to  the  Present  Day.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1883. 

Elihu  H.  Shepard,  Early  History  of  St.  Louis  and  Missouri.  St.  Louis, 
1870. 

Montana 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana.  (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXVI.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

C.  P.  Connolly,  The  Story  of  Montana.  (McClure's  Magazine,  XXVII, 
346-361,  451-465,  629-639 ;  XXVIII,  27-43,  198-210.)  N.Y.,  1906. 

Howard  Elliott,  Montana:  an  Address  .  .  .  delivered  at  the  Interstate 
Fair,  September  i,  1910.  [Anaconda,  Mont.,  1910.] 

Historical  Society  of  Montana,  Contributions.  Helena,  1876,  etc.  — 
Contains  much  correlated  matter  on  the  history  of  the  state. 

Katharine  B.  Judson,  Montana,  "  the  Land  of  Shining  Mountains." 
Chicago,  1909. 

C.  N.  [Joaquin]  Miller,  Illustrated  History  of  the  State  of  Montana. 
2  vols.  Chicago,  1894. 

Nebraska 

A.  B.  Hayes  and  S.  D.  Cox,  History  of  the  City  of  Lincoln.  Lincoln, 
1889. 

Harrison  Johnson,  History  of  Nebraska.     Omaha,  1880. 

J.  S.  Morton  and  others,  Illustrated  History  of  Nebraska.     3  vols. 

Lincoln,  1905-1906. 

Nevada 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XX.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

Nevada  Historical  Society,  Biennial  Reports,  passim.  Carson  City, 
1909-. 

C.  H.  Shinn,  Story  of  the  Mine  as  illustrated  by  the  great  Comstock  Lode 
of  Nevada.  (Story  of  the  West  series.)  N.Y.,  1896. 

New  Hampshire 

Dover  Public  Library,  List  of  Books  and  Pamphlets  in  the  Dover  Public 
Library  relating  to  New  Hampshire.  Dover,  1903. 


§37]  STATE  AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  75 

Nathaniel  Adams,  Annals  of  Portsmouth.     Portsmouth,  1825. 

Jeremy  Belknap,  History  of  New  Hampshire.  3  vols.  Boston, 
1791-1792.  —  2d  ed.,  3  vols.,  Boston,  1813. 

Charles  H.  Bell,  History  of  the  Town  of  Exeter.     Exeter,  1888. 

Nathaniel  Bouton,  History  of  Concord.     Concord,  1856. 

C.  W.  Brewster,  Rambles  about  Portsmouth.  Portsmouth,  1859.  — 
Second  series,  published  after  the  author's  death,  1869. 

Benjamin  Chase,  History  of  Old  Chester.    Auburn,  N.H.,  1869. 

John  Farmer  and  J.  B.  Moore,  Collections,  Topographical,  Historical, 
and  Biographical,  relating  principally  to  New  Hampshire.  3  vols.  Con 
cord,  1822-1824. 

W.  H.  Fry,  New  Hampshire  as  a  Royal  Province.  (Columbia  Univer 
sity,  Studies  in  History,  etc.,  Vol.  XXIX,  No.  2.)  N.Y.,  1908. —Also 
published  separately. 

Walter  Harriman,  History  of  Warner,  1735-1579.     Concord,  1879. 

J.  N.  McClintock,  History  of  New  Hampshire.     Boston,  1888. 

C.  E.  Potter,  History  of  Manchester.     Manchester,  1856. 

Moses  T.  Runnels,  History  of  Sanbornton.  2  vols.  Boston,  1882.  — 
Vol.  I  contains  Annals. 

E.  D.  Sanborn,  History  of  New  Hampshire.     Manchester,  1875. 

F.  B.  Sanborn,  New  Hampshire.     (American  Commonwealth  series.) 
Boston,  1907. 

H.  H.  Saunderson,  History  of  Charlestown.     Claremont,  N.H.,  1876. 
Ezra  S.  Stearns,  History  of  Rindge,  1736-1874.     Boston,  1875. 

New  Jersey 

Joseph  Atkinson,  History  of  Newark.     Newark,  1878. 

T.  F.  Chambers,  The  Early  Germans  of  New  Jersey.  Dover,  N.J., 
1895. 

Thomas  P\  Gordon,  History  of  New  Jersey,  from  its  Discovery  by 
Europeans  to  the  Adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  Trenton,  1834. 

Edwin  F.  Hatfield,  History  of  Elizabeth.     N.Y.,  1868. 

Alfred  M.  Heston,  Absegami:  Annals  of  Eyren  Haven  and  Atlantic 
City,  1609-1904.  2  vols.  [Camden,  N.J.],  1904. 

F.  B.  Lee,  New  Jersey  as  a  Colony  and  as  a  State.  4  vols.  N.Y., 
1902. 

A.  D.  Mellick,  Jr.,  The  Story  of  an  Old  Farm.  Somerville,  N.J., 
1889. 

I.  S.  Mulford,  Civil  and  Political  History  of  New  Jersey.  Camden, 
1848. 

Nicholas  Murray,  Notes,  Historical  and  Biographical,  concerning 
Elizabeth-Town.  Elizabeth-Town,  1844. 


76  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 

John  O.  Raum,  History  of  New  Jersey,  from  Us  Earliest  Settlement  to 
the  Present  Time.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1877. 

Edwin  Salter,  History  of  Monmouth  and  Ocean  Counties.  Bayonne, 
N.J.,  1890. 

Samuel  Smith,  History  of  the  Colony  of  Nova-C&saria,  or  New  Jersey. 
Burlington,  N.J.,  1765.  —  Reprinted,  Trenton,  1877. 

Lewis  T.  Stevens,  History  of  Cape  May  County.  Cape  May  City, 
N.J.,  1897- 

W.  A.  Whitehead,  Early  History  of  Perth  Amboy.    N.Y.,  1856. 

W.  A.  Whitehead,  East  Jersey  under  the  Proprietary  Governments. 
(New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  I.)  [N.Y.],  1846.  —  2d 
ed.  separately  printed,  Newark,  1875. 

New  Mexico 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  (History  of  the  Pacific 
States,  Vol.  XII.)  San  Francisco,  1888. 

Helen  Haines,  History  of  New  Mexico.     N.Y.,  1891.. 
Horatio  O.  Ladd,  The  Story  of  New  Mexico.     (Story  of  the  States 
series.)     Boston,  1892. 

R.  E.  Twitchell,  History  of  New  Mexico.     Cedar  Rapids,  1910. 

New  York » 

C.  A.  Flagg  and  J.  T.  Jennings,  Bibliography  of  New  York  Colonial 
History.  (New  York  State  Library,  Bulletin,  No.  56,  "Bibliography  24.") 
Albany,  1901. 

J.  W.  Barber  and  Henry  Howe,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  N.Y.,  1845. 

J.  R.  Brodhead,  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  2  vols.  Vol.  I, 
1609-1664,  N.Y.,  1853;  Vol.  II,  1664-1691,  N.Y.,  1871. 

Elbridge  S.  Brooks,  The  Story  of  New  York.  (Story  of  the  States 
series.)  Boston,  1888. 

Thomas  F.  Gordon,  Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  New  York.     Phila.,  1836. 

J.  D.  Hammond,  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of  New 
York.  4th  ed.  2  vols.  Cooperstown,  1846. 

J.  S.  Jenkins,  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  State  of  New  York. 
Auburn,  1846. 

1  Books  on  New  York  are  arranged  in  two  lists:  (i)  those  relating  to  the 
state;  and  (2)  those  dealing  with  the  local  history.  The  latter  are  arranged 
alphabetically  by  places. 


§37]  STATE   AND    LOCAL   HISTORIES  77 

James  Macauley,  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  3  vols.  N.Y., 
1829. 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  History  of  New  Netherland.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1848.  —  This  work  extends  only  to  1664. 

Ellis  H.  Roberts,  New  York:  The  Planting  and  the  Growth  of  the 
Empire  State.  (American  Commonwealth  series.)  2  vote.  Boston, 
1887.  —  New  edition,  2  vols.,  1904. 

George  W.  Schuyler,  Colonial  New  York:  Philip  Schuyler  and  his 
Family.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1885. 

William  Smith,  History  of  the  Late  Province  of  New-York,  from  its 
Discovery  to  1762.  2  vols.  (New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
ist  series,  Vols.  IV,  V.)  N.Y.,  1829-1830.  —  Earlier. editions,  1757,  1776, 
1814. 

H.  G.  Spafford,  Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  New  York.  Albany,  1813  and 
1824. 

J.  V.  N.  Yates  and  J.  W.  Moulton,  History  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Vol.  I.  N.Y.,  1824. 

Gabriel  Furman,  Notes,  Geographical  and  Historical,  relating  to  the 
Town  of  Brooklyn.  Brooklyn,  1865. 

Henry  Reed  Stiles,  History  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn.  3  vols.  Brooklyn, 
1867-1870. 

William  Ketchum,  History  of  Buffalo.     2  vols.     Buffalo,  1864-1865. 

Peter  Sailly  Palmer,  History  of  Lake  Champlain,  from  its  First  Explo 
ration  by  the  French  in  1609,  to  1814.  Plattsburg,  1853.  —  [2d  ed.], 
Albany,  1866. 

Jay  Gould,  History  of  Delaware  County,  and  Border  Wars  of  New  York. 
Roxbury,  1856. 

Gertrude  L.  Vanderbilt,  Social  History  of  Flatbush.     N.Y.,  1882. 

James  Riker,  Harlem  (City  of  New  York) :  its  Origin  and  Early  Annals. 
N.Y.,  1881. 

O.  Turner,  Pioneer  History  of  the  Holland  Purchase.     Buffalo,  1849. 

B.  J.  Lossing,  The  Hudson,  from  the  Wilderness  to  the  Sea.  N.Y., 
1866. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  History  of  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  from  the 
Earliest  Period.  Albany,  1854. 

Marius  Schoonmaker,  History  of  Kingston,  New  York,  from  its  Early 
Settlement  to  the  Year  1820.  N.Y.,  1888. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  History  of  Lewis  County,  New  York,  from  the 
Beginning  of  its  Settlement.  Albany,  1860. 

Martha  B.  Flint,  Early  Long  Island:  a  Colonial  Study.     N.Y.,  1896. 

Gabriel  Furman,  Antiquities  of  Long  Island;    to  which  is  added  a 


78  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

Bibliography  of  Long  Island,  by  Henry  Onderdonk,  Jr.,  Edited  by  Frank 
Moore.  N.Y.,  1875. 

Nathaniel  S.  Prime,  History  of  Long  Island,  from  its  First  Settlement 
by  Europeans  to  the  Year  1845.  2  pts.  (in  one  vol.).  N.Y.,  1845. 

Benjamin  F.  Thompson,  History  of  Long  Island.  N.Y.,  1839.  — 
2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1843. 

Silas  Wood,  Sketch  of  the  First  Settlement  of  the  several  Towns  on  Long 
Island.  Brooklyn,  1828. 

W.  Max  Reid,  The  Mohawk  Valley,  its  Legends  and  its  History.  N.Y., 
1902. 

J.  H.  Innes,  New  Amsterdam  and  its  People.     N.Y.,  1902. 

E.  M.  Ruttenbw,  History  of  the  Town  of  Newburgh.  Newburgh, 
1859. 

E.  M.  Ruttenber,  History  of  the  County  of  Orange  .  .  .  with  a  History 
of  the  Town  and  City  of  Newburgh.  Newburgh,  1875. 

Mary  Louise  Booth,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.     N.Y.,  1880. 

Thomas  A.  Janvier,  In  Old  New  York:    N.Y.,i894. 

Martha  J.  Lamb,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1877-1880. 

B.  J.  Lossing,  History  of  New  York  City,  1609-1884.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1884. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  New  York.    (Historic  Towns  series.)    N.Y.,  1891. 

William  L.  Stone,  Jr.,  History  of  New  York  City.     N.Y.,  1872. 

Charles  B.  Todd,  Story  of  the  City  of  New  York.  (Great  Cities  of  the 
Republic  series.)  N.Y.,  1890. 

David  T.  Valentine,  History  of  the  City  of  New  York.     N.Y.,  1853. 

David  T.  Valentine,  New  York  City,  before  and  during  the  American 
Revolution.  (From  Valentine's  Manual  of  the  Common  Council  of  New 
York,  1862,  pp.  499-773-) 

John  F.  Watson,  Annals  and  Occurrences  of  New  York  City  and  State. 
Phila.,  1846. 

James  Grant  Wilson,  editor,  Memorial  History  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
[By  various  hands.]  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1892-1893. 

O.  Turner,  History  of  the  Pioneer  Settlement  of  P helps  and  Gor ham's 
Purchase.  Rochester,  1870. 

Charles  W.  Baird,  History  of  Rye,  New  York.     N.Y.,  1871. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  History  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Franklin  Counties, 
New  York,  from  the  Earliest  Period.  Albany,  1853. 

Jonathan  Pearson  and  others,  History  of  the  Schenectady  Patent  in 
the  Dutch  and  English  Times.  Albany,  1883. 

George  R.  Howell,  Early  History  of  Southampton,  L.I.  2d  ed.  Albany, 
1887. 


§37]  STATE   AND    LOCAL   HISTORIES  79 

Epher  Whitaker,  History  of  Southold,  L.I.;  its  First  Century. 
Southold,  1 88 1. 

J.  J.  Clute,  Annals  of  Staten  Island,  from  its  Discovery  to  the  Present 
Time.  N.Y.,  1877. 

William  W.  Campbell,  Annals  of  Tryon  County.    N.Y.,  1831. 

James  H.  Hotchkin,  History  of  the  Purchase  and  Settlement  of  Western 
New  York.  N.Y.,  1848. 

North  Carolina 

Stephen  B.  Weeks,  Bibliography  of  the  Historical  Literature  of  North 
Carolina.  (Harvard  University  Library,  Bibliographical  Contributions, 
No.  48.)  Cambridge,  1895. 

Samuel  A.  Ashe,  History  of  North  Carolina.  Vol.  I.  Greensboro, 
N.  C.,  1908.  —  In  progress. 

John  H.  Clewell,  History  of  Wachovia  in  North  Carolina.     N.Y.,  1902. 

Daniel  Coxe,  Description  of  the  English  Province  of  Carolana,  by  the 
Spaniards  called  Florida,  and  by  the  French  La  Louisiane.  London,  1722. 

William  Henry  Foote,  Sketches  of  North  Carolina.     N.Y.,  1846. 

Francis  L.  Hawks,  History  of  North  Carolina.  2  vols.  Fayetteville, 
1857-1858.  —Vol.  I  is  "2d  edition." 

C.  L.  Hunter,  Sketches  of  Western  North  Carolina.     Raleigh,  1877. 

F.  X.  Martin,  History  of  North  Carolina,  from  the  Earliest  Period. 
2  vols.  New  Orleans,  1829. 

John  W.  Moore,  History  of  North  Carolina;  from  the  Earliest  Dis 
coveries  to  the  Present  Time.  2  vols.  Raleigh,  1880. 

Charles  L.  Raper,  North  Carolina:  a  Study  in  English  Colonial  Gov 
ernment.  N.Y.,  1904. 

Jethro  Rumple,  History  of  Rowan  County.     Salisbury,  N.C.,  1881. 

David  Schenck,  North  Carolina,  1780-81.     Raleigh,  1889. 

John  H.  Wheeler,  Historical  Sketches  of  North  Carolina,  from  1584  to 
1851.  2  vols.  (in  one).  Phila.,  1851. 

John  H.  Wheeler,  Reminiscences  and  Memoirs  of  North  Carolina  and 
Eminent  North  Carolinians.  Columbus,  Ohio,  1884. 

Hugh  Williamson,  History  of  North  Carolina.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1812. 

North  Dakota.  —  See  Dakota 

Ohio 

Peter  G.  Thomson,  compiler,  Bibliography  of  Ohio.     Cincinnati,  1880. 

Peter  G.  Thomson,  Catalogue  of  Books  relating  to  the  State  of  Ohio. 
Published  by  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio.  Cincin 
nati,  1893. 


80  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

Caleb  Atwater,  History  of  the  State  of  Ohio.     2d  ed.     Cincinnati,  1838. 

J.  A.  Barrett,  Evolution  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787 ;  with  an  Account  of 
the  Earlier  Plans  for  the  Government  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  (Univer 
sity  of  Nebraska,  Departments  of  History  and  Economics.)  N.Y.,  1891. 

Alexander  Black,  The  Story  of  Ohio.  (Story  of  the  States  series.) 
Boston,  [1888]. 

Ruf  us  Blanchard,  Discovery  and  Conquests  of  the  Northwest.  Chicago, 
1880. 

Jacob  Buniet,  Notes  on  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  North-western  Terri 
tory.  N.Y.,  1847. 

Henry  Bushnell,  History  of  Granville,  Licking  County,  Ohio.  Colum 
bus,  1889. 

Consul  W.  Butterfield,  History  of  the  Girtys.     Cincinnati,  1890. 

Salmon  P.  Chase,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Ohio.     Cincinnati,  1833. 

Charles  Cist,  Cincinnati  in  1841:  its  Early  Annals  and  Future  Pros 
pects.  Cincinnati,  1841. 

[Harvey  W.  Crew,  editor],  History  of  Dayton.  [By  Robert  Wilbur 
Steele  and  others.]  Dayton,  1889. 

William  P.  Cutler,  Ordinance  of  July  I3th,  1787,  for  the  Government 
of  the  Territory  Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio.  Marietta,  O.,  1887. 

Berthold  Fernow,  The  Ohio  Valley  in  Colonial  Days.  (Munsell's  His 
torical  series,  No.  17.)  Albany,  1890. 

Henry  A.  and  Kate  B.  Ford,  compilers,  History  of  Cincinnati.  Cleve 
land,  1 88 1. 

Charles  T.  Greve,  Centennial  History  of  Cincinnati.  2  vols.  Chicago, 
1904. 

Samuel  P.  Hildreth,  Pioneer  History:  being  an  Account  of  the  First 
Examinations  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  North 
west  Territory.  Cincinnati,  1848. 

Burke  Aaron  Hinsdale,  The  Old  Northwest.  N.Y.,  1888. —  New 
edition,  1899. 

Henry  Howe,  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati,  1847.  — 
Also  the  "Ohio  Centennial  Edition."  3  vols.  (in  two),  Columbus, 
1889-1891. 

James  H.  Kennedy,  History  of  the  City  of  Cleveland.     Cleveland,  1896. 

John  Kilbourn,  Ohio  Gazetteer  or  Topographical  Dictionary.  Colum 
bus,  1816,  1819,  1821,  etc. 

Ruf  us  King,  Ohio :  First  Fruits  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1888.  —  New  edition,  1903. 

H.  S.  Knapp,  History  of  the  Maumee  Valley,  commencing  with  its  Occu 
pation  by  the  French  in  1680.  Toledo,  1872. 

Francis  W.  Miller,  Cincinnati's  Beginnings.     Cincinnati,  1880. 


§37]  STATE   AND    LOCAL   HISTORIES  8 1 

A.  Banning  Norton,  History  of  Knox  County,  Ohio,  from  1779  to  1862. 
Columbus,  1862. 

Jacob  H.  Studer,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Columbus,  [copyright,  1873]. 
James  W.  Taylor,  History  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati,  1854. 
Charles  M.  Walker,  History  of  Athens  County.  Cincinnati,  1869. 
Charles  Whittlesey,  Early  History  of  Cleveland.  Cleveland,  1867. 

Oklahoma 

Luther  J.  Abbott,  History  and  Civics  of  Oklahoma.     Boston,  1910. 
S.  J.  Buck,  Settlement  of  Oklahoma.     (Wisconsin  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Arts,  and  Letters,  Transactions,  Vol.  XV,  325-380.) 

L.  B.  Hill,  History  of  the  State  of  Oklahoma.     2  vols.     Chicago,  1908. 

Oregon 

C.  W.  Smith,  Check  List.     [See  below  under  Washington.] 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Oregon^.  2  vols.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vols. 
XXIV,  XXV.)  San  Francisco,  1886-1888. 

William  Barrows,  Oregon:  the  Struggle  for  Possession.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1883.  —  7th  ed.,  1892. 

Thomas  Bulfinch,  Oregon  and  Eldorado;  or,  Rontance  of  the  Rivers. 
Boston,  1866. 

M.  Fedix,  L'Oregon  et  les  Cotes  de  VOcean  Pacifique  du  Nord.  Paris, 
1846. 

Gabriel  Franchere,  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of 
America  in  1811-14.  Translated  and  edited  by  Jedediah  Vincent 
Huntington.  N.Y.,  1854. 

W.  H.  Gray,  History  of  Oregon,  1792-1849.     Portland,  Ore.,  1870. 

Robert  Greenhow,  History  of  Oregon  and  California,  and  the  Other 
Territories  on  the  Northwest  Coast  of  North  America.  Boston,  1844. 

Robert  Greenhow,  Memoir,  Historical  and  Political,  on  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  North  America.  Washington,  1840. 

Gustavus  Hines,  Oregon:  its  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects.  N.Y., 
1859. 

Washington  Irving,  Astoria.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1836. 

Hall  Jackson  Kelley,  History  of  the  Settlement  of  Oregon  and  the  In 
terior  of  Upper  California.  Springfield,  Mass.,  1868. 

H.  S.  Lyman,  History  of  Oregon.     4  vols.     N.Y.,  1903. 

Alexander  Ross,  Adventures  of  the  First  Settlers  on  the  Oregon  or  Colum 
bia  River.  London,  1849. 

Joseph  Schafer,  History  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.     N.Y.,  1905. 

J.  Q.  Thornton,  Oregon  and  California  in  1848.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1855. 


82  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§37 

Benjamin  Waterhouse,  Oregon;  or  a  Short  History  of  a  Long  Journey 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Region  of  the  Pacific,  by  Land.  "  Drawn  up 
from  the  notes  ...  of  John  B.  Wyeth."  Cambridge,  1833. 

George  Wilkes,  History  of  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1845. 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania  State  Library,  Check-List  of  Pennsylvania  County,  Town, 
and  Township  Histories,  1794-1892.  Harrisburg,  1892. 

Daniel  Agnew,  History  of  the  Region  of  Pennsylvania  North  of  the  Ohio 
and  West  of  the  Allegheny  River.  Phila.,  1887. 

Isaac  A.  Chapman,  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Wyoming.  Wilkesbarre, 
Penn.,  1830. 

William  M.  Cornell.  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Earliest  Dis 
covery  to  the  Present  Time.  Phila.,  [1876]. 

Boyd  Crumrine,  History  of  Washington  County.     Phila.,  1882. 

Sherman  Day,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1843]. 

P.  S.  Duponceau,  Historical  Discourse  delivered  before  the  Society  for 
the  Commemoration  of  the  Landing  of  William  Penn,  October  24th,  1832. 
Phila.,  1832. 

William  Henry  Egle,  Illustrated  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn 
sylvania  (1609-1876).  Harrisburg,  1876.  —  Part  I,  General  History; 
Part  II,  County  Histories. 

Thomas  F.  Gordon,  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  its  Discovery  by 
Europeans  to  1776.  Phila.,  1829. 

Samuel  Hazard,  Annals  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Discovery  of  the  Dele- 
ware,  1609-1682.  Phila.,  1850. 

Charles  Miner,  History  of  Wyoming,  in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  his  Son. 
Phila.,  1845. 

Jacob  I.  Mombert,  Authentic  History  of  Lancaster  County.  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  1869. 

Stewart  Pearce,  Annals  of  Luzerne  County,  from  the  First  Settlement 
at  Wyoming  to  1860.  Phila.,  1860. 

George  Peck,  Wyoming;  its  History,  Stirring  Incidents,  and  Romantic 
Adventures.  N.Y.,  1858. 

J.  P.  Rousselot  de  Surgy,  Histoire  Naturelle  et  Politique  de  la  Pensyl- 
vanie.  Translated  from  the  German.  Paris,  1768. 

Robert  Proud,  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Original  Settlement 
in  1681,  till  after  the  Year  1742  [with  a  description  of  Pennsylvania. 
1760-1770,  and  an  Appendix].  2  vols.  Phila.,  1797-1798. 

Isaac  D.  Rupp,  Early  History  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  of  the 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  83 

West,  and  of  Western  Expeditions  and  Campaigns,  from  1754  to  1833. 
Pittsburg,  1846. 

Isaac  D.  Rupp,  History  of  Lancaster  County.    Lancaster,  Perm.,  1844. 

Laura  G.  Sanford,  History  of  Erie  County.     Phila.,  1862. 

J.  T.  Scharf  and  Thompson  Westcott,  History  of  Philadelphia,  1609- 
1884.  3  vols.  Phila.,  1884. 

Johann  Ludewig  Schulze,  Nachrichten  von  den  vereinigten  Deutschen 
Evangelisch-Lutherischen  Gemeinen  in  Nord- America,  absonderlich  in 
Pensylvanien.  Halle,  1787. 

Isaac  Sharpless,  History  of  Quaker  Government  in  Pennsylvania.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1898-1899.  —  Vol.  I  is  entitled  A  Quaker  Experiment  in  Government. 

George  Smith,  History  of  Delaware  County.     Phila.,  1862. 

William  L.  Stone,  The  Poetry  and  History  of  Wyoming.     N.Y.,  1841. 

James  M.  Swank,  Progressive  Pennsylvania.     Phila.,  1908. 

Gabriel  Thomas,  Historical  and  Geographical  Account  of  the  Province 
and  Country  of  Pensilvania;  and  of  West-New-Jersey  in  America.  Lon 
don,  1698.  —  Lithographed  for  H.  A.  Brady,  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  N.Y.,  1848. 

James  Veech,  The  Monongahela  of  Old.     Pittsburg,  about  1858. 

John  F.  Watson,  Annals  of  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
Olden  Time.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1857. 

Sarah  C.  Woolsey  [Susan  Coolidge],  Short  History  of  the  City  of  Phila 
delphia,  from  its  Foundation  to  the  Present  Time.  Boston,  1887. 

Rhode  Island 

John  R.  Bartlett,  Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island.     Providence,  1864. 

Clarence  S.  Brigham,  Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island  History.  (In 
Edward  Field's  State  of  Rhode  Island,  III,  653-681.)  Boston,  1902.  — 
Reprinted  separately,  1902. 

Clarence  S.  Brigham,  Report  on  the  Archives  of  Rhode  Island.  Wash 
ington,  1904. 

Samuel  G.  Arnold,  History  of  Rhode  Island.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1859. 

C.  S.  Brigham,  History  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations.  (In  Field's  Rhode  Island,  I,  3-392.)  Boston,  1902. 

John  Callender,  Historical  Discourse  on  the  .  .  .  Colony  of  Rhode- 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations  (1638-1738).  Boston,  1739. 

G.  W.  Greene,  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island.     Providence,  1877. 

Wilfred  H.  Munro,  History  of  Bristol,  R.I.     Providence,  1880. 

E.  R.  Potter,  Jr.,  Early  History  of  Narragansett.  (Rhode  Island  His 
torical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  III.)  Providence,  1835. 

Irving  B.  Richman,  Rhode  Island,  its  Making  and  its  Meaning.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1902.  —  New  edition,  2  vols.  (in  one),  1907. 


84  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 

Irving  B.  Richman,  Rhode  Island,  a  Study  in  Separatism.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Bpston,  1905. 

[Sidney  S.  Rider,  editor],  Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  ist  series, 
20  nos.,  Providence,  1877-1895;  2d  series,  Nos.  1-2,  Providence,  1895. 

William  R.  Staples,  Annals  of  the  Town  of  Providence,  from  its  First 
Settlement,  to  the  Organization  of  the  City  Government,  in  June,  1832. 
Providence,  1843. 

Wilkins  Updike,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Narragansett. 
N.Y.,  1847.  — 2d  ed.,  edited  by  Daniel  Goodwin.  3  vols.  Boston,  1907. 

W.  B.  Weeden,  Early  Rhode  Island:  a  Social  History  of  the  People. 
N.Y.,  [copyright,  1910]. 

South  Carolina 

B.  R.  Carroll,  compiler,  Historical  Collections  of  South  Carolina  (1492- 
1776).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1836. 

[W.  A.  Courtenay],  Centennial  Address.  (In  Charleston  Year  Book, 
1883,  Appendix,  351-573.)  [Charleston,  1884.]  —  Also  published  in  The 
Centennial  of  Incorporation,  1783-1883,  26-254.  [Charleston,  1884.] 

[James  Glen],  Description  of  South  Carolina.     London,  1761. 

Alexander  He  watt,  Historical  Account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the 
Colonies  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  2  vols.  London,  1779. 

T.  J.  Kirkland  and  R.  M.  Kennedy,  Historic  Camden.  Part  I,  Co 
lonial  and  Revolutionary.  Columbia,  1905. 

John  H.  Logan,  History  of  the  Upper  Country  of  South  Carolina,  from 
the  Earliest  Periods  to  the  Close  of  the  War  of  Independence.  Vol.  I. 
Charleston,  1859. 

Edward  McCrady,  History  of  South  Carolina  under  the  Proprietary 
Government,  1670-1719,  N.Y.,  1897 ;  History  of  South  Carolina  under 
the  Royal  Government,  1719-1776,  N.Y.,  1899;  History  of  South  Caro 
lina  in  the  Revolution,  1775-1780,  N.Y.,  1901 ;  History  of  South  Carolina 
in  the  Revolution,  1780-1783,  N.Y.,  1902. 

Robert  Mills,  Statistics  of  South  Carolina,  including  a  View  of  its 
Natural,  Civil,  and  Military  History.  Charleston,  1826. 

James  Sheppard  Pike,  The  Prostrate  State:  South  Carolina  under  Negro 
Government.  N.Y.,  1874. 

David  Ramsay,  History  of  South  Carolina,  from  its  First  Settlement 
in  1670,  to  the  Year  1808.  2  vols.  Charleston,  1809. 

Mrs.  St.  Julian  Ravenel,  Charleston,  the  Place  and  the  People.  N.Y., 
1906. 

William  A.  Schaper,  Sectionalism  and  Representation  in  South  Carolina. 
(American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1900,  I,  237-463.) 
Washington,  1901.  —  Also  published  separately. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  85 

William  G.  Simms,  History  of  South  Carolina.     Charleston,  1840. 
W.  Roy  Smith,  South  Carolina  as  a  Royal  Province,  1719-1776.     N.  Y . 
1903. 

South  Dakota.  —  See  Dakota 


Tennessee 

Joshua  W.  Caldwell,  Studies  in  the  Constitutional  History  of  Tennessee. 
Cincinnati,  1895. 

W.  R.  Garrett  and  A.  V.  Goodpasture,  History  of  Tennessee,  its  People 
and  its  Institutions.  Nashville,  1900. 

J.  R.  Gilmore  [Edmund  Kirke],  The  Rear-Guard  of  the  Revolution, 
N.Y.,  1886;  John  Sevier  as  a  Commonwealth  Builder,  N.Y.,  1887;  The 
Advance-Guard  of  Western  Civilization,  N.Y.,  1888. 

John  Hay  wood,  Civil  and  Political  History  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  from 
its  Earliest  Settlement  up  to  the  Year  1796.  Exact  reprint  of  the  edition 
of  1823.  Nashville,  1891. 

James  Phelan,  History  of  Tennessee:  the  Making  of  a  State.  Boston, 
1888. 

J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  Annals  of  Tennessee  to  the  End  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century.  Charleston,  1853. 

[John  Wooldridge,  editor],  History  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  [By  J.  Wool- 
dridge,  E.  E.  Hoss,  W.  B.  Reese,  and  others.]  Nashville,  1890. 

Texas 

C.  W.  Raines,  Bibliography  of  Texas.    Austin,  Tex.,  1896. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas.  2  vols.  (History 
of  the  Pacific  States,  Vols.  X,  XI.)  San  Francisco,  1883-1889. 

John  Henry  Brown,  History  of  Texas.    2  vols.    St.  Louis,  [1892-1893]. 

Henry  S.  Foote,  Texas  and  the  Texans ;  or,  Advance  of  the  Anglo- 
Americans  to  the  Southwest.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1841. 

George  P.  Garrison,  Texas;  a  Contest  of  Civilizations.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1903. 

W.  M.  Gouge,  Fiscal  History  of  Texas,  1834-52.     Phila.,  1852. 

George  W.  Kendall,  Narrative  of  the  Texan  Santa  Fe  Expedition. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1844. 

William  Kennedy,  Texas:  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Republic  of  Texas.  2  vols.  London,  1841. 

N.  D.  Maillard,  History  of  the  Republic  of  Texas,  from  the  Discovery  of 
the  Country  to  the  Present  Time.  London,  1842. 

Justin  H.  Smith,  Annexation  of  Texas.     N.Y.,  1911. 

Dudley  G.  Wooten,  editor,  A  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas.     [By 


86  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 

various  hands.]     2  vols.     Dallas,  1898.  —  Reprints  the  greater  part  of 
Yoakum's  Texas. 

H.  Yoakum,  History  of  Texas,  from  Us  First  Settlement  in  1685,  to  its 
Annexation  to  the  United  States  in  1846.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1856. 

Utah 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Utah.  (History  of  the  Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXI.) 
San  Francisco,  1889.  —  Reprinted  separately  as  History  of  Utah,  1890. 

C.  H.  Brough,  Irrigation  in  Utah.  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies, 
Extra  Vol.  XIX.)  Baltimore,  1898.  —  Also  published  separately. 

Orson  F.  Whitney,  History  of  Utah.  Vols.  I,  II.  Salt  Lake  City, 
1892-93. 

Vermont 

M.  D.  Oilman,  Bibliography  of  Vermont.     Burlington,  1897. 

Ira  Allen,  Natural  and  Political  History  of  the  State  of  Vermont.  Lon 
don,  1798. 

Benjamin  Homer  Hall,  History  of  Eastern  Vermont,  from  its  Earliest 
Settlement  to  the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  N.Y.,  1858. 

Hiland  Hall,  History  of  Vermont,  from  its  Discovery  to  its  Admission 
into  the  Union  in  1791.  Albany,  1868. 

John  L.  Heaton,  The  Story  of  Vermont.  (Story  of  the  States  series.) 
Boston,  1889. 

Nathan  Hoskins,  History  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  from  its  Discovery 
and  Settlement  to  the  Close  of  the  Year  1830.  Vergennes,  1831. 

Isaac  Jennings,  Memorials  of  a  Century.  Boston,  1869. —  Relates 
chiefly  to  the  early  history  of  Bennington,  Vt.,  and  its  first  church. 

Rowland  E.  Robinson,  Vermont:  a  Study  of  Independence.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1892. 

Samuel  Williams,  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont.  Walpole, 
N.H.,  1794.  —  2d  ed.,  1809. 

Virginia 

Virginia  State  Library,  A  Trial  Bibliography  of  Colonial  Virginia. 
(Department  of  Bibliography,  Special  Report,  by  W.  Clayton-Torrence.) 
Richmond,  1908. 

[Robert  Beverly],  History  of  Virginia,  in  Four  Parts  (1584-1720). 
2d  ed.  London,  1722. 

Robert  A.  Brock,  Virginia  and  Virginians,  1606-1888.  2  vols. 
Richmond  and  Toledo,  1888.  —In  this  work,  the  "History  of  Virginia, 
from  the  Settlement  of  Jamestown  to  the  Close  of  the  Civil  War"  was 
written  by  Virgil  A.  Lewis  and  revised  by  R.  A.  Brock. 


§37]  STATE   AND   LOCAL   HISTORIES  87 

Alexander  Brown,  The  First  Republic  in  America.     Boston,  1898. 

Alexander  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States.  2  vols.  Boston,  1890; 
reprinted,  1891. 

Philip  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Cen 
tury.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1896;  reprinted,  1907. 

Philip  A.  Bruce,  Institutional  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1910. 

John  (Daly)  Burk,  History  of  Virginia,  from  its  First  Settlement  to 
the  Present  Day.  3  vols.  (to  1775).  Petersburg,  Va.,  1804-1805.  —  Con 
tinued  in  a  fourth  volume  (1775-1781)  by  Skelton  Jones  and  Louis  Hue 
Girardin,  Petersburg,  1816. 

Charles  Campbell,  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient  Dominion  of 
Virginia.  Phila.,  1860. 

Charles  Campbell,  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient 
Dominion  of  Virginia.  Richmond,  1847. 

John  Esten  Cooke,  Virginia:  a  History  of  the  People.  (American 
Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1883. 

William  H.  Foote,  Sketches  of  Virginia,  Historical  and  Biographical. 
ist  series,  Phila.,  1850;  2d  series,  Phila.,  1855. 

William  S.  Forrest,  Historical  and  Descriptive  Sketches  of  Norfolk  and 
Vicinity,  including  Portsmouth  and  the  adjacent  Counties,  during  a  Period 
of  Two  Hundred  Years.  Phila.,  1853. 

Wills  de  Hass,  History  of  the  Early  Settlement  and  Indian  Wars  of 
Western  Virginia.  Wheeling,  1851. 

[Thomas  Jefferson],  Notes  on  the  State  of  Virginia.     [Paris],  1782. 

Samuel  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia.     Winchester, 

1833- 

Joseph  Martin,  New  and  Comprehensive  Gazetteer  of  Virginia,  and  the 
District  of  Columbia.  (To  this  is  added  A  History  of  Virginia,  from  its 
First  Settlement  to  the  Year  1754,  with  a  sketch  of  events  up  to  1775.) 
Charlottes  ville,  1835. 

Bishop  [William]  Meade,  Old  Churches,  Ministers,  and  Families  of 
Virginia.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1857. 

J.  L.  Peyton,  History  of  Augusta  County,  Virginia.  Staunton,  Va., 
1882. 

Philip  Slaughter,  History  of  Bristol  Parish,  Va.  2d  ed.  Richmond, 
1879. 

Philip  Slaughter,  History  of  St.  George's  Parish,  in  the  County  of 
Spottsylvania,  and  Diocese  of  Virginia.  Edited  by  R.  A.  Brock.  Rich 
mond,  1890. 

Philip  Slaughter,  History  of  St.  Mark's  Parish,  Culpeper  County. 
Richmond,  1877. 


88  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§37 

William  Stith,  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  Virginia. 
Virginia,  printed  1747  ;  London,  reprinted  1753. 

William  Stith,  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  Virginia. 
(Sabin's  reprint  of  the  Williamsburg  edition  of  1747.)  N.Y.,  1865. 

Joseph  A.  Waddell,  Annals  of  Augusta  County,  Virginia.  Richmond, 
1886.  —The  book  contains  also  a  "Diary  of  the  War,"  1861-1865,  and 
a  chapter  on  "Reconstruction,"  1865-1871.  The  edition  of  1888  contains 
all  of  the  foregoing,  with  a  supplement. 

Alexander  S.  Withers,  Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare;  or  History  of  the 
Settlement,  by  the  Whites,  of  Northwestern  Virginia.  Edited  by  R.  G. 
Thwaites.  Cincinnati,  1895. 

Washington 

Charles  W.  Smith,  compiler,  Check-List  of  Books  and  Pamphlets  relat 
ing  to  the  History  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  Washington  State  Library. 
Olympia,  1909. 

[Anon.],  The  State  of  Washington.  Published  by  the  World's  Fair 
Commission  of  the  State  of  Washington.  Tacoma,  1893. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana.  (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XXVI.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

Edmond  S.  Meany,  History  of  the  State  of  Washington.     N.Y.,  1910. 

Ezra  Meeker,  Pioneer  Reminiscences  of  Puget  Sound.     Seattle,  1905. 

James  G.  Swan,  The  Northwest  Coast;  or,  Three  Years'  Residence  in 
Washington  Territory.  N.Y.,  1857. 

West  Virginia 

Department  of  Archives  and  History  of  West  Virginia,  First  Biennial 
Report.  By  Virgil  A.  Lewis.  [Charleston,  1906.]  —  Contains  lists  of 
state  papers,  and  of  towns,  forts,  battlefields,  etc. 

Virgil  A.  Lewis,  History  of  West  Virginia.     Phila.,  1889. 

Wisconsin 

James  S.  Buck,  Pioneer  History  of  Milwaukee,  from  the  First  American 
Settlement  in  1833,  to  1846.  4  vols.  Milwaukee,  1876-1886. 

[H.  C.  Campbell,  editor],  Wisconsin  in  Three  Centuries,  1634-1905. 
4  vols.  N.Y.,  [1906].  —  Written  by  various  hands. 

Daniel  S.  Durrie,  History  of  Madison.     Madison,  1874. 

Donald  McLeod,  History  of  Wisconsin,  from  its  Discovery  to  the  Present 
Period.  Buffalo,  r846. 

William  Rudolph  Smith,  History  of  Wisconsin.  In  three  parts  :  Part 
i,  Historical  (Vol.  I) ;  Part  2,  Documentary  (Vol.  III).  Madison,  1854. 
—  No  more  published. 


§38]  BOOKS   OF   TRAVEL  89 

Moses  M.  Strong,  compiler,  History  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  from 
1836  to  1848.  Madison,  1885. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  The  Story  of  Wisconsin.  (Story  of  the  States  series.) 
Boston,  1890. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin;  the  Americanization  of  a  French  Settlement. 
(American  Commonwealth  series.)  Boston,  1908. 

Charles  R.  Tuttle,  Illustrated  History  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.  Bos 
ton,  1875. 

Wyoming 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  (History  of  the 
Pacific  States,  Vol.  XX.)  San  Francisco,  1890. 

C.  G.  Coutant,  History  of  Wyoming.  Vol.  I.  Laramie,  1899. — No 
more  published. 

§  38.  Books  of  Travel 

Our  knowledge  of  the  inner  life  of  the  past  is  based  to  a  con 
siderable  extent  on  accounts  by  travelers  of  what  they  saw  while 
on  their  journeyings.  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  regard  these 
books  not  so  much  as  descriptions  of  what  actually  passed  before 
the  tourist's  eyes,  as  descriptions  of  what  the  narrator  thought 
he  saw.  We  are  all  aware  of  the  deficiency  of  vision  of  later 
visitors;  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  earlier  writers  were 
better  fitted  to  observe  what  was  going  on  about  them  or  to 
understand  the  genius  of  the  people  whose  manners  they  depicted. 
A  traveler  also  naturally  notes  the  peculiar  things  he  sees,  and 
thus  gives  a  distorted  picture  at  best.  These  books  must  be  used 
with  the  greatest  caution  and  checked  in  every  possible  way  by 
reference  to  recorded  fact.  They  are  sometimes  indispensable, 
however,  to  light  up  an  otherwise  dreary  story,  and  some  of  them 

are  good  reading. 

Lists  and  Discussions 

The  following  works  describe  some  of  the  travels  in  America, 
or  discuss  the  criticisms  on  the  United  States  contained  in  them. 

John  Graham  Brooks,  As  Others  see  us;  a  Study  of  Progress  in  the 
United  States.  N.Y.,  1908. 

C.  W.  Plympton,  Select  Bibliography  on  Travel  in  North  America. 
(New  York  State  Library,  Bulletin,  "Bibliography  3.")  Albany,  1897. 

H.  T.  Tuckerman,  America  and  her  Commentators;  with  a  Critical 
Sketch  of  Travel  in  the  United  States.  N.Y.,  1864. 

Justin  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History.  (See  §  29.) — Vol. 
VIII,  489-494  contain  a  list  of  books  on  travel  down  to  1820. 


QO  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§38 

Collections  of  Narrative  and  Travels 

J.  F.  Jameson,  editor,  Original  Narratives  of  Early  American  History. 
10  vols.  N.Y.,  1906-1910. — This  series  includes,  thus  far,  The  Northmen, 
Columbus  and  Cabot,  ed.  J.  E.  Olson  and  E.  G.  Bourne;  The  Spanish 
Explorers  in  the  Southern  United  States,  ed.  F.  W.  Hodge  and  T.  H.  Lewis ; 
Early  English  and  French  Voyages,  ed.  H.  S.  Burrage;  The  Voyages  of 
Champlain,  ed.  W.  L.  Grant;  Narratives  of  Early  Virginia,  ed.  L.  G. 
Tyler;  Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation,  ed.  W.  T.  Davis; 
Winthrop's  Journal  (2  vols.)  ed.  J.  K.  Hosmer;  Narratives  of  New 
Netherland,  and  Johnson's  Wonder-Working  Providence,  ed.  J.  F.  Jameson. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  editor,  The  Trail  Makers.  17  vols.  N.Y.,  1903-1905. 
—  The  volumes  thus  far  published  are  Journey  of  Cabeqa  de  Vaca  and  his 
Companions,  ed.  A.  F.  Bandelier;  Narratives  of  De  Soto  (2  vols.)  and 
Voyages  of  Champlain  (2  vols.),  ed.  E.  G.  Bourne;  Journey  of  Coronado, 
ed.  G.  P.  Winship;  Journey  of  La  Salle  and  his  Companions  (2  vols.),  ed. 
I.  J.  Cox;  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition  (3  vols.),  ed.  J.  B.  McMaster; 
D.  W.  Harmon's  Journal  of  Voyages  and  Travels;  Cadwallader  Golden, 
History  of  the  Five  Nations  (2  vols.) ;  Alexander  Mackenzie,  Voyages  through 
North  America  in  1789  and  1793  (2  vols.) ;  W.  F.  Butler,  The  Wild  North 
land  (1872-1873). 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  editor,  Early  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  32  vols. 
Cleveland,  1904-1907.  —  The  title-pages  vary  according  to  the  contents  of 
the  several  volumes.  The  last  two  volumes  are  indexes. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  editor,  Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied  Documents,  1610- 
I79I-  73  vols.  Cleveland,  1896-1901. — The  last  two  volumes  are 
indexes. 

G.  P.  Winship,  editor,  Sailors'  Narratives  of  Voyages  along  the  New  Eng 
land  Coast,  1524-1624.  Boston,  1905. 

Alphabetical  List 

The  following  list,  while  not  aiming  to  be  complete,  is  fairly 
representative  of  the  material  of  this  kind. 


Edward  S.  Abdy,  Journal  of  a  Residence  and  Tour  in  the  United  States 
of  North  America  .  .  .  1833,  .  .  .  1834.  3  vols.  London,  1835. 

J.  E.  Alexander,  Transatlantic  Sketches.  2  vols.  London,  1833;  re 
printed,  Phila.,  1833. 

Jean  Jacques  Ampere,  Promenade  en  Amerique:  Etats-Unis,  Cuba, 
Mexique  (1851-1852).  2  vols.  Paris,  1855. 


§38]  BOOKS   OF  TRAVEL  91 

[Thomas  Anburey],  Travels  through  the  Interior  Parts  of  America  (1776- 
1781).  2  vols.  London,  1789. 

[Anon.],  Things  as  They  are:  or,  Notes  of  a  Traveller  through  the  Middle 
and  Southern  States.  N.Y.,  1834. 

[Anon.],  A  Visit  to  Texas:  being  the  Journal  of  a  Traveller  through  those 
Parts  most  Interesting  to  American  Settlers.  N.Y.,  1834. 

Carl  D.  Arfwedson,  The  United  States  and  Canada,  in  1832,  1833,  and 
1834.  2  vols.  London,  1834. 

Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  Seas  and  Lands.    London,  1892. 

Thomas  Ashe,  Travels  in  America  in  1806.     London,  1808. 

J.  W.  Audubon  and  F.  H.  Hodder,  Audubon's  Western  Journal,  1849- 
1830.  Cleveland,  1906. 


A.  F.  de  Bacourt,  Souvenirs  'd'un  Diplomate:  Lettres  Intimes  sur 
VAmerique  (1837-1845).  Paris,  1882.  —Translation,  N.Y.,  1885. 

Francis  Baily,  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Unsettled  Parts  of  North  America 
in  1796  and  1797.  London,  1856. 

Robert  Barclay,  Agricultural  Tour  in  the  United  States  and  Upper  Can 
ada.  Edinburgh,  1842. 

W.  H.  Barneby,  Life  and  Labour  in  the  Far,  Far  West.    London,  1884. 

John  R.  Bartlett,  Personal  Narrative  of  Explorations  and  Incidents  in 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  California,  Sonora,  and  Chihuahua  (1850-1853). 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1854. 

William  Bartram,  Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
East  and  West  Florida,  etc.  (1773-1778).  Phila.,  1791. 

G.  C.  Beltrami,  A  Pilgrimage  in  Europe  and  America.  2  vols.  Lon 
don,  1828. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach,  Reise  durch  Nord-Amerika 
in  .  .  .  1825-1826.  Edited  by  Heinrich  Luden.  2  pts.  (in  one  vol.) 
Weimar,  1828. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach,  Travels  through  North 
America,  during  the  Years  1825  and  1826.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1828. 

J.  Richard  Beste,  The  W  abash;  or  Adventures  of  an  English  Gentleman's 
Family  in  the  Interior  of  America.  2  vols.  London,  1855. 

Isabella  Bird,  The  Englishwoman  in  America.    London,  1856. 

Morris  Birkbeck,  Notes  on  a  Journey  in  America.  Phila.,  1817. — 
Many  other  editions. 

Morris  Birkbeck,  Letters  from  Illinois.     Phila.,  1818;  London,  1818. 

[William  Newnham  Blane],  An  Excursion  through  the  United  States  and 
Canada  during  the  Years  1822-1823.  By  an  English  Gentleman.  London, 
1824. 


92  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§38 

James  Boardman,  America  and  the  Americans.     London,  1833. 

Paul  Bourget,  Outre-Mer ;  Impressions  of  America.     N.Y.,  1895. 

John  Bradbury,  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  America;  in  the  Years  1809, 
1810,  and  1811.  Liverpool,  1817.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early 
Western  Travels,  Vol.  V,  Cleveland,  1904. 

Fredrika  Bremer,  The  Homes  of  the  New  World;  Impressions  of  America 
(1849-1851).  Translated  by  Mary  Ho witt.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1853. 

J.  P.  Brissot  de  Warville,  Nouveau  Voyage  dans  les  Etats-Unis  de 
VAmerique  Septentrionale,  fait  en  1788.  3  vols.  Paris,  1791. 

J.  P.  Brissot  de  Warville,  New  Travels  in  the  United  States,  performed 
in  1788.  2d  ed.  2  vols.  London,  1794. 

Traugott  Bromme,  Reisen  durch  die  Vereinigten  Staaten  und  Ober- 
Canada.  3  vols.  Baltimore,  1834-1835. 

Thomas  Brothers,  The  United  States  as  they  Are;  not  as  they  are  gen 
erally  Described.  London,  1840. 

James  S.  Buckingham,  America,  Historical,  Statistic,  and  Descriptive 
(1837-1838).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1841. 

James  S.  Buckingham,  The  Eastern  and  Western  States  of  America 
(1839-1840).  3  vols.  London,  [1842]. 

James  S.  Buckingham,  The  Slave  States  of  America  (1839).  2  vols. 
London,  [1842]. 

William  Bullock,  Sketch  of  a  Journey  from  New  Orleans  to  New  York, 
in  1827,  with  a  Description  of  the  .  .  .  City  of  Cincinnati,  by  Benjamin 
Drake  and  Edward  Deering  Mansfield.  London,  1827.  —  Reprinted  in 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  Vol.  XIX,  Cleveland,  1905. 

Andrew  Burnaby,  Travels  through  the  Middle  Settlements  in  North 
America,  in  the  Years  1759  and  1760.  London,  1775. 

Frances  Anne  [Kemble]  Butler,  Journal  (1832-1833).  2  vols.  Phila., 
1835;  London,  1835. 

Sir  William  Francis  Butler,  The  Wild  Northland:  being  the  Story  of  a 
Winter  Journey  with  Dogs  across  Northern  North  America,  in  1872-73. 
(Trail  Makers  series.)  N.Y.,  1904. 

Tilly  Buttrick,  Jr.,  Voyages,  Travels,  and  Discoveries  (1812-1819). 
Boston,  1831.  — Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels, 
VIII,  21-89.  Cleveland,  1904. 

C 

Isaac  Candler,  A  Summary  View  of  America.    London,  1824. 

William  Chambers-,  Things  as  they  are  in  America.     London,  1854. 

Marquis  [Francois  Jean]  de  Chastellux,  Voyages  dans  I'Amerique  Septen- 
trionale  dans  les  Annees  1780, 1781  et  1782.  2  vols.  Paris,  1786.  2d  ed. 
2  vols.  Paris,  1788-1791. 


§38]  BOOKS   OF  TRAVEL  93 

Marquis  [Francois  Jean]  de  Chastellux,  Travels  in  North  America,  in 
the  Years  1780,  178,1,  and  1782.  Translated  [by  J.  Kent].  2  vols.  Lon 
don,  1787;  also  N.Y.,  1827. 

Vicomte  [Francois  Auguste]  de  Chateaubriand,  Voyages  en  Amerique, 
en  France,  et  en  Italie  (1791-1793).  2  vols.  Paris,  1828-1829. 

Michel  Chevalier,  Lettres  sur  V Amerique  du  Nord  (1834-1835).  2  vols. 
Paris,  1837. 

Michel  Chevalier,  Society,  Manners,  and  Politics  in  the  United  States: 
being  a  Series  of  Letters  on  North  America  (1834-1835).  Translated  from 
the  third  Paris  edition.  Boston,  1839. 

[A  Clergyman],  Three  Years  on  the  Kansas  Border.     N.Y.,  1856. 

William  Cobbett,  A  Year's  Residence  in  the  United  States  of  America 
(1817-1818).  3  pts.  N.Y.,  1819.  —  2d  ed.  3  pts.,  London,  1819. 

E.  T.  Coke,  A  Subaltern's  Furlough  (1832).  London,  1833.  Also 
2  vols.  (in  one),  N.Y.,  1833. 

George  Combe,  Notes  on  the  United  States  of  North  America  during  a 
Phrenological  Visit  in  1838-40.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1841. 

[James  Fenimore  Cooper],  Notions  of  the  Americans  ;  picked  up  by  a 
Travelling  Bachelor  (1824-1828).  2  vols.  London,  1828;  Phila.,  1828, 
1832,  etc. 

Thomas  Cooper,  Some  Information  respecting  America  (1793-1794). 
London,  1794. 

Elliott  Coues,  editor,  On  the  Trail  of  a  Spanish  Pioneer:  the  Diary  and 
Itinerary  of  Francisco  Garces  in  his  Travels  through  Sonora,  Arizona,  and 
California,  1775-1776.  2  vols.  (American  Explorers  series.)  N.Y.,  1900. 

Elliott  Coues,  New  Light  on  the  Early  History  of  the  Greater  Northwest: 
the  Manuscript  Journals  of  Alexander  Henry  and  David  Thompson,  1799- 
1814.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1897. 

St.  John  de  Crevecceur,  Letters  from  an  American  Farmer  (1770- 
1781).  London,  1782. 

St.  John  de  Crevecceur,  Lettres  d'un  Cultivateur  Americain,  ecrites  a 
W.  S.  Ecuyer,  depuis  Vannee  ^1770,  jusqu'd  1781.  Translated.  2  vols. 
Paris,  1784. 

D 

Jaspar  Bankers  and  Peter  Sluyter,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  New  York, 
in  1679-80.  Translated  by  Henry  C.  Murphy.  (Long  Island  Historical 
Society,  Memoirs,  Vol.  I.)  Brooklyn,  1867. 

William  Darby,  A  Tour  from  the  City  of  New  York  to  Detroit  (May  2- 
Sept.  22,  1818).  N.Y.,  1819. 

John  Davis,  Travels  of  Four  Years  and  a  Half  in  the  United  States,  1798- 
1802.  London,  1803. 


94  SPECIAL  WORKS 

Charles  Dickens,  American  Notes  for  General  Circulation.  Tauchnitz 
edition.  Leipsic,  1842.  — Many  reprints. 

Gottfried  Duden,  Bericht  u'ber  eine  Reise  nach  den  westlichen  Staaten 
Nord-Amerikas  und  einen  mehrjahrigen  Aufenthalt  am  Missouri  (1824- 
1827).  Elberfelt,  1829.  —  2d  ed.  Bonn,  1834. 

John  M.  Duncan,  Travels  through  Part  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 
in  1818  and  1819.  2  vols.  Glasgow,  1823. 

Timothy  D wight,  Travels;  in  New  England  and  New  York  (1796- 
1815).  4  vols.  New  Haven,  1821-1822. 


H.  W.  E.  Eggerling,  Beschreibung  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord- 
America.     2d  ed.     Mannheim,  1833. 


Emily  Faithfull,  Three  Visits  to  America  (1872,  1882,  1884).  Edin 
burgh,  1884. 

William  Faux,  Memorable  Days  in  America:  being  a  Journal  of  a  Tour 
to  the  United  States  (1818-1820).  London,  1823.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G. 
Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  Vol.  XI,  Cleveland,  1905. 

Henry  Bradshaw  Fearon,  Sketches  of  America:  a  Narrative  of  a  Journey 
of  Five  Thousand  Miles  through  the  Eastern  and  Western  States  of  America 
(1817-1818).  London,  1818. 

G.  W.  Feathers tonhaugh,  Excursion  through  the  Slave  States.  2  vols. 
London,  1844.  —  Also  i  vol.,  N.Y.,  1844. 

S.  A.  Ferrall,  A  Ramble  of  Six  Thousand  Miles  through  the  United  States 
of  America.  London,  1832. 

Isaac  Fidler,  Observations 'on  Professions,  Literature;  Manners,  and 
Emigration,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  made  during  a  Residence 
there  in  1832.  N.Y.,  1833. 

John  Finch,  Travels  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada.  Lon 
don,  1833. 

Elias  Pym  Fordham,  Personal  Narrative:  Travels  in  Virginia,  Mary 
land,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  of  a  Residence  in  the 
Illinois  Territory,  1817-1818.  Edited  by  F.  A.  Ogg.  Cleveland,  1906. 

Jacob  Fowler,  Journal,  narrating  an  Adventure  from  Arkansas  .  .  . 
to  the  Sources  of  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  1821-22.  Edited  by  Elliott 
Coues.  (American  Explorers  series.)  N.Y.,  1898. 

John  Fowler,  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  1830.  Lon 
don,  1831. 


§38]  BOOKS  OF  TRAVEL  95 

Edward  A.  Freeman,  Some  Impressions  of  the  United  States  (Oct.,  1881, 
to  April,  1882).  London,  1883. 

John  C.  Fremont,  Exploring  Expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Oregon, 
and  California  (1842-1844).  Auburn,  1854. — With  this  is  an  account 
of  the  Gold  Regions  of  California. 

John  C.  Fre'mont,  Report  of  the  Exploring  Expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  the  Year  1842,  and  to  Oregon  and  North  California  in  the 
Years  1843-44.  Washington,  1845. 

John  C.  Fremont,  Memoirs  of  my  Life;  including  in  the  Narrative  Five 
Journeys  of  Western  Exploration,  during  the  Years  1842,  1843-44,  I$45~ 
47,  1848-49,  1853-54.  Vol.  I.  Chicago,  1887. 

Julius  Froebel,  A  Travers  VAmerique  (1849-1855).  "Traduction  de 
I'Allemand  par  Emile  Tandel."  3  vols.  Brussels  and  Paris,  1861. 


C.  von  Gerstner,  Beschreibung  einer  Reise  die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 
Nord-Amerika.  Leipsic,  1842. 

Christopher  Gist,  Journals  [of  tours  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  1750- 
1753],  Edited  by  W.  M.  Darlington.  Cleveland,  1893.  — Also  in  Filson 
Club,  Publications,  No.  13,  Louisville,  1898. 

T.  H.  Gladstone,  The  Englishman  in  Kansas.     N.Y.,  1857. 

[Anne  (MacVicar)  Grant],  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady;  with 
Sketches  of  Manners  and  Scenery  in  America,  as  they  existed  previous  to 
the  Revolution.  3d  ed.  2  vols.  (in  one).  London,  1817. 

Francis  J.  Grund,  The  Americans  in  their  Moral,  Social,  and  Political 
Relations.  2  vols.  London,  1837. 

Francis  J.  Grund,  Aristocracy  in  America.     2  vols.     London,  1839. 


Basil  Hall,  Forty  Etchings,  from  Sketches  made  with  the  Camera  Lucida, 
in  North  America,  in  1827  and  1828.  Edinburgh,  1829. 

Basil  Hall,  Travels  in  North  America,  in  the  Years  1827  and  1828. 
3  vols.  Edinburgh,  1829. 

Basil  Hall,  Voyages  and  Travels  (1802-1812).     London,  1895. 

Judge  [James]  Hall,  Letters  from  the  West;  containing  Sketches  of  Scen 
ery,  Manners,  and  Customs.  London,  1828. 

Judge  [James]  Hall,  Sketches  of  History,  Life,  and  Manners  in  the  West. 
2  vols.  Phila.,  1835. 

[Thomas  Hamilton],  Men  and  Manners  in  America  (1832).  2d  Amer 
ican  ed.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1833. 


96  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§38 

Daniel  W.  Harmon,  Journal  of  Voyages  and  Travels  in  the  Interior  of 
North  America.  (Trail  Makers  series.)  N.Y.,  1903. 

Thaddeus  M.  Harris,  Journal  of  a  Tour  into  the  Territory  Northwest 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  (1803).  Boston,  1805.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G. 
Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  Vol.  Ill,  Cleveland,  1904. 

N.  Hesse,  Das  westliche  Nordamerika.     Paderborn,  1838. 

Adam  Hodgson,  Letters  from  North  America,  written  during  a  Tour  in 
the  United  Slates  and  Canada  (1819-1821).  2  vols.  London,  1824. 

C.  F.  Hoffman,  A  Winter  in  the  West.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1835. 

Isaac  Holmes,  Account  of  the  United  States  of  America,  derived  from 
actual  Observation  during  a  Residence  of  four  Years.  London,  1823. 

•  John  T.  Hughes,  Doniphan's  Expedition;  containing  an  Account  of  the 
Conquest  of  New  Mexico.     Cincinnati,  1848.     . 


Henry  James,  The  American  Scene.     N.Y.,  1907. 
Charles  W.  Janson,  The  Stranger  in  America.     London,  1807. 
John  Josselyn,  Account  of  Two  Voyages  to  New  England,  made  during 
the  Years  1638,  1663.     Boston,  1865. 

K 

Peter  Kalm,  Beschreibung  der  Reise,  die  er  nach  dem  nordlichen  Amerika 
machte.  3  vols.  Gottingen,  1744. 

Peter  Kalm,  Travels  into  North  America  (1748-1749).  Translated  by 
J.  R.  Forster.  3  vols.  Vol.  I,  Warrington,  1770;  Vols.  II,  III,  London, 
1771. 

Edward  A.  Kendall,  Travels  through  the  Northern  Parts  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  Years  1807  and  1808.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1809. 

John  Knight,  Journal  of  the  Voyage  to  seek  the  North-west  Passage,  1606. 
In  Lancaster's  Voyages  to  the  East  Indies.  (Hakluyt  Society  series), 
279-294.  London,  1877. 

Theodore  D wight,  editor,  Journals  of  Madam  Knight  (1704).     N.Y., 

1825. 

L 

Edouard  Rene"  Lefebvre  Laboulaye,  Paris  en  Amerique  (1862).  25th 
ed.  Paris,  1870. 

Edouard  Rene  Lefebvre  Laboulaye,  Paris  in  America.  Translated 
by  Mary  L.  Booth.  N.Y.,  1863. 

Charles  Larpenteur,  Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  on  the  Upper  Missouri: 
a  Personal  Narrative.  Edited  by  Elliott  Coues.  2  vols.  (American 
Explorers  series).  N.Y.,  1898. 


§38]  BOOKS    OF   TRAVEL  97 

C.  J.  Latrobe,  The  Rambler  in  North  America,  1832-1833.  2  vols. 
London,  1835;  N.Y.,  1835. 

A.  Levasseur,  Lafayette  en  Amerique  en  1824  et  1825.  2  vols.  Paris, 
1829.  —  Translated  by  J.  D.  Godman,  2  vols.,  Phila.,  1829. 

[Lewis  and  Clark.]  History  of  the  Expedition  under  the  Command  of 
Captains  Lewis  and  Clark,  to  the  Sources  of  the  Missouri,  thence  across  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  down  the  River  Columbia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  per 
formed  during  the  Years  1804-1806.  Edited  by  Paul  Allen.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1814.  —  Commonly  called  the  "Biddle  edition  "  ;  various  reprints. 

[Lewis  and  Clark.]  History  of  the  Expedition  under  the  Command  of 
Lewis  and  Clark  to  the  Sources  of  the  Missouri  River,  etc.  Edited  by 
Elliott  Coues.  4  vols.  (paged  continuously).  N.Y.,  1893. 

[Lewis  and  Clark.]  History  of  the  Expedition  under  the  Command  of 
Captains  Lewis  &•  Clark  to  the  Sources  of  the  Missouri,  etc.  Edited  by 
J.  B.  McMaster.  (Trail  Makers  series.)  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1904. 

[Lewis  and  Clark.]  Original  Journals  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Ex 
pedition,  1804-1806.  Edited  by  R.  G.  Thwaites.  8  vols.  N.Y.,  1904- 
1905.  —  Vol.  VIII  is  an  Atlas. 

Francis  Lieber,  The  Stranger  in  America.  Phila.,  1835.  —  Also  2  vols., 
London,  1835. 

Helen  L.  Fairchild,  editor,  Travels  in  the  Years  1791  and  1792  in 
Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Vermont;  Journals  of  John  Lincklaen. 
N.Y.,  1897. 

[Stephen  H.  Long  and  others],  Account  of  an  Expedition  from  Pittsburgh 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  performed  in  the  Years  1819  and  '20,  under  the 
Command  of  Major  Stephen  H.  Long.  Compiled  by  Edwin  James.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1823.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels, 
Vols.  XIV-XVII,  Cleveland,  1905. 

Sir  Charles  Lyell,  Travels  in  North  America  (1841-1842).  2  vols. 
London,  1845. 

M 

George  A.  McCall,  Letters  from  the  Frontiers,  written  during  a  Period  of 
Thirty  Years'  Service  in  the  United  States  Army.  Phila.,  1868. 

Alexander  Mackay,  The  Western  World;  or,  Travels  in  the  United  States 
in  1846-47.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1849. 

Alexander  Mackenzie,  Voyages  from  Montreal  through  the  Continent  of 
North  America  to  the  Frozen  and  Pacific  Oceans,  in  1789  and  1793.  2  vols. 
(Trail  Makers  series.)  N.Y.,  1902. 

Captain  [Frederick]  Marryat,  A  Diary  in  America,  with  remarks  on  its 
Institutions.  3  vols.  London,  1839.  —  "Part  Second,"  3  vols.,  London, 
1839- 


98  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§38 

Harriet  Martineau,  Retrospect  of  Western  Travel.  3  vols.  London, 
1838.  — Also  2  vols.,  N.Y.,  1838. 

Harriet  Martineau,  Society  in  America  (1834-1836).  3  vols.  London, 
1837.  —  Also  2  vols.,  N.Y.,  1837. 

J.  W.  Massie,  America:  the  Origin  of  her  Present  Conflict  .  .  .  illus 
trated  by  Incidents  of  Travel  during  a  tour  in  the  summer  of  1863.  London, 
1864. 

Maximilian,  Prince  of  Wied-Neuwied,  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  North 
America.  Translated  from  the  German  by  H.  E.  Lloyd,  London,  1843.  — • 
Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  Vols.  XXII-XXIV, 
Cleveland,  1905 ;  with  an  extra  atlas  vol. 

Colonel  John  May,  Journal  and  Letters,  relative  to  Two  Journeys  to  the 
Ohio  Country,  in  1788  and  '89.  (Ohio  Historical  and  Philosophical  So 
ciety.)  Cincinnati,  1873. 

John  Melish,  Travels  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Years  1806,  1807,  and 
1809-1811.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1812. 

Francois  Andre  Michaux,  Voyage  a  V  Quest  des  Monts  Alleghanys,  dans 
les  etats  de  I' Ohio,  du  Kentucky  et  du  Tennessee,  et  Retour  a  Charleston  par 
les  Hautes  Carolines  (1802).  Paris,  1804. 

Francois  Andre  Michaux,  Travels  to  the  Westward  of  the  Allegany 
Mountains,  in  the  States  of  the  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  and  Return 
to  Charlestown,  through  the  Upper  Carolinas  (1802).  Translated  by  B. 
Lambert.  London,  1805.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western 
Travels,  Vol.  Ill,  Cleveland,  1904. 

Francis  Moore,  A  Voyage  to  Georgia,  begun  in  .  .  .  1735.  London, 
1744. 

Benjamin  Morrell,  Narrative  of  Four  Voyages  to  the  South  Sea,  North 
and  South  Pacific  Ocean,  etc.  (1822-1831).  N.Y.,  1832. 

Hugo  Miinsterberg,  American  Traits  from  the  Point  of  View  of  a  Ger 
man.  Boston,  [copyright,  1901]. 

Hugo  Miinsterberg,  Die  Amerikaner.  i  vols.  (in  one).  Berlin,  1904. 
—  Translated  as  The  Americans  by  Edwin  B.  Holt,  N.Y.,  1904. 

James  F.  Muirhead,  The  Land  of  Contrasts:  a  Briton's  View  of  his 
American  Kin.  Boston,  1898. 

Achille  Murat,  America  and  the  Americans.  Translated  from  the 
French  [by  Henry  J.  Bradfield],  N.Y.,  1849. 

Achille  Murat,  Lettres  sur  les  Etats-Unis,  a  un  de  ses  Amis  d'Europe 
(1826-1827).  Paris,  1830. 

Amelia  M.  Murray,  Letters  from  the  United  States,  Cuba,  and  Canada. 
2  vols.  (in  one).  London,  1856.  —  Also  i  vol.,  N.Y.,  1856. 

C.  A.  Murray,  Travels  in  North  America  (1834-1836).  2  vols.  Lon 
don,  1839 ;  N.Y.,  1830. 


§38]  BOOKS   OF   TRAVEL  99 


Peter  Neilson,  Recollections  of  a  Six  Years  Residence  in  the  United 
States  of  America.  Glasgow,  1830. 

T.  L.  Nichols,  Forty  Years  of  American  Life.     2  vols.     London,  1864. 

Vincent  Nolte,  Fifty  Years  in  Both  Hemispheres.  Translated  from  the 
German.  N.Y.,  1854. 

O 

John  Cosens  Ogden,  An  Excursion  into  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth,  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  Year  1799.  Phila.,  1800. 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Journey  in  the  Seaboard  Slave  States  (1853), 
N.Y.,  1856  (new  edition,  2  vols.,  1904) ;  Journey  through  Texas,  N.Y., 
1857;  Journey  in  the  Back  Country,  N.Y.,  1860  (new  edition,  2  vols., 
1907).  —  These  three  volumes  constitute  his  series  of  Our  Slave  States; 
and  upon  them  is  based  his  Journeys  and  Explorations  in  the  Cotton 
Kingdom,  2  vols.,  London  and  N.Y.,  1861. 

Max  O'Rell  [Paul  Blouet],  Jonathan  and  his  Continent  (Rambles 
through  American  Society).  Translated  by  Madame  Paul  Blouet.  N.Y., 
[1889]. 


A.  A.  Parker,  Trip  to  the  West  and  Texas  (1834-1835).  2d  ed.  Con 
cord,  etc.,  1836. 

Samuel  Parker,  Journal  of  an  Exploring  Tour  beyond  the  Rocky  Moun 
tains.  5th  ed.  Auburn,  etc.,  1846. 

Richard  Parkinson,  A  Tour  in  America,  in  1798,  1799,  and  1800. 
2  vols.  London,  1805. 

Francis  Parkman,  Jr.,  The  California  and  Oregon  Trail:  being  Sketches 
of  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mountain  Life  (1846).  N.Y.,  1849. — Originally 
published  in  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  beginning  February,  1847. 

J.  K.  Paulding,  John  Bull  in  America.     N.Y.,  1825;  London,  1825. 

Theodore  Pa  vie,  Souvenirs  Atlantiques:  Voyage  aux  Etats-Unis  et  ait 
Canada.  2  vols.  Paris,  1833. 

Z.  M.  Pike,  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  through  the  Western  parts  of  Louisiana,  during  the  Years  1805,  1806, 
1807 ;  and  a  Tour  through  the  Interior  Parts  of  New  Spain.  Phila.,  1810. 
—  Another  edition,  edited  by  Elliott  Coues,  3  vols.  (in  four),  N.Y., 
1895. 

John  Pope,  A  Tour  through  the  Southern  and  Western  Territories  of 
the  United  States  (1790-1791).  Richmond,  1792.  —  Reprinted,  with 
index,  for  Charles  L.  Woodward,  N.Y.,  1888. 


100  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§38 

Tyrone  Power,  Impressions  of  America.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1836. 
Francis  and  Theresa  Pulszky,  White,  Red,  Black:  Sketches  of  American 
Society  in  the  United  States.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1853. 


C.  S.  Rafinesque,  A  Life  of  Travels  and  Researches  in  North  America. 
Phila.,  1836. 

Frederick  von  Raumer,  America,  and  the  American  People  (1844). 
Translated  by  W.  W.  Turner.  N.Y.,  1846. 

Andrew  Reed  and  James  Matheson,  Narrative  of  the  Visit  to  the  Ameri 
can  Churches.  2  vols.  London,  1835.  N.Y.,  1835. 

James  Robertson,  A  Few  Months  in  America.     London,  [1855]. 

M.  1'Abbe  Robin,  Nouveau  Voyage  dans  VAmerique  Septentrionale,  en 
Vannee  1781.  Paris,  1782. 

M.  1'Abbe  Robin,  New  Travels  through  N orth- America  (1781).  Trans 
lated  by  Philip  Freneau.  Phila.,  1783.  , 

[F.  A.  F.  de]  La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  Voyage  dans  les  Etats-Unis 
d'Amerique,  fait  en  1795,  1796,  et  1797.  8  vols.  Paris,  1799. 

[F.  A.  F.  de]  La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  Travels  through  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  in  the  Years  1795,  1796,  and  1797.  2  vols. 
London,  1799. 

F.  F.  de  Roos,  Personal  Narrative  of  Travels  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1826.  London,  1827. 

William  H.  Russell,  Hesperothen;  Notes  from  the  West :  a  Record  of  a 
Ramble  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  in  the  Spring  and  Summer  of 
1881.  2  vols.  London,  1882. 

S 

E.  Schlaeger,  Die  sociale  und  politische  Stellung  der  Deutschen  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten.  Berlin,  1874. 

J.  D.  Schoepp,  Travels  in  the  Confederation,  1783-1784.  Translated 
and  edited  by  Alfred  J.  Morrison.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1911. 

Patrick  Shirreff,  Tour  through  North  America.     Edinburgh,  1835. 

Arthur  Singleton,  Letters  from  the  South  and  West.     Boston,  1824. 

James  Smith,  Tours  into  Kentucky  and  the  Northwest  Territory  (1783- 
1797).  (Ohio  Archaologicd  and  Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  348-401.) 
Columbus,  1907.  •'  \ 

Francis  W.  Halsey,  editor,  Tour  of  Four  Great  Rivers,  the  Hudson, 
Mohawk,  Susquehanna  and  Delaware,  in  1769;  being  the  Journal  of 
Richard  Smith.  N.Y.,  1906. 

John  F.  D.  Smyth,  A  Tour  in  the  United  States  of  America  (1784). 
2  vols.  London,  1784. 


§38]  BOOKS    OF   TRAVEL  IOI 

G.  W.  Steevens,  The  Land  of  the  Dollar.     N.Y.,  1897. 

James  Stirling,  Letters  from  the  Slave  States.     London,  1857. 

James  Stuart,  Three  Years  in  North  America  (1828-1831).  2  vols. 
Edinburgh,  1833. 

James  Stuart,  Refutation  of  Aspersions  on  "Stuart's  Three  Years  in 
North  America."  London,  1834. 

Robert  Sutcliff,  Travels  in  some  Parts  of  North  America,  in  the  Years 
1804,  1805,  and  1806.  2d  ed.  York,  1815. 


William  Tallack,  Friendly  Sketches  in  America.    London,  1861. 

Anthony  Trollope,  North  America  (1861-1862).     N.Y.,  1862. 

Frances  M.  Trollope,  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans.  London, 
1832. 

Thomas  Twining,  Travels  in  America  One  Hundred  Years  Ago  (1795- 
1796).  N.Y.,  1894. 

V 

Vancouver's  Discovery  of  Puget  Sound  (1792).  By  Edmond  S.  Meany. 
N.Y.,  1907.  —  Contains  large  excerpts  from  original  documents. 

Godfrey  T.  Vigne,  Six  Months  in  America  (1831-1832).  2  vols.  Lon 
don,  1832.  —  Also  i  vol.,  Phila.,  1833. 

W 

Henry  Wansey,  Journal  of  an  Excursion  to  the  United  States,  in  the 
Summer  of  1794.  Salisbury,  England,  1796. 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  Studies  in  the  South  and  West,  with  Comments 
on  Canada.  N.Y.,  1889. 

Elkanah  Watson,  Memoirs,  including  Journals  of  Travels  in  Europe 
and  America,  from  1777  to  1842.  N.Y.,  1856. 

Adlard  Welby,  A  Visit  to  North  America  and  the  English  Settlements  in 
Illinois  (1819-1820).  London,  1821.  —  Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites, 
Early  Western  Travels,  Vol.  XII,  Cleveland,  1905. 

Isaac  Weld,  Jr.,  Travels  through  the  Slates  of  North  America,  and  the 
Provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  during  the  Years  1795,  1796,  and 
1797.  London,  1799. 

H.  G.  Wells,  The  Future  in  America.     N.Y.,  1906. 

George  Whitefield,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  from  London  to  Savannah 
(Dec.  28,  1737,  to  May  7,  1738).  5th  ed.  London,  1739. 

C.  H.  Wilson,  The  Wanderer  in  America.    Thirsk,  1823. 

John  Woods,  Two  Years'  Residence  in  the  Settlement  on  the  English 


102  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

Prairie  in  the  Illinois  Country,  United  States  (1820-1822).  London,  1822. 
—  Reprinted  in  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  Vol.  X,  Cleve 
land,  1904. 

John  Woolman,  Journal.     Phila.,  1845  J   Boston,  1873. 

Lady  Emmeline  Stuart  Wortley,  Travels  in  the  United  States,  etc., 
during  1849  and  1850.  N.Y.,  1851. 

Frances  Wright,  Views  of  Society  and  Manners  in  America  (1818- 
1820).  London,  1821. 

F.  P.  W.  Herzog  von  Wiirtemberg,  Reise  in  Nordamerica  wdhrend 
Jahren  1822,  1823,  und  1824.  2  vols.  (in  one) .  Mergentheim,  1828. 

F.  G.  Young,  editor,  Correspondence  and  Journals  of  Captain  Nathaniel 
J.  Wyeth,  1831-1836.  (Oregon  Historical  Society,  Sources  of  the  History 
of  Oregon,  I,  Nos.  3-6.)  Eugene,  Ore.,  1899. 

Francis  Wyse,  America,  its  Realities  and  Resources.  3  vols.  London, 
1846. 


Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  Viage  a  los  Estados-Unidos  del  Norte  de  America. 
Paris,  1834. 

§  39.  Biographies 

Among  the  most  useful  brief  biographies  are  the  following 
volumes  of  the  American  Statesmen  series  (Edited  by  J.  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  31  vols.,  Boston,  1882-1900;  Standard  Library  edition, 
with  general  index  volume,  32  vols.,  [1900].  —  Second  series,  Boston, 
1905-  )  :  Lodge's  Washington  and  Webster,  Morse's  Jefferson, 
John  Quincy  Adams,  and  Lincoln,  Sumner's  Jackson,  Schurz's 
Henry  Clay,  Hart's  Salmon  P.  Chase,  and  C.  F.  Adams's  C.  F. 
Adams.  In  the  Makers  of  America  series  may  be  mentioned 
Sumner's  Robert  Morris  and  Barrett  Wendell's  Cotton  Mather. 
Some  of  the  volumes  in  the  Riverside  Biographical  series  and  in 
the  Beacon  Biographies  are  stimulating  and  useful  as  introductions 
to  more  serious  works. 

Two  new  series  of  more  comprehensive  reach  are  now  being 
published,  —  the  American  Crisis  Biographies  and  the  Great 
Commanders  series.  Older  series  are  Sparks's  American  Biog 
raphy,  Van  Santvoord's  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices,  and  J.  S. 
Jenkins's  Lives  of  the  Governors  of  New  York. 

Good  dictionaries  of  biography  are  Brown's,  and  Wilson  and 
Fiske's  works  (see  §  27) ;  and  to  this  list  should  be  added 


BIOGRAPHIES  IO3 

Alexander  Johnston's  admirable  biographical  articles  in  Lalor's 
Cyclopaedia  (§  27). 

A  few  of  the  more  useful  biographies  are  enumerated  below. 
The  arrangement  is  alphabetical  by  the  subjects  of  the  works  (not 
by  authors). 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr.,  Charles  Francis  Adams.  (American 
Statesmen  series.)  Boston,  1900. 

J.  Q.  and  C.  F.  Adams,  Life  of  John  Adams.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1871. 
George  Gibbs,  Memoirs  of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  John 
Adams.     N.Y.,  1820. 
v^     John  T.   Morse,   Jr.,  John  Adams.     (American  Statesmen  series.) 

Boston,  1884. 
is      John  T.  Morse,  ]r.,John  Quincy  Adams.    (American  Statesmen  series.) 

Boston,  1882. 

V      Josiah  Quincy,  Memoir  of .  .  .    John  Quincy  Adams.     Boston,  1858. 
V      W.  H.  Seward,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  John  Quincy  Adams.    Au 
burn,  1849. 

^     J.  K.  Hosmer,- Samuel  Adams.     (American  Statesmen  series.)     Bos 
ton,  1884. 

W.  V.  Wells,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Samuel  Adams.  3  vols. 
Boston,  1865. 

Elizabeth  Gary  Agassiz,  editor,  Louis  Agassiz:  his  Life  and  Corre 
spondence.  2  vols.  Boston,  1885. 

Jules  Marcou,  Life,  Letters,  and  Works  of  Louis  Agassiz.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1896. 

Henry  Hall,  Ethan  Allen.     N.Y.,  1892. 

Seth  Ames,  editor,  Works  of  Fisher  Ames.     2  vols.     Boston,  1854.  — 
With  a  biographical  sketch  by  John  Thornton  Kirkland. 
i         Winthrop  Sargent,  Life  and  Career  of  Major  John  Andre.     Boston, 
1861.  —  New  edition,  edited  by  \Villiam  Abbatt,  N.Y.,  1902. 

A.  G.  Browne,  Jr.,  Sketch  of  the  Official  Life  of  J.  A.  Andrew.  N.Y., 
1868. 

H.  G.  Pearson,  Life  of  John  A.  Andrew.     2  vols.     Boston,  1904. 
Isaac  N.  Arnold,  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold.     Chicago,  1880. 
/     Jared  Sparks,  Life  and  Treason  of  Benedict  Arnold.     Boston,  1835. 


Alvah  Hovey,  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  Isaac  Backus.    Boston,  1858. 
M.  A.  DeWolfe  Howe,  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Bancroft.     2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1908.         •    " 


104  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

Mary  Barney,  editor,  Biographical  Memoir  of  the  late  Commodore 
Joshua  Barney.  Boston,  1832. 

W.  C.  Beecher  and  Rev.  Samuel  Scoville,  assisted  by  Mrs.  Henry 
Ward  Beecher,  Biography  of  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  N.Y.,  1888. 

W.  M.  Meigs,  Life  of  Thomas  Hart  Benton.     Phila.,  1904. 
I/     Theodore    Roosevelt,    Thomas    H.   Benton.      (American    Statesmen 
series.)     Boston,  1887. 

Mrs.  Napier  [Sophia  Elizabeth]  Higgins,  The  Bernards  of  Abington 
and  Nether  Winchendon:  a  Family  History  [Sir  Francis  Bernard].  4  vols. 
N.Y.,  1903-1904. 

Grace  King,  Jean  Baptiste  le  Moyne,  Sieur  de  Bienville.  (Makers  of 
America  series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

C.  C.  Binney,  Life  of  Horace  Binney,  -with  Selections  from  his  Letters. 
Phila.,  1903. 

William  Birney,  James  G.  Birney  and  his  Times.     N.Y.,  1890. 

Gail  Hamilton  [Mary  Abigail  Dodge],  Biography  of  James  G.  Elaine. 
Norwich,  1895. 

Edward  Stanwood,  James  Gillespie  Elaine.  (American  Statesmen, 
2d  series.)  Boston,  1905. 

W.  V.  Byars,  An  American  Commoner  [R.  P.  Bland].  Columbia, 
Mo.,  1900. 

H.  A.  Bruce,  Daniel  Boone  and  the  Wilderness  Road.     N.Y.,  1910. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Daniel  Boone.     N.Y.,  1902. 

J.  J.  Boudinot,  Life,  Public  Services,  Addresses,  and  Letters  of  Elias 
Boudinot.  2  vols.  Boston,  1896. 

George  S.  Merriam,  Life  and  Times  of  Samuel  Bowles.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1885. 

A.  V.  G.  Allen,  Life  and  Letters  of  Phillips  Brooks.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1900. 

A.  V.  G.  Allen,  Phillips  Brooks,  1835-1893:  Memories* of  his  Life, 
with  Extracts  from  his  Letters  and  Note-Books.  N.Y.,  1907. 

G.  W.  Brown,  Reminiscences  of  old  John  Brown.     Rockford,  111.,  1880. 

W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  John  Brown.  (American  Crisis  Biographies.) 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1909]. 

James  Redpath,  Public  Life  of  Capt.  John  Brown.     Boston,  1860. 

F.  B.  Sanborn,,Z,z/e  and  Letters  of  John  Brown.     Boston,  1885. 
.  O.  G.  Villard,  John  Brown.     Boston,  1910. 

A.  L.  Gale  and  G.  W.  Kline,  Bryan  the  Man.     St.  Louis,  1908. 

George  Ticknor  .Curtis,  Life  of  James  Buchanan.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1883. 

Edward  B.  de  Fonblanque,  Political  and  Military  Episodes  derived 
from  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  John  Burgoyne.  London,  1876. 


BIOGRAPHIES  105 

Matthew  L.  Davis,  Memoirs  of  Aaron  Burr.    2  vols.   N.Y.,  1836-1837. 
Isaac  Jenkinson,  Aaron  Burr:    his  Personal  and  Political  Relations 
•with  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Alexander  Hamilton.     Richmond,  Ind.,  1902. 
y    James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr.     N.Y.,  1858. 

Julia  L.  Butterfield,  editor,  A  Biographical  Memorial  of  General 
Daniel  Butterfield,  including  many  Addresses  and  Military  Writings. 
N.Y.,  1904- 

C 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Cabot.     Boston,  1877. 

[Anon.],  Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun.     N.Y.,  1843. 

Mary  Bates,  Private  Life  of  J.  C.  Calhoun.     Charleston,  1852. 

Gaillard  Hunt,  John  C.  Calhoun.  (American  Crisis  Biographies.) 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1908]. 

John  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  John  Caldwell  Calhoun.     Auburn,  1850. 

Hermann  von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1882. 

W.  H.  Browne,  George  Calvert  and  Cecilius  Calvert,  Barons  Baltimore 
of  Baltimore.  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y.,  1890. 

A.  G.  Stapleton,  Political  Life  of  the  Right  Honourable  George  Canning 
(1822-1827).  3  vols.  London,  1831. 

H.  W.  V.  Temperley,  Life  of  Canning.     London,  1905. 

Kate  Mason  Rowland,  Life  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  1737-1832, 
with  his  Correspondence  and  Public  Papers.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1898. 

A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Bos 
ton,  1891. 

William  Henry  Channing,  Memoirs  of  William  Ellery  Channing.  3 
vols.  Boston,  1848. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Salmon  Portland  Chase.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
N.Y.,  1899. 

J.  W.  Schuckers,  Life  and  Public  Service  of  Salmon  P.  Chase.  N.Y., 
1874. 

R.  B.  Warden,  Account  of  the  Private  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Salmon 
Portland  Chase.  Cincinnati,  1874. 

Daniel  Chipman,  Memoir  of  Thomas  Chittenden,  the  First  Governor 
of  Vermont.  Middlebury,  Vt.,  1849. 

S.  G.  Brown,  Life  of  Rufus  Choate.     Boston,  1870. 

Thomas  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay.  (American  Crisis  Biographies.) 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1910].  —  Completed  by  E.  P.  Oberholtzer. 

Calvin  Colton,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1846. 
,  Calvin  Colton,  Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life  of  Henry  Clay.    N.Y.,  1856. 
/'    D.  Mallory,  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1843. 


106  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

Joseph  M.  Rogers,  The  True  Henry  Clay.    Phila.,  1904. 

Epes  Sargent,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Henry  Clay.    N.Y.,  1859. 

S.  M.  Schmucker,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay.    Phila.,  1860. 

Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  2  vols. 
Boston,  1887. 

[James  B.  Swain],  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1843. 

R.  W.  Gilder,  Graver  Cleveland.     N.Y.,  1910. 

George  F.  Parker,  Recollections  of  Grover  Cleveland.     N.Y.,  1909. 

W.  W.  Campbell,  Life  and  Writings  of  De  Witt  Clinton.     N.Y.,  1849. 

David  Hosack,  Memoir  of  De  Witt  Clinton.     2  pts.     N.Y.,  1829. 

Samuel  Boykin,  Memorial  Volume  of 'Hon.  Howell  Cobb.     Phila.,  1870. 

Edward  Smith,  William  Cobbett :  a  Biography.  2  vols.  London, 
1878. 

Washington  Irving,  History  of  the  Life  and  Voyages  of  Christopher 
Columbus.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1828. 

Clements  R.  Markham,  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus.    London,  1892. 

Justin  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus,  and  how  he  Received  and  Im 
parted  the  Spirit  of  Discovery.  Boston,  1891. 

A.  R.  Conkling,  Life  and  Letters  of  Roscoe  Conkling.     N.Y.,  1889. 

E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Jay  Cooke,  Financier  of  the  Civil  War.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  [1907]. 

R.  W.  Raymond,  Peter  Cooper.  (Riverside  Biographical  series.) 
Boston,  [copyright,  1901] 

Charles  Ross,  editor,  Correspondence  of  Charles,  First  Marquis  Corn- 
wallis.  3  vols.  London,  1859. 

Addison  Peale  Russell,  Thomas  Corwin.     Cincinnati,  1882. 

J.  E.  D.  Shipp,  Giant  Days;  or  the  Life  and  Times  of  William  H.  Craw 
ford.  Americus,  Ga.,  1909. 

John  J.  Jacob,  Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Captain  Michael 
Cresap.  Cincinnati,  1866. 

Ann  Mary  Coleman,  Life  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  with  Selections  from 
his  Correspondence  and  Speeches.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1871. 

Benjamin  R.  Curtis,  editor,  Memoir  of  Benjamin  Robbins  Curtis,  with 
some  of  his  Professional  and  Miscellaneous  Writings.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1879- 

Edward  Gary,  George  William  Curtis.  (American  Men  of  Letters 
series.)  Boston,  1894. 

William  P.  and  Julia  P.  Cutler,  Life,  Journals,  and  Correspondence 
of  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler,  2  vols,  Cincinnati,  1888. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES 


G.  M.  Dallas,  Life  and  Writings  of  Alexander  J.  Dallas.     Phila.,  1871. 

C.  F.  Adams,  Richard  Henry  Dana:  a  Biography.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1890. 

Frank  H.  Alfriend,  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis.     Cincinnati,  1868. 

Mrs.  Varina  Jefferson  Davis,  Je/erson  Davis,  Ex-President  of  the 
Confederate  States:  a  Memoir.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1890. 

W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson  Davis.  (American  Crisis  Biographies.) 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1907]. 

Oliver  Dyer,  Personal  Recollections  of  Jefferson  Davis.     N.Y.,  1889. 

E.  A.  Pollard,  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis.     Phila.,  1869. 

Charles  J.  Stille",  Life  and  Times  of  John  Dickinson,  1732-1808. 
(Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  Vol.  XIII.)  Phila.,  1891. — 
Also  printed  separately. 

E.  N.  Dingley,  Life  and  Times  of  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  1902. 

Francis  Tiffany,  Life  of  Dorothea  Lynde  Dix.     Boston,  1890. 

Morgan  Dix,  Memoirs  of  John  Adams  Dix.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1883. 

W.  G.  Brown,  Stephen  Arnold  Douglas.  (Riverside  Biographical 
series.)  Boston,  1902. 

Allen  Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas.    N.Y.,  1908. 

James  W.  Sheahan,  Life  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas.     N.Y.,  1860. 

R.  B.  Warden,  Voter's  Version  of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  Columbus,  O.,  1860. 

C.  W.  Chesnutt,  Frederick  Douglass.  (Beacon  Biographies.)  Boston, 
1899- 

Everett  Kimball,  Public  Life  of  Joseph  Dudley.  (Harvard  Historical 
Studies,  Vol.  XV.)  N.Y.,  1911. 

Augustine  Jones,  Life  and  Work  of  Thomas  Dudley.     Boston,  1899. 

E 

A.  V.  G.  Allen,  Life  of  Jonathan  Edwards.  (American  Religious  Leaders 
series.)  Boston,  1889. 

Sereno  E.  D wight,  Life  of  President  Edwards.     N.Y.,  1830. 

William  Garrott  Brown,  Life  of  Oliver  Ellsworth.     N.Y.,  1905. 

J.  E.  Cabot,  Memoir  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.     2  vols.    Boston,  1887. 

E.  W.  Emerson,  Emerson  in  Concord.     Boston,  1889. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.  (American  Men  of 
Letters  series.)  .Boston,  1885. 

Charles  M.  Endicott,  Memoir  of  John  Endicott.    Salem,  1847. 


108  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§39 


Loyall  Farragut,  Life  of  David  Glasgow  Farragut.     N.  Y.,  1879. 

A.  T.  Mahan,  Admiral  Farragut.  (Great  Commanders  series.)  N.Y. 
1892. 

Francis  Fessenden,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  William  Pitt  Fessenden. 
2  vols.  Boston,  1907. 

Henry  M.  Field,  Life  of  David  Dudley  Field.     N.Y.,  1898. 

Lord  John  Russell,  editor,  Memorials  and  Correspondence  of  Charles 
James  Fox.  4  vols.  London,  1853-1857. 

H.  O.  Wakeman,  Life  of  Charles  James  Fox.  (Statesmen  series.) 
London,  1890. 

Thomas  Hodgkin,  George  Fox.     2d  ed.     Boston,  1898. 

S.  G.  Fisher,  The  True  Benjamin  Franklin.     Phila.,  1899. 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  Franklin  Bibliography.     Brooklyn,  1889. 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  The  Many-Sided  Franklin.     N.Y.,  1899. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  Benjamin  Franklin  as  a  Man  of  Letters.  (American 
Men  of  Letters  series.)  Boston,  1887. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Franklin.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1889. 

James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1867. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin.     Boston,  1844. 

Lindsay  Swift,  Benjamin  Franklin.  (Beacon  Biographies.)  Boston, 
1910. 

R.  H.  Thurston,  Robert  Fulton.  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y., 
[copyright,  1891]. 

G 

Henry  Adams,  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin.     Phila.,  1879. 

J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1884. 

H.  C.  Pedder,  Garfield's  Place  in  History.     N.Y.,  1882. 

W.  O.  Stoddard,  Life  of  James  A.  Garfield.  (Lives  of  the  Presidents 
series.)  N.Y.,  1889. 

F.  J.  and  W.  P.  Garrison,  William  Lloyd  Garrison:  the  Story  of  his  Life 
told  by  his  Children.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1885-1889. 

A.  H.  Grimke,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  the  Abolitionist.     N.Y.,  1891. 

Oliver  Johnson,  William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times.     Boston,  1880. 

Goldwin  Smith,  The  Moral  Crusader:  a  Biographical  Essay  on  William 
Lloyd  Garrison.  N.Y.,  1892. 

James  T.  Austin,  Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry.     2  vols.     Boston,  1829. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  109 

G.  W.  Julian,  Life  of  Joshua  R.  Giddings.     Chicago,  1892. 

Rollo  Ogden,  Life  and  Letters  of  Edwin  Lawrence  Godkin.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1907. 

George  A.  Bray  ton,  A  Defence  of  Samuel  Gorton  and  the  Settlers  of  Shaw- 
omet.  (Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  17.)  Providence,  1883. 

Adam  Badeau,  Grant  in  Peace.     Hartford,  1887. 

Adam  Badeau,  Military  History  of  U.  S.  Grant.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  1868. 

C.  C.  Chesney,  Military  Life  of  General  Grant.  (In  his  Essays  in  Mod 
ern  Military  Biography.}  London,  1874. 

G.  W.  Childs,  Recollections  of  General  Grant.  Phila.,  1885.  —  Another 
edition,  1890. 

C.  A.  Dana  and  J.  H.  Wilson,  Life  of  U.  S.  Grant.     Springfield,  1868. 

Hamlin  Garland,  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  his  Life  and  Character.     N.Y.,  1898. 

J.  G.  Wilson,  General  Grant.    (Great  Commanders  series.)  N.Y.,  1897. 

Owen  Wister,  Ulysses  S.  Grant.     (Beacon  Biographies.)     Boston,  1900. 

W.  A.  Linn,  Horace  Greeley.     N.Y.,  1903. 

Whitelaw  Reid,  A  Memorial  of  Horace  Greeley.     N.Y.,  1873. 

F.  V.  Greene,  General  Greene.     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y., 
1893. 

G.  W.  Greene,  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  1867-1871. 
William  Johnson,  Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Nathanael 

Greene.     2  vols.     Charleston,  1822. 

William  Salter,  Life  of  James  W.  Grimes.     N.Y.,  1876. 

H 

V        Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  The  Intimate  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 
N.Y.,  1910. 

J.  C.  Hamilton,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1834. 
v       Henry    Cabot   Lodge,    Alexander   Hamilton.     (American    Statesmen 
series.)     Boston,  1882. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  2  vols.  Boston, 
1876. 

Frederick  S.  Oliver,  Alexander  Hamilton;  an  Essay  on  American  Union. 
"New  edition."  London,  1907. 

James  Schouler,  Alexander  Hamilton.  (Beacon  Biographies.)  Bos 
ton,  1901. 

S.  M.  Schmucker,  Life  and  Times  of  Alexander  Hamilton.     Phila.,  1856. 

George  Shea,  Life  and  Epoch  of  Alexander  Hamilton.     Boston,  1877. 

W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1890. 

Abram  English  Brown,  John  Hancock,  His  Book.     Boston,  1898. 


HO  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

Francis  A.  Walker,  General  Hancock.  (Great  Commanders  series.) 
N.Y.,  1894. 

R.  D.  W.  Connor,  Cornelius  Harnett:  an  Essay  in  North  Carolina  His 
tory.  Raleigh,  1909. 

T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Y.  Hayne  and  his  Times.    N.Y.,  1909. 

William  Wirt  Henry,  Patrick  Henry;  Life,  Correspondence  and 
Speeches.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1891. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1887. 

V        William  Wirt,  Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Patrick  Henry.     2d 
ed.     Phila.,  1818. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Francis  Higginson.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1891. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Life  and  Times  of  Stephen  Higginson.     Boston,  1907. 

G.  L.  Walker,  Thomas  Hooker.  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y., 
1891. 

W.  E.  Foster,  Stephen  Hopkins,  a  Rhode  Island  Statesman:  a  Study 
in  the  Political  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  2  pts.  (Rhode  Island 
Historical  Tracts,  No.  19.)  Providence,  1884. 

[Anon.],  Life  of  Sam  Houston.     N.Y.,  1855. 

Henry  Bruce,  Life  of  General  Houston.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1891. 

W.  C.  Crane,  Life  and  Select  Literary  Remains  of  Sam  Houston.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1885. 

A.  M.  Williams,  Sam  Houston  and  the  War  of  Independence  in  Texas. 
Boston,  1893. 

Henry  A.  Brann,  Most  Reverend  John  Hughes.  (Makers  of  America 
series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Maria  Campbell,  Revolutionary  Services  and  Civil  Life  of  General  Wil 
liam  Hull.  (With  this  is  a  History  of  the  Campaign  of  1812,  by  James 
Freeman  Clarke.)  N.Y.,  1848. 

G.  E.  Ellis,  Life  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Anti- 
nomian  Controversy.  Boston,  1845. 


W.  M.  Meigs,  Life  of  Charles  Jared  Ingersoll.     Phila.,  1897. 

Griffith  J.  McRee,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  James  Iredell.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1857-1858. 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  Washington  Irving.  (American  Men  of 
Letters  series.)  Boston,  1881. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  III 


J.  S.  Bassett,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson.    2  vols.    Garden  City,  N.Y.,  1911. 

W.    G.    Brown,  Andrew  Jackson.      (Riverside  Biographical   series.) 
Boston,  [copyright,  1900]. 

James  Parton,  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  1860. 

James  Parton,  General  Jackson.     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y., 
1893. 

W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson  as  a  Public  Man.     (American  States 
men  series.)     Boston,  1882. 

G.  F.  R.  Henderson,  Stonewall  Jackson  and  the  American  Civil  War. 
2  vols.     London,  1898. 

Carl  Hovey,  Stonewall  Jackson.    (Beacon  Biographies.)    Boston,  1900. 

William  Jay,  Life  of  John  Jay.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1833. 
I?       George  Pellew,  John  Jay.     (American  Statesmen  series.)     Boston, 
1890. 

William  Whitelock,  Life  and  Times  of  John  Jay.    N.Y.,  1887. 

Cornells  De  Witt,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Etude  Historique.     Paris,  1861. 
—  Translated  by  R.  S.  H.  Church,  London,  1862. 

Theodore  Dwight,  The  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson  as  exhibited  in 
his  own  Writings.     Boston,  1839. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson.     (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1883. 

James  Parton,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     Boston,  1874. 

H.  W.  Pierson,  Private  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     N.Y.,  1862. 
V     Henry  S.  Randall,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     3  vols.     N.Y.,  1858. 

Sarah  N.  Randolph,  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     N.Y.,  1872. 

James    Schouler,    Thomas   Jefferson.     (Makers   of   America   series.) 
N.Y.,  1893. 

Hamilton  Bullock  Tompkins,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersonia.    N.Y.,  1887. 

George  Tucker,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1837. 

Thomas  E.  Watson,  Life  and  Times  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     N.Y.,  1903. 

Frank  Moore,  Speeches  of  Andrew  Johnson;  with  a  Biographical  In 
troduction.     Boston,  1865. 

W.  E.  Griffis,  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six  Nations.     (Makers  of 
America  series.)     N.Y.,  1891. 

William  L.  Stone,  Life  and  Times  of  Sir  William  Johnson.     2  vols. 
Albany,  1865. 

R.  M.    Hughes,  General    [J.    E]  Johnston.      (Great    Commanders 
series.)     N.Y.,  1893. 

Charles  H.  Lincoln,  Calendar  of  John  Paul  Jones  Manuscripts  in  the 
Library  of  Congress.     Washington,  1903. 


112  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§39 

Alexander  S.  Mackenzie,  Life  of  Paul  Jones.     2  vols.     Boston,  1841. 
John  H.  Sherburne,  Life  and  Character  of  the  Chevalier  John  Paul 
Jones.    Washington,  1825. 

K 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Leben  des  Amerikanischen  Generals  Johann  Kalb. 
Stuttgart,  1862. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Life  of  John  Kalb.     N.Y.,  1870;   also  1884. 

William  Kent,  Memoirs  and  Letters  of  James  Kent.     Boston,  1898. 

C.  R.  King,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Rufus  King.  6  vols.  N.Y., 
1894-1900. 

Noah  Brooks,  Henry  Knox,  a  Soldier  of  the  Revolution.     N.Y.,  1900. 

F.  S.  Drake,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Henry  Knox.     Boston,  1873. 


y        Charlemagne  Tower,  Jr.,  The  Marquis  dc  La  Fayette  in  the  American 
Revolution.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1895. 

Bayard  Tuckerman,  Life  of  Lafayette.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1889. 

Edward  Mayes,  Life,  Times,  and  Speeches  of  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar. 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  1896. 

\/      Isaac  Q.  Leake,  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  General  John  Lamb. 
Albany,  1857. 

Hamilton  A.  Hill,  Memoir  of  Abbott  Lawrence.     Boston,  1883. 

William  Lawrence,  Life  of  Amos  A.  Lawrence.     Boston,  1888. 

Richard  H.  Lee,  Life  of  Arthur  Lee.     2  vols.     Boston,  1829. 

Edward  Langworthy,  Memoirs  of  Charles  Lee.     Dublin,  1792. 
V        Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Charles  Lee.     Boston,  1846. 

Richard  Henry  Lee,  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Richard  Henry  Lee.     2  vols. 
(in  one).     Phila.,  1825. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Life  of  Robert  E.  Lee.     N.Y.,  1871. 

J.  W.  Jones,  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee.    N.Y.,  1875. 

Fitzhugh     Lee,    General   Lee.    (Great    Commanders    series.)    N.Y., 
1894. 

A.  L.  Long,'  Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee.     N.  Y.  ,  1  886. 

William  P.  Trent,  Robert  E.  Lee.    (Beacon  Biographies.)    Boston,  1899. 

Thomas  S.  Perry,  editor,  Life  and  Letters  of  Francis  Lieber.     Boston, 
1882. 

I.  N.  Arnold,  History  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Overthrow  of  Slavery. 
Chicago,  1866. 

Norman  Hapgood,  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Man  of  the  People.     N.Y., 
1899. 

W.  H.  Herndon  and  J.  W.  Weik,  Herndon's  Lincoln,  the  True  Story  of 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  113 

a  Great  Life:   the  History  and  Personal  Recollections  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 
3  vols.  (paged  continuously).     Chicago,  [copyright,  1889].  —  This  is  the 
"  suppressed  edition  "  ;  a  new  edition,  revised,  was  issued  in  2  vols.,  N.Y.,    ^ 
1892. 

J.  G.  Holland,  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln.     Springfield,  1866. 

Charles  G.  Leland,  Abraham  Lincoln.     London,  1879. 

John  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln.     (American  Statesmen  series.) 
2  vols.     Boston,  1893. 

J.  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln:  a  History.     10  vols. 
N.Y.,  1890.  —  Abridged,  i  vol.,  1902. 

H.  J.  Raymond,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  with  his 
State  Papers.     N.Y.,  1865. 

A.  T.  Rice,  Reminiscences  of  Abraham  Lincoln  by  Distinguished  Men 
of  his  Time.     N.Y.,  1886. 

Alonzo  Rothschild,  Lincoln,  Master  of  Men.     Boston,  1906. 

Carl  Schurz,  Abraham  Lincoln.     Boston,  1891. 

C.  H.  Hunt,  Life  of  Edward  Livingston.     N.Y.,  1864. 

Edwin  B.  Livingston,  The  Livingstons  of  Livingston  Manor  [Robert 
R.  Livingston].     N.Y.,  1910. 

Theodore  Sedgwick,  Jr.,  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  William  Livingston. 


N.Y,,  1833. 


G.  F.  Dawson,  Life  and  Services  of  Gen.  John  A.  Logan.  Chicago, 
1887. 

E.  W.  Emerson,  Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Russell  Lowell.  Boston, 
1907. 

E.  E.  Hale,  Jr.,  James  Russell  Lowell.  (Beacon  Biographies.)  Boston, 
1899. 

[Thomas  Earl?],  Life,  Travels,  and  Opinions  of  Benjamin  Lundy. 
Phila.,  1847. 

J.  F.  McLaughlin,  Matthew  Lyon,  the  Hampden  of  Congress:  a  Biog 
raphy.  N.Y.,  1900. 

M 

G.  S.  Hillard,  Life  and  Campaigns  of  G.  B.  McClellan.     Phila.,  1865. 

P.  S.  Michie,  General  McClellan.  (Great  Commanders  series.)  N.Y., 
1901. 

Rodney  Macdonough,  Life  of  Commodore  Thomas  Macdonough.  Bos 
ton,  [copyright,  1909]. 

B.C.  Steiner,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  James  McHenry.  Cleveland, 
1907. 

Roberdeau  Buchanan,  Life  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  McKean.  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  1890. 


114  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§39 

Edward  R.  Gotten,  Life  of  Nathaniel  Macon.     Baltimore,  1840. 

William  E.  Dodd,  Life  of  Nathaniel  Macon.     Raleigh,  1903. 

J.  Q.  Adams,  Lives  of  James  Madison  and  James  Monroe.     Boston, 
1850. 

Gaillard  Hunt,  Life  of  James  Madison.     N.Y.,  1902. 

W.  C.  Rives,  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison.    Vols.  I-III  (to  1797). 
Boston,  1859-1868.  — No  more  published. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Father  Marquette.     N.Y.,  1902. 

Caroline  Crane  Marsh,  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Perkins  Marsh.   N.Y., 
,   1888. 

y          A.    B.    Magruder,    John    Marshall.     (American    Statesmen    series.) 
Boston,  1885. 

James    Bradley   Thayer,   John   Marshall.     (Riverside    Biographical 
series.)     Boston,  1901. 

H.  P.    Goddard,  Luther   Martin,  the  Federal    Bulldog.    Baltimore, 
1887. 

Kate  M.  Rowland,  Life  of  George  Mason,  1725-1792.     2  vols.     N.Y., 
1892. 

George  S.  Hillard,  Memoir  and  Correspondence  of  Jeremiah  Mason. 
Cambridge,  1873. 

Barrett  Wendell,  Life  of  Cotton  Mather  the  Puritan  Priest.     (Makers 
of  America  series.)     N.Y.,  1891. 

Enoch  Pond,  Life  of  Increase  Mather.     Boston,  1847. 

Alden  Bradford,  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Rev.  Jonathan 
Mayheiv.     Boston,  1838. 

Richard  Meade  Bache,  Life  of  General  George  Gordon  Meade.     Phila., 
1897. 

I.  R.  PennyrJJjcker,  General  Meade.   (Great  Commanders  series.)   N.Y., 
1901. 

John  W.  Campbell,  Sketch  of  R.  J.  Meigs.     Cincinnati,  1838. 

Henry  D.  Capers,  Life  and  Times  of  C.  G.  Memminger.     Richmond, 
1893. 

J.  Q.  Adams,  Lives  of  James  Madison  and  James  Monroe.     Boston, 
.      1850. 

\/        D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe  in  his  Relations  to  the  Public  Service. 
(American  Statesmen  series.)     Boston,  1883. 

W.  O.  Stoddard,  Life  of  James  Monroe.     (Lives  of  the  Presidents 
series.)     N.Y.,  1887. 

James  Graham,  Life  of  General  Daniel  Morgan.     N.Y.,  1856. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur  Morris.    (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1888. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris.     3  vols.     Boston,  1832. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  115 

Charles  H.  Hart,  Robert  Morris,  the  Financier  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion.  Phila.,  1877. 

E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Robert  Morris,  Patriot  and  Financier.     N.Y.,  1903. 

W.  G.  Sumner,  The  Financier  [Robert  Morris]  and  the  Finances  of  the 
American  Revolution.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1891. 

W.  G.  Sumner,  Robert  Morris.  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y., 
1892. 

B.  F.  Morris,  Life  of  Thomas  Morris.     Cincinnati,  1856. 

John  Trowbridge,  Samuel  Finley  Breese  Morse.  (Beacon  Biographies.) 
Boston,  1901. 

W.  D.  Foulke,  Life  of  Oliver  P.  Morton.     2  vols.    Indianapolis,  1899. 

Oliver  W.  Holmes,  John  Lothrop  Motley:  a  Memoir.     Boston,  1879. 

Anna  D.  Hallowell,  James  and  Lucretia  Mott;  Life  and  Letters.  Bos 
ton,  1884. 

H.  A.  Muhlenberg,  Life  of  Major-General  Peter  Muhlenberg  of  the  Revo 
lutionary  Army.  Phila.,  1849. 

O 

Henry  Bruce,  Life  of  General  Oglethorpe.  (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1890. 

Robert  Wright,  Memoir  of  General  Oglethorpe.    London,  1867. 

Francis  Bowen,  Life  of  James  Otis.  (Sparks,  Library  of  American 
Biography,  2d  series,  Vol.  II.)  Boston,  1844. 

William  Tudor,  Life  of  James  Otis.     Boston,  1823. 


James  Cheetham,  Life  of  Thomas  Paine.     N.Y.,  1809. 

Moncure  D.  Con  way,  Life  of  Thomas  Paine.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1892. 

Ellery  Sedgwick,  Thomas  Paine.    (Beacon  Biographies.)    Boston,  1899. 

O.  B.  Frothingham,  Theodore  Parker:  a  Biography.     Boston,  1874. 

John.  Weiss,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Theodore  Parker.  2  vols. 
N.Y.,  1864. 

Charles  S.  Hall,  Life  and  Letters  of  Samuel  Holden  Parsons.  Bingham- 
ton,  N.Y.,  1905. 

Theophilus  Parsons,  Jr.,  M  emoir  of  Chief  Justice  Parsons.  Boston,  1859. 

William  J.  Buck,  William  Penn  in  America  (1681-1701).     Phila.,  1888. 

Thomas  Clarkson,  Memoirs  of  the  Private  and  Public  Life  of  William 
Penn.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1814. 

Thomas  Pym  Cope,  editor,  Passages  from  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
William  Penn.  Phila.,  1882. 

S.  M.  Janney,  Life  of  William  Penn.     2d  ed.     Phila.,  1852. 

J.  Marsillac,  La  Vie  de  Guillaume  Penn.     2  vols.     Paris,  1791. 


;i6  SPECIAL  WORKS  [§39 

John  Stoughton,  William  Penn,  the  Founder  of  Pennsylvania.  London, 
1882. 

William  E.  Griffis,  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry.     Boston,  1887. 

George  L.  Austin,  Life  and  Times  of  Wendell  Phillips.     Boston,  1888. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Wendell  Phillips.     Boston,  1884. 

Octavius  Pickering  and  C.  W.  Upharii,  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering 
4  vols.  Boston,  1867-1873. 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  Life  of  Franklin  Pierce.     Boston,  1852. 

Henry  Wheaton,  Some  Account  of  the  Life,  Writings,  and  Speeches  of 
William  Pinkney.  Boston,  1826. 

[John  Almon],  Anecdotes  of  the  Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt, 
Earl  of  Chatham.  7th  ed.  3  vols.  London,  1 8 10. 

Albert  von  Ruville,  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham.  Translated  by 
H.  J.  Chaytor  and  Mary  Morison.  3  vols.  London,  1907. 

Lord  Rosebery,  Pitt.  (Twelve  English  Statesmen  series.)  London, 
1891. 

Earl  Stanhope,  Life  of  the  Right  Honourable  William  Pitt.  4  vols. 
London,  1861-1862. 

William  Plumer,  Jr.,  Life  of  William  Plumer.     Boston,  1857. 

J.  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  James  K.  Polk.     Auburn,  1850. 

Anson  and  Fanny  Nelson,  Memorials  of  Sarah  Childress  Polk. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Admiral  Porter.     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y.,  1903. 

George  L.  Prentiss,  Memoir  of  S.  S.  Prentiss.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1855. 

J.  D.  Shields,  Life  and  Times  of  Sear  gent  Smith  Prentiss.     Phila.,  1884. 

George  Ticknor,  Life  of  William  Hickling  Prescott.     Boston,  1864. 

William  F.  Livingston,  Israel  Putnam.  (American  Men  of  Energy 
series.)  N.Y.,  1901. 

O.  W.  B.  Peabody,  Life  of  Israel  Putnam.  (Sparks,  Library  of  Ameri 
can  Biography,  Vol.  VII.)  Boston,  1837. 

Mary  Cone,  Life  of  Rufus  Putnam.     Cleveland,  1886. 

Q 

Josiah  Quincy,  Memoir  of  .  .  .  Josiah  Quincy,  Jun.     Boston,  1825. 
'       Edmund  Quincy,  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy.     Boston,  1867. 


Moncure  D.  Con  way,  Omitted  Chapters  of  History  disclosed  in  the  Life 
and  Papers  of  Edmund  Randolph.     N.Y.,  1888. 

V  Henry     Adams,     John     Randolph.     (American     Statesmen     series.) 

Boston,  1882. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  IF/ 

H.  A.  Garland,  Life  of  John  Randolph.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1850. 
Frederick  William  Thomas,  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.     Phila.,  1853. 
Luther  Hamilton,  Memoirs,  Speeches,  and  Writings  of  Robert  Rantoul, 
Jr.     Boston,  1854. 

W.  T.  Read,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  George  Read.     Phila.,  1870. 
W.  B.  Reed,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Reed.     2  vols.     Phila., 

1847- 

E.  H.  Goss,  Life  of  Colonel  Paul  Revere.     2  vols.     Boston,  1891. 
William  Barton,  Memoirs  of  .  .  .  David  Riltenhouse.     Phila.,  1813. 

F.  W.  Blackmar,  Life  of  Charles  Robinson,  the  First  State  Governor  of 
Kansas.     Topeka,  1902. 

George  Thomas  [Keppel],  Earl  of  Albemarle,  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis 
of  Rockingham' and  his  Contemporaries.     2  vols.     London,  1852. 
Jacob  A.  Riis,  Theodore  Roosevelt  the  Citizen.     N.Y.,  1904. 

S 

B.  J.  Lossing,  Life  and  Times  of  Philip  Schuyler.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
[copyright,  1860-1872]. 

G.  W.  Schuyler,  Colonial  New  York:  Philip  Schuyler  and  his  Family. 
2  vols.     N.Y.,  1885. 

M.  J.  Wright,  General  Scott.  (Great  Commanders  series.^  N.Y., 
1894. 

O.  J.  Victor,  Life  and  Military  and  Civic  Services  of  Lieut.  Gen.  Win- 
field  Scott.  N.Y.,  1861. 

E.  E.  Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Right  Reverend  Samuel 
Seabury.     Boston,  1881. 

J.  R.  Gilmore,  John  Sevier  as  a  Commonwealth-Builder.     N.Y.,  1887. 

N.  H.  Chamberlain,  Samuel  Sewall  and  the  World  he  Lived  in.  Boston, 
1897. 

Frederic  Bancroft,  Life  of  William  H.  Seward.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1900. 

T.  K.  Lothrop,  William  Henry  Seward.  (American  Statesmen  series.) 
Boston,  1896. 

F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington  as  Senator  and  Secretary  of  State. 
2  vols.     N.Y.,  1891. 

Lord  Edmond  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  William,  Earl  of  Shelburne  (1737- 
1805).  3  vols.  London,  1875-1876. 

H.  E.  Davies,  General  Sheridan.  (Great  Commanders  series.)  N.Y., 
1895. 

Theodore  E.  Burton,  John  Sherman.  (American  Statesmen,  2d 
series.)  Boston,  1906. 

Lewis  H.  Boutell,  Life  of  Roger  Sherman.     Chicago,  1896. 


Il8  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

M.  E.  Force,  General  Sherman,     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y., 
1899. 

Samuel  B.  Harding,  Life  of  George  R.  Smith,  Founder  of  Sedalia,  Mo. 
Sedalia,  1904. 

.     C.  D.  Warner,  Captain  John  Smith.     (American  Worthies  series.) 
N.Y.,  1881. 

O.  B.  Frothingham,  Gerrit  Smith:  a  Biography.     N.Y.,  1878. 

H.  B.  Adams,  Life  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks.     2  vols.     Boston, 

1893- 

Caleb  Stark,  Memoir  and  Official  Correspondence  of  Gen.  John  Stark. 
Concord,  1860. 

George  C.  Gorham,  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton. 
2  vols.     Boston,  1899. 

Henry  Wilson  and  J.  S.  Black,  A  Contribution  to  History:  Edwin  M. 
Stanton.     Easton,  Pa.,  1871. 

Henry    Cleveland,    Alexander  H.   Stephens  in  Public  and  Private. 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1866]. 

R.  M.  Johnston  and  W.  H.  Browne,  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens. 
Phila.,  1878. 

Louis  Pendleton,  Alexander  H.  Stephens.     (American   Crisis  Biog 
raphies.)     Phila.,  [copyright,  1907]. 

/  W.  A.  Duer,  Life  of  William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling.    (New  Jersey 

Historical  Society,  Collections,  Vol.  II.)     N.Y.,  1847. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Leben  des  Amerikanischen  Generals  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
von  Steuben.     Berlin,  1858. 

Friedrich  Kapp,  Life  of  Major  General  Frederick  William  Von  Steuben. 
2  pts.     N.Y.,  1859. 

Hazard   Stevens,   Life  of  Isaac  Ingalls  Stevens.      2   vols.     Boston, 
190x3. 

E.  B.  Callender,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Commoner.     Boston,  1882. 

S.   W.   McCall,    Thaddeus   Stevens.      (American    Statesmen   series.) 
Boston,  [1900]. 

W.  W.  Story,  Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Story.     2  vols.      Boston, 
1851. 

Bayard  Tuckerman,  Peter  Stuyvesant.     (Makers  of  America  series.) 
N.Y.,  1893- 

T.  C.  Amory,  Life  and  Writings  of  James  Sullivan.     2  vols.     Boston, 
1859. 

/          T.  C.  Amory,  Military  Services  and  Public  Life  of  Major-General  John 
Sullivan.     Boston,  1868. 

Anna   L.   Dawes,    Charles    Sumner.     (Makers  of  America   series.) 
N.Y.,  1892. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  1 19 

A.  H.  Grimke,  Life  of  Charles  Sumner,  the  Scholar  in  Politics.    N.Y., 
1892. 

George  H.  Haynes,  Charles  Sumner.     (American  Crisis  Biographies.) 
Phila.,  [copyright,  1909]. 

Edward  Lillie  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner.    4  vols. 
Boston,  1877-1893. 

Moorfield   Storey,   Charles   Sumner.     (American   Statesmen   series.) 
Boston,  1900. 

T 

Samuel  Tyler,  Memoir  of  Roger  B.  Taney.     Baltimore,  1872. 

O.  O.  Howard,  General  Taylor.     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y., 
1892. 

Henry  Coppee,  General  Thomas.     (Great  Commanders  series.)     N.Y., 
1893. 

Donn  Piatt,  General  George  H.  Thomas:  a  Critical  Biography.      (The 
concluding  chapters  by  H.  V.  Boynton.)     Cincinnati,  1893. 

T.  B.  Van  Home,  Life  of  Major-General  George  H.  Thomas.    "N.Y., 
1882. 

John  Bigelow,  Life  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1895. 

P.   A.   Stovall,   Robert   Toombs;    Statesman,   Speaker,  Soldier,  Sage. 
N.Y.,  1892. 

John  Hannibal  Sheppard,  Life  of  Samuel  Tucker.     Boston,  1868. 

L.  G.  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers.    3  vols.     Richmond,  1884- 
1896. 

U 

Peter  S.  Michie,  Life  and  Letters  of  Emory  Upton.     N.Y.,  1885. 


J.  L.  Vallandigham,  Life  of  Clement  L.   Vallandigham.     Baltimore, 
1872. 

/         Edward  M.  Shepard,  Martin   Van  Buren.      (American    Statesmen 
series.)     N.Y.,  1888. 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  Life  of  Young  Sir  Henry  Vane.     Boston,  1888. 
V        Henry  Cruger  Van  Schaack,  Life  of  Peter  Van  Schaack.    N.Y.,  1842. 

W 

A.  G.  Riddle,  Life  of  Benjamin  F.  Wade.     Cleveland,  1886. 
Edward  Warren,  Life  of  John  Warren.     Boston,  1874. 
Richard  Frothingham,  Life  and  Times  of  Joseph  Warren.     Boston, 
1865. 


120  SPECIAL   WORKS  [§39 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  The  True  George  Washington.     Phila.,  1896. 

Worthington  Chauncy  Ford,  George  Washington.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1900. 

E.  E.  Hale,  The  Life  of  Washington  Studied  Anew.     N.Y.,  1888. 

Washington  Irving,  Life  of  George  Washington.  5  vols.  N.Y., 
1855-1859.  —  Abridged  for  school  use  as  Washington  and  his  Country. 
(Classics  for  Children  series.)  Boston,  1889. 

Bradley  T.  Johnson,  General  Washington.  (Great  Commanders 
series.)  N.Y.,  1894. 

Charles  Cooper  King,  George  Washington.     London,  1894. 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  George  Washington.  (American  Statesmen 
series.)  2  vols.  Boston,  1889. 

John  Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington.  5  vols.  Phila.,  1804-1807. 
—  Also  an  abridged  edition  in  2  vols.,  1832. 

Horace  E.  Scudder,  George  Washington:  an  Historical  Biography. 
(Riverside  Library  for  Young  People.)  Boston,  1889. 

Elizabeth  Eggleston  Seelye,  The  Story  of  Washington.     N.Y.,  1893. 

Jared  Sparks,  Life  of  George  Washington.     Boston,  1839. 

M.  L.  Weems,  Life  of  George  Washington,  with  Curious  Anec 
dotes.  Phila.,  1837.  —  Many  editions;  the  origin  of  the  popular  con 
ception  of  Washington. 

C.  J.  Stille,  Major-General  Anthony  Wayne  and  the  Pennsylvania  Line 
in  the  Continental  Army.  Phila.,  1893. 

George  T.  Curtis,  Life  of  Daniel  Webster.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1870. 

Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences  and  Anecdotes  of  Daniel  Webster.  Bos 
ton,  1877. 

H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Webster.  (American  Statesmen  series.)  Boston, 
1883. 

Norman  Hapgood,  Daniel  Webster.  (Beacon  Biographies.)  Boston, 
1899. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  Daniel  Webster.     N.Y.,  1902. 

Horace  E.  Scudder,  Noah  Webster.  (American  Men  of  Letters  series.) 
Boston,  1882. 

Thurlow  Weed  Barnes,  Memoir  of  Thurlow  Weed.     Boston,  1884. 

J.  H.  Ward,  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  White.  (Makers  of  America 
series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Richard  Burton,  John  Greenleaf  Whittier.  (Beacon  Biographies.) 
Boston,  1901. 

W.  S.  Kennedy,  John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  the  Poet  of  Freedom.  (Amer 
ican  Reformers  series.)  N.Y.,  1892. 

Henry  Martyn  Dexter,  As  to  Roger  Williams.  Boston,  [copyright, 
1876]. 


§39]  BIOGRAPHIES  121 

James  D.  Knowles,  Memoir  of  Roger  Williams.     Boston,  1834. 

O.  S.  Straus,  Roger  Williams:  the  Pioneer  of  Religious  Liberty.  N.Y., 
1894. 

J.  H.  Twichell,  John  Winthrop.  (Makers  of  America  series.)  N.Y., 
1891. 

Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop.  26.  ed. 
2  vols.  Boston,  1869. 

J.  P.  Kennedy,  Memoirs  of  William  Wirt.     2  vols.     Phila.,  1849. 

Beckles  Willson,  Life  and  Letters  of  James  Wolfe.     London,  1909. 

John  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  Silas  Wright.     Auburn,  1847. 


John  W.  Du  Bose,  Life  and  Times  of  William  Lowndes  Yancey.  Birm 
ingham,  Ala.,  1892. 

Joseph  Hodgson,  The  Cradle  of  the  Confederacy;  or,  The  Times  of 
Troup,  Quitman,  and  Yancey.  Mobile,  1876. 


CHAPTER    VII 

SOURCES 

§  40.  Periodicals 

• 

MUCH  valuable  material,  both  secondary  and  original,  is  buried 
in  the  sets  of  American  periodicals.  Few  of  them  are  wholly 
devoted  to  historical  matters,  but  many  contain  occasional  articles. 
Out  of  the  following  list  of  periodicals  the  most  serviceable  in  a 
historical  library  would  be  the  American  Historical  Review,  Atlan 
tic  Monthly,  Century  (especially  for  the  Civil  War),  Forum,  North 
American  Review  (old  series  to  1878),  Magazine  of  American 
History,  Political  Science  Quarterly,  and  Scribner's  Magazine. 

Until  the  publication  of  Poolers  Index  to  Periodicals,  such  matter 
was  almost  inaccessible.  At  present,  however,  by  aid  of  this  work 
and  its  successors  and  of  Guthrie's  Readers'  Guide,  Jones's  Index 
to  Legal  Periodical  Literature,  and  the  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals 
(see  §  24),  it  is  easy  to  assemble  material  either  as  a  basis  of 
historical  knowledge  or  for  topical  work.  The  value  of  a  library 
is  much  increased  by  these  publications.  There  are  also  special 
indexes  to  Harper's  Magazine,  the  North  American  Review,  and 
the  New  York  Nation. 

Of  the  earlier  periodicals  the  most  valuable  for  its  historical 
material  is  Niles*  Register  (1811-1849),  and  of  those  since  1865  the 
New  York  Nation;  the  North  American  Review  fills  the  gap 
between.  The  Magazine  of  American  History,  which  was  dis 
continued  in  1893,  is  now  replaced  by  the  American  Historical  Re 
view  (1895-  ),  which  serves  as  a  national  clearing  house  for  his 
torical  writers  and  readers.  The  Magazine  of  History  (1905-  ) 
is  confined  more  strictly  to  the  American  field.  A  number  of 
magazines  covering  either  state  or  sectional  history  are  published 
by  historical  societies.  The  Political  Science  Quarterly,  the  Ameri 
can  Political  Science  Review,  the  American  Journal  of  International 

(122) 


§40]  PERIODICALS  123 

Law,  and  the  Yale  Review  have  also  much  historical  matter.  For 
a  record  of  current  events  and  criticisms,  Public  Opinion  (now 
combined  with  the  Literary  Digest)  is  useful.  The  illustrated 
magazines  have  some  historical  articles  that  are  frequently  gathered 
into  later  volumes.  The  Forum  and  the  North  American  Review 
deal  with  current  political  and  social  questions  rather  than  with 
historical  matters. 

The  American.     Phila.,  1881-. 

American  Antiquarian.     Chicago,  1878-. 

American  Catholic  Historical  Researches.  Pittsburg,  1884-. — The 
title  was  slightly  different  in  the  earlier  numbers. 

American  Economic  Review.     Boston,  IQII-. 

American  Historical  Review.  N.Y.,  1895-.  —  Index  to  Vols.  I-X 
(1895-1905).  N.Y.,  1906. 

American  Law  Review.     Boston,  1867-. 

American  Whig  Review.     16  vols.     N.Y.,  1845-1852. 

Andover  Review.     Boston,  1884-1893. 

Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science.   Phila. 
1890-. 
V    Annual  Register.     London,  1758-. 

A p pi etons'  Journal.  15  vols.  N.Y.,  1869-1876. — New  series,  n  vols., 
1876-1881. 

Atlantic  Monthly.     Boston,  1857-. 

Bangor  Historical  Magazine.  7  vols.  Bangor,  1885-1892.  Contin 
ued  in  two  more  vols.  (to  1894)  as  Maine  Historical  Magazine. 

Baptist  Quarterly  Review,     n  vols.     N.Y.,  1867-1877. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra.     Andover,  1844-1883;   Oberlin,  1884-. 

Carey's  American  Museum.     10  vols.     Phila.,  1787-1892. 

Catholic  World.     N.Y.,  1865-. 
V    Century  Magazine.     N.Y.,  1881-. 

Chautauquan.     Meadville,  1884-. 

Connecticut  Quarterly.     Hartford,  1895-. 

Cosmopolitan.     N.Y.,  1887-. 

De  Bow's  Commercial  Review.     29  vols.     New  Orleans,  1846-1860. 

De  Bow's  Review.  5  vols.  New  Orleans,  1860-1864.  —  "After  the 
War  series,"  8  vols.,  1866-1870. 

Democratic  Review.     43  vols.     N.Y.,  1838-1859. 

Dial,  Chicago,  1880-. 

W.  H.  Egle,  editor,  Notes  and  Queries,  Historical  and  Genealogical, 
chiefly  relating  to  Interior  Pennsylvania.  5  vols.  Harrisburg,  1881-1895. 
—  Reprinted  in  4  vols.,  and  continued  in  five  additional  volumes  to  1900. 


124      .  SOURCES  [§40 

Forum.     N.Y.,  1886-. 

Galaxy.     24  vols.     N.Y.,  1866-1877. 

\       Gentleman's   Magazine.     London,    1731-. — Index   to    1818,   5   vols. 
London,  1818-1821  (Vols.  I,  II,  are  reprinted  from  the  1789  edition). 

Granite  Monthly.     9  vols.     Concord,  N.H.,  1878-1886. 

Gulf  States  Historical  Magazine.     Montgomery,  Ala.,  1902-. 
'     Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine.     N.Y.,  1850-. 

Harvard  Law  Review.     Cambridge,  1887-. 

Samuel  Hazard,  editor,  Register  of  Pennsylvania  (1828-1835).  16  vols. 
Phila.,  1828-1836. 

Historical  Magazine  (Dawson's).     23  vols.     Boston,  etc.,  1857-1875. 

Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine  and  Commercial  Review.  63  vols.  N.Y., 
1839-1870.  —  In  1871,  incorporated  with  the  Commercial  and  Financial 
Chronicle. 

International  Review.     14  vols.     N.Y.,  1874-1883. 

Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science. 
Baltimore,  1883-. 

Knickerbocker  Magazine.     64  vols.     N.Y.,  1833-1864. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.     Phila.,  1868-. 

Literary  Digest.     N.Y.,  1890-. 
v      Magazine  of  American  History.     N.Y.,  1877-1894.  —  Index,  N.Y.,  1907. 

Magazine  of  History,  with  Notes  and  Queries  (William  Abbatt's). 
N.Y.,  1905-. 

Magazine  of  New  England  History.     2  vols.     Newport,  1891-1893. 

Magazine  of  Western  History.  14  vols.  Cleveland,  N.Y.,  1884-1891. — 
Continued  as  the  National  M agazinc.  Vols.  XV-XIX.  N.Y.,  1891-1894. 

Maine  Historical  and  Genealogical  Recorder.     Portland,  1884-. 

William  Maxwell,  editor,  Virginia  Historical  Register  and  Literary 
Advertiser.  6  vols.  Richmond,  1848-1853. 

Methodist  Quarterly.     N.Y.,  1841-. 

Narragansetl  Historical  Register.     8  vols.     Hamilton,  R.I. ,  1882-1891. 

Nation.  N.Y.,  1865-.  —  Analytical  Index  to  the  Political  Contents 
(1865-1882).  N.Y.,  1882. 

National  Geographic  Magazine.     Washington,  1889-. 

New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register.     Boston,  1847-. 

New  England  Magazine.     9  vols.     Boston,  1831-1835. 

New  England  Magazine.  New  series.  Boston,  1889-.  —  Began  in 
1884  as  the  Bay  State  Monthly. 

New  Englander.     56  vols.     New  Haven,  etc.,  1843-1892. 

Newport  Historical  Magazine.  4  vols.  Newport,  1880-1883.  —  Con 
tinued  as  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Magazine.  Vols.  V-VII.  New 
port,  1884-1887. 


§41]  NEWSPAPERS  125 

Niles'  Weekly  Register.  75  vols.  Baltimore,  1811-1849  (republished 
in  36  vols.).  —  Index  to  the  first  12  vols.,  Baltimore,  1818. 

North  American  Review.  Boston,  1815-1877;  N.Y.,  1878-.  —  Index, 
Cambridge,  1878. 

Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly.     Columbus,  1887-. 

Penn  Monthly.     12  vols.     Phila.,  1870-1882. 

Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography.  Phila.,  1877-.  — 
The  official  publication  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. 

Political  Science  Quarterly.     N.Y.,  1886-. 
I/'     Portfolio  (Dennie's).     44  vols.     Phila.,  1801-1827. 

Potter's  American  Monthly.     14  vols.     Phila.,  1875-1881. 

Presbyterian  Quarterly  and  Princeton  Review.     6  vols.    N.Y.,  1872-1877. 

Presbyterian  Review.     10  vols.     N.Y.,  1880-1889. 

Princeton  Review.  43  vols.  Princeton,  1829-1871.  —  New  series, 
14  vols.  N.Y.,  1878-1884.  —  New  Princeton  Review.  6  vols.  N.Y., 
1886-1888. 

Public  Opinion.  40  vols.  Washington,  1886-1906.  —  In  1906  in 
corporated  with  the  Literary  Digest. 

Putnam's  Monthly  Historical  Magazine.     7  vols.     Salem,  1892-1899. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics.     Boston,  1886-. 

Scribner's  Monthly.  22  vols.  N.Y.,  1870-1881.  —  New  series: 
Scribner's  Magazine.  N.Y.,  1887-. 

Sewanee  Review.     Sewanee,  Tenn.,  1892-. 

South  Atlantic  Quarterly.     Durham,  N.C.,  1902-. 

Southern  Historical  Magazine.     Charleston,  W.  Va.,  1892. 

Southern  Literary  Messenger.     29  vols.     Richmond,  1835-1859. 

Southern  Quarterly  Review.     27  vols.     Charleston,  1842-1856. 

Southern  Review.     8  vols.     Charleston-,  1828-1832. 

Southern  Review.     8  vols.     Baltimore,  1867-1870. 

Unitarian  Review.     36  vols.     Boston,  1874-1891. 

Universalist  Quarterly-.     48  vols.      Boston,  1844-1891. 

Western  Law  Journal.     10  vols.     Cincinnati,  1843-1853. 

Yale  Review.  New  Haven,  1892-.  —  In  1911  it  was  transformed  into 
a  general  review. 

§  41.  Newspapers 

Early  newspapers,  especially  in  colonial  times,  contained  very  little 
important  news ;  they  are  useful  to-day  principally  for  the  uninten 
tional  information  furnished  by  advertisements  and  items.  News 
papers  of  the  present  day  are  hard  to  handle,  because  of  their  bulk 
and  their  lack  of  systematic  arrangement.  In  general  such  ma- 


126  SOURCES  [§41 

terial  ought  to  be  used  rather  for  illustration  and  corroboration ; 
it  is  not  safe  to  make  newspapers  the  sole,  or  even  the  principal, 
dependence  for  historical  narratives.  The  system  of  newspaper 
clippings  employed  in  some  schools  has  the  serious  drawback  of 
failing  to  instil  discrimination  in  the  selection  of  material.  In 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  Historical  Essays,  No.  iv  (N.Y.,  1909),  is  an  ex 
position  of  the  value  of  newspapers  as  historical  sources. 

The  following  books  about  American  newspapers  may  be  found 
suggestive :  — 

Joseph  T.  Buckingham,  Specimens  of  Newspaper  Literature.  2  vols 
Boston,  1850. 

Frederic  Hudson,  History  of  Journalism  in  the  United  States,  from 
1690  to  1872.  N.Y.,  1873. 

Library  of  Congress,  Check  List  of  American  Newspapers  in  the  Library 
of  Congress.  Compiled  by  A.  B.  Slauson.  Washington,  1901. 

William  Nelson,  Some  Account  of  American  Newspapers.  (In  New 
Jersey  Archives,  ist  series,  Vols.  XI,  XII,  XIX.)  Paterson,  N.J.,  1894- 

1897.  —  Alphabetical  lists,  mainly  of  the  eighteenth  century,  running  as 
yet  only  through  New  Hampshire. 

S.  N.  D.  North,  History  and  Present  Condition  of  the  Newspaper 
and  Periodical  Press  in  the  United  States.  (Publications  of  the  Tenth. 
Census.)  Washington,  1884. 

Isaiah  Thomas,  History  of  Printing  in  America.  2  vols.  Worcester, 
1810.  —  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  Albany,  1874. 

L.  H.  Weeks  and  E.  M.  Bacon,  Historical  Digest  of  the  Provincial  Press 
(1689-1783).  "Massachusetts  series,"  Vol.  I  (to  1707).  Boston,  1911. 

Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society,  Annotated  Catalogue  of  Newspaper 
Files  in  the  [Society's]  Library.  Prepared  by  E.  H.  Blair.  Madison, 

1898.  — A  new  edition  is  in  progress. 

A  very  useful  newspaper  for  historical  purposes  is  Niles'  Register 
(see  §  40),  in  which  appear  significant  extracts  from  a  variety  of 
the  papers  of  the  day.  The  National  Intelligencer  is  useful  to 
1 86 1.  The  New  York  Tribune  and  New  York  Times  represent  the 
two  sides  from  about  1840  to  1865,  and  from  1876  to  1906  the 
Tribune  published  an  annual  index  of  its  contents.  The  Nation 
in  1865  began  its  valuable  weekly  review  of  politics;  and 
in  1886  Public  Opinion  revived  Niles'  system  of  extracts  from 
other  papers.  Out  of  the  thousands  of  newspapers  in  the  United 
States  the  following  brief  list  includes  some  of  the  most  service- 


§41]  NEWSPAPERS  1 27 

able.     They  are  arranged  in  order  of  their  first  appearance,  .with 
no  indication  as  to  their  length  of  life. 

Boston  News-Letter,  1704-. 

Boston  Gazette,  1719-. 

New  England  Courant,  Boston,  1724-. 

New  York  Gazette,  1725-. 

New  England  Weekly  Journal,  Boston,  1727-. 

Maryland  Gazette,  Annapolis,  1727-. 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Phila.,  1728-. 

New  York  Weekly  Journal  [Zenger],  1733-. 

Boston  Weekly  Post  Boy,  1734-. 

Boston  Evening  Post,  1735-. 

Virginia  Gazette,  Williamsburg,  1736-. 

Pennsylvania  Journal  and  Weekly  Advertiser,  Phila.,  1742-. 

New  York  Gazette  or  Weekly  Post  Boy,  1 743-. 

Evening  Post,  N.Y.,  1746-. 

Connecticut  Gazette,  New  Haven,  1755-. 

New  Hampshire  Gazette,  Portsmouth,  1756-. 

Boston  Weekly  Advertiser,  1757-.  . 

Newport  Mercury,  1758-. 

South  Carolina  and  American  General  Gazette,  Charleston,  1758-. 

Providence  Gazette  and  County  Journal,  1762-. 

Georgia' Gazette,  Savannah,  1763-. 

New  London  Gazette,  1763-1 7 73*  Connecticut  Gazette,  1773-. 

Connecticut  Courant,  Hartford,  1764-. 

New  York  Journal,  or  General  Advertiser  [Holt],  1766-. 

Connecticut  Journal  and  New  Haven  Post  Boy,  1767-. 

Massachusetts  Spy,  Boston,  1770-1775;  Worcester,  1775-. 

Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser,  1773-. 

Essex  Journal,  Newburyport,  1773-. 

Salem  Gazette,  1774-. 

Independent  Chronicle,  Boston,  1776-. 

Massachusetts  Centinel,  Boston,  1 784-1890 ;  Columbian  Centinel,  1 790-. 

Gazette  of  the  United  States,  N.Y.,  and  Phila.,  1789-. 

National  Gazette,  Phila.,  1791-. 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  1796-. 

General  Advertiser  and  Aurora,  Phila.,  1798-. 

National  Intelligencer,  Washington,  1800-. 

New  England  Palladium,  Boston,  1801-. 

New  York  Herald,  1802-. 

The  Enquirer,  Richmond,  1804-. 


128  SOURCES  [§42 

Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,  Baltimore  and  Washington,  1821-. 

Charleston  Mercury,  1822-. 

Detroit  Free  Press,  1831-. 

Louisville  Courier -Journal,  1831-. 

Liberator,  Boston,  1831-. 

New  York  Times,  1834-. 

St.  Louis  Republic,  1835-. 

Milwaukee  Sentinel,  1836-. 

New  Orleans  Picayune,  1837-. 

Burlington  Hawk-Eye,  1839-. 

National  Anti-Slavery  Standard,  N.Y.,  1840-. 

New  York  Tribune,  1841-.     Annual  indexes,  1876-1906. 

Indianapolis  Sentinel,  1841-. 

National  Era,  Washington,  1847-. 

Chicago  Tribune,  1847-. 

Alia  California,  San  Francisco,  1848-.  , 

St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press,  1849-. 

Oregonian,  Portland,  1850-. 

Missouri  Democrat,  St.  Louis,  1852-. 

San  Francisco  Chronicle,  1865-. 

Denver  Republican,  1866-. 

Atlanta  Constitution,  1868-. 

Omaha  Bee,  1871-. 

Kansas  City  Star,  1875-. 

§  42.  Collections  of  Public  Records  and  Statutes 

The  ultimate  source  of  our  knowledge  of  American  history  is 
the  record  made  at  the  time  of  the  events  described.  In  part  we 
have  official  records,  —  conscious  history ;  and  the  founders  of  the 
English  colonies,  especially  in  New  England,  were  well  aware  of 
the  value  which  posterity  would  place  on  their  accounts  of  the 
planting  of  the  New  World.  Winsor  in  Narrative  and  Critical  His 
tory  (VIII,  426)  enumerates  the  principal  publications,  including 
the  colonial  records,  which  are  among  the  most  precious  of  our 
documents.  Those  of  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  are  pub 
lished  by  the  respective  states;  and  the  two  series  edited  by 
O'Callaghan,  called  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York  and  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  are  substantially 


§42]  COLLECTIONS   OF   PUBLIC   RECORDS  129 

records  of  that  colony.  Side  by  side  with  these  must  be  mentioned 
the  historical  narratives  of  Bradford  and  Winthrop  on  Massachu 
setts  history,  which  stand  in  a  class  by  themselves. 

The  records  of  the  New  England  Confederation  are  reprinted 
in  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  and  there  are  extracts  in  the  records 
of  Connecticut.  Since  1774  we  have  continuous  Journals  for  the 
Congresses  of  the  United  States.  For  the  Convention  of  1787 
there  is  the  Journal,  as  well  as  Madison's  notes  on  the  debates, 
and  considerable  fragmentary  material ;  all  of  which  has  been 
collected  in  Max  Farrand,  Records  of  the  Federal  Convention.  From 
1789  to  1837  we  have  reprints  of  contemporary  newspaper  reports 
of  debates  in  Congress,  and  since  18  3  an  official  stenographic  re 
port,  the  Congressional  Globe  and  the  Congressional  Record.  There 
are  several  elaborate  series  of  public  documents  published  by  au 
thority  of  Congress,  the  earlier  of  which  were  gathered  up  and  re- 
published  in  the  folio  State  Papers.  To  all  these  documents  there 
are  now  official  indexes  (§  21).  The  Supreme  Court  Reports  contain 
the  decisions  of  that  court.  The  ordinances  of  Congress  before 
1789  are  not  printed  except  in  the  Journals;  but  since  1789  there 
is  a  series  of  Statutes  at  Large  containing  the  laws  and  treaties  of 
the  United  States  (§  44:  Federal  Statutes). 

All  the  states  possess  printed  sets  of  documents,  but  none  have 
published  official  reports  of  legislative  proceedings  other  than  the 
Journals.  Nor  are  the  town  and  city  transactions  in  print,  except 
in  a  few  cases.  On  the  other  hand,  the  United  States  abounds  in 
works  of  statesmen:  those  of  Franklin,  Washington,  Hamilton, 
Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Lincoln  have  each  been  published  several 
times.  Such  works  contain  state  papers  and  correspondence,  and 
are  well  adapted  for  use  in  schools  and  colleges.  Many  public 
men  have  also  put  together  their  experiences  and  reminiscences 
into  autobiographies  and  recollections,  —  such  as  John  Quincy 
Adams's  Memoirs,  Franklin's  Autobiography,  Benton's  Thirty 
Years'  View,  Sherman's  Recollections,  etc.  (list  in  §  47). 

These  various  types  of  sources  are  all  represented,  and  many 
titles  are  printed  in  the  sections  next  succeeding  —  which  are  not 
intended  to  be  a  complete  bibliography;  but  are  designed  to 
include  the  most  valuable  works  which  may  be  found  in  our  large 
libraries. 


130  SOURCES  [§42 

The  laws  of  England,  the  colonies,  states,  and  federal  Union  are 
printed  in  many  forms.  The  principal  collections  for  the  period 
previous  to  the  Revolution  are  as  follows :  — 

'British  Statutes 

Statutes  of  the  Realm.  Printed  by  command  of  His  Majesty  King 
George  III.  n  vols.  [London],  1810-1828.  —  Extends  from  1235  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne.  Vols.  X,  XI  are  indexes. 

Danby  Pickering,  Statutes  at  Large,  from  Magna  Charter  to  .  .  .  1761. 
Continued  by  Pickering  and  others  to  1807  (46  vols.);  continued  to 
1869  as  Statutes  of  the  United  Kingdom  (Vols.  47-109).  Cambridge  and, 
later,  London,  1762-1869. — A  good  index  up  to  1809  in  3  vols.,  London, 
1814. 

Statutes  at  Large,  from  Magna  Charta  to  .  .  .  1763.  Compiled  by 
Owen  Ruffhead.  9  vols.  London,  1763-1765.  —  New  edition,  revised 
and  continued  to  1800,  by  Charles  Runnington,  14  vols.  London,  1786- 
1800.  (Vol.  X  is  an  index,  1225-1785.)  —  Continued  to  1869  as  Statutes 
of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (with  running  title 
Statutes  at  Large}.  29  vols.  London,  1804-1869;  and  continued  from 
then  as  The  Public  General  Statutes  (since  1888  as  The  Public  General 
Acts}.  London,  1870-. 

The  Statutes;  Revised  Edition  (1235-1878).  1 8  vols.  London,  1870- 
[1885].  —  Second  Revised  Edition  (1235-1886).  16  vols.  London,  1888- 
1900. 

British  Colonial  Papers 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council  of  England,  Colonial  Series.  Rolls  Series. 
Edited  by  W.  L.  Grant  and  James  Munro.  Vols.  I-IV  (1613-1766). 
Hereford,  1908-1911. 

Calendar  of  [British]  State  Papers,  Colonial  Series,  America  and  West 
Indies.  Rolls  Series.  Vols.  I-XIX  (1574-1701).  London,  1860-1910. 

Calendar  of  Home  Office  Paper  of  the  Reign  of  George  III  (1760-1775). 
Rolls  Series.  4  vols.  London,  1878-99.  —  Among  the  other  volumes 
in  this  series  which  the  student  of  American  history  will  find  helpful 
are  the  Domestic  Papers,  the  Carew  Manuscripts,  etc. 

J.  K.  Laughton,  editor,  State  Papers  relating  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,  1588.  (Navy  Records  Society.)  2  vols.  [London],  1894. 

Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts 

Royal  Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts,  Reports,  and  other 
publications.  London,  1874-. — The  following  volumes,  among  others, 


§42]  COLLECTIONS   OF   PUBLIC   RECORDS  131 

contain  matter  of  use  to  students  of  American  history :  MSS.  of  the 
Marquess  of  Abergavenny,  Lord  Braye,  etc.  (1192-1809),  1887;  MSS.  of 
the  House  of  Lords  (1678-1704),  8  vols.,  1887-1910;  MSS.  of  the  Earl 
of  Dartmouth  (1559-1824),  3  vols.,  1887-1896 ;  MSS.  of  the  Duke  of  Port 
land  at  Welbeck  Abbey  (1582-1740),  8  vols.,  1891-1907;  MSS.  in  Various 
Collections,  Vol.  VI  (1649-1818),  1909;  MSS.  of  Mrs.  Stopford-Sackville 
(1685-1782).  2  vols.  1904-10;  American  MSS.  in  the  Royal  Institu 
tion  of  Great  Britain  (1747-1883).  4  vols.,  1904-1909;  MSS.  of  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle  (1200-1820),  1897.  —  These  reports  are  also  pub 
lished  in  the  Parliamentary  Papers.  A  partial  "Guide  to  the  Items 
relating  to  American  History  "  in  the  reports  of  the  Commission  may 
be  found  in  American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1898, 
pp.  611-708  (also  published  separately). 

Colonial  Statutes  and  Charters 

Abridgement  of  the  Laws  in  Force  and  Use  in  Her  Majesty's  Plantations. 
London, 1704. 

Nicholas  Trott,  Laws  of  the  British  Plantations  in  America,  relating 
to  the  Church  and  the  Clergy,  Religion  and  Learning.  London,  1721. — 
Imperfect,  but  useful  as  pointing  the  way. 

John  Brown  Dillon,  Oddities  of  Colonial  Legislation  in  America. 
Indianapolis,  1879. 

Francois  Xavier  Martin,  A  Collection  of  the  Statutes  of  the  Parliament 
of  England  in  Force  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  Newbern,  1792.  — 
Most  of  these  laws  were  in  force  in  the  other  colonies  as  well. 

[John  Almon],  Collection  of  Papers,  relative  to  the  Dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  America,  from  1764  to  1775.  London,  1777.  —  Always 
cited  as  Prior  Documents. 

Extracts  from  the  Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  American  Continental 
Congress,  held  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  5th,  1774.  Phila.,  1774. 

Charters  of  the  British  Colonies  in  America.  London,  1775.  —  Printed 
for  John  Almon. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Charlemagne  Tower  Collection  of 
American  Colonial  Laws.  Phila.,  1890.  —  An  index. 

Ben.  Perley  Poore,  compiler,  The  Federal  and  State  Constitutions, 
Colonial  Charters,  and  other  Organic  Laws  of  the  United  States.  (Senate 
Misc.  Docs.,  44  Cong.  2  sess.  [no  number,  serial  numbers  1730,  1731], 
also  separately.)  2  parts.  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office, 
1877.  —  New  edition,  with  practically  the  same  title.  Compiled  and 
edited  by  Francis  Newton  Thorpe.  (House  Docs.,  59  Cong.  2  sess. 
No.  357.)  7  vols.  Washington,  1909. 


132  SOURCES  [§43 

§  43.  Colonial,  State,  and  Local  Records,  Statutes, 
and  Constitutions 

The  story  of  the  march  of  civilization  in  the  United  States  is 
best  gathered  from  the  records  of  the  several  states  and  of  the 
local  administrative  units  within  them.  The  following  lists  con 
tain  the  proceedings  of  important  constitutional  conventions,  and 
other  publications  that  have  been  found  to  be  of  value  by  one  or 
another  of  the  compilers  of  this  work.  Extended  lists  of  records 
of  constitutional  conventions  can  be  found  in  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Con 
stitutions  and  Charters,  I,  pp.  xv-xxxv,  and  also  with  lists  of  state 
statutes  and  other  records  in  R.  R.  Bowker,  State  Publications 
(§  24).  For  economic  material  in  state  documents  consult  A.  R. 

Hasse,  Index  (§  24). 

Alabama 

William  R.  Smith,  History  and  Debates  of  the  Convention  of  the  People 
of  Alabama,  begun  and  held  in  .  .  .  Montgomery  .  .  .  January  7,  1861. 
Montgomery,  1861. 

Official  Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  the  State  of  Alabama. 
(November-December,  1867).  Montgomery,  1868. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  com 
mencing  May  2ist,  IQOI.  Montgomery,  1901. 

John  G.  Aikin,  Digest  of  Ike  Laws  of  the  State  of  Alabama.     Phila.,  1833. 

Arizona 

Minutes  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  (1910).     Phoenix,  [1910]. 

Arkansas 

[Journal  of  the  Convention  of  the  State  of  A  rkansas  .  .  .  held  in  Little 
Rock  .  .  .  March  4,  1861.  Little  Rock,  1861.]  — No  ti.tlepage. 

Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  assembled  at  Little  Rock, 
January  7,  1868  .  .  .  to  form  a  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Arkansas. 
Little  Rock,  1868. 

John  Steele  and  James  M 'Campbell,  compilers,  Laws  of  Arkansas 
Territory.  Little  Rock,  1835. 

California 

John  Ross.  Browne,  Report  of  the  Debates  in  the  Convention  of  Cali 
fornia  on  the  Formation  of  the  Stale  Constitution  (September-October, 
1849).  Washington,  1850. 


§43]  COLONIAL,    STATE,   LOCAL    RECORDS  133 

Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  convened 
.  .  .  September  28,  1878.  3  vols.  Sacramento,  1880. 

J.  F.  Davis,  Index  to  the  Laws  of  California,  1830-1907.  Sacramento, 
1908. 

Connecticut 

Public  Records  of  the  Colony  of  Connecticut  (1636-1776).  Compiled 
by  J.  H.  Trumbull  and  C.  J.  Hoadly.  15  vols.  Hartford,  1850-1890.  — 
Two  additional  volumes  of  "State  Records"  (Hartford,  1894-1895)  con 
tain  matter  to  April,  1780. 

Records  of  the  Colony  and  Plantation  of  New  Haven  (1638-1649).  Com 
piled  by  C.  J.  Hoadly.  Hartford,  1857.  —  Records  of  the  Colony  or  Juris 
diction  of  New  Haven  (1653-1665).  Hartford,  1858.  (Contains  the  New 
Haven  code  of  1656.)  — These  two  volumes  are  bound  as  New  Haven 
Colonial  Records. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  convened  at  Hartford, 
August'  26,  i8i8,for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  Constitution  of  Civil  Govern 
ment  for  .  .  .  the  State  of  Connecticut.  Hartford,  1873.  —  Reprinted, 
1901. 

A.  C.  Bates,  Connecticut  Statute  Laws:  a  Bibliographical  List  of  Editions 
of  Connecticut  Laws  .  .  .  to  1836.  [Hartford],  1900. 

The  General  Laws  and  Liberties  of  Conecticut  Colonie.  Cambridge, 
J673-  —  Reprinted,  Hartford,  1865. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty' 's  Colony  of  Connecticut  in  New  England. 
New  London;  editions  of  1715  and  1769,  with  supplements  to  1779. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  in  America.  New  London, 
1784,  with  supplements  to  1794. 

Hids  and  Laws  of  Ike  State  of  Connecticut  in  America.     Hartford,  1796. 

Delaware 

Records  of  the  Court  of  New  Castle  on  Delaware,  1676-1681.  Lancaster, 
1904.  —  Reprinted  from  the  Genealogical  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 
Collations,  Vols.  LXVIII,  LXIX. 

Minutes  of  the  Council  of  the  Delaware  State,  from  1776  to  1702.  (His 
torical  Society  of  Delaware,  Papers,  Vol.  VI.)  Wilmington,  1887. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  Delaware  (1700-1797).     2  vols.     Newcastle,  1797. 

Florida 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  a  Convention  .  .  .  to  form  a  Constitution 
for  the  People  of  Florida  (1838).  St.  Joseph,  1839. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  the  People  of  Florida, 


134  SOURCES  [§43 

begun  and  held  at  .  .  .  Tallahassee  .  .  .  January  j,  1861.  Tallahassee, 
1861. 

Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  the  People  of  Florida  at  Called  Sessions 
(February  26  and  April  18,  1861).  [Tallahassee,  1861.] 

Journal  of  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  held  .  .  .  October  25,  1865. 
Tallahassee,  1865. 

John  P.  Duval,  Compilation  of  the  Public  Acts  of  the  Legislative  Council 
of  the  Territory  of  Florida,  passed  prior  to  1840.  Tallahassee,  1839. 

Leslie  A.  Thompson,  Manual  or  Digest  of  the  Statute  Law  of  the  State 
of  Florida,  of  a  General  and  Public  Character,  in  force  .  .  .1847.  Boston, 

1847. 

Georgia 

Colonial  Records  of  the  State  of  Georgia  (1732-1774).  Edited  by  A.  D. 
Candler.  i7vols.  Atlanta,  1904-1906.  —  Revolutionary  Records  (1769- 
1784).  3  vols.  Atlanta,  1908.  —  Confederate  Records  (1860-1868).  4  vols. 
Atlanta,  1909-1910. 

John  Perceval,  First  Earl  of  Egmont,  Journal  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  Trustees  for  Establishing  the  Colony  of  Georgia  in  America. 
Wormsloe,  1886. 

Journal  of  the  Public  and  Secret  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  the 
People  of  Georgia,  held  in  Milledgeville  and  Savannah  in  1861.  Milledge- 
ville,  1861. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  held  .  .  .  in  Octo 
ber  and  November,  1865.  Milledgeville,  1865. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  (December, 
i867-March,  1868).  Augusta,  1868. 

C.  C.  Jones,  editor,  Acts  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Colony 
of  Georgia,  1755  to  1774.  Wormsloe,  1881. 

R.  and  G.  Watkins,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Phila., 
1800.  —  Contains  material  of  value  as  to  the  boundaries  of  Georgia. 

Horatio  Marbury  and  W.  H.  Crawford,  compilers,  Digest  of  the  Laws 
of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Savannah,  1802.  —  Contains  all  the  laws  passed 
before  1802,  and  then  in  force.  • 

Oliver  H.  Prince,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Milledge 
ville,  1822.  —  Contains  all  laws  in  force  in  1820. 

Arthur  Foster,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Georgia.     Phila.,  1831. 

Thomas  Gamble,  Jr.,  History  of  the  City  Government  of  Savannah 
(1790-1900).  Published  with  the  mayor's  Report,  1900. 

Idaho 

Revised  Codes  of  Idaho.  Prepared  by  J.  F.  MacLane.  2  vols.  Boise, 
1908. 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,    LOCAL   RECORDS  135 

Illinois 

Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Collections.  Springfield,  1903-  .  — 
Embraces  "Kaskaskia  Records,"  "Governors'  Letter-Books,"  "Transac 
tions"  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  etc. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  assembled  at  Springfield,  June  7,  1847,  .  .  . 
for  the  purpose  of  Revising  the  Constitution  of  the  State.  Springfield,  1847. 

Proceedings  of  the  Illinois  State  Convention,  1847.  Reported  in  the 
State  Register  (published  tri- weekly  at  Springfield),  June  1 2-September 
3,  1847- 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  convened  at  Springfield, 
January  7,  1862.  Springfield,  1862. 

Public  and  General  Statute  Laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Chicago, 
1839.  —  Contains  the  laws  published  in  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1833 
(except  such  as  had  been  repealed),  and  those  passed  1834-1837. 

Indiana 

Indiana  Historical  Society,  Publications.  Indianapolis,  1897-  .  — 
The  "Executive  Journal  of  Indiana  Territory,  1800-1816,"  is  in  Vol.  Ill, 
1900. 

Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  for  the  Revision 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  2  vols.  Indianapolis,  1850. 

Revised  Laws  of  Indiana  adopted  and  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly 
at  their  Eighth  Session  (1824).  Corydon,  1824. 

Revised  Laws  of  Indiana  .  .  .  adopted  and  enacted  by  the  General  As 
sembly  at  their  Fifteenth  Session  (1831).  Indianapolis,  1831. 

Iowa 

Governor  Robert  Lucas,  Executive  Journal  of  Iowa,  1838-1841. 
Edited  by  B.  F.  Shambaugh.  Iowa  City,  1906. 

B.  F.  Shambaugh,  editor,  Messages  and  Proclamations  of  the  Governors 
of  Iowa.  Vols.  I-VII  (1836-1901).  Iowa  City,  1903-1905. 

B.  F.  Shambaugh,  editor.  Fragments  of  the  Debates  of  the  Iowa  Con 
stitutional  Conventions  of  1844  and  1846.  Iowa  City,  1900.  —  Contains 
also  press  comments  and  speeches. 

Debates  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  assembled 
at  Iowa  City  .  .  .  January  ig,  1857.  Reported  by  W.  B.  Lord  and  others. 

2  vols.     Davenport,  1857. 

Kansas 

Proceedings  of  the  Territorial  Delegate  Convention  held  at  Big  Springs 
on  the  5~6th  of  Sept.,  1855;  also  Proceedings  of  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention  held  at  Topeka  .  .  .  Sept.  19-20,  1855.  No  titlepages; 
"Herald  of  Freedom  Print,  Lawrence,  K.  T." 


136  SOURCES  [§43 

Proceedings  and  Debates,  embracing  the  Secretary's  Journal,  of  the  Kan 
sas  Constitutional  Convention  convened  at  Wyandot,  July  5,  1859.  Re 
ported  by  Ariel  E.  Draper.  Wyandot,  1859. 

Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  passed  at  the  First  Session  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly  1855,  .  .  .  Acts  of  Congress  organizing  said  Terri 
tory,  etc.  Shawnee,  1855. 

Kentucky 

Journal  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  the  State  of  Kentucky. 
Frankfort,  1849. 

R.  Sutton,  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  for 
the  Revision  of  the  Constitution  .  .  .  1849.  Frankfort,  1849. 

Official  Report  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  in  the  Convention  as 
sembled  .  .  .  to  .  .  .  change  the  Constitution  (1890).  4  vols.  Frankfort, 
1890. 

Journal  of  the  Called  Session  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Kentucky  (January  17- April  5,  1861).  Frankfort,  1861. 

Louisiana 

[Buckingham  Smith,  editor],  Coleccion  de  Varios  Doctimentos  para  la 
Historia  de  la  Florida  y  Tierras  Adyacentes.  Vol.  I.  London,  [1857]. 

Don  Alexandre  O'Reilly,  Ordonnances  (1769).  In  French,  in  Appen 
dix  to  Gayarre's  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane;  in  English,  in  French's  His 
torical  Collections,  V,  254-288,  and  in  American  State  Papers,  folio  edition, 
Miscellaneous,  I,  363-377.  —  O'Reilly's  "Regulations"  of  1770  in  regard 
to  granting  land  are  also  printed  in  English  in  the  two  last-named  sources, 
and  in  American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  V,  729. 

Recopilacion  de  Leyes  de  los  Reynos  de  las  Indias.     4  vols.     Madrid, 

1774- 

Novisima  Recopilacion  de  las  Leyes  de  Espana.     6  vols.     Madrid,  1805. 

Joseph  M.  White,  A  New  Collection  of  Laws,  Charters  .  .  .  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Spain  relating  to  the  Concessions  of  Land.  2  vols. 
Phila.,  1839.  —  Contains  a  mass  of  papers,  difficult  of  access  elsewhere, 
relating  to  the  early  history  and  institutions  of  Louisiana. 

Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  Convention  of  Louisiana  which  assembled 
at  the  City  of  New  Orleans,  January  14,  1844  [1845].  Reported  by  Robert 
J.  Ker.  New  Orleans,  1845. 

Official  Journal  of  the  .  .  .  Constitutional  Convention  (1898).  New 
Orleans,  1898. 

Acts  passed  at  the  First  Session  of  the  Ninth  Legislature  of  the  State  of 
Louisiana  (1828).  New  Orleans,  1829. 

Civil  Code  of  the  State  of  Louisiana.    [New  Orleans],  1825. 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,   LOCAL   RECORDS  137 

Maine 

Documentary  History  of  the  State  of  Maine.  Maine  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  2d  series.  16  vols.  Portland,  1869-1910.  —  Includes  the 
"Baxter  Manuscripts"  (n  vols.),  "Farnham  Papers"  (2  vols.),  "Tre- 
lawny  Papers,"  etc. 

Debates  .  .  .  of  the  Convention  of  Delegates  assembled  at  Portland, 
October  11-29,  1819,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  Constitution  for  the  State 
of  Maine.  Reported  by  Jeremiah  Perley.  Portland,  1820. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  Maine  (1820-1831).  3  vols.  Brunswick  and  Port 
land,  1821-1831. 

York  Deeds  (1642-1726).     n  vols.     Portland,  1887-1896. 

Maryland 

Archives  of  Maryland.  Edited  by  W.  H.  Browne.  Vols.  I-XXX. 
Baltimore,  1883-1910.  —  In  progress. 

Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  Lower  House  of  Assembly  of  the  Province  of 
Maryland.  [Annapolis,  1753-1 759.] 

Proceedings  of  the  Conventions  of  the  Province  of  Maryland  held  a/  ... 
Annapolis  in  1774,  /775,  and  1776.  Baltimore,  1836. 

House  of  Delegates,  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Federal  Relations  in 
regard  to  the  Calling  of  a  Sovereign  Convention.  Frederick,  Md.,  1861. 

Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  .  .  .  Convention  (1851).    Annapolis,  1851. 

Debates  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  assembled  at  .  .  .  Annapolis 
.  .  .  April  27,  1864.  3  vols.  Annapolis,  1864.  (The  official  report.) 
—  Also  Proceedings  of  the  Convention,  Annapolis,  1864. 

Proceedings  of  the  State  Convention  .  .  .  to  frame  a  New  Constitution 
(1867).  Annapolis,  1867. 

A  Compleat  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland.     Annapolis,  1727. 

Thomas  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland  at  Large  (1637-1763).  Annapolis* 
1765.  —  Contains  also  the  charter  in  Latin,  with  an  English  translation. 

Acts  of  Assembly  passed  in  the  Province  of  Maryland  from  1692  to  1715. 
London,  1723. 

William  Kilty,  editor,  Laws  of  Maryland  (1692-1799).  2  vols.  Annap 
olis,  1799-1800. 

Virgil  Maxcy,'  editor,  Laws  of  Maryland,  with  the  Charter,  the  Bill  of 
Rights,  etc.  (1704-1809).  3  vols.  Baltimore,  1811. 

Laws  of  Maryland  made  since  1763  (1765-1784).     Annapolis,  1787. 

James  Bisset,  Abridgment  and  Collection  of  the  Acts  of  Assembly  of  the 
Province  of  Maryland.  Phila.  ,1759. 

Thomas  Herty,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland.     Baltimore,  1799. 


I38  SOURCES  [§43 

Massachusetts 

Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  in  New  England  (1620-1692). 
Edited  by  N.  B.  Shurtleff  and  others.  12  vols.  Boston,  1855-1861.  — 
Vols.  IX,  X,  contain  Acts  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies 
(1643-1679)  ;  Vol.  XI,  Plymouth  Colony  Laws  (1623-1682). 

Records  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England  (1628-86).  Edited  by  N.  B.  Shurtleff.  5  vols.  Boston,  1853-54. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  Collection  of  Original  Papers  relative  to  the  History 
of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts-Bay.  Boston,  1 769. 

Alden  Bradford,  editor,  Speeches  of  the  Governors  of  Massachusetts  from 
1765  to  1775 ;  and  the  Answers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  with  their 
Resolutions.  Boston,  1818. 

William  Lincoln,  editor,  Journals  of  each  Provincial  Congress  of  Massa 
chusetts  in  1774  and  1775  .  .  .  and  other  Documents.  Boston,  1838. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  for  Framing  a  Constitution  of  Government  for 
the  State  of  Massachusetts  Bay  (i  779-1 780) .  Boston,  183 2. 

Journal  of  Debates  and  Proceedings  in  the  Convention  .  .  .  begun  .  .  . 
November  15,  1820.  Boston,  1853. 

Official  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  in  the  .  .  .  Convention 
assembled  May  4,  1853.  3  vols.  Boston,  1853. 

W.  H.  Whitmore,  editor,  Bibliographical  Sketch  of  the  Laws  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  Colony  from  1630  to  1686.  Boston,  1890.  —  Contains  in  photo 
graphic  facsimile  the  "Body  of  Liberties,"  which  is  also  reprinted  in  fac 
simile  in  Whitmore's  Colonial  Laws  of  Massachusetts,  Boston,  1889. 

Book  of  the  General  Lawes  and  Libertyes  concerning  the  Inhabitants  of 
the  Massachusets.  Cambridge,  1660.  —  Reprinted  in  facsimile,  with 
supplements  to  1672,  in  Whitmore's  Colonial  Laws  of  Massachusetts,  Bos 
ton,  1889. 

The  General  Laws  and  Liberties  of  the  Massachusets  Colony :  Revised  and 
Reprinted.  By  Order  of  the  General  Court  Holden  at  Boston,  May  i$th, 
1672.  Edward  Rawson,  Seer.  Cambridge,  1672.  —  Reprinted  in  fac 
simile,  with  supplements  through  1686,  in  Whitmore's  Colonial  Laws  of 
Massachusetts,  Boston,  1887. 

Acts  and  Resolves,  Public  and  Private,  of  the  Province  of  the  Massachu 
setts  Bay.  Vols.  I-XVII  (1692-1764).  Boston,  1869-1910.  —  Often 
cited  as  Massachusetts  Province  Laws. 

Acts  and  Laws-  passed  by  the  Great  and  General  Court  or  Assembly  of  the 
Colony  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay  (1775-1780).  Boston,  1780. 

Perpetual  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  from  the  Com 
mencement  of  the  Constitution,  in  1780,  to  I78Q.  Boston,  1789. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  (1780-1797). 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,   LOCAL   RECORDS  139 

Boston,  1781-1796.  —  Reprinted,  9  vols.,  Boston,  1890-1896 ;  Supplement 
(1780-1784),  by  E.  M.  Bacon,  1896. 

Catalogue  of  Records  and  Files  in  the  Office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Supreme 
Judicial  Court  for  the  County  of  Suffolk.  Boston,  1890. 

Suffolk  Deeds.    Libri  I-XIV  (1629-97).     Boston,  1880-1906. 

Reports  of  the  Record  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  Boston.  38  vols. 
issued,  containing  records  of  Boston,  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  the  Boston 
Selectmen's  Minutes,  etc.  Boston,  1876-1908. 

Samuel  A.  Bates,  editor, 'Records  of  the  Town  of  Braintree,  1640  to  17 Q3. 
Randolph,  Mass.,  1886. 

Muddy  River  and  Brookline  Records,  1634-1838.  "By  the  Inhabitants 
of  Brookline  in  Town  Meeting,"  1875. 

Don  Gleason  Hill,  editor  [Dedham  Records.  9  vols.].  Dedham,  1886- 
1899.  —  These  volumes,  with  different  titlepages,  comprise  records  of  the 
town  and  selectmen,  and  of  the  church,  from  1636  onward. 

Henry  S.  Nourse,  Early  Records  of  Lancaster,  1643-1725.  Lancaster, 
1884.  —  Military  Annals  of  Lancaster,  1740-1865.  Lancaster,  1889.— 
Supplement  (to  both),  1900. 

F.  B.  Hough,  Papers  relating  to  the  Island  of  Nantucket.     Albany,  1856. 

Records  of  the  Town  of  Plymouth  (1636-1783).  3  vols.  Plymouth, 
1889-1903. 

W.  P.  Upham,  Town  Records  of  Salem,  1634-1659.  (Essex  Institute, 
Historical  Collections,  2d  series,  Vol.  I,  pt.  i.)  Salem,  1869. 

Watertown  Historical  Society,  Watertown  Records  (1634-1822).  4 
vols.  Watertown,  1894-1906. 

Mary  Frances  Peirce,  Town  of  Weston,  Records  (1746-1826).  2  vols. 
Boston,  1893-1894. 

F.  P.  Rice,  editor,  Records  of  Worcester.  (Worcester  Society  of  An 
tiquity,  Collections,  Vols.  I-XXIV.)  Worcester,  1877-1908.  —  In  prog 
ress. 

• 
Michigan 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  to  form  a  Constitution  for 
the  State  of  Michigan.  Detroit,  1835. 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  (1907-1908).  2  vols.  Lan 
sing,  1908. 

Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  (1907-1908). 
2  vols.  Lansing,  1907. 

Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan  (i  787-1827).     Detroit,  1827. 

Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan  condensed,  arranged,  and  passed  by 
the  Fifth  Legislative  Council  (1833).  Detroit,  1833. 


140  SOURCES  [§43 

Minnesota 

Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  to  form  a  State  Constitution, 
preparatory  to  Admission  into  the  Union.  Reported  by  T.  F.  Andrews. 
St.  Paul,  1858.  —  These  are  the  debates  of  the  Republicans.  The  journal 
and  debates  of  the  Democrats  were  published  separately,  each  at  St. 
Paul,  1857. 

Mississippi 

Journal  of  the  State  Convention,  and  Ordinances  and  Resolutions  adopted 
in  January  [and  March],  1861.  Jackson,  1861. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  in  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  .  .  .  August,  1865.  Jackson,  1865. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  begun 
.  .  .  August  12,  1890.  Jackson,  1890. 

Statutes  of  the  Mississippi  Territory  (1789-1816).  Digested  [by  Ed 
ward  Turner].  Natchez,  1816. 

Revised  Code  of  the  Laws  of  Mississippi  (comprising  all  public  acts  in 
force  at  the  end  of  the  year  1823).  Natchez,  1824. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  Mississippi  (1824-1838).     Jackson,  1838. 

Missouri 

Journal  of  the  Missouri  State  Convention.  St.  Louis,  1820  (reprinted, 
Washington,  1905). 

Journal  and  Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  State  Convention  held  at  Jeffer 
son  City  and  St.  Louis,  March,  1861.  (Also  journals  of  the  conventions 
held  July,  1861,  June,  1862,  and  June,  1863.)  4  vols.  (in  two).  St.  Louis, 
1861-1863. 

Journal  of  the  Missouri  State  Convention  held  at  .  .  .  St.  Louis,  Janu 
ary  6-April  10,  1865.  St.  Louis,  1865. 

Henry  S.  Geyer,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Missouri  Territory.  St.  Louis, 
1818.  0 

Laws  of  the  State  of  Missouri;  revised  and  digested  by  Authority  of  the 
General  Assembly.  2  vols.  St.  Louis,  1825. 

Revised  Statutes  of  the  State  of  Missouri.     St.  Louis,  1835. 

Louis  Houck,  editor,  The  Spanish  Regime  in  Missouri:  a  Collection  of 
Papers  and  Documents.  2  vols.  Chicago,  1909. 

Nebraska 

Official  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  in  the  .  .  .  Constitutional 
Convention  assembled  .  .  .  June  thirteenth,  1871.  (Nebraska  Historical 
Society,  Publications,  Vols.  XI,  XTI.)  York,  Neb.,  [1906-1907]. 


§43]  COLONIAL,    STATE,    LOCAL   RECORDS  141 

Nevada 

A.  J.  Marsh,  Official  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  in  the  Con 
stitutional  Convention  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  assembled  at  Carson  City, 
July  4,  1864.  San  Francisco,  1866. 

New  Hampshire 

Documents  and  Records  relating  to  the  Province  [Town  and  State]  of  New 
Hampshire  (1623-1800).  Edited  by  N.  Bouton  and  others.  31  vols. 
Concord,  etc.,  1867-1907.  —  Commonly  cited  as  New  Hampshire  Pro 
vincial  (or  State)  Papers.1 

Address  of  the  Convention  for  framing  a  New  Constitution  for  .  .  . 
New  Hampshire.  Portsmouth,  1781.  —  Similar  addresses  were  published 
in  1782  and  1783. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty's  Province  of  New  Hampshire  in  New 
England;  with  sundry  Acts  of  Parliament  (1696-1771).  Portsmouth, 
1771. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  the  Colony  of  New  Hampshire  (1776-1780).  Exeter, 
1780. 

Concord  Town  Records,  1732-1820.     Concord,  1894. 

F.  W.  Hackett,  compiler,  Portsmouth  Records,  1645-1656.  Ports 
mouth,  1886. 

New  Jersey 

Archives  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey.  Edited  by  W.  A.  Whitehead  and 
others,  ist  series,  Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  (1631-1800), 
27  vols.;  2d  series,  Documents  relating  to  the  Revolutionary  History  (1776- 
X779)>  3  vols.  Newark,  etc.,  i88o-i9o6.2 

George  Scot,  Model  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  of  East  New  Jersey. 
Edinburgh,  1685.  —  Reprinted  in  Whitehead's  East  Jersey  under  the 
Proprietary  Governments,  [N.Y.],  1846. 

1  Vols.  i-vii,  xviii,  xix,  Provincial  Papers,  1603-1776. 
Vols.  viii,  xx-xxii,  State  Papers,  1776-1792. 

Vols.  ix,  xi-xiii,  Town  Papers,  1638-180x2. 

Vol.  x,  Miscellaneous  Documents  (constitutional  conventions,  1788-1792,  cen 
suses,  and  copies  of  original  papers),  1749-1792. 

Vol.  xxiii,  List  of  Documents  in  the  Public  Record  Office  relating  to  New  Hamp 
shire,  1606-1771. 

Vols.  xxiv-xxix,  Town  Charters. 

2  Vols.  i-x,  Miscellaneous  Papers  (indexed  in  a  separate  volume,  1888). 
Vols.  xi,  xii,  xix,  xx,  xxiv-xxvii,  and  the  3  vols.  of  the  second  series,  News 
paper  Extracts,  1704-1779. 

Vols.  xiii-xviii,  Journal  of  the  Governor  and  Council,  1682-1775. 
Vol.  xxi,  Calendar  of  Records  in  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  of  Stale,  1664-1703- 

' 


142  SOURCES  [§43 

Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Congress  and  the  Council  of  Safety  of  the  State 
of  New  Jersey,  1774-1776.  Trenton,  1879. 

Minutes  of  the  Council  of  Safety  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  1777-1778. 
Jersey  City,  1872. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  to  form  a  Constitution  for 
the  Government  of  .  .  .  New  Jersey.  Trenton,  1844. 

Aaron  Learning  and  Jacob  Spicer,  Grants,  Concessions,  and  Original 
Constitutions  of  the  Province  of  New-Jersey  (1664-1682).  Phila.,  [1752]. 
—  Reprinted,  Somerville,  N.J.,  1881. 

Samuel  Allinson,  compiler,  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Province 
of  New- Jersey,  1702-1776.  Burlington,  N.J.,  1776. 

William  Paterson,  compiler,  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  (1703-1798). 
New  Brunswick,  1800. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  (1703-1820).     Trenton,  1821. 

Peter  Wilson,  compiler,  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
New- Jersey  (1776-1783).  Trenton,  1784. 

Josiah  Harrison,  Compilation  of  the  Public  Laws  of  the  State  of  New- 
Jersey,  passed  since  the  Revision  in  .  .  .  1820.  Camden,  1833. 

John  Hood,  Index  .  .  .  of  Laws  of  New  Jersey  between  .  .  .  1663  and 
ipoj.  Camden,  1905. 

New  Mexico 

Proceedings  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  held  .  .  .  October  3rd 
to  November  2ist,  ipio.  Albuquerque,  1910. 

New  York 

Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Edited  by  E.  B.  O'Callaghan  and  B.  Fernow.  15  vols.  Albany,  1856- 
1887.  —  Vol.  XI,  General  Index;  Vol.  XV,  State  Archives. 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  the  State  of  New  York.  4 
vols.  Albany,  1849-1851. 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Laws  and  Ordinances  of  New  Netherland,  1638- 
1674.  Albany,  1868. 

Minutes  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Province  of  New-York,  [with] 
Collateral  and  Illustrative  Documents.  Edited  by  V.  H.  Paltsits.  Vols.  I- 
II  (1668-1673).  Albany,  1910. 

Journal  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Colony  of  New-York  '(1691-1 775). 
2  vols.  Albany,  1861. 

Journal  of  the  Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Colony  of  New  York  (1691-1765).  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1764-1766. 

Journals  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  Provincial  Convention,  etc.,  of  the 
State  of  New  York  (1775-1777).  2  vols.  Albany,  1842.  — The  journals 
are  also  contained  in  the  Colonial  Documents. 


§43]  COLONIAL,    STATE,   LOCAL   RECORDS  143 

N.  H.  Carter  and  W.  L.  Stone,  Reports  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates 
of  the  Convention  of  1821,  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  Amending  the  Con 
stitution  of  the  State.  Albany,  1821. 

L.  H.  Clarke,  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention 
of  the  State  of  New-York,  held  at  .  .  .  Albany  .  .  .  August  28,  1821. 
N.Y.,  1821. 

Colonial  Laws  of  New  York  from  the  Year  1664  to  the  Revolution.  5  vols. 
Albany,  1894-1896. 

Acts  of  Assembly  passed  in  the  Province  of  New  York  from  1691  to  1718. 
London,  1719. 

Laws  of  New- York  from  i6gi  to  1773.     Vol.  I.     N.Y.,  1774. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  (1777-1801).  5  vols.  Albany,  1886- 
1887. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New-York  .  .  .  since  the  Revolution  (1778-1792). 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1792. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  New-York  (1784-1813).  Revised  by  W.  P.  Van 
Ness  and  John  Woodworth.  2  vols.  Albany,  1813. 

Revised  Statutes  of  the  State  of  New- York.     3  vols.     Albany,  1829. 

Franklin  B.  Hough,  Constitution  of  the  State  of  New  York,  adopted  in 
1846.  Albany,  1867. 

The  Convention  Manual  for  the  Sixth  New  York  State  Constitutional 
Convention,  1894:  "Part  2,  Vol.  I,"  American  Constitutions;  "Part  2, 
Vol.  VI,"  Annotated  Constitution  of  the  State  of  New  York.  2  vols.  Al 
bany,  1894. 

Joel  Munsell,  Annals  of  Albany  (1609-1858).  10  vols.  Albany,  1850-59. 

Records  of  the  Town  of  East-Hampton,  Long  Island.  4  vols.  Sag- 
Harbor,  1887-1889. 

Berthold  Fernow,  editor,  Records  of  New  Amsterdam  (1653-1674). 
7  vols.  N.Y.,  1897. 

J.  Wickham  Case,  Southold  (L.I.)  Town  Records.  2  vols.  Printed  by 
order  of  the  towns  of  Southold  and  Riverhead.  [Copyright,  1882-1884.] 

North  Carolina 

Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina  (1662-1776).  Edited  by  W.  L. 
Saunders.  Vols.  I-X.  Raleigh,  1886-1890.  —  From  1776  to  1790  (Vols. 
XI-XXVI,  Winston,  etc.,  1895-1906)  the  series  is  called  State  Records, 
and  is  edited  by  Walter  Clark.  It  includes  three  volumes  of  laws,  1715- 
1 790,  indexed  (Vols.  XXIII-XXV) ,  and  the  census  record  of  1 790,  indexed 
(Vol.  XXVI).  A  general  index  to  Vols.  I-XXV  is  in  preparation. 

Francois-Xavier  Martin,  Collection  of  the  Statutes  of  the  Parliament  of 
England  in  force  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  Newbern,  1792. 


144  SOURCES  [§43 

Journal  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  to  A  mend  the  Constitution  of  the  State, 
•which  assembled  in  Raleigh,  June  4,  1835.  Raleigh,  1835. 

Ordinances  and  Resolutions  passed  by  the  State  Convention  of  North 
Carolina  (May,  i86i-May,  1862).  Raleigh,  1862. — Also,  in  the  same 
volume,  journals  of  the  convention. 

Ordinances  and  Resolutions  passed  by  the  North-Carolina  State  Con 
vention,  First  Session,  1865.  Raleigh,  1865.  — Also  those  of  the  second 
session,  Raleigh,  1866. 

North  Dakota 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  held  .  .  .  July  4  to  Aug.  77, 
1 88  p.  Bismarck,  1889. 

Official  Report  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  (1889).     Bismarck,  1889. 

Northwest  Territory 

Laws  of  the  Territory  .  .  .  North-west  of  the  Ohio  River  (1788-1795).  3 
vols.  Philadelphia  and  Cincinnati,  1792-1796.  — These  are  the  laws 
made  by  the  governor  and  judges. 

Laws  of  the  Territory  .  .  .  Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio  (1798-1801).  4 
vols.  Cincinnati  and  Chillicothe,  1798-1802.  —  Laws  passed  by  the 
legislature. 

Ohio 

J.  V.  Smith,  Report  of  the  Debates  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  for 
the  Revision  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  1850-1851.  2  vols. 
Columbus,  1851.  —  The  official  copy. 

Acts  .  .  .  [passed  by  the]  General  A ssembly  (1803-1838).  37  vols.  Co 
lumbus,  1803-1839. 

Laws  of  Ohio,  ordered  by  the  Legislature  to  be  reprinted,  1816.  No  title- 
page. 

Statutes  of  the  State  of  Ohio  of  a  General  Nature.     Columbus,  1 841 . 

Oregon 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  the  State  of  Oregon,  held  at 
Salem  .  .  .  August  xy-November  p,  1857.  Salem,  1882. 

Pennsylvania 

[Colonial  Records ,  1683-1790.]  16  vols.  Phila.,  1852-1853.  —  Vols.  I- 
X,  Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council;  Vols.  XI-XVI,  Minutes  of  the 
Supreme  Executive  Council.  —  General  Index,  Phila.,  1860. 

Pennsylvania  Archives  (1664-  ).  Compiled  by  Samuel  Hazard  and 
others.  6  series,  in  91  vols.  (to  1907).  Phila.  and  Harrisburg,  1852- 
1907.  —  A  miscellaneous  collection  of  official  papers. 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,    LOCAL    RECORDS  145 

Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania  (1682-1776).  6  vols.  Phila.,  1752-1776. 

[Michael  Hillegas,  editor],  Journals  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  (November  28,  1776,  to  October  2, 
1781).  Vol.  I.  Phila.,  1782.  —  Probably  no  more  published. 

Staughton  George  and  others,  compilers,  Duke  of  Yorke's  Book  of 
Laws  (1676-1682),  and  Charter  to  William  Penn  and  Laws  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania  passed  between  1682  and-  1700.  Harrisburg,  1879. 

Record  oj  the  Court  at  Upland,  in  Pennsylvania,  1676  to  1681.  (Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  VII,  1-203.)  Phila.,  1860. 

Statutes  at  Large  of  Pennsylvania  from  1682  to  1801.  Compiled  by  J.  T. 
Mitchell  and  Henry  Flanders.  Vols.  II-XIII  (1700-1790).  Harrisburg, 
1896-1908. 

A.  J.  Dallas,  compiler,  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 
(1700-1790).  "Republished  on  authority."  2  vols.  Phila.,  1793-1797. 

Mathew  Carey  and  John  Bioren,  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn 
sylvania  (1700-1802).  6  vols.  Phila.,  1803. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  to  propose  Amendments  to  the  Con 
stitution  (1837).  2  vols.  Harrisburg,  1837-1838.  —  Bound  with  this  is 
Minutes  of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole. 

Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  Convention  (1837).  14  vols.  Harrisburg, 
1837-1839. 

Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 
(1777-81) ;  with  an  Appendix  containing  the  "Laws  now  in  Force,  passed 
between  the  3oth  Day  of  September  1775,  and  the  Revolution."  Phila., 
1782. 

J.  B.  McMaster  and  F.  D.  Stone,  editors,  Pennsylvania  and  the  Federal 
Constitution,  1787-1788.  Phila.,  1888. 

Rhode  Island 

Records  of  the  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  in 
New  England  (1636-1792).  Complied  by  J.  R.  Bartlett.  10  vols. 
Providence,  1856-1865.  —  Imperfect;  the  historian  is  obliged  to  go  to 
the  original  records. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  to  frame  a  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island,  at  Newport,  September  12,  1842.  Providence,  1859. 

Acts  and  Laws  of  His  Majesty's  Colony  of  Rhode-Island  and  Providence- 
Plantations  in  New-England.  —  Editions  printed  at  Newport  by  the 
Widow  Franklin  in  1745  and  1764,  and  by  Samuel  Hall  in  1767.  All. 
the  editions  of  the  Rhode  Island  laws  are  imperfect ;  the  student  must 
therefore  consult  the  original  "Schedules"  to  gain  a  comprehension  of  the 
history  of  Rhode  Island. 


146  SOURCES  [§43 

Early  Records  of  the  Town  of  Portsmouth  (1639-1697).  Providence, 
1901. 

Early  Records  of  the  Town  of  Providence.  Vols.  I-XX.,  Providence, 
1892-1909. 

South  Carolina 

P.  C.  J.  Weston,  editor,  Documents  connected  with  the  History  of  South 
Carolina.  London,  1856. 

Journals  of  the  Conventions  of  the  People  of  South  Carolina,  held  in 
1832,  1833,  and  1852.  Columbia,  1860. 

Address  of  the  People  of  South  Carolina,  assembled  in  Convention,  to  the 
People  of  the  Slaveholding  States.  Charleston,  1860. 

Declaration  of  the  Immediate  Causes  which  Induce  and  Justify  the  Se 
cession  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Federal  Union;  and  the  Ordinance  of 
Secession.  Charleston,  1860. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  of  the  People  of  South  Carolina,  held  in  1860, 
1861,  and  1862.  Columbia,  1862.  —  Contains  also  ordinances,  reports, 
resolutions,  etc. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  .  .  .  held  in  Columbia  .  .  .  September, 
1865.  Columbia,  1865. 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  (1895).     Columbia,  1895. 

Nicholas  Trott,  Laws  of  the  Province  of  South  Carolina  before  1734.  2 
vols.  Charleston,  1736. 

John  F.  Grimke,  compiler,  Public  Laws  of  the  State  of  South-Carolina 
(1694-1790).  Phila.,  1790. 

Thomas  Cooper  and  D.  J.  McCord,  Statutes  at  Large  of  South  Carolina. 
10  vols.  Columbia,  1836-1841. 

Benjamin  James,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  South-Carolina.  Columbia, 
1822. 

Thomas  D.  Condy,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  and  of  South 
Carolina  relating  to  the  Militia;  also  Patrol  Laws,  Slave  Laws,  and  Judi 
cial  Decisions  thereon.  Charleston,  1830. 

Joseph  Brevard,  Alphabetical  Digest  of  the  Public  Statute  Law  of  South- 
Carolina.  3  vols.  Charleston,  1814. 

Revised  Statutes  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  Columbia,  1873.  — 
An  Appendix  to  some  copies  gives  a  list  of  old  acts. 

Digest  of  the  Ordinances  of  the  City  Council  of  Charleston  .  .  .  1783- 
1818.  Charleston,  1818.  —  To  this  are  appended  ordinances  from  1818 
to  1832. 

South  Dakota 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  July,  1889.  Sioux 
Falls,  1889. 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,   LOCAL   RECORDS  147 

Tennessee 

Journals  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Territory 
South  of  the  River  Ohio.  Knoxville,  1794-1795 ;  reprinted,  Nashville,  1852. 
—  The  reprint  also  contains  the  journals  of  the  House  for  1 794-1 795,  of  the 
Senate  and  House  for  1796,  and  the  journal  of  the  Constitutional  Con 
vention  of  1796. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  convened  for  the  pur 
pose  of  Revising  and  Amending  the  Constitution  thereof.  Nashville,  1834. 

John  Hay  wood,  Revisal  of  all  the  Public  Acts  of  the  State  of  North-Caro 
lina,  and  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  now  in  force  in  .  .  .  Tennessee.  26. 
ed.  Nashville,  1810. 

R.  L.  Caruthers  and  A.  O.  P.  Nicholson,  Compilation  of  the  Statutes  of 
Tennessee  of  a  General  and  Permanent  Nature.  Nashville,  1836. 

John  Haywood  and  R.  L.  Cobb,  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  State  of  Ten 
nessee,  of  a  Public  and  General  Nature,  revised  and  digested.  2  vols. 
Knoxvilk,  1831. 

R.  J.  Meigs  and  W.  F.  Cooper,  editors,  The  Code  of  Tennessee,  enacted 
by  the  General  Assembly  of  1857-1858.  Nashville,  1858. 

Texas 

Proceedings  of  the  General  Convention  of  Delegates  .  .  .  held  at  .  .  . 
San  Felipe  .  .  .  October,  1832.  Brazoria,  Texas,  1832  [reprinted,  Austin, 
1898].  —  In  the  same  volume  are  Journals  of  the  Consultation  held  at  San 
Felipe  .  .  .  1835  (Houston,  1838) ;  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
General  Council  .  .  .  held  at  San  Felipe,  1835  (Houston,  1839);  and 
Journals  of  the  General  Convention  at  Washington,  March  1-17,  1836 
(Houston,  1838). 

Journals  of  the  Convention  assembled  .  .  .  on  the  4th  of  July,  1845,  for 
the  purpose  of  framing  a  Constitution.  Austin,  1845. 

Debates  in  the  Convention  (1845).     Austin,  [1845]. 

Ordinances  and  Resolutions  of  the  Convention  held  in  the  City  of  Austin, 
January  28-February  24,  1861.  Austin,  1861. 

Reports  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Safety  to  the  Convention  of  the  People 
of  .  .  .  Texas,  which  assembled  at  Austin,  January  28,  1861.  Austin, 
1861. 

Journal  of  the  Texas  State  Convention  assembled  at  Austin,  Feb.  7, 1866. 
Austin,  1866. 

Laws  and  Decrees  of  the  State  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  in  Spanish  and 
English  (1824-1835).  Translated  by  J.  P.  Kimball.  Houston,  1839. 

Oliver  C.  Hartley,  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Texas.     Phila.,  1850. 


148  SOURCES  [§43 

Utah 

Official  Report  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  Convention  as 
sembled  .  .  .  on  the  Fourth  Day  of  March,  1895,  to  adopt  a  Constitution. 
2  vols.  Salt  Lake  City,  1898. 

Vermont 

Records  of  the  Council  of  Safety  and  Governor  and  Council  of  the  State  of 
Vermont.  Edited  by  E.  P.  Walton.  8  vols.  Montpelier,  1873-1880. 

Vermont  State  Papers ;  being  a  Collection  of  Records  and  Documents. 
Compiled  by  William  Slade.  Middlebury,  1823. 

Journal  of  the  [Constitutional]  Convention  holden  at  Montpelier  .  .  . 
January  6, 1836.  St.  Albans,  1836. 

Laws  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  digested  and  compiled.    2  vols.     Randolph, 

1808. 

Virginia 

Colonial  Records  of  Virginia  [1619-1680.  Edited  by  T.  S.  Wynne  and 
W.  S.  Oilman.]  Richmond,  1874.  ("  Senate  Document,  Extra.") 

Calendar  of  Virginia  State  Papers  and  other  Manuscripts  .  .  .  pre 
served  .  .  .  at  Richmond  (1652-1869).  Edited  by  W.  P.  Palmer  and 
others,  n  vols.  Richmond,  1875-1893. 

Records  of  the  Virginia  Company  of  London :  the  Court  Book,  from  the 
Manuscript  in  the  Library  of  Congress.  Edited  by  S.  M.  Kingsbury.  2 
vols.  Washington,  1906. 

Journals  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia  (1727-1776).  Edited  by 
H.  R.  Mcllwaine  and  J.  P.  Kennedy.  8  vols.  Richmond,  1905-1910. 

Journals  of  the  House  of  Delegates  of  Virginia  (1776-1790).  4  vols. 
Richmond,  1828. 

Senate  Journals  (1778-1779,  1785-1790).  2  vols.  Richmond,  1827- 
1828. 

Report  of  the  Committee  of  Revisors  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  Virginia  in  1776.  Richmond,  1784. 

Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  Virginia  State  Convention  of  1829-1830. 
Richmond,  1830. 

Journal  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  beginning  June  i2th 
1 901.  Richmond,  1901. 

Report  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  (1901).  2  vols.  Richmond, 
1906. 

David  L.  Pulliam,  The  Constitutional  Conventions  of  Virginia  from  the 
Foundation  of  the  Commonwealth  to  the  Present  Time.  Richmond,  1901. 

J.  N.  Brenaman,  History  of  Virginia  Conventions.  Richmond,  1902. 
—  Appended  are  the  constitutions  of  1868  and  1902. 


§43]  COLONIAL,    STATE,   LOCAL   RECORDS  149 

William  Waller  Hening,   The  Statntes-at-Large,  being  a  Collection  of 
all  the  Laws  of  Virginia  (1619-1792).     13  vols.     Phila.  and  N.Y.,  1823. 
Acts  of  Assembly,  now  in' force,  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia  (1661-1752). 
Williamsburg,  1752. 

Acts  of  Assembly,  now  in  force,  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia  (1661-1768). 
Williamsburg,  1769. 

Collection  of  all  such  Public  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  Ordi 
nances  of  the  Conventions  of  Virginia,  passed  since  the  Year  1768,  as  are 
now  in  force  (1769-1783).  Richmond,  1785. 

Collection  of  all  such  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  of  a 
Public  and  Permanent  Nature,  as  are  now  in  force  (i  776-1 794).  Richmond, 
1794. 

John  Mercer,  An  Exact  Abridgment  of  all  the  Public  Acts  of  Assembly  of 
Virginia  in  force  and  use.  Williamsburg,  1737. 

A  Collection  of  all  such  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  of  a 
Public  and  Permanent  Nature,  as  are  now  in  force.  2  vols.  Richmond, 
1803-1808.  —  Supplement,  Richmond,  1812.  Binder's  title,  "Revised 
Code." 

Revised  Code  of  the  Laws  of  Virginia.  2  vols.  Richmond,  1819.. — 
Supplement,  Richmond,  1833. 

The  Code  of  Virginia.     Richmond,  1849. 

Virginia  State  Library,  A  Calendar  of  Legislative  Petitions  arranged 
by  Counties  [from  the  Revolution  on].  (Department  of  Archives  and 
History,  Special  Report,  by  H.  J.  Eckenrode.)  Richmond,  1908.  — 
Runs  only  from  '*  Aecomac  "  to  "  Bedford." 

Washington 

Remington  and  Ballinger's  Annotated  Codes  and  Statutes  of  Washington. 
2  vols.  and  index  vol.  Seattle,  1910. 

t 

West  Virginia 

Journal  of  Constitutional  Convention  assembled  .  .  .  January  16,  1872. 
Charleston,  1872. 

Wisconsin 

Journal  of  the  Convention  to  form  a  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Wis 
consin  .  .  .  held  at  Madison  .  .  .  1846.  Madison,  1847. 

Journal  of  the  Convention  to  form  a  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Wis 
consin  .  .  .  held  at  Madison  .  .  .  1847.  Madison,  1848. 

Revised  Statutes  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  passed  .  .  .  1858.  Chicago, 
1858. 


150  SOURCES  [§43 

Wyoming 

Journal  and  Debates  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  .  .  .  begun  .  .  . 
on  September  2,  1889.  Cheyenne,  1893. 

Canada 

Report  on  Canadian  Archives.  Ottawa,  1872-1908.  —  Annual  reports, 
since  1883  issued  as  separate  publications ;  to  be  found  also  in  the  Canada 
Sessional  Papers.  They  contain  matter  of  the  greatest  value  to  the 
student  of  the  history  of  the  United  States.  An  index  was  published  in 
1909. 

William  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada  (1608-1841).  10  vols.  Lon 
don  and  Toronto,  1888-1898. — This  work  contains  many  important 
documents  relating  to  colonial  history  not  easily  accessible  elsewhere. 

H.  L.  Egerton  and  W.  P.  Grant,  Canadian  Constitutional  Development 
shown  by  Selected  Speeches  and  Despatches  (1763-1865).  London,  1907. 

William  Houston,  Documents  Illustrative  of  the  Canadian  Constitution. 
Toronto,  1891. 

Adam  Shortt  and  A.  G.  Doughty,  editors,  Documents  relating  to  the 
Constitutional  History  of  Canada,  1750-1791.  Ottawa,  1907. — This  is 
Vol.  Ill  of  the  Report  on  Canadian  Archives,  1905  ;  it  is  also  Sessional 
Paper,  No.  18. 

Thomas  B.  Akins,  Selections  from  the  Public  Documents  of  the  Province 
of  Nova  Scotia.  Halifax,  1869. 

Select  Digests  and  Reports  of  Judicial  Decisions 

The  following  authorities  contain  digests  upon  decisions  rendered 
before  1789,  and  also  the  texts  of  some  decisions. 

George  Chalmers,  Opinions  of  Eminent  Lawyers  on  various  points  of 
English  Jurisprudence,  chiefly  concerning  the  Colonies,  Fisheries,  and 
Commerce,  of  Great  Britain.  2  vols.  London,  1814. 

William  Forsyth,  Cases  and  Opinions  on  Constitutional  Law  and 
various  points  of  English  Jurisprudence.  London,  1869.  —  Contains  a 
few  opinions  dealing  with  the  thirteen  English  colonies  in  America. 

Benjamin  Vaughan  Abbott,  United  States  Digest  .  .  .  from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  the  Year  1870.  15  vols.  Boston,  1874-1878.  —  Vol.  XV  is  a 
table  of  cases. 

Jesse  Root,  Reports  of  Cases  adjudged  in  the  Superior  Court  [of  Con 
necticut}.  2  vols.  Hartford,  1798-1802.  —  Vol.  I  contains  several  cases 
decided  before  1789. 


§43]  COLONIAL,   STATE,    LOCAL   RECORDS  151 

Thomas  Harris  and  John  M'Henry,  Maryland  Reports  (1658-1799). 
4  vols.  N.Y.,  1809-1818. 

W.  H.  Norris  and  others,  Digest  of  the  Maryland  Reports  (1658-1842). 

2  vols.     Baltimore,  1847. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Superior 
Court  of  Judicature  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  between  1761 
and  1772.  Boston,  1865. 

George  Fred  Williams,  Massachusetts  Citations:  Quincy  to  122  Mass. 
(1761-1877).  Boston,  1878. 

E.  H.  Bennett,  Russell  Gray,  and  H.  W.  Swift,  Massachusetts  Digest 
.  .  .  of  Reported  Decisions  (1804-1879,  with  references  to  earlier  cases). 

3  vols.     Boston,  1881.  —  Supplements  to  1902. 

Francois  Xavier  Martin,  Notes  of  a  few  Decisions  in  the  Superior  Courts 
of  North  Carolina,  and  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  for  North 
Carolina  District  (1778-1797 ;  with  a  translation  of  Latch's  Cases).  New- 
bern,  1797.  —  Included  with  other  matter  in  a  second  edition,  Raleigh, 
1843. 

A.  J.  Dallas,  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of  Pennsylvania  .  .  . 
[1754-1806],  and  in  the  several  Courts  of  the  United  States  [1790-1800]. 

4  vols.     Phila.,  1790-1807.  —  Vol.  I  is  entitled  Reports  of  Cases  ruled 
and  adjudged  in  the  Courts  of  Pennsylvania,  before  and  since  the  Revolution. 
2d  edition  of  Vols.  I,  IV,  Phila.,  1806,  1835. 

Frederick  C.  Brightly,  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Courts  of  Pennsyl 
vania  (1754-1891).  '  4  vols.  Phila.,  1877-1891. 

Richard  Peters,  Admiralty  Decisions  in  the  District  Court  of  the  United 
States  for  the  Pennsylvania  District.  2  vols.  (in  one).  Phila.,  1807.  — 
Contains  Hopkinson's  decisions,  1780-1806,  and  other  interesting  matter t 
as,  for  example,  the  "Marine  Ordinances  of  Louis  XIV." 

Thomas  Bee,  Reports  of  Cases  adjudged  in  the  District  Court  of  South 
Carolina,  to  which  is  added  an  Appendix  containing  Decisions  in  the 
Admiralty  Court  of  Pennsylvania.  Phila.,  1810. — The  Appendix  con 
tains  many  cases  decided  between  1779  and  1785. 

R.  T.  Barton,  editor,  Virginia  Colonial  Decisions:  Reports  by  Sir  John 
Randolph  and  by  Edward  Barradall  of  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Virginia,  1728-1741.  2  vols.  Boston,  1909. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Reports  of  Cases  determined  in  the  General  Court 
of  Virginia  (1730-1740,  1768-1772).  Charlottesville,  1829. 

Daniel  Call,  Reports  of  Cases  .  .  .  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Virginia. 
2d  ed.  6  vols.  Richmond,  1824-1833.  —  A  few  early  cases  will  be  found 
scattered  through  these  volumes. 


152  SOURCES  [§44 

§  44.  United  States  Records 

Under  the  Constitution  each  House  of  Congress  is  obliged  to 
keep  a  journal,  and  also  to  make  a  statement  of  receipts  and  ex 
penditures.  In  the  course  of  years  many  other  documents  have 
come  to  be  regularly  published.  Most  of  these  publications  for 
the  current  year  may  be  had  by  applying  to  the  member  of  Con 
gress  from  one's  district ;  sometimes  back  sets  may  also  be  secured 
by  gift  or  purchase.  These  are  among  the  most  valuable  sources 
accessible  to  students  of  American  history. 

The  manuscripts  of  the  Journals  from  1774  to  1788  are  in  the 
State  Department  at  Washington ;  the  new  edition  now  in  prog 
ress  is  the  first  full  and  accurate  publication. 

Indexes  to  the  Journals  and  Debates  are  enumerated  in  §  26. 

The  laws  are  printed  in  annual  volumes,  and  they  are  also  to 
be  found  in  the  Appendices  to  the  records  of  debates.  The  stand 
ard  editions,  authoritative  in  the  courts,  are  enumerated  below. 

Indexes 

Early  indexes  of  the  Statutes  are  : 

Statutes  at  Large,  VIII.  —  Contains  an  index  to  the  laws  up  to  1845. 

Synoptical  Index  to  the  Laws  and  Treaties  (1789-1851).     Boston,  1852. 

F.  C.  Brightly,  Analytical  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  States 
(1789-1857),  Phil,a.,  1858. — An  index  in  another  form. 

The  indexes  to  the  Revised  Statutes  cover  all  laws  still  in  force.  All 
these  indexes  are  now  nearly  superseded  by : 

M.  G.  Beaman  and  others,  Index  Analysis  of  the  Federal  Statutes 
(General  and  Permanent  Law),  1789-1873,  together  with  a  Table  of  Repeals 
and  Amendments.  Washington,  191 1 .  —  Prepared  as  a  "  preliminary  vol 
ume"  to  Scott  and  Beaman,  Index  Analysis,  etc.  (Washington,  1908), 
which  covers  the  general  and  permanent  law  in  the  Revised  Statutes  of 
1873  and  the  Statutes  at  Large,  1873-1907. 

Journals  of  Congress 

[1774-1788.]  Journals  of  Congress,  containing  their  Proceedings.  Con 
temporaneous  edition,  13  vols.,  Phila.,  I777~[i789?] ;  re 
print,  13  vols.,  Phila.,  1800-1801. — Another  reprint,  with 
additions,  as  Journals  of  the  American  Congress,  4  vols., 
Washington,  1823. 


§44] 


UNITED    STATES   RECORDS 


153 


[1774-1789.]  Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress.  Edited  from  the 
original  by  W.  C.  Ford  and  Gaillard  Hunt.  Vols.  I-XVIII 
(1774-1780).  Washington,  1904-  .  —  In  progress. 

[1775-1788.]  Secret  Journals  of  the  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  Congress. 
4  vols.  Boston,  1821.  —  Extracts  from  the  manuscript 
Journals  omitted  in  preparing  the 'public  ones  described 
above. 

[1789-  .]  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States. 
Annual  volumes  since  1789.  Phila.  and  Washington. — 
Also  a  reprint  (1789-1815),  9  vols.,- Washington,  1826. 

[1789-  .]  Journal  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  Annual  volumes 
since  1789.  Phila.  and  Washington.  —  Also  a  reprint 
(1789-1815),  5  vols.,  Washington,  1820. 

[1789-1901.]  Journal  of  the  Executive  Proceedings  of  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States.  32  vols.  Washington,  1828-1911. — 
Contains  matter  omitted  from  the  public  journals. 


Records  of  Debates 

[1789-1824.]  [Annals  of  Congress.]  Annals  of  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States.  42  vols.  Washington,  1834-1856. 

[1825-1837.]  [Congressional  Debates.]  Register  of  Debates  in  Congress. 
29  vols.  Washington,  1825-1837. 

[1833-1873.]  Congressional  Globe,  containing  the  Debates  and  Proceedings. 
108  vols.  Washington,  1834-4873. 

[1873-  •]  Congressional  Record,  containing  the  Proceedings  and 
Debates.  Vols.  I-XLVII  in  many  parts  (to  1911).  Wash 
ington,  1873-  . 

Federal  Statutes 

[1789-1849.]  Laws  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Published  by  au 
thority.  29  vols.  Phila.  and  Washington,  1796-1849. 

[1789-  .]  Statutes  at  Large  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Vols. 
I-XXXVI  (to  1911).  Boston  and  Washington,  1850-  . 
—  Includes  treaties  and  the  later  proclamations. 

[1873.  ]  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  embracing  the 

Statutes  .  .  .  general  and  permanent  in  their  nature,  in 
force  on  Dec.  ist,  1873.  Washington,  1875.  —  Also  a 
second  edition,  with  slight  corrections,  Washington,  1878. 

[1874-1901.]  Supplement  to  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States, 
embracing  the  Statutes,  general  and  permanent  in  their 


154 


SOURCES 


[§44 


nature,  passed  after  the  Revised  Statutes.  Vol.  I,  2d  ed., 
revised  and  continued  (1874-1891),  Washington,  1891; 
Vol.  II  (1891-1901,  in  2  pts.),  Washington,  1900-1901. 
[1901-1907.]  Compiled  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  igoi.  Edited  by 
John  A.  Mallory.  3  vols.  St.  Paul,  1902.  —  Supple 
mentary  volumes,  1903,  1905,  1907. 

Congressional  Documents 

[1789-1838.]  American  State  Papers:  Documents,  Legislative  and  Ex 
ecutive.  Folio,  38  vols.  Washington,  1832-1861. 

[1789-1801.]  [Congressional  Documents  were  published  in  a  variety  of 
forms,  as]  Messages,  Documents,  Reports,  Account  of  the 
Receipts  and  Expenditures,  etc. 

[1801-1817.]  [Congressional  Documents  were  printed,  with  few  excep 
tions,  in  uniform  size  without  any  general  title ;  the  binder's 
titles  are]  Documents,  Reports,  and,  usually,  State  Papers. 

[1817-1849.]  Senate  Documents.  —  Include  substantially  .what  were 
afterwards  called  Senate  Executive  Documents  and  Reports 
of  Committees. 

[1847-  .]  Senate  Executive  Documents.  —  Earlier  sets  in  this  period 
often  bear  the  title  Senate  Documents. 

[1847-         .]     Senate  Miscellaneous  Documents. 

[1847-         .]     Senate  Reports  of  Committees. 

[1817-1830.]  [House  Documents  usually  appear  under  the  binder's  title] 
State  Papers. 

[1830-1847.]  [The  House  Documents  are  included  among  the]  Executive 
Documents  [and  make  up  nearly  or  quite  the  whole  of  the 
set  so  designated]. 

[1847-  •]  House  Executive  Documents.  —  Earlier  sets  in  this  series 
have  simply  the  title  Executive  Documents. 

[1847-        .]     House  Miscellaneous  Documents. 

[1819-        .]     House  Reports  of  Committees. 


Reports  of  Judicial  Decisions 

[1790-1800.]  A.  J.  Dallas,  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of  the  United 
States,  and  Pennsylvania,  Vols.  II-IV.  (See  Dallas,  in 
§43,  p.  151.) 

[1801-1815.]  William  Cranch,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  9  vols.  Wash 
ington,  etc.,  1804-1817. 


§44] 


UNITED   STATES   RECORDS 


155 


[1816-1827.]    Henry  Wheaton,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in 

the  Supreme  Court.     12  vols.     Phila.,  etc.,  1816-1827. 
[1828-1842.]     Richard  Peters,  Jr.,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged 

in  the  Supreme  Court.     17  vols.     Phila.,  etc.,  1828-1843. 
[1843-1861.]     Benjamin  C.  Howard,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and  adjudged 

in  the  Supreme  Court.     24  vols.     Phila.,  1843-1861. 
[1861-1862.]    Jeremiah   Sullivan   Black,  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and 

determined  in  the  Supreme  Cotfrt.     2  vols.     Washington, 

[1862-1863]. 
[1863-1874.]  .  John  W.  Wallace,  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Supreme 

Court.     23  vols.     Washington,  1864-1876. 

[1875-1882.]    William  T.  Otto,  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in  the  Su 
preme  Court.     17  vols.     Boston,  1876-1883.     (Also  bears 

title  "United  States  Reports,  Supreme  Court,"  Vols.  91- 

107.)  — Cited  only  as  "U.S." 
[1882-1901.]    J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  Cases  argued  and  adjudged  in  the 

Supreme  Court.    79  vols.     N.Y.,  etc.,  1884-1902.    (United 

States    Reports,  Vols.  108-186.)  — Cited  only  as  "U.  S." 
[1902-        .]     Charles  H.  Butler,  Cases  adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court. 

N.Y.,   1903-     .     (United  States  Reports,  Vol.   187-    .) 

—  Cited  only  as  "U.  S.' 
[1789-1827.]     Richard  Peters,  Jr.,  Condensed  Reports  of  Cases  argued  and 

adjudged  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.     6  vols. 

Phila.,  1830-1834. 
[1790-1854.]     B.  R.  Curtis,  Reports  of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme  Court  of 

the   United  States;    with  Notes   and  a  Digest.     22   vols. 

Boston,  1855-1856;  6th  ed.,  1881.  —  Condensed  reports. 
[1855-1862.]     Samuel  F.  Miller,  Reports  of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme 

Court  of  the  United  States.     4  vols.     Washington,  1874- 

1875.  —  Condensed  reports,  in  continuation  of  Curtis. 
[1791-         .]     Official  Opinions  of  the  A  ttorneys-General  of  the  United  States. 

Vols.  I-XXVII.     (1791-1909:)     Washington,  1852- 


Digests  of  Decisions 

Legal  cases  are  most  approachable  through  the  Digests,  which 
are  analytical  indexes  including  not  only  references  to  the  cases 
but  a  condensed  statement  of  the  principle  set  forth  in  the 
particular  case.  There  are  digests  of  some  state  decisions, 
several  separate  digests  to  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  and  the  so-called  Century  Digest,  which  is  an 


156  SOURCES  [§44 

immense  repository  of  classified  references  to  the  published  de 
cisions  of  national  and  state  courts  taken  together. 

Robert  Desty,  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  San  Francisco,  1887. 
—  Arranged  in  order  of  the  clauses  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

H.  D.  Clarke,  Hand-Book  of  all  the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Rochester,  1892,  with  supplements  to  1897. 

H.  G.  Danforth,  Digest.  *  2  vols.     Albany,  1885-1891. 

J.  K.  Kinney,  Digest.     2  vols.     Boston,  1886. 

T.  J.  Michie,  Encyclopedia  of  United  States  Supreme  Court  Reports. 
ii  vols.  Charlottesville,  1908-1911. 

Digest  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  Reports  .  .  .  to  the  Beginning 
of  the  October  term,  1907.  Vols.  I-V.  Rochester,  1908-  .  —  In  progress. 

American  Digest,  "  Century  Edition."  50  vols.  St.  Paul,  1897-1904.  — 
Covers,  besides  the  federal  reports,  all  other  reported  American  cases 
from  the  earliest  times  to  1896;  continued  to  1906  by  the  "Decennial 
Edition,"  and  to  the  present  time  by  the  American  Digest  Annotated. 

Federal  Reporter  Digest.  7  vols.  St.  Paul,  1900-1908.  Digests  lower 
federal  court  decisions  but  also  includes  Vols.  106-210  of  the  United 
States  Reports. 

Special  Records  of  a  Historical  Nature 

[1786-1870.]  Department  of  State:  Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library, 
Documentary  History  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
5  vols:  Washington,  1894-1905. 

[1783-1789.]  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  United  States  from  .  .  . 
1783  .  .  .  to  .  .  .  1789.  3  vols.  Washington,  1837. 

[1787-1788.]  Jonathan  Elliot,  Debates  in  the  several  State  Conventions  on 
the  Adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  .  .  .  together  with 
the  Journal  of  the  Federal  Convention  [and  other  Papers}. 
2d.  ed.  4  vols.  Washington,  1836. — Debates  on  the 
Adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  in  the  Convention  held 
at  Philadelphia  (Washington,  1845)  is  Elliot's  edition  of 
Madison's  Notes,  usually  called  Vol.  V  of  the  Debates. 

[1774-1776.]  Peter  Force,  American  Archives  .  .  .  a  Documentary  His 
tory  of  .  .  .  the  North  American  Colonies.  4th  series,  6 
vols.  (March  7,  1774  to  Aug.  21,  1776) ;  5th  series,  3  vols. 
(May  3,  1776  to  December  31,  1776).  Washington,  1837- 
1855.  —  No  more  published. 

[1861-1865.]  Journal  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America. 
([U.S.]  Senate  Docs.,  58  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  234.)  3  vols. 
Washington,  1904-1905. 


§45]       PUBLICATIONS   OF   LEARNED    SOCIETIES         157 

[1778-1902.]     C.  J.  Kappler,  Indian  Affairs:  Laws  and  Treaties.     (Senate 

Docs.,  58  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  319.)     2  vols.     Washington, 

1904. 
[1776-1909.]     W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  International  Acts, 

Protocols,  and  Agreements  between  the  United  States  and 

other  Powers.     2  vols.     (Senate   Docs.,  61   Cong.   2  sess. 

No.  357.)     Washington,  1910. 
[1776-1906.]     J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law  as  embodied  .  .  . 

especially  in  Documents  .  .  .  of  the  United  States.     (House 

Docs.,  56  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  551.)     7  vols.  and  index  vol. 

Washington,     1906.  —  An    earlier     edition     by     Francis 

Wharton  (3  vols.,  Washington,  1886). 
[1794-1897.]     J.    B.    Moore,   History    and   Digest    of    the    International 

Arbitrations  to  which  the  United  States  has  been  a  Party. 

(House  Misc.  Docs.,  53  Cong.  2  sess.  No.  212.)     6  vols. 

Washington,  1898. 
[1861-1865.]     Official  Records  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Navies  in  the 

War  of  the  Rebellion.     Washington,  1894-     .  —  In  prog 
ress;    23  vols.  to  1910. 
[1492-1876.]     Ben  Perley  Poore,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions.     (See 

§42.) 
[1789-1898.]     J.  D.  Richardson,  Compilation  of  the  Messages  and  Papers 

of  the  Presidents.     (House  Misc.  Docs.,  53  Cong.  2  sess. 

No.    210.)      10    vols.      Washington,    1896-1899.  —  Also 

published  separately. 
[1775-1786.]     Jared  Sparks,  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  American 

Revolution.     12  vols.     Boston,  1829-1830. 

[1492-1907.]     F.  N.  Thorpe,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions.     (See  §  42.) 
[1860-1865.]     War  of  the  Rebellion:  a  Compilation  of  the  Official  Records 

of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies.     129  serial  vols.  and 

index  vol.     Washington,  1880-1901. 
I1 775-1 785.]     Francis  Wharton,  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Correspondence. 

6  vols.     Washington,  1889. 

§  45.  Publications  of  Learned  Societies 

Important  collections  of  historical  material  of  great  value  are  to 
be  found  in  the  proceedings  of  the  historical  societies.  These  are 
now  accessible  through  A.  P.  C.  Griffin's  Bibliography  of  American 
Historical  Societies,  published  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Ameri 
can  Historical  Association  for  1905.  It  contains  tables  of  contents 
of  all  the  publications  of  all  available  societies,  up  to  the  date  of 


158  SOURCES  [§45 

publication.  There  are  also  indexes  to  some  of  the  sets  of  Pro 
ceedings  and  Collections  noted  below.  Among  the  more  important 
societies  are  the  following  (the  national  ones  standing  first,  then 
the  local  ones  arranged  alphabetically  by  states) : 

General  Societies 

Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History,  Publications.  University  of  Cali 
fornia,  Berkeley,  1910-  . 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  Archaologia  Americana:  Transactions 
and  Collections  of  the  Society,  7  vols.,  Worcester,  1820-1885  ;  Proceedings, 

1843-    -  ' 

American  Historical  Association,  Papers.  5  vols.,  N.Y.,  1886-1891; 
Annual  Reports,  1889,  etc.,  Washington,  1890-  . 

American- Irish  Historical  Society,  Journal.     Boston,  1898- 

American  Jewish  Historical  Society,  Publications.     [Baltimore],  1893. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  Annual  Reports  and  Papers. 
Cambridge,  1880-  .  —  Contains  many  valuable  papers  on  prehistoric 
America. 

Deutscher  Pionier-Verein  von  Philadelphia,  Mitteilungen.  [Phila.], 
1906-  . . 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association,  Proceedings  (1907-  ). 
Cedar  Rapids,  la.,  1909-  . 

Ohio  Valley  Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports.  Columbus, 
1908-  .  —  Published  also  in  the  Ohio  Archceological  and  Historical 
Quarterly. 

Pennsylvania- German  Society,  Proceedings  and  Addresses.  Lancaster, 
1891-  . 

Prince  Society,  Publications.  Albany  and  Boston,  1865-1910.  — 
Some  thirty  volumes  have  been  printed  under  various  editorships.  They 
include  the  Andros  Tracts,  Champlain's  Voyages,  Toppan's  Edward  Ran 
dolph,  etc. 

Scotch-Irish  Society  of  America,  The  Scotch-Irish  in  America:  Pro 
ceedings  of  the  Scotch-Irish  Congress  (1889-1896).  8  vols.  Cincinnati, 

i889-[i897l. 

Southern  History  Association,  Publications.     Washington,  1897- 


Alabama  Historical  Society,   Transactions,  Tuscaloosa,  1852,   1855, 
1898-   ;   Alabama.  Historical  Reporter,  3  vols.,  1879-1885. 

Arkansas  Historical  Association,  Publications.     Fayetteville,  1906-     . 


§45]       PUBLICATIONS   OF   LEARNED   SOCIETIES         159 


California  Historical  Society,  Papers,  and  other  publications.  San 
Francisco,  1874-1890.  »• 

Southern  California  Historical  Society,  Annual  Publications.  Los 
Angeles,  1884-  . 

State  Historical  and  Natural  History  Society  of  Colorado,  Biennial 
Reports.  Denver,  1905-  . 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections.     Hartford,  1860-    . 

New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society,  Papers.     New  Haven,  1865-     . 

D 

Delaware  Historical  Society,  Papers.     Wilmington,  1879-    . 

F 

Florida  Historical  Society,  Quarterly.    Jacksonville,  1908-     . 


Georgia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  and  other  publications.  Sa 
vannah,  1840-  . 

I 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Transactions.  (Illinois  State  His 
torical  Library,  Publications,  Nos.  4-  .)  Springfield,  111.,  190x5-  .  — 
The  Historical  Library  also  publishes  Collections,  1903-  ,  and  a  quarterly 
Journal,  1908-  . 

Chicago  Historical  Society,  Collections.     Chicago,  1882-     . 

Indiana  Historical  Society,  Publications.     Indianapolis,  1897-     . 

Iowa  State  Historical  Society,  Annals,  Iowa  City,  1863-  ;  Iowa  His 
torical  Record,  18  vols.,  1885-1902  ;  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics, 
I9°3~  j  Messages  and  Proclamations  of  the  Governors  of  Iowa,  7  vols., 
1903-1905. 

K 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  Transactions  (1875-  ).  Topeka, 
1881-  .  —  With  Vol.  XI  (1910)  the  title  was  changed  to  Collections. 

[Kentucky]  Filson  Club,  Publications.  Louisville,  1884-  ;  —  Con 
tains  matter  relating  primarily  to  Kentucky,  as  Durrett's  Life  and  Writ 
ings  of  John  Filson,  Speed's  Wilderness  Road,  Brown's  Political  Beginnings 
of  Kentucky,  etc. 


160  SOURCES  [§45 

L 

Louisiana  Historical  Society,  Publications.     New  Orleans,  1895- 

M 

Maine  Historical  Society,  Collections,  etc.  Portland,  1831-  ;  Index 
to  the  first  series  of  Collections,  1891.  —  Among  its  publications  are  a 
Documentary  History  of  Maine,  1869-  ;  and  Documents  relating  to  the 
Territorial  History  of  Maine  (2  vols.,  1603-1871,  by  Mary  F.  Farnham), 
1900-1901. 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publications.  Baltimore,  1867-  . 
—  Also  many  other  publications,  including  the  Maryland  Historical 
Magazine,  1906-  . 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Boston,  1792-  ;  Pro 
ceedings  (1791-  ),  Boston,  1879-  .  —  The  Collections  were  first  printed 
in  the  American  Apollo,  Boston,  1792;  they  then  appeared  in  pamphlet 
form.  The  early  numbers  were  reprinted  from  time  to  time.  The  Collec 
tions  are  divided  into  series  of  ten  volumes  each,  the  tenth  volume  con 
taining  an  index  to  the  whole  series.  The  Proceedings  are  divided  into 
series  of  twenty  volumes  each,  and  an  additional  volume  contains  an 
index  to  these  twenty  volumes.  Each  volume  of  the  Proceedings  and  of 
the  later  Collections  also  contains  an  index  of  the  matter  in  that 
volume. 

New-England  Historic  Genealogical  Society,  New-England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register,  Boston,  1847-  ;  Proceedings,  1865-  ;  Me 
morial  Biographies  (1845-  ),  1880-  .  —  Each  volume  of  the  Register 
contains  an  index.  For  Vols.  I-L  there  is  also  an  Index  of  Persons,  3 
vols.,  1906-1907,  and  an  Index  of  Subjects,  1908. 

Essex  Institute,  Historical  Collections.     Salem,  1859-     • 

Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity,  Collections  (1875-  )•  Worcester, 
1881-  ,'...'' 

Pioneer  Society  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  Pioneer  Collections  (1874-  ), 
Lansing,  1877-  ;  Index  to  Vols.  I -XXX,  2  vols.,  1904-1907.  —  In  1886 
(Vol.  VIII)  the  name  of  the  society  was  changed  to  Pioneer  and  His 
torical  Society;  and  in  1888  (Vol.  X)  the  title  became  Historical  Collec 
tions. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  Collections.  St.  Paul,  1860-  .  —  Vol.  I 
(1872)  is  a  republication  of  the  original  parts  issued  from  1850  to  1856. 
At  the  end  of  Vol.  X,  pt.  ii,  there  are  indexes  to  the  first  ten  volumes. 

Mississippi  Historical  Society,  Publications.     Oxford,  Miss.,  1898-     . 

Missouri  Historical  Society,  Collections-;  etc.     St.  Louis,  1880- 


§45]       PUBLICATIONS   OF   LEARNED   SOCIETIES         161 

State  Historical  Society  of  Missouri,  Missouri  Historical  Review.     Co 
lumbia,  Mo.,  1906-     . 

Historical  Society  of  Montana,  Contributions.   Helena,  Mont.,  1876-    . 


N 

Nebraska  State  Historical  Society,  Transactions  and  Reports,  5  vols., 
Lincoln,  1885-1893;  Proceedings  and  Collections,  1894-  . 

Nevada  Historical  Society,  Biennial  Reports.    Carson  City,  1909-     . 

New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  Collections,  10  vols.,  Concord,  etc., 
1824-1893;  Proceedings,  1874-  . 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Collections,  7  vols.,  Newark,  1846-1872  ; 
Proceedings  (1845-  ),  Newark,  1847-  •  —  Among  its  publications  are 
also  two  series  of  Documents  relating  to  the  History  of  New  Jersey 
(commonly  cited  as  New  Jersey  Archives},  1880-  .  Several  of  these 
volumes  consist  of  newspaper  extracts. 

Historical  Society  of  New  Mexico,  [Publications].     Santa  Fe,  1881-     . 

New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society,  New  York  Genea 
logical  and  Biographical  Record.  N.Y.,  1870-  .  —  Issued  quarterly. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections  (in  two  series),  9  vols.,  N.Y., 
1811-1859;  "Publication  Fund  Series,"  37  vols.,  1868-1905. 

Albany  Institute,  Transactions.     12  vols.     Albany,  1830-1893. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society,  Publications.  Buffalo,  1879-  .  —  Issued 
irregularly  to  1896,  and  yearly  from  1902. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  and  other  publications. 
Brooklyn,  1867-  . 

North  Carolina  Historical  Society,  James  Sprunt  Historical  Mono 
graphs.  Chapel  Hill,  1900-  . 

Trinity  College  (N.  C.)  Historical  Society,  Annual  Publication  of 
Historical  Papers.  Durham,  1897-  . 

State  Historical  Society  of  North  Dakota,  Collections.  Bismarck, 
N.D.,  1906-  . 


Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  Ohio  Archceological 
and  Historical  Quarterly.  Columbus,  1887-  .—After  March,  1889, 
the  issues  in  quarterly  form  were  replaced  by  annual  volumes  under  the 
general  title  of  Publications.  In  July,  1899,  the  Quarterly  was  resumed, 
but  the  volumes  continue  to  be  bound  as  Publications.  Vol.  XI  (1902) 
contains  an  index  to  the  first  eleven  volumes. 

Oregon  Historical  Society,  Quarterly.     Salem,  1900-     . 


1  62  SOURCES  [§45 


P 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  14  vols.,  Phila.,  1826-1895  ; 
Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  1848;  Collections,  Vol.  I,  1853;  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
of  History  and  Biography,  1877-  . 

Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society,  Proceedings  and  Collec 
tions.  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.,  1858- 


Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Collections,  Providence,  1827-  ; 
Proceedings,  1872-1892  (annually)  ;  Publications,  new  series,  1893-  . 
After  1892  the  Proceedings  form  the  first  number  of  each  volume  of  the 
Publications. 


South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  Collections,  5  vols.,  Charleston, 
1  85  7-1  89  7  ;  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine,  1  900-  . 

State  Historical  Society  of  South  Dakota,  South  Dakota  Historical 
Collections.  Aberdeen,  S.D.,  1902- 

T 

Tennessee  Historical  Society,  American  Historical  Magazine  and 
Tennessee  Historical  Society  Quarterly.  Vols.  VII-IX.  Nashville,  1902- 
1904. 

Texas  State  Historical  Association,  Quarterly.    Austin,  1897- 


Vermont  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  Montpelier,  1860-  ;  Collec 
tions,  2  VOls.,  1870-1871. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  Virginia  Historical  Register,  6  vols.,  Rich 
mond,  1848-1853;  Virginia  Historical  Reporter,  2  vols.,  1854-1860; 
Collections,  new  series,  n  vols.,  1882-1892;  Virginia  Magazine  of 
History  and  Biography,  1893- 


Washington  University  State  Historical  Society,  Washington  Historical 
Quarterly.  Seattle,  1906-  . 

West  Virginia  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Society,  West  Virginia 
Historical  Magazine,  Quarterly.  5  vols.  Charleston,  1901-1905. 

Wisconsin   Academy  of    Sciences,  Arts,   and  Letters,    Transactions. 


§46]  WORKS   OF   AMERICAN    STATESMEN  163 

Madison,   1870-        .  —  The   first  three  numbers  of  Vol.  I  are  called 
Bulletin.     Contains  important  historical  contributions. 

State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  Report  and  Collections.  Madi 
son,  1855-  ;  Index  in  Vol.  X,  1888. — Reprint  edition,  1903-  . — 
With  Vol.  XI  (1888)  the  name  was  changed  to  Collections,  the  Reports 
thenceforth  forming  part  of  the  Proceedings  (1875-  ;  Index,  1904). 
The  society  also  publishes  a  Bulletin  of  Information,  1897- 

Canada 

Literary  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec,  Transactions,  Quebec, 
1829-  ;  Manuscripts  relating  to  the  Early  History  of  Canada:  Historical 
Documents,  1838- 

§  46.  Collected  Works  of  American  Statesmen 

In  this  and  the  following  section  (§  47)  it  has  not  been  thought 
necessary  to  repeat  the  titles  of  the  books  on  statesmen  and 
worthies  of  the  colonial  period  which  have  already  been  given 
under  §  39.  The  letters  and  reports  of  the  men  of  the  earlier  time 
are  often  to  be  found  in  monographs  dealing  with  particular 
topics,  in  the  proceedings  and  collections  of  learned  societies,  or 
built  into  biographies  which  tell  their  stories,  as  the  phrase  is,  in 
the  subject's  "own  words." 

John  Adams,  Works,  with  a  Life  of  the  Author,  Notes,  and  Illustrations. 
Edited  by  Charles  Francis  Adams.  10  vols.  Boston,  1850-1856. 

Samuel  Adams,  Writings  (1764-1802).  Edited  by  .H.  A.  Gushing. 
4  vols.  N.Y.,  1904-1808. 

Fisher  Ames,  Works,  with  a  Selection  from  his  Speeches  and  Correspon 
dence.  Edited  by  Seth  Ames.  2  vols.  Boston,  1854. 


Joel  Barlow,  Political  Writings.     N.Y.,  1796. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  Speeches  and  Papers  relating  to  the  Rebellion. 
Boston,  1867. 

William  Bradford,  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation.  Edited  by  Charles 
Deane.  Boston,  1856;  .reprinted  from  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Collections,  4th  series,  Vol.  III.  —  Edited  by  W.  T.  Davis  (in 
Jameson's  series  of  "Original  Narratives  of  Early  American  History"), 
N.Y.,  1908. 

James  Buchanan,  Works.  Edited  by  J.  B.  Moore.  12  vols.  Phila., 
1908-1911. 


1 64  SOURCES  [§46 


John  C.  Calhoun,  Correspondence.  (American  Historical  Association, 
Report,  1899,  Vol.  II.)  Washington,  1900. 

John  C.  Calhoun,  Works.     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1853-1855. 

Charles  Carroll,  Unpublished  Letters  (1754-1832).  Edited  by  T.  M. 
Field.  (United  States  Catholic  Historical  Society,  Monograph  Series,  I.) 
N.Y.,  1902. 

Rufus  Choate,  Works.     2  vols.     Boston,  1862. 

Henry  Clay,  Works.     Edited  by  Colton.     6  vols.     N.Y.,  1863. 

Henry  Clay,  Works.  Edited  by  Colton,  with  introduction  by  T.  B. 
Reed.  7  vols.  N.  Y.,  1897.  —  Vol.  VII  is  A  History  of  Tariff  Legislation 
from  1812  to  1892,  by  William  McKinley. 

Thomas  Corwin,  Speeches.     Edited  by  Isaac  Strohm.     Dayton,  1859. 

George  William  Curtis,  Orations  and  Addresses.  Edited  by  C.  E. 
Norton.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1894. 

D 

Silas  Deane,  Deane  Papers.  [Edited  by  Charles  Isham.]  (New  York 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  1886-1890.)  5  vols.  N.Y.,  1887-1891. 

Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  Speeches,  Correspondence,  etc.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1867. 

John  Dickinson,  Political  Writings.  2  vols.  Wilmington,  1801. — 
New  edition :  Writings  of  John  Dickinson.  Edited  by  P.  L.  Ford. 
(Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  XIV.)  Phila.,  1895.  Half- 
title,  "Life  and  Writings  of  John  Dickinson,  Vol.  II,"  Stille's  life  of 
Dickinson  being  regarded  as  Vol.  I. 

John  A.  Dix,  Speeches  and  Occasional  Addresses.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
1864. 

E 

Edward  Everett,  Orations  and  Speeches  on  Various  Occasions.  4  vols. 
Boston,  1853-1868. 

P 

Millard  Fillmore  Papers.  Edited  by  F.  H.  Severance.  (Buffalo 
Historical  Society,  Publications,  Vols.  X,  XI.)  2  vols.  Buffalo,  1907. 

[Benjamin  Franklin.]  Calendar  of  .  .  .  [his]  Papers  in  the  Library 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  Edited  by  I.  M.  Hays.  (Ameri 
can  Philosophical  Society,  Record  of  the  Franklin  Bicentennial  Celebration, 
Vols.  II-VI.)  5  vols.  Phila.,  1908. 

List  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  Papers  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 
Edited  by  W.  C.  Ford.  Washington,  1905. 


§46]  WORKS   OF   AMERICAN    STATESMEN  165 

Benjamin  Franklin's  Life  and  Writings:  a  Bibliographical  Essay 
on  the  Stevens'  Collection  of  Books  and  Manuscripts  relating  to  Doctor 
Franklin.  By  Henry  Stevens.  London,  1881. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Works  in  Philosophy,  Politics,  and  Morals,  etc. 
Edited  by  W.  T.  Franklin.  6  vols.  Phila.,  1808-1818.  —  Vol.  I  bears 
the  title,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  written 
by  himself. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Works  .  .  .  with  Notes  and  a  Life  of  the  Author. 
Edited  by  Jared  Sparks.  10  vols.  Boston,  1836-1840. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Complete  Works.  Edited  by  John  Bigelow.  10 
vols.  N.Y.,  1887-1888. 

Benjamin   Franklin,  Writings.     Edited   by  A.  H.  Smyth.     10  vols. 

N.Y.,  1905-1907. 

G 

James  A.  Garfield,  Works.  Edited  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale.  2  vols. 
Boston,  1882-1883. 

Albert  Gallatin,  Writings.  Edited  by  Henry  Adams.  3  vols.  Phila., 
1879. 

Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Speeches  in  Congress.     Boston,  1853. 


Alexander  Hamilton,  Works,  comprising  his  Correspondence.     Edited 
by  John  C.  Hamilton.     7  vols.     N.Y.,  1850-1851. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  Works.    Edited  by  H.  C.  Lodge.    9  vols.    N.Y., 
1885-1886. 

Thomas  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters.   Edited  by  P.  O.  Hutchinson. 
2  vols.     Boston,  1884-1886. 

I 

Ralph  Izard,  Correspondence,  1774-1804.     Vol.  I.     N.Y.,  1844. 


Andrew  Jackson,  The  Statesmanship  of  .  .  .,  as  told  in  his  Writings 
and  Speeches.  Edited  by  F.  N.  Thorpe.  N.Y.,  1909. 

John  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Public  Papers.  Edited  by  H.  P. 
Johnston.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1890-1893. 

William  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writings  on  Slavery.     Boston,  1853. 

[Thomas  Jefferson.]  Bibliotheca  Je/ersoniana:  a  List  of  Books 
written  by  or  relating  to  Thomas  Jefferson.  Compiled  by  H.  B.  Tompkins. 
N.Y.,  1887. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Writings  .  .  .  being  Ms  Autobiography,  Corre 
spondence  .  .  .and  other  Writings.  .  .  .  Edited  by  H.  A.  Washington. 


166  SOURCES  [$46 

9  vok.     Washington,   1853-1854.  — Often  caDed  the  "Congress  edi 
tion." 

Tnomas  Jefferson,  IFnlmgr.  Edited  by  P.  L.  Ford,  lovob.  N.Y., 
1892-1890. 

ft 

Amos  Lawrence,  Extrads  from .  .  .  [A&]  Diary  <mrf  Correspondence, 
Edited  by  W.  R.  Lawrence.  Boston,  1855. 

R.  H.  Lee,  Xdfcr*.  Edited  by  J.  C  BaBagh.  VoL  I  (1762-1778). 
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Wflfiam  Lee,  Letters,  1766-1783.  Edited  by  W.  C  Ford.  3  vok. 
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Hugh  S.  Legate;  Writings.    2  vob.    Charleston,  1846. 

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John  Hay.  2  vok.  N.Y.,  1894;  reprinted,  1902.  —  New  and  enlarged 
(4<  Biographical  "1  edition,  with  a  general  introduction  by  R.  W.  Gilder. 
12  Tols.,  N.Y.,  {copyright,  1905]. 

Abraham  LincoK  ITfdm^.    Edited  by  A.  B.  Lapsky,  with  an  intro 
duction  by  Theodore  Roosevelt.     Federal  edition.     8  vok. 
1905-1906. 


Madison,  P*p«n  .  .  .  btimg  Us  Cmiupmitmt  m 

Edited  by  Henry  D.  Gilpin.    3  vok.    Washington,  1840, 

4  vois.    HnTa.,  1865. 


James  Madfeon,  Ifrd*g*.    Edited  by  GaiDard  Hunt. 
1900-1910. 

John  Marshall,  Writmgs  .  .  .  ttjtat  lie  Feitnl  Cmstit*im,    Boston, 
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(James  Monroe.)    OrfdMhr^.  .  .{kujCuvt^mJmct.    Department 
of  State,  [Washington, 

Qamcs 


m  tft*  IXnry  4  Cmff*s*     Compiled  by  W.  C  Ford. 
Washington,  1904. 

James  Monroe,  W9*m&.    Edited  by  S,  M.  Hamilton.    7  vok 
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John  L.  Motley,  Cmmpmiimt.    Edited  by  G.  W.  Curtis.    2 

P 

**4L**tn.   'Boston,  1863. 


§«]  WORKS  OF  AMERICAN   STATESMEN  167 


Edited   by   W.  F. 
Theodore  Rooseveh,  fTtiHtmtiai  Addresses  tmd  State  Ptpers.    4  vok. 


&  CWr  fmptn.  —  Tke  Life  a*  PvUic  Soviets  <rf  Artk*r  St. 
by  W.  H.  Swtk.     2  wfe.    CmcmBati, 
^iiinia^Ttfiitlipiiiin     FWhu, 


r- 
•* 


Ekfited  bv  G.  E.  Baker.     5  ^^3fe.    X.Y, 
—  VcJs.  IV,  V,  are  unew  edition" 

TlTiiTlf  ";      *          '";     •       X.Y^'iSTp. 
Staty,  .JT'ii  •  ......  W\W\*\     Edfittd  by  W.  W.  Stocy. 

r,  WtHa.    15  vots.    Boeion.  1874-1885. 


T 

W.  H.  Taft,  Prr iHrwti*  Jdfccun  W  5i*r  ftejsrs.    X.Y..  1910-    . 
Til      •  J-  Tata,  yiftam  «W  5jwKfe*.    Edited  by  John  Bigefow. 
X.Y     iSS5- 


C  L.  VaiuMi«faM,  JC«»rrf  «•  .4  Witi*«,  iAr  TMM,  mmi  CM 

Oil I .1863. 

W 


ia*»y^  Hug  ill     Co^fcd  %  Herbert  Fr4knwaki.    W    I'ligliiii, 


Edited  by  JaredSpaiks. 
i>  vok.    Bnstoa,  1 837. 

Gect$e  WadU^to^  Wr*m{s.     Ecfited  by  W.  C  Ford.     14  vols. 

Ge«y  Wi  \Miif  n,L****mm*9f  Us  Friads  m  *e  Yt*r  177*. 
Printed,  1 778 ;  reprinted  by  W.  C  Ford  as  The  Spurious  .LdhwfBriMi 

to  Waskatgtim*  Brooklyn,  1880. 


•:.:•  •"'   <  -.,-..-.  •    -- 

r-  «iita^jyafUiiJirM» 

- 


w..eft*i 

.- 


•  „   .    , 


; 


. 

.       .,.;         :,-,,.. .,-        :•- 


"": 

':       -, 

Wtrttym-C-WaaaaBaagL   2**. 
;         : 

*  f  M%nAkMkn    ^** *^^.-A  ^r — ^ ^ «»-  «««fc 

1 


Lewi 


-     -. 


nrr- 


Bdii*d  by  F.  F.  Rict, 


Tai  Twrs  m  W  cjrto»^»e      Hanimrd,  1^7 


B 
Tlmas  Barclay,  StiueOams  from  ,  .  ,  \kis]  Cim  ii^mimiiii. 


Bmcoun,  Siuaauiy  tT*m  FHpi*wur:    Lottos  ****** 


London, 

Tkirt?  T  tars'   Vtrap,  «•  «  Bistanr 

Warkmg  of  ikr  America*  Gflsvr*  mart  far  Thirty  Tfor^jfrtm 
i^wk.    X.Y.,  1854-1836. 

John  Bernard,  RetraspGrtums  of  America^  I?Q?-I£;II^ 

Chaifes  Biddle,  Autobwsrapky,  1745-1  £21.    fEdiwsd  by  James 


N.Y., 

J*B  Binns,  X«riMbw  flf  its  LiYr,  vrttten  M  kimsfff.    Phila.,  1854, 

James  G.  Blaipc,  rtt«A  Tearj  <if  C/mgrcsy  (iSt  u  rtt^.  avoO&.  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  1884-1886, 

Tirooth.v  Boardman,  Lug-Book  .  .  .  fcr/rf  /w  B/wm?  <*r  Prm&vr  OWwr 
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I  /O  SOURCES  [  §  47 

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C 

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§47]      AUTOBIOGRAPHIES   AND    REMINISCENCES       171 

J.  B.  Derby,  Political  Reminiscences.     Boston,  1835. 
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E 

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John  Charles  Fremont,  Memoirs  of  my  Life.  Vol.  I.  Chicago,  1887. 
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Daniel  Lee  and  John  H.  Frost,  Ten  Years  in  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1844. 

G 

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Caroline  Gilman,  Recollections  of  a  New  England  Bride  and  of  a  South 
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L.  A.  Gobright,  Recollection  of  Men  and  Things  at  Washington  during 
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S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  or  Men  and  Things  I  have 
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E.  W.  Gould,  Fifty  Years  on  the  Mississippi,  or  Gould's  History  of 
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Anne  McVickar  Grant,  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady  [Madame 
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Asa  Gray,  Letters.    Edited  by  Jane  Loring  Gray.    2  vols.    Boston,  1893. 

Alexander  Graydon,  Memoirs  of  his  own  Time,  with  Reminiscences 
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1/2  •     SOURCES  [§47 

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S.  C.  Hall,  Retrospect  of  a  Long  Life.     N.Y.,  1883. 

James  A.  Hamilton,  Reminiscences  .  .  .  or  Men  and  Events  at  Home 
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Winfield  Scott  Hancock,  Reminiscences  of,  by  his  Wife.     N.Y.,  1887. 

Col.  George  Hanger,  Life,  Adventures,  and  Opinions ;  written  by  him 
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George  F.  Hoar,  Autobiography  of  Seventy  Years.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1903. 

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Amos  Kendall,  A  utobiography.     Edited  by  W.  Stickney.     Boston,  1872. 


§47]     AUTOBIOGRAPHIES    AND    REMINISCENCES       173 

E.  D.  Keyes,  Fifty  Years'  Observation  of  Men  and  Events,  Civil  and 
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Richard  Lathers,  Reminiscences:  Sixty  Years  of  a  Busy  Life  in  South 
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N.Y.,  1907- 

Lucius  P.  Little,  Ben  Hardin:  his  Times  and  Contemporaries.  Louis 
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M 

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1892. 

Hugh  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century:  Sketches 
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William  Maclay,  Journal.     Edited  by  Edgar  S.  Maclay.     N.Y.,  1890. 

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Samuel  Joseph  May,  Some  Recollections  of  our  Anti-Slavery  Conflict. 
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Artemas  B.  Muzzey,  Reminiscences  and  Memorials  of  Men  of  the 
Revolution  and  their  Families.  Boston,  1883. 

» 
N 

Wallis  Nash,  Two  Years  in  Oregon.     N.Y.,  1882. 


174  SOURCES  [§47 


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J.  K.  Polk,  Diary.    4  vols.     Chicago,  1910. 

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William  Pynchon,  Diary:  a  Picture  of  Salem  Life  ...  a  Century 
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Q 

Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past  from  the  Leaves  of  Old  Journals. 
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R 

John  Randolph,  Letters  to  a  Young  Relative.    Phila.,  1834. 

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Lord  John  Russell,  Recollections  and  Suggestions.    London,  1875. 

3 

Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events  (181 7-1853).     2  vols.     Phila., 

1875- 

Carl  Schurz,  Reminiscences  (1829-1869).  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1907-1908.  — 
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Frederic  Bancroft  and  W.  A.  Dunning. 


§47]      AUTOBIOGRAPHIES   AND   REMINISCENCES       175 

Winfield  Scott,  Memoirs.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1864. 

Samuel  Sewall,  Diary  (1674-1729).  3  vols.  (Massachussetts  His 
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Andrew  Sherburne,  Memoirs.     Utica,  1828. 

Philip  H.  Sheridan,  Personal  Memoirs.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1888. 

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W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs.    By  himself.     2d  ed.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1886. 

W.  T.  Sherman,  Home  Letters.  Edited  by  M.  A.  DeWolfe  Howe. 
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Mrs.  Samuel  H.  Smith,  Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society,  portrayed 
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W.  H.  Sparks,  Memories  of  50  Years.     Phila.,  1870. 

H.  B.  Stanton,  Random  Recollections.     N.Y.,  1886. 

William  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters  on  Public  Characters.    Boston,  1834. 


James  Thacher,  Military  Journal  during  the  American  Revolutionary 
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Ebenezer  S.  Thomas,  Reminiscences  of  the  last  Sixty-five  Years,  com 
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Richard  W.  Thompson,  Recollections  of  Sixteen  Presidents  (1789-1865). 
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John  Trumbull,  Autobiography,  Reminiscences,  and  Letters,  from  1756 
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V 

[Thomas  Vernon.]    Diary  of  Thomas  Vernon,  a  Loyalist  banished  from ' 
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W 

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176  SOURCES  [§48 

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Samuel  Blackley  Webb,  Correspondence  and  Journals  (1772-1806). 
Edited  by  W.  C.  Ford.  3  vols.  N.Y.,  1893-1894. 

Thurlow  Weed,  Autobiography.     Edited  by  H.  A.  Weed.     Boston, 

1884. 

Gideon  Welles,  Diary.  Introduction  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.  3  vols. 
Boston,  1911. 

John  Wentworth,  Congressional  Reminiscences  —  Adams,  Benton, 
Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Webster.  (Fergus  Historical  series,  No.  24.)  Chi 
cago,  1882. 

Henry  G.  Wheeler,  History  of  Congress,  Biographical  and  Political. 
2  vols.  N.Y.,  1848. 

Andrew  D.  White,  Autobiography.     2  vols.     N.Y.,  1905. 

James  Wilkinson,  Memoirs  of  my  own  Times.     3  vols.     Phila.,  1816. 

Henry  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades  of  the  Union.     Phila.,  1876. 

C.  J.  Wood,  Reminiscences  of  the  War.     [No  place,  no  date.] 

John  Woolman,  Journal.  Phila.,  1774.  —  Here  first  published  as 
Vol.  I  of  Works.  Various  later  editions,  especially  that  edited  by  J.  G. 
Whittier,  Boston,  1873. 

[David  Zeisberger.]  Diary  of  David  Zeisberger,  a  Moravian  Mission 
ary  among  the  Indians  of  Ohio.  Translated  and  edited  by  Eugene  F. 
Bliss.  2  vols.  Cincinnati,  1885. 


§  48.  Unofficial  Collections   of  Narratives,  Documents,  and 
Speeches 

Besides  the  official  collections  of  documents  and  published 
records  (§  44)  individual  editors  and  compilers  and  learned 
societies  have  made  numerous  collections  of  a  documentary  kind. 
In  the  older  publications  of  this  kind  the  texts  are  usually  not 
carefully  compared  with  the  originals,  so  that  the  texts  vary 
very  much  in  valu*. 

A 

Henry  Adams,-  Documents  relating  to  New  England  Federalism,  1800- 
1815.  Boston,  1877. 

H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents  on  Federal  Relations  (1789-1861) .  N.Y., 
1907.  —  Issued  originally  in  six  parts,  1900-1906. 

Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopedia.     (See  §  27.) 


§48]  UNOFFICIAL   COLLECTIONS  177 


C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases  on  American  Constitutional  Law.  zd.  ed.  Chicago, 
1907. 

C 

H.  W.  Caldwell,  American  Territorial  Development.     Chicago,  1000. 

H.  W.  Caldwell,  Survey  of  American  History.     Chicago,  1900. 

H.  W.  Caldwell,  Great  American  Legislators.     Chicago,  1900. 

H.  W.  Caldwell,  A merican  History:  Unification,  Expansion.  Chicago, 
1900.  —  Reprint  of  two  of  the  above  volumes. 

C.  W.  Colby,  Selections  from  the  Sources  of  English  History.  London, 
1899. 

J.  R.  Commons  and  others,  Documentary  History  of  American  Indus 
trial  Society.  10  vols.  Cleveland,  1910-1911. 

T.  V.  Cooper  and  H.  T.  Fenton,  American  Politics  (N on-Partisan) 
from  the  Beginning  to  Date.  7  "books"  in  one  vol.  Phila.,  1882. 


C.  W.  Eliot,  American  Historical  Documents,  1000-1904.     (The  Har 
vard  Classics.)     N.Y.,  [1910]. 


Max  Farrand,  Records  of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787.  3  vols. 
New  Haven,  1911. 

W.  L.  Fleming,  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruction  .  .  .  1865  to 
the  Present  Time.  2  vols.  Cleveland,  1906-1907. 

Peter  Force,  Tracts  and  other  Papers  relating  principally  to  the  .  .  . 
Colonies  in  North  America.  4  vols.  Washington,  1836-1846. 


Gorges    Society,   [Publications].      5    vols.      Portland,    1884-1893.— 
Reprints  in  New  England  history  ;  no  general  title. 


Hakluyt  Society,  Works  issued  by  the  .  .  .  Society.  London.  —  The 
first  number  was  issued  in  1847.  Since  that  time  more  than  one  hundred 
volumes  have  been  published  under  different  editorships. 

A.  B.  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contemporaries.  4  vols.  N.Y., 
1897-1901. 


1/8  SOURCES  [§48 

A.  B.  Hart,  Source  Book  of  American  History.     N.Y.,  1899. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Source  Readers  in  American  History.  4  vols.  N.Y., 
1902-1903.  —  The  texts  are  modernized. 

A.  B.  Hart  and  E.  Channing,  American  History  Leaflets.  N.  Y.,  1892-  . 
—  In  progress;  36  nos.  to  1911. 

F.  L.  Hawks  and  W.  S.  Perry,  Documentary  History  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America,  containing  numerous 
documents  concerning  the  Church  in  Connecticut.  2  vols.  N.Y.,  1863- 
1864. 

Ebenezer  Hazard,  Historical  Collections;  consisting  of  State  Papers 
and  other  Authentic  Documents.  2  vols.  Phila.,  1792-1794. 

T.  W.  Higginson,  Book  of  American  Explorers.     Boston,  1877. 

Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  with  Contemporary  Exposition  and 
Critical  Comments  drawn  from  Various  Writers.  N.Y.,  1901. 


Alexander  Johnston  and  J.  A.  Woodburn,  American  Orations:  Studies 
in  American  Political  History.  4  vols.  N.Y.,  1896-1897. 

K 

Elizabeth  Kendall,  Source-Book  of  English  History.    N.Y.,  1900. 

M 

Emlin  McClain,  Selection  of  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law.  Boston, 
1900. 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Charters  and  other  Documents  Illustrative 
of  American  History,  1606-1775.  N.Y.,  1899;  also  1904. 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  Illustrative  of  the  History  of 
the  United  States,  1776-1861.  N.Y.,  1898. 

William  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes  and  other  Documents  Illustrative  of 
the  History  of  the  United  States,  1861-1898.  N.Y.,  1903. 

William  MacDonald,  Documentary  Source  Book  of  American  History, 
1606-1898.  N.Y.,  1908.  —  A  condensation  of  the  other  three  volumes. 

T.  H.  McKee,  National  Conventions  and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties,  1789  to  1904.  Baltimore,  1904. 

Edward  McPherson,  Political  History  of  the  United  States  of  America 
during  the  Great  Rebellion.  2d  ed.  Washington,  1865. 

Edward  McPherson,  Political  History  of  the  United  States  of  America 
during  the  Period  of  Reconstruction  [to  1870].  Washington,  1871. 

Edward  McPherson,  Handbook  of  Politics.  Washington,  1872-1894.  — 
Biennial  volumes,  covering  1870-1894. 


§48]  UNOFFICIAL   COLLECTIONS  179 

Edwin  D.  Mead,  Old  South  Leaflets,  General  Series.     200  nos.     Boston, 
[1888-1909]. 

Joel  Munsell,  Historical  Series.     24  vols.    Albany,  1857-1895. 

N 

Hezekiah  Niles,  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution  in  America. 
Baltimore,  1822.  —  Reprinted,  N.Y.,  1876. 


E.  J.  Payne,  Voyages  of  the  Elizabethan  Seamen.  2  vols.  Oxford, 
1893-1900. 

William  S.  Perry,  Historical  Collections  relating  to  the  American  Colonial 
Church.  5  vols.  Hartford,  1870-1878.  (Only  250  copies  printed.)  — 
Vol.  I  contains  documents  relating  to  Virginia ;  Vol.  II,  Pennsylvania ; 
Vol.  Ill,  Massachusetts ;  Vol.  IV,  Maryland ;  Vol.  V,  Delaware.  This 
publication  contains  papers  drawn  from  English  state  papers  not  else 
where  accessible  in  print. 

H.  W.  Preston,  Documents  Illustrative  of  American  History,  1606-1863. 
N.Y.,  1886. 

Prince  Society,  Publications.     (See  §  45.) 


James  D.  Richardson,  Compilation  of  the  Messages  and  Papers  of  the 
Confederacy,  including  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence.  2  vols.  Nashville, 
1905. 

S 

Erastus  H.  Scott.  The  Federalist  and  other  Constitutional  Papers. 
Chicago,  1894. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  Lincoln-Douglas  Debates  of  1858.  (Illinois  State  His 
torical  Library,  Collections,  Vol.  III.)  Springfield,  111.,  1908. 

E.  C.  Stedman  and  Ellen  M.  Hutchinson,  editors,  Library  of  American 
Literature,  from  the  Earliest  Settlement  to  the  Present  Time,      n  vols. 
New  York,  1888-1890. 

T 

F.  W.  Taussfg,  State  Papers'and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff.     Cambridge, 
1893. 

J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law,  with  Notes.  2  vols.  Cam 
bridge,  1894-1895.  * 

John  Wingate  Thornton,  The  Pulpit  of  the  American  Revolution. 
Boston,  1860. 


180  SOURCES 


w 

Edwin  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual.  Enlarged  edition.  4  vols. 
N.Y.,  1854. 

§  49.  Manuscript  Sources 

Mr.  Winsor  has  devoted  an  important  part  of  the  general  biblio 
graphical  appendix  of  the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  (Vol. 
VIII,  413)  to  a  list  of  the  available  collections  of  manuscripts. 
The  State  Department  in  Washington  has  the  original  documents 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  the  Confederation,  and  the  Federal 
Convention  of  1787,  with  the  manuscripts  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and  the  Constitu 
tion.  It  has  also  the  manuscript  rolls  of  statutes  and  treaties 
made  since  1789,  and  the  valuable  parts  of  the  papers  of  Wash 
ington,  Madison,  Jefferson,  Franklin,  Monroe,  Hamilton,  and  of 
the  manuscripts  collected,  but  not  printed,  by  Peter  Force. 

Of  the  state  archives  those  of  Massachusetts  may  be  mentioned 
as  especially  rich.  The  various  state  historical  societies  have  in 
many  cases  valuable  collections  of  family  papers.  Frequently, 
however,  important  sets  of  manuscripts  have  been  scattered  or 
destroyed  for  want  of  an  appreciation  of  their  value.  The  letters, 
and  especially  the  diaries,  of  any  person  who  has  been  in  public 
life  have  a  permanent  value,  and  should  be  carefully  preserved. 
In  the  use'of  manuscript  material  great  care  must  be  taken  to 
identify  each  piece,  to  ascertain  its  date,  and  to  be  sure  that  it 
was  really  written  by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ascribed.  In  some 
cases  there  are  two  manuscript  copies  of  a  letter  by  the  same 
hand,  as  in  the  famous  letters  of  Washington,  supposed,  till  the 
two  originals  were  compared,  to  have  been  rewritten  by  his  editor, 
Sparks.  There  will  often  be  material  discrepancies  between  the 
copy  of  a  letter  as  preserved  in  a  "letter-book"  and  the  letter 
actually  sent. 

The  following  works  are  serviceable  avenues  of  approach  to 
the  enormous  mass  of  archive  material  which  is  now  being  made 
available: 

Public  Archives  Commission,  Reports,  in  American  Historical  Associa 
tion,  Annual  Reports,  i goo- 
Historical  Manuscript  Commission,  Reports,  in  Ibid.,  1896- 


§49]  MANUSCRIPT   SOURCES  l8l 

Carnegie  Institution:  Bureau  of  Historical  Research,  Reports,  as  follows, 
in  addition  to  reports  in  press  or  in  preparation  on  American  material  in 
Canadian,  French,  British  (1783-1860),  and  other  Spanish  Archives,  and 
on  territorial  papers  in  the  federal  archives  : 

W.  H.  Allison,  Inventory  of  Unpublished  Materials  for  American 
Religious  History.  Washington,  1911. 

C.  M.  Andrews  and  Frances  G.  Davenport,  Guide  to  the  Manuscript 
Materials  for  the  History  of  the  United  States  to  1783,  in  the  British 
Museum  [and  other  Depositories}.  Washington,  1908. 

C.  R.  Fish,  Guide  to  the  Materials  for  American  History  in  Roman  and 
other  Italian  Archives.  Washington,  1911. 

L.  M.  Perez,  Guide  to  the  Materials  for  American  History  in  Cuban 
Archives.  Washington,  1907. 

J.  A.  Robertson,  List  of  Documents  in  Spanish  Archives  .  .  .  of  which 
Transcripts  are  preserved  in  American  Libraries.  Washington,  1910. 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Guide  to  the  Materials  for  the  History  of  the  United 
States  in  Spanish  Archives.  Washington,  1907. 

The  Library  of  Congress  has  issued  calendars  of  its  Washington,  John 
Paul  Jones,  Van  Buren,  and  Revolutionary  Naval  papers ;  and  the  De 
partment  of  State  has  published  calendars  of  Jefferson's  and  Madison's 
correspondence. 

The  reports  of  the  British  Historical  Manuscript  Commission  (§  42) 
contain  much  material  on  American  History,  a  partial  index  to  which 
may  be  found  in  American  Historical  Association,  Report  for  1898,  pp. 
611-708. 


CHAPTER   VIII 
ILLUSTRATIVE  WORKS 

§  60.  Illustrative  Material 

HISTORICAL  events  and  movements  are  frequently  fixed  in  the 
memory  by  the  perusal  of  books  which  may  be  inaccurate  in 
themselves,  especially  as  to  details,  but  which  nevertheless  leave 
a  permanent  and  reasonably  correct  impression  on  the  mind  of 
the  reader.  Thus  Keats's  famous  sonnet,  in  which  he  made  the 
conqueror  of  Mexico  discover  the  Pacific  Ocean,  could  not  well 
be  less  in  accordance  with  the  historical  fact ;  but  it  enforces  the 
charm  of  discovery  more  intensely  than  the  reading  of  many 
original  letters  and  reports  could  do.  There  are  critics,  however, 
who  think  that  when,  as  in  this  case,  the  facts  are  well  known  and 
easily  to  be  discovered,  it  is  the  business  of  the  story-teller  or  verse- 
maker  to  know,  what  actually  happened  sufficiently  well  to  make 
the  historical  basis  of  his  story  reasonably  accurate.  A  famous 
American  writer  once  said  that  the  poet  was  indebted  to  history 
for  the  general  facts  only,  around  which  he  could  build  up  his  own 
imaginative  work.  Perhaps  it  is  true  that  the  novel-writer  or 
the  poet  produces  the  best  and  truest  work  when,  unhampered 
by  the  details  of  the  real  story,  he  aims  to  create  only  a  general 
impression  which  shall  be  true  to  the  general  trend  of  history. 
Contrary  to  what  Bradford  says,  Mrs.  Austin  carries  the  May 
flower's  shallop  into  a  cove  in  Clark's  Island ;  the  plan  of  the 
story,  the  author  has  said,  made  it  necessary  for  the  boat  to  be 
at  that  particular  place  at  the  precise  moment,  and  the  spirit  of 
the  explorers  is  not  affected  by  the  deviation.  Longfellow's  Miles 
Standish  would  be  painfully  inaccurate  and  anachronistic  as  his 
tory;  but  the  poet  adds  a  man  to  our  affectionate  acquaintance. 
Just  how  far  it  is  safe  to  accept  a  picture  of  which  the  details  are 
not  true  to  the  time  —  whether  the  "general  reader"  of  Mrs. 

(182) 


§51]  HISTORICAL   NOVELS  183 

Austin's  tale  or  of  Longfellow's  poem  gains  a  truer  and  more 
lasting  impression  of  the  spirit  of  Pilgrim  colonization  than  he 
would  obtain  from  Doyle,  or  Bancroft,  or  still  better  from  Brad 
ford's  epic  itself  —  is  a  question  which  the  authors  of  the  Guide 
do  not  answer.  Certain  it  is  that  for  all  pupils  and  students  of 
American  history  such  books  are  useful  in  connection  with  accu 
rate  textbooks,  with  other  secondary  accounts,  and  especially  as 
adjuncts  to  a  moderate  use  of  the  sources  which  tell  the  same 
tales  more  simply. 

In  the  following  lists  of  novels  and  poems  no  attempt  is  made 
to  separate  the  works  based  on  sound  study  from  those  which  may 
justly  be  classed  with  fiction ;  they  are  all  named  as  additional  and 
subordinate  illustrative  material.  Nor  can  the  lists  claim  to  be 
complete ;  the  principle  of  choice  is  to  give  at  least  examples  of 
those  standard  authors  who  have  woven  out  of  American  history, 
and  to  add  some  books  from  obscure  writers  which  are  known 
to  have  given  pleasure  or  to  have  aroused  interest.  Other  titles 
may  be  found  in  the  seven  works  noted  in  §  51,  especially  in  the 
Chronological  Index  issued  by  the  Boston  Public  Library;  the 
third  edition,  printed  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Whitney,  is 
the  more  complete ;  the  earlier  editions,  prepared  by  Mr.  Winsor, 
are  likely  to  be  the  more  useful.  In  these  publications,  novels, 
poems,  and  ballads  are  grouped  together  under  the  head  of 
"fiction." 

§  61.  Historical  Novels 

William  F.  Allen,  Reader's  Guide  to  English  History.  Revised  edition, 
Supplement,  pp.  48-49.  Boston,  1883.  —  A  short  list  of  American  his 
torical  novels. 

Ernest  A.  Baker,  Descriptive  Guide  to  the  Best  Fiction.  N.Y.,  1903.  — 
"Historical  Appendix"  at  pp.  455-463. 

Ernest  A.  Baker,  History  in  Fiction.  2,  vols.  London,  [1907]. — 
American  fiction,  II,  1-56. 

W.  M.  Griswold,  compiler,  Descriptive  List  of  Novels  and  Tales  dealing 
with  the  History  of  North  America.  Cambridge,  1895. 

Jonathan  Nield,  Guide  to  the  Best  Historical  Novels  and  Tales.  3d 
ed.  N.Y.,  1904. 

Selden  L.  Whitcomb,  Chronological  Outlines  of  American  Literature. 
N.Y,  1894- 


1 84  ILLUSTRATIVE   WORKS  [§51 

[Justin  Winsor],  Chronological  Index  .  to  Historical  Fiction.  2d  ed. 
Boston,  1875.  —  3d  ed-,  prepared  by  James  L.  Whitney  (Boston  Public 
Library,  Bulletin,  X,  298  ;  XI,  42,  131,  234  :  1892). 


L.  M.  Alcott  (1832-1888),  Hospital  Sketches  (Civil  War). 

T.  B.  Aldrich  (1836-1907) ,  Prudence  Palfrey  (life  in  Portsmouth,  N.H.). 

J.  L.  Allen  (1848-  ),  The  Choir  Invisible  (early  Kentucky) ;  Ken 
tucky  Cardinal  (manners  about  1850). 

J.  A.  Altsheler  (1862-         ),  Herald  of  the  West  (War  of  1812). 

Jane  Goodwin  Austin  (1831-1894),  Standish  of  Standish;  Betty  Alden; 
A  Nameless  Nobleman;  Dr.  Le  Baron  and  his  Daughters;  David  Aldcn's 
Daughter  (all  stories  of  life  in  the  "Old"  Colony  of  New  Plymouth); 
Dora  Darling  (Civil  War). 

B 

Hugh  Henry  Brackenridge  (1748-1816),  Modern  Chivalry  (Whiskey 
Insurrection). 

C.  Brockden  Brown  (1771-1810),  Arthur  Mervyn. 

Frances  Hodgson  Burnett  (1849-  )>  Through  One  Administration. 
N.Y.,  1886. 

Edwin  Lassetter  Bynner  (1842-1893),  A gnes  Surriage  (story  of  New 
England) ;  Zachary  Phips  (adventures  of  a  Boston  lad,  especially  in  con 
nection  with  Burr's  conspiracy) ;  Penelope's  Suitors  (Massachusetts, 
seventeenth  century) ;  The  Begum's  Daughter  (Leisler's  revolt). 


G.  W.  Cable  (1844-  ),  Old  Creole  Days;  The  Grandissimes ,  a  Tale 
of  Creole  Life;  Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana;  Bonaventure,  a  Prose 
Pastoral  of  Acadian  Louisiana;  The  Cavalier  (Civil  War  from  the  Con 
federate  point  of  view). 

William  Caruthers  (1806-1872),  Cavaliers  of  Virginia  (middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century) ;  Knights  of  the  Horseshoe  (early  part  of  the  eight 
eenth  century) . 

Mary  H.  Catherwood  (184 7-1 902),  Story  of  Tonty  (La  Salle) ;  Romance 
of  Dollard  (French  Canada). 

Harriet  V.  (Foster)  Cheney  (b.  about  1815),  A  Peep  at  the  Pilgrims  in 
Sixteen  Hundred  Thirty-six. 

Lydia  Maria  Child  (1802-1880),  Hobomok  (New  Plymouth  Colony); 
The  Rebels,  or  Boston  before  the  Revolution. 

Winston  Churchill  (1871-      ),  Richard  Carvel  (Maryland,  eighteenth 


§51]  HISTORICAL   NOVELS  185 

century) ;  The  Crossing  (Louisiana  following  the  purchase,  and  Missis 
sippi)  ;  Coniston  (boss  system  in  New  York  before  the  Civil  War) ;  The 
Crisis  (Civil  War,  Lincoln,  Sherman,  Grant,  etc.) ;  Mr.  Crewe's  Career 
(politics  in  New  Hampshire). 

S.  L.  Clemens  (Mark  Twain:  1835-1910),  Adventures  of  Huckleberry 
Finn  (Southern  Mississippi  Valley  before  the  Civil  War). 

C.  C.  Coffin  (1823-1896),  Winning  his  Way  (Civil  War). 

J.  E.  Cooke  (1830-1886),  My  Lady  Pokahontas;  Virginia  Comedians; 
The  Youth  of  Jefferson;  Fairfax;  Doctor  Vandyke  (all  tales  of  life  in  Vir 
ginia  in  the  quarter  century  preceding  the  Revolution) ;  Bonnybel  Vane, 
embracing  the  History  of  Henry  St.  John,  Gentleman  (Revolutionary  epoch)  ; 
Leather  Stocking  and  Silk  (a  story  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  about  1800) ; 
Justin  Harley,  a  Romance  of  Old  Virginia;  Stories  of  the  Old  Dominion; 
Hilt  to  Hilt;  Mohun;  Wearing  of  the  Gray  (the  last  three  are  stories  of  the 
Civil  War  from  a  Southern  point  of  view). 

J.  F.  Cooper  (1789-1851),  Mercedes  of  Castile  (Columbus);  Water 
Witch  (New  York  after  the  English  conquest) ;  Satanstoe  (New  York 
country  life  in  the  eighteenth  century) ;  The  Red  Rover  (Newport  and 
the  slave  trade) ;  Leather-Stocking  Tales  (the  Indians  in  New  York  and 
the  West) ;  Lionel  Lincoln  (siege  of  Boston) ;  The  Pilot  (Paul  Jones) ; 
The  Spy  (Revolutionary  epoch) ;  The  Two  Admirals  (middle  of  eight 
eenth  century). 

C.  E.  Craddock.     See  Murfree. 

Stephen  Crane  (1871-1909),  Wounds  in  the  Rain  (Spanish  War). 


Charles  A.  Davis  (1795-1867),  Letters  of  J.  Downing,  Major  (Jackson's 
administration). 

Samuel  A.  Drake  (1798-1875),  A  Book  of  New  England  Legends  and 

Folk-lore  in  Prose  and  Poetry. 

E 

Edward  Eggleston  (1837-1902),  The  Circuit  Rider,  and  The  Haosier 
Schoolmaster,  and  The  Graysons  (pioneer  life  in  the  West). 

G.  C.  Eggleston  (1839-1911),  A  Man  of  Honor  (Virginia  since  the  Civil 

War). 

F 

P.  L.  Ford,  Janice  Meredith  (Revolution). 

Harold  Frederic  (1857-1898),  In  the  Valley  (Revolution,  Mohawk 
Valley). 

Alice  French  (Octave  Thanet :  1850-  ),  Expiation  (Arkansas  at 
close  of  Civil  War). 


1 86  ILLUSTRATIVE   WORKS  [§M 

G 

Hamlin  Garland  (1860-  '       ),  A  Little  Norsk  (Western  farm  life). 

Charles  E.  A.  Gayarre  (1805-1895),  Aubert  Dubayet  (France  and  the 
United  States,  1780-1797). 

Caroline  Gilman  (1794-1888),  Recollections  of  a  New  England  House 
keeper  (1835). 

A.  C.  Gordon   (1855-        ),  Gift  of  the  Morning  Star  (Shenandoah 

Valley). 

H 

E.  E.  Hale  (1822-1909),  The  Man  without  a  Country,  and  Philip 
Nolan's  Friends  (Burr's  conspiracy) ;  Mrs.  Merriam's  Scholars  (the 
Freedmen) ;  East  and  West  (settlement  of  Ohio). 

Thomas  C.  Haliburton  (1797-1865),  The  Clockmaker:  Sayings  and 
Doings  of  Samuel  Slick  of  Slickvillc. 

Joseph  C.  Hart,  Miriam  Coffin  (Nantucket  life,  early  nineteenth 
century). 

Francis  Bret  Harte  (1839-1902),  Thankful  Blossom;  a  Story  of  the 
Jerseys  (1779). 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne  (1804-1864),  The  Maypole  of  Merrymount; 
Grandfather's  Chair ;  Legends  of  New  England;  Legends  of  the  Province 
House;  Liberty  Tree;  The  Scarlet  Letter;  Twice  Told  Tales  (all  of  them 
stories  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony) ;  Septimius  Felton  (Massachu 
setts,  1775) ;  Blilhedalc  Romance  (Brook  Farm) ;  House  of  the  Seven  Gables. 

Richard  Hildreth  (1807-1865),  The  Slave,  or  the  Memoirs  of  Archy 
Moore.  2  vols.  Boston,  1836. 

J.  G.  Holland  (1819-1881),  Bay-Path,  a  Tale  of  New  England  Colonial 
Life. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (1809-1894),  Grandmother's  Story  of  the  Battle 
of  Bunker  Hill ;  Elsie  Venner. 

W.  D.  Howells  (1837-  ),  A  Boy's  Town  (Ohio  before  the  Civil 
War). 

Washington  Irving  (1783-1859),  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York. 


Helen  Hunt  Jackson  (1831-1885),  Ramona  (the  Indians  in  later  days) ; 
Mercy  Philbnck's  Choice  (American  life). 

Mary  Johnston  (1876-  ),  Prisoners  of  Hope;  To  Have  and  to 
Hold;  Audrey  (all  stories  of  Old  Virginia) ;  Lewis  Rand  (Burr's  con 
spiracy)  ;  The  Long  Roll  (Stonewall  Jackson). 


§51]  HISTORICAL   NOVELS  187 

Richard  M.  Johnston  (1822-1898),  Mr.  Absalom  Billingslea  and  other 
Georgia  Folks;  Georgia  Sketches;  The  Primes  and  their  Neighbors;  Old 
Times  in  Middle  Georgia. 

Sylvester  Judd  (1813-1853),  Margaret  (New  England  village  life,  early 
nineteenth  century). 

K 

J.  P.  Kennedy  (i  795-1870),  Swallow  Barn  (life  in  Virginia  about  1800) ; 
Rob  of  the  Bowl  (Maryland  in  colonial  times) ;  Horseshoe  Robinson  (Tories 
in  the  South). 

Charles  King  (1844-  ),  Colonel's  Daughter  (army  life  on  the 
plains). 

Grace  King  (1852-  ),  Monsieur.  Motte;  Tales  of  a  Time  and 
Place  (stories  of  Louisiana  life). 

Charles  Kingsley  (1819-1875),  Westward  Ho!  or,  The  Voyages  and 
Adventures  of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh  (West  Indies,  time  of  Elizabeth). 

Lucy  Larcom  (1826-1893),  A  New  England  Girlhood. 

Emma  Leslie,  Saxby  (Puritans  in  England  and  America). 

Augustus  B.  Longstreet  (1790-1870),  Georgia  Scenes  in  the  First 
Half-Century  of  the  Republic. 

M 

James  De  Mille  (1837-1880),  The  Lily  and  the  Cross  (Acadia). 

Silas  Weir  Mitchell  (1829-  ),  In  War  Times,  and  Roland  Blake 
(stories  of  the  Civil  War) ;  Hugh  Wynne  (Revolutionary  times). 

John  L.  Motley  (1814-1877),  Merry-Mount,  a  Romance  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  Colony  (early  period).  2  vols.  (in  one). 

Mary  N.  Murfree  (C.  E.  Craddock  :  1850-  ),  Story  of  Old  Fort 
Loudoun  (Southern  frontier,  1758) ;  Despot  of  Broomsedge  Cove  (Tennessee 
Mountaineers). 

P 

Thomas  Nelson  Page  (1853-  ),  Among  the  Camps,  and  In  Ole  Vir 
ginia  (Civil  War  in  the  South) ;  Red  Rock  (Reconstruction  period). 

Sir  Gilbert  Parker  (1859-  ),  Seats  of  the  Mighty  (French  and 
Indian  War). 

Francis  Parkman  (1823-1893),  Vassall  Morton  (New  England  life). 

James  K.  Paulding  (1779-1860),  Koningsmarke  (Swedes  on  the  Dela 
ware)  ;  The  Dutchman's  Fireside,  and  Book  of  St.  Nicholas  (New  York 
life) ;  The  Old  Continental,  or  the  Price  of  Liberty;  Westward  Ho!  (settle 
ment  of  Kentucky) ;  The  Diverting  History  of  John  Bull  and  Brother 
Jonathan  (years  preceding  the  war  of  1812) ;  The  Lay  of  the  Scottish  Fiddle 
(British  in  the  Chesapeake). 


1 88  ILLUSTRATIVE    WORKS  [§51 


A.  G.  Riddle  (1816-1902),  Bart  Ridgeley,  a  Story  of  Northern  Ohio. 

E.  P.  Roe  (1838-1888),  Near  to  Nature's  Heart  (Washington  and 
Arnold);  An  Original  Belle;  His  Sombre  Rivals;  Miss  Lou  (all  stories 
of  the  Civil  War). 

S 

H.  E.  Scudder  (1838-1902)  Stories  and  Romances  (some  of  them  relate 
to  American  history). 

Catherine  Maria  Sedgwick  (1789-1867),  Hope  Leslie,  or  Early  Times 
in  the  Massachusetts ;  The  Linwoods  ( 1 7 70) ;  Clarence;  A  New  England 
Tale;  Redwood. 

W.  G.  Simms  (1806-1870),  The  Damsel  of  Darien  (Balboa  and  the  dis 
covery  of  the  Pacific) ;  Vasconselos  (De  Soto  in  Florida) ;  Lily  and  Totem 
(Huguenots  in  Florida);  Cassique  of  Kioway  (South  Carolina,  1684); 
Yemassee  (Indian  conspiracy,  1715);  The  Partisan;  MelHchampe;  The 
Scout;  Katharine  Walton;  TheForayers;  The  Eutaws  (the  last  six  stories 
form  a  connected  account  of  the  Revolution  in  the  South  from  the  fall  of 
Charleston  to  1782). 

Seba  Smith  (1792-1868),  Life  and  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Downing 
(time  of  Jackson). 

Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  (1811-1896),  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  and  Dred, 
or,  later,  Nina  Gordon  (slavery  in  Kentucky) ;  Mayflower  (Connecticut 
life) ;  The  Minister's  Wooing  (Newport,  early  nineteenth  century). 


W.  M.  Thackeray  (1811-1863),  The  Virginians  (eighteenth  century). 

Octave  Thanet.     See  French. 

Daniel  P.  Thompson  (1795-1868),  The  Green  Mountain  Boys,  a  His 
torical  Tale  of  the  Early  Settlement  of  Vermont.  2  vols. 

Mary  F.  Spear  Tiernan  (1836-1891),  Ilomosclle  (Virginia  before  the 
Civil  War). 

Nina  Moore  Tiffany,  Pilgrims  and  Puritans;  From  Colony  to  Common 
wealth;  Stories  of  the  Revolutionary  Days  in  Boston. 

A.  W.  Tourgee  (1838-1905),  Hot  Plowshares;  Figs  and  Thistles,  a 
Romance  of  the  Western  Reserve;  and  other  stories  of  Western  and  South 
ern  life. 

J.  T.  Trowbridge  (1827-  ),  Cudjo's  Cave  (Tennessee  in  the  early 
sixties). 

St.  George  Tucker  (1828-1863),  Hansford  (Bacon's  Rebellion). 

Mark  Twain.     See  Clemens. 


§52]  POEMS   AND    BALLADS  189 

W 

Lewis  Wallace  (1827-1905),  The  Fair  God  (Aztec  civilization). 

Mary  S.  Watts  (1868-         ),  Nathan  Burke  (Mexican  War). 

W.  A.  White  (1868-  ),  The  Real  Issue,  and  A  Certain  Rich  Man 
(Kansas  life). 

Mary  E.  Wilkins  (1862-  ),  The  Adventures  of  Ann:  Stories  of 
Colonial  Times;  The  Heart's  Highway  (Virginia,  seventeenth  century). 

Theodore  Winthrop  (1828-1861),  John  Brent  (Mormons). 

Owen  Wister  (1860-         ),  The  Virginian  (ranch  life  on  the  plains). 

§  52.  Poems  and  Ballads 

The.  following  poems  are  especially  illustrative  of  American 
history. 

Joel  Barlow  (1755-1812),  Vision  of  Columbus.  —  In  a  later  edition 
called  The  Columbiad. 

Thomas  Campbell  (1777-1844),  Gertrude  of  Wyoming. 
William  Dunlap  (1766-1839),  Andre,  a  Tragedy  in  Five  Acts. 
Timothy  Dwight  (1752-1817),  Greenfield  Hill  (burning  of  Fairfield, 

1779). 

Philip  Freneau  (1752-1832),  Poems  (illustrating  the  period  1774-1815). 

Francis  Hopkinson  (1737-1891),  Battle  of  the  Kegs. 

H.  W.  Longfellow  (1807-1882),  Skeleton  in  Armor  (Northmen) ;  Court 
ship  of  Miles  Standish;  John  Endicott;  Giles  Corey  (Salem  witchcraft) ; 
Evangeline  (Acadia) ;  Hiawatha;  Paul  Revere' s  Ride. 

J.  R.  Lowell  (1819-1891),  Columbus;  Biglow  Papers;  Commemoration 
Ode. 

Margaret  J.  Preston  (1825-1897),  Colonial  Ballads  and  Sonnets. 

L.  H.  Sigourney  (1791-1865),  Pocahontas. 

E.  C.  Stedman  (1833-1908),  Peter  Stuyvesant's  New  Year's  Call;  Alice 
of  Monmouth  (the  Civil  War). 

J.  G.  Whittier  (1808-1892),  Cobbler  Keezar's  Vision;  Skipper  Ireson's 
Ride  (early  New  England) ;  The  Witch  of  Wenham;  The  Bridal  of  Pen- 
nacook  ;  Mogg  Megone  (New  England  fife) ;  The  Pennsylvania  Pilgrim. 

The  following  collections  are  especially  serviceable. 

Frank  Cowan,  Southwestern  Pennsylvania  in  Song  and  Story.  Greens- 
burg,  1878. 

S.  A,  Drake,  A  Book  of  New  England  Legends  and  Folk-lore  in  Prose  and 
Poetry.  Boston,  1884. 

E.  A.  and  G.  I.  Duyckinck,  "Ballads  of  the  Old  French  and  Revolu- 


IQO  ILLUSTRATIVE   WORKS  [§52 

tionary  Wars,"  in  their  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature.  Vol.  I  (see 
index).  N.Y.,  1856. 

G.  C.  Eggleston,  American  War-Ballads  and  Lyrics.  2  vols.  N.Y., 
[1889]. 

Thomas  D.  English,  American  Ballads.     N.Y.,  1880. 

William  McCarty,  Songs,  Odes,  and  other  Poems  on  National  Subjects. 
3  vols.  Phila.,  1842. 

Brander  Matthews,  Poems  of  American  Patriotism.     N.Y.,  1882. 

Frank  Moore,  Anecdotes,  Poetry,  and  Incidents  of  the  War,  1860-1865. 
N.Y.,  1865. 

Frank  Moore,  The  Civil  War  in  Song  and  Story.     [N.Y.],  1889. 

Frank  Moore,  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  American  Revolution.  N.Y., 
1856. 

Frank  Moore,  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  Southern  People.     N.Y.,  1886. 

Winthrop  Sargent,  editor,  The  Loyalist  Poetry  of  the  Revolution.    Phila., 

i8S7. 

W.  G.  Simms,  editor,  War  Poetry  of  the  South.     N.Y.,  1867. 

E.  C.  Stedman  and  E.  M.  Hutchinson,  Library  of  American  Literature. 
(See  §  48.) 


PART   III.     TEACHING  AND   READING 
HISTORY 

CHAPTER  IX 
WORKING   LIBRARIES 

§  63.  Necessity  of  Working  Libraries 

No  proper  work  can  be  done  in  history  by  the  use  of  a  single 
book.  The  study  resembles  those  scientific  subjects,  such  as 
botany  and  physics,  in  which  laboratory  practice  is  an  essential 
part  of  the  instruction  from  the  very  beginning.  The  principle  to 
be  observed  is  that  the  teacher's  part  is  not  to  deal  out  knowledge, 
but  to  aid  the  pupils  in  getting  their  knowledge  for  themselves. 
Hence,  if  history  is  really  to  be  taught  at  all,  in  every  school  there 
must  be  some  collection  of  books. 

In  order  to  secure  the  use  of  a  working  library,  it  must  be 
accessible  all  the  school  time,  and  if  possible  be  made  available 
at  other  hours.  A  shelf  in  the  schoolroom,  where  the  books  stand 
in  view  all  day,  is  the  most  convenient  arrangement.  Larger 
collections  may  need  to  be  kept  in  a  particular  room;  if  a  ma 
chinery  for  drawing  books  out  and  registering  them  seems  neces 
sary,  it  should  be  made  as  simple  as  possible.  Pupils  should  be 
encouraged  to  carry  books  home  over  night.  At  the  same  time 
should  be  inculcated  that  reverence  for  the  clean  and  unsoiled 
page  which  is  a  part  of  every  proper  education. 

If  the  books  are  more  than  a  hundred,  some  kind  of  catalogue 
is  almost  indispensable,  and  should  be  conspicuously  placed. 
Large  libraries  should  of  course  have  a  card  catalogue,  including 
both  authors  and  subjects ;  and  the  making  of  a  school  catalogue 
may  be  an  excellent  experience  for  children. 

§  54.  Small  Collections 

The  multiplication  of  brief  but  well- written  books  on  American 
history  makes  it  possible  to  select  a  few  books  which,  taken  to- 

(191) 


1 92  COLLECTIONS    OF    MATERIAL  [§54 

gether,  cover  the  whole  field  of  American  history  in  some  system 
atic  fashion.  In  making  up  the  lists  below,  care  has  been  taken 
to  include,  so  far  as  possible,  books  which  balance  each  other, 
either  by  treating  different  phases  of  American  history  or  by 
taking  different  sides  on  the  same  general  question. 

Four-Dollar  Collection 

1  E.  Charming,  Students'  History  (§9) $1.40 

2  A.  B.  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  (§33) 40 

3  A.  B.  Hart,  Source  Book  of  American  History  (§48)     ....         .60 

4  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  History  of  the  American  Nation,  N.Y.,  1899       1.40 

Ten-Dollar  Collection 

1-2  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln,  2  vols.  (§34) $2.50 

3       E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865  (§  28) 1.50 

4-6  Epochs  of  American  History,  3  vols.  (§28) 3.75 

7       A.  B.  Hart,  Epoch  Maps  (§33) 40 

8-9  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  2  vols.  (§28) 3.00 

Twenty-five -Dollar  Collection 

(No  books  in  the  $10.00  list  are  here  repeated) 

10-16  American  History  Series,  7  yols.  (§  28) $7.00 

17-18  E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  2  vols.  (§  29)  5.00 
19-22  A.  B.  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contemporaries,  4  vols. 

(§48) 8.00 

23  Higginson  and  MacDonald,  United  States  (§  28)       ...  2.00 

24  Alexander  Johnston,  American  Politics  (§28) 90 

25  Wm.  MacDonald,  Documentary  Source  Book  of  American 

History,  1606-1898  (§  48) i.oo 

26  Edward  Stanwood,  Presidency  (§  36) 2.50 

Fifty-Dollar  Collection 

The  following  volumes  which  cost  about  fifteen  dollars,  may  be  added 
to  the  books  enumerated  in  the  ten-dollar  and  twenty-five-dollar  col 
lections  : 

27  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States  (§  36)     $2.00 
28-29  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  2  vols.  (§  39)  ....       2.50 
30        A.  B.  Hart  and  E.  Channing,  American  History  Leaflets, 

.36  nos.  (  §  48) 3.00 


§55]  SMALL   LIBRARIES  193 

31  J.  K.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  (§28) 3.00 

32  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters  (§48)       1.25 

33  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  (§  48) 1.25 

34  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes  (§48) 1.25 

35-36  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  2  vols.  (§39) 2.50 

One-Hundred-Dollar  Collection 

In  addition  to  the  fifty-dollar  list  the  following  works  should  be  added  : 

37  A  good  history  of  your  own  state  (§  37). 

38  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States    (§  36). 

39  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  the  United  States  (§  36). 
40-46  J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the    United  States,    ^ 

vols.  (§  29). 

47-52  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  7  vols.  (§  29). 
S3-58  James  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  6  vols.  (§  29). 

§  55.  Small  Standard  Library 

The  small  collections  above  described  include  few  sources,  and 
ought  to  be  supplemented  by  printed  records,  by  biographies 
containing  letters  and  other  original  material,  and  by  the  works 
of  statesmen,  and  local  and  special  histories.  From  the  lists  of 
classified  books  given  above  (§§  28-48)  many  additional  titles 
may  be  drawn.  Among  them  should  be  included : 

(1)  Atlases  of  American  historical  geography,  and  some  of  the 
descriptive  books  and  sources  (§§  30-35). 

(2)  A  good  supply  of  textbooks,  both  school  and  college  (§§  9, 
28). 

(3)  Additional  general  histories  (§  29). 

(4)  Some  of  the  special  histories  (§  36). 

(5)  Local  histories  of  the  state  and  place  in  which  the  teacher 
or  reader  lives  (§  37). 

(6)  Biographies  of  all  the  Presidents,  and  also  of  John  Win- 
throp,  Hutchinson,  Sam  Adams,  Patrick  Henry,  Franklin,  Hamil 
ton,  John  Randolph,  Gallatin,  Clay,  Webster,  Calhoun,  Benton, 
Douglas,  Seward,  Davis,  Chase,  Sumner,  Stevens,  Elaine,  John 
Sherman  (§39). 

(7)  A  few  of  the  reviews  containing  historical  matter,  especially 
the  Nation,  and  the  American  Historical  Review  (§  40). 


194  COLLECTIONS    OF   MATERIAL  [§56 

(8)  If  possible  some  sets  of  colonial  records,  which  may  be 
obtained  at  reasonable  prices  at    the    second-hand    bookstores 

(§  43). 

(9)  A  set  of  the  Annals  of  Congress,  Congressional  Debates,  Con 
gressional  Globe,  and  Congressional  Record  (§  44). 

(10)  The  Statutes  at  Large  (§  44) ;  sets  are   expensive.     The 
earlier  statutes  are  also  printed  in  Annals  of  Congress.     The  statutes 
should  be  supplemented  by  the  treaties,  either  the  volume  of 
Treaties  and  Conventions  of  the  United  States,  which  comes  down 
to  1887  only,  or  Malloy's  compilation,  which  comes  down  to  1909 

(§  44). 

(n)  A  selection  of  the  printed  sources,  including  the  principal 
collections  of  documents  and  narratives,  as  described  in  §  42  and 
§  48,  and  in  the  "  Small  Collections  "  (§  54). 

A  library  carefully  selected  on  the  basis  above  indicated  should 
include  from  300  to  1000  volumes,  and  should  cost  from  $450  to 
$1500.  A  select  list  of  about  350  works  in  450  volumes  is  printed 
in  A.  B.  Hart,  Essentials  of  American  History,  Appendices  A,  B. 
A  similar  list  is  a  part  of  the  A.  L.  A.  8000  Volumes  for  a  Popu 
lar  Library  (§  24). 

§  66.  Collateral  Use  of  Public  Libraries 

The  large  number  of  public  libraries  in  the  United  States  makes 
possible  careful  work  in  history  even  in  schools  which  have  small 
or  ill-selected  libraries.  One  method  is  to  recommend  pupils 
to  draw  books  which  will  be  useful  in  connection  with  their  study. 
For  this  purpose  it  is  very  desirable  to  cooperate  with  the  libra 
rian  in  preparing  reading  lists,  including  only  material  in  the 
library,  and  illustrating  the  regular  lessons.  Good  descriptive 
books,  travels,  and  historical  novels  may  thus  be  indicated,  as 
well  as  histories  and  biographies. 

Perhaps  a  better  method  is  for  the  school  to  secure  the  privi 
lege  of  drawing  out  a  certain  number  of  books,  and  keeping  them 
for  a  definite  time  in  the  school  building  as  a  special  reference 
library.  This  system  has  the  advantage  of  keeping  together 
for  general  use  the  set  of  most  useful  books.  Without  any  such 
formal  privilege  being  granted,  it  is  easy  to  arrange  that  chil 
dren,  holders  of  cards,  shall  unite  their  drawings,  so  as  to  make 


§57]  USE   OF   LIBRARIES  195 

up  a  reference  set,  to  be  used  by  the  whole  class  so  long  as  the 
library  regulations  permit  the  books  to  remain  out.  In  many 
cases  public  libraries  will  purchase  sets  of  books  on  American 
history,  with  special  reference  to  their  usefulness  for  school  work. 
Another  advantage  of  a  good  public  library  should  be  that  it  can 
give  the  pupils  an  opportunity  to  learn  the  use  of  catalogues, 
special  bibliographies,  and  other  keys  to  literature  (§  21). 

§  57.  Use  of  Great  Libraries 

A  few  favored  cities  and  some  universities  have  the  advan 
tage  of  great  public  or  endowed  libraries,  containing  rich  historical 
literature  and  preserving  extensive  sets  of  printed  records,  works 
of  public  men,  and  files  of  periodicals.  The  most  noted  of  such 
libraries  are  the  Harvard  College ;  Boston  Public ;  Boston  Athe 
naeum  ;  John  Carter  Brown,  at  Providence ;  Yale  University ; 
New  York  Public;  Columbia  University;  Peabody,  at  Balti 
more;  Library  of  Congress;  Newberry,  at  Chicago;  Univer 
sity  of  Chicago;  Burton,  at  Detroit;  Wisconsin  Historical  So 
ciety;  and  Bancroft,  at  University  of  California. 

The  first  duty  of  a  student  or  reader  in  such  a  library  is  to  make 
himself  familiar  with  the  catalogue,  so  that  he  may,  without 
loss  of  time,  go  straight  to  the  authorities  on  any  subject  he  may 
be  studying.  A  few  hours  spent  in  mastering  the  intricacies  of 
a  printed  or  card  subject  catalogue  will  make  the  whole  of  the 
historical  way  smooth.  Next  the  student  should  learn  the  ar 
rangement  and  use  of  special  aids  such  as  Poolers  Index  and 
Fletcher's  A.  L.  A.  Index  to  General  Literature  (§  21).  This 
familiarity  may  most  easily  be  gained  by  following  out  some 
specific  subject  through  the  various  bibliographical  aids. 

The  next  duty  of  the  student  is  to  make  himself  familiar  with 
the  general  literature  of  American  history.  If  he  have  a  select 
set  of  works  on  the  subject  at  his  disposal,  he  should  go  through 
a  considerable  number  of  the  books,  examining  them  sufficiently 
to  acquaint  himself  with  their  aim  and  arrangement.  Then  he 
should  look  into  the  sources,  particularly  the  colonial  records  and 
the  records  of  the  United  States  government,  so  as  to  under 
stand  the  principle  upon  which  they  are  arranged,  and  the  indexes 
and  other  means  of  getting  at  their  contents. 


196  COLLECTIONS   OF   MATERIAL  [§58 

All  the  work  above  described  is  of  course  only  a  reconnaissance, 
intended  to  prepare  the  way  for  a  careful  study  of  some  part  of 
the  material  thus  examined,  in  connection  with  class  work  or 
private  reading.  A  great  library  means  not  so  much  that  the 
student  is  to  read  an  enormous  amount,  as  that  he  is  to  learn 
how  to  select  from  the  mass  the  books  or  parts  of  books  most 
useful  to  him;  and  especially  that  he  may  learn  how  to  draw 
from  the  sources  material  for  knowledge  or  the  confirmation  of 
knowledge  gained  elsewhere.  Thought,  selection,  discrimination, 
are  most  essential  to  the  right  use  of  great  collections. 

§  58.  Special  Use  of  Libraries  by  Students 

For  large  classes,  in  schools,  colleges,  and  universities,  it  is 
difficult  to  provide  enough  material  to  serve  for  the  wants  of  all 
at  once.  Important  books  may  be  drawn  out  when  most  needed 
by  the  class ;  one  copy  is  often  insufficient,  and  few  libraries 
will  buy  duplicates  to  be  used  freely,  and  perhaps  worn  out,  by 
students.  Much  may  be  done  by  private  gift  to  increase  the 
copies  of  the  most  valuable  books.  Sometimes  members  of 
classes  will  give  reference  books  at  the  end  of  their  course,  or 
classes  raise  a  subscription  or  assess  themselves  to  provide  addi 
tional  copies. 

To  provide  as  well  as  possible  for  the  largest  possible  number 
of  students,  Justin  Winsor,  then  Librarian  of  Harvard  Univer 
sity,  worked  out  a  system  of  which  the  success  has  been  proved 
by  the  experience  of  thirty  years.  Out  of  the  numerous  stores 
of  the  library  each  instructor  has  the  right  to  select  such  books  as 
seem  to  him  essential  for  his  courses,  and  to  have  them  assembled 
on  a  set  of  shelves  in  the  reading  room,  where  they  are  entirely 
open  and  accessible,  without  any  formality  of  drawing  out,  during 
the  library  hours.  With  this  existence  of  a  good  working  collec 
tion  behind  him,  the  instructor  may  safely  call  for  a  large  amount 
of  parallel  reading  and  special  written  work. 

A  further  provision  of  the  scheme  adds  greatly  to  the  effective 
ness  of  the  library  in  cases  where  the  reading  room  cannot  be 
used  after  sundown:  no  book  thus  reserved  can  be  drawn  out 
by  any  student  during  the  day ;  but  he  has  the  privilege,  before 
the  library  closes,  to  draw  a  certain  number  of  reserved  books 


§58]  USE   OF   LIBRARIES   BY    STUDENTS  197 

for  "over-night  use";   such  books  are  returnable  at  nine  o'clock 
the  next  morning. 

Some  instructors  have  established  small  working  libraries  in 
rooms  set  apart  for  the  purpose  by  the  college  authorities.  To 
each  student  in  the  course  for  which  such  a  library  is  provided,  a 
key  is  given  in  return  for  the  deposit  of  a  small  sum  of  money. 
The  interests  of  the  students  and  of  the  library  are  thus  made 
identical. 


CHAPTER  X 

CLASS  EXERCISES1 
§  69.  Recitations 

THE  classroom  is  the  place  where  the  pupils'  general  work  is  to 
be  tested;  but,  at  the  outset,  teachers  ought  never  to  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  repetition  of  the  words  or  ideas  of  a  textbook  is  a 
test  of  the  memory  and  not  of  the  mind.  The  only  proper  test  is 
that  which  ascertains  how  far  a  pupil  is  able  to  use  and  apply 
what  he  knows;  and  in  that  process  one  is  certain  to  find  out 
whether  he  really  knows  anything.  The  recitation  is  the  teacher's 
opportunity  to  enforce,  explain,  illustrate,  and  amplify  the  lesson. 

The  first  duty  of  the  teacher  is  therefore  throughout  the  exer 
cise  to  point  out  what  is  most  important  in  the  lesson  and  what  is 
a  minor  matter,  and  thus  to  break  up  the  notion  that  every  word 
in  the  textbook  deserves  equal  attention  with  every  other  word. 
The  interest  and  opinion  of  the  pupil  may  sometimes  be  drawn  out 
as  to  the  comparative  importance  of  two  events. 

The  recitation  is  also  the  place  to  bring  out  cross  relations  of 
events,  as  set  forth  elsewhere  in  the  textbook  or  in  other  books. 
This  work  the  teacher  must  guide,  but  need  not  carry  on  alone ; 
pupils  may  make  pertinent  suggestions,  or  the  teacher  may  draw 
them  out  by  skillful  questioning.  With  such  intelligent  teaching 
there  will  be  no  need  of  calling  for  a  repetition  of  the  words  of 
the  textbook. 

In  colleges  the  ordinary  set  recitation  is  an  anachronism ;  stu 
dents  old  enough  to  come  to  college  ought  not  to  need  the  stimulus 
of  their  own  discussion.  For  them  the  only  suitable  oral  exercise 
in  history  is  the  "quiz"  (§  63)  or  "conference,"  or  some  form  of 

1  This  subject  is  treated  in  greater  detail  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.  (1896),  §§  43-53, 
where  are  many  illustrations  drawn  from  American  history,  to  set  forth  the 
general  principles  here  stated. 

(198) 


§60]  RECITATIONS  199 

written  exercise  (§§  87-95).     If   textbook   recitations  are  neces 
sary,  it  is  a  proof  that  the  work  done  is  not  college  work,. 


§  60.  Use  of  Textbooks 

What  is  the  advantage  of  a  textbook  if  it  is  not  to  be  absorbed 
by  the  pupil  ?  In  the  first  place,  it  is  to  be  the  backbone  of  his 
knowledge:  it  should  fix  in  the  mind  the  principal  events  as  a 
body  of  facts  to  be  acquired  and  drilled  into  the  mind. 

Most  textbooks  on  American  history  are  well  illustrated,  and 
thus  serve  to  bring  home  to  the  mind  historical  places  and  public 
men.  Suggestive  and  helpful  maps  also  ought  to  be  used  con 
stantly  both  in  and  out  of  the  classroom.  The  best  textbooks 
are  further  provided  with  a  set  of  select  bibliographies,  which  will 
lead  pupils  to  use  other  books ;  or  they  contain  lists  of  questions 
requiring  for  answer  the  use  of  additional  books. 

One  other  use  of  textbooks  is  that  of  the  "open  textbook 
recitation,"  in  which,  with  their  books  before  them  and  the  privi 
lege  of  turning  the  leaves  back  and  forth,  pupils  reply  to  off-hand 
questions,  including  past  and  even  future  lessons.  This  is  an 
exercise  likely  to  train  pupils  to  swift  and  discriminating  use  of 
books. 

For  college  work  the  textbook  has  a  different  purpose.  It 
should  be  employed  not  as  a  basis' of  class  exercises,  but  as  a  sub 
stitute  for  what  must  otherwise  be  acquired  from  lectures.  The 
instructor  may  omit  from  his  lecture  the  groundwork  included  in 
the  textbook,  assuming  that  so  much  knowledge  may  be  taken 
for  granted.  The  textbook  may  also,  if  furnished  with  suitable 
bibliographies,  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  parallel  reading. 

§  61.  Chronology  and  Memorizing 

No  improved  method  of  teaching  can  do  away  with  the  neces 
sity  of  memorizing  certain  data;  but  here,  as  elsewhere,  there 
must  be  caution  to  select  essential  things.  As  permanent  and  use 
ful  possessions  in  class  and  in  later  life,  every  pupil  needs  a  list 
of  important  events,  which  by  their  dates  are  placed  in  their 
logical  connection;  the  names  of  a  few  of  the  great  characters, 
with  determining  dates ;  and  parts  of  the  phraseology  of  some  of 


200  CLASS    EXERCISES  [§61 

the  constitutional  documents.  A  ready  use  of  this  material,  out 
of  its  connection,  should  be  required  and  enforced  at  every  oppor 
tunity,  so  that  it  may  be  firmly  fixed  in  the  memory  as  a  per 
manent  acquirement.  It  should  be  the  multiplication  table  of 
history,  always  at  the  tongue's  end.  Drill  should  be  given  to 
fixing  a  few  dates  in  the  mind  rather  than  to  suggesting  so  many 
that  they  will  have  no  life  or  meaning. 

The  following  list  is  a  suggestion  of  the  things  best  worth  re 
membering  as  a  basis  for  the  study  of  the  history  of  America 

Discovery  and  Exploration,  1000-1681 

1000.  (about).     The  Norse  Discoveries.     [§  100.] 

1492.  Columbus.     [§  ioi.] 

1493.  Bull  of  Demarcation.     [§  ioi.] 
1497.  John  Cabot.     [§  in.] 

1513.  Ponce  de  Leon  (Florida).     [§  105.] 

1513.  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  (Pacific).     [§  102.] 

1519-1521.     Cortez  (Conquest  of  Mexico).     [§  104.] 

1520.  Magellan. 

1524.  Verrazano  and  Gomez  (Atlantic  Coast).     [§§  105,  106.] 

1528-1536.     Cabeza  de  Vaca  (Southern  United  States).     [§  105.] 

1531-1534.     The  brothers  Pizarro  (Conquest  of  Peru.)     [§  104.] 

1534-1535.     Cartier  (Quebec  and  Montreal).     [§  106.] 

1539-1542.     De  Soto  (Southern  and  Eastern  United  States).     [§  105.] 

1540-1542.     Coronado  (Southwestern  United  States).     [§  105.] 

1578.  Drake  (Pacific  Coast).     [§  112.] 

1583.  Gilbert  (North  Atlantic  Coast).     [§  112.] 

1584.  Amadas  ancj.  Barlow  (North  Carolina).     [§  113.] 

1609.  Hudson  (Hudson  River  for  Dutch).     [§  122.] 

1610.  Hudson  (Hudson  Bay  for  England).     [§  122.] 
1615.  Champlain  (Lake  Huron).     [§  108.] 

1634.  Nicolet  (Lake  Michigan).     [§  109.] 

1654.  Radisson  and  Groseilliers  (West  of  Lake  Michigan). 

1673.  Marquette  and  Joliet  (Mississippi,  middle  course).     [§  109.] 

1680.  Hennepin  (Upper  Mississippi).     [§  109.] 

1 68 1.  La  Salle  (Mississippi  to  its  mouth).     [§  109.] 

Colonial  History,  1604-1763 

1604.     Acadia  (De  Monts  and  Champlain).     [§  108.] 

1607.  Virginia  (Jamestown;  Captain  John  Smith).     [§  115.] 

1608.  Quebec  (Champlain).     [§  108.] 


§61]  CHRONOLOGY   AND    MEMORIZING  2OI 

1619.  Representative  government  and  slavery  in  Virginia.     [§  115.] 

1620.  The  Council  for  New  England  (Gorges).     [§  132.] 

1620.  Plymouth  (Mayflower  Compact;  William  Bradford).     [§130.] 

1630.  Great  Emigration  to  Massachusetts  (Winthrop).     [§  134.] 

1632.  Maryland  (The  Calverts;  Baron  Baltimore).     [§  118.] 

1635.  Connecticut  (Hooker  migration).     [§  138.] 

1636.  Providence  (Roger  Williams;  religious  liberty).     [§  136.) 
1638.  Rhode  Island  (Anne  Hutchinson).     [§  136.] 

1638.  New  Haven.     [§  139.] 

1639.  Fundamental  Orders  of  Connecticut.     [§  138.] 
1641.  Massachusetts  "Body  of  Liberties."     [§  135.] 
1643.  New  England  Confederation.     [§  141.] 

1649.  Maryland  Toleration  Act.     [§119.] 

1651.  Navigation  Ordinance.     [§  149.] 

1662.  Connecticut  Charter.     [§  138.] 

1663.  Rhode  Island  Charter.     [§  137.] 
1663.  Carolina  Charter.     [§120.] 

1664.-  English  Conquest  of  New  Netherland.     [§  122.] 

1665.  Second  Carolina  Charter.     [§120.] 

1665.  New  Jersey.     [§124.] 

1676.  Bacon's  Rebellion  in  Virginia.     [§  116.] 

1681.  Pennsylvania  Charter  (Penn;  Quakers).     [§  125.] 

1686.  Andros  Government  in  New  England.     [§  145.] 

1689.  Rebellions  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Maryland.     [§§  119, 

123,  145-] 

1691.  Province  Charter  of  Massachusetts.     [§  145.] 

1699.  Louisiana.     [§  no.] 

1701.  Pennsylvania  Charter  of  Privileges.     [§  126.] 

1713.  Peace  of  Utrecht.     [§147.] 

1721.  Rebellion  in  Carolina.     [§  120.] 

1732.  Georgia  Charter.     [§  121.] 

1735.  Trial  of  Zenger  (Freedom  of  the  press).     [§  123.] 

1748.  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     [§  147.] 

1754.  French  and  Indian  War.     [§  148.] 

1754.  Albany  Congress.     [§§  148,  158.] 

1763.  Peace  of  Paris.     [§  148.] 

The  American  Revolution,  1761-1783 

1761.  Writs  of  Assistance.     [§15°-] 

1763.  Parson's  Cause.     [§  150.] 

1765.  Stamp  Act  (Henry's  Resolves).     [§  150.] 


202  CLASS    EXERCISES  [§61 

1765.  Stamp  Act  Congress.     [§  150.] 

1766.  Declaratory  Act.     [§  150.] 

1767.  Townshend  Acts.     [§  151.] 

1768.  Massachusetts  Circular  Letter.     [§  i$i.J 

1769.  Virginia  Resolves.     [§  151.] 

1772.  Burning  of  the  Gaspee.     [§151.] 

1773.  Committees  of  Correspondence.     [§  152.] 

1773.  Destruction  of  the  Tea.     [§  151.] 

1774.  Boston  Port  Act,  Massachusetts  Government  Act,  etc.     [§  151.] 
1774.  Quebec  Act,  etc.     [§151.] 

1774.  First  Continental  Congress.     [§  151.] 

1774.  Association.     [§  151.] 

1775.  Battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord.     [§  152.] 
1775.  Second  Continental  Congress.     [§  153.] 

1775.  Canadian  Campaign. 

1776.  Declaration  of  Independence.     [§  153.] 

1776.  First  State  Constitution.     [§159.] 

1777.  Articles  of  Confederation  submitted.     [§158.] 

1777.  Burgoyne's  Capitulation.     [§  154.] 

1778.  French  Alliance.     [§  155.] 

1780.  Thirteenth  State  Constitution  (Massachusetts).     [§  159.] 

1781.  Ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation.     [§  158.] 
1781.  Yorktown  Capitulation.     [§  156.] 

1781.  Five  Per  Cent  Plan.     [§  169.] 

1782.  Preliminary  Articles  of  Peace.     [§  157.] 

1783.  Definitive  Treaty.     [§157.] 

Development  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  1783-1860 

1783.  Revenue  Amendment  proposed.     [§  169.] 

1784.  Commerce  Amendment  proposed.     [§  171.] 

1786.  Annapolis  Convention.     [§173.] 

1787.  Federal  Convention.     [§  173.] 
1787.  Northwest  Ordinance.     [§  167.] 

1789.  Federal  Constitution  in  effect.     [§  176.] 

1791.  First  Ten  Amendments  (Bill  of  rights).     [§  174.] 

1794.  Jay  Treaty.     [§  181.] 

1798.  Alien  and  Sedition  Acts.     [§  184.] 

1798.  Virginia  and  (1799)  Kentucky  Resolutions.     [§  184.] 

1798.  Eleventh  Amendment  (Suits  against  states).     [§  195.] 

1803.  Marbury  v.  Madison  (Acts  of  Congress  void).     [§  195.] 

1803.  Annexation  of  Louisiana.     [§  187.] 


§61]  CHRONOLOGY   AND   MEMORIZING  203 

1804.  Twelfth  Amendment  (Election  of  president).     [§  186.] 

1805.  Lewis  and  Clark  to  the  Pacific.     [§  187.] 

1807.  Embargo  (National  power  over  commerce).     [§  190.] 

1811.  Astoria  founded  at  mouth  of  Columbia.     [§  187.] 

1812.  War  with  England.     [§  191.] 
1814.  Hartford  Convention.     [§  192.]' 
1814.  Peace  of  Ghent.     [§  191.] 
1819.  Annexation  of  Florida.     [§196.] 

1819.  McCulloch  v.  Maryland  (Implied  powers).     [§  195.] 

1819.  Dartmouth  College  Case  (Charter  a  contract).     [§  195.] 

1820.  Missouri  Compromise  (National  prohibition  of  slavery).    [§  197.] 

1821.  Cohens  v.  Virginia  (Appeals  to  Supreme  Court).     [§  195.] 

1823.  Monroe  Doctrine.     [§  198.] 

1824.  Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (State  powers  over  commerce).     [§  195.] 
1832.  Bank  Controversy.     [§  205.] 

1832.  Nullification  Controversy.     [§  206.] 

1833.  Compromise  Tariff.     [§  206.] 

1836.  Gag  Resolutions  (Discussion  of  slavery).     [§  211.] 

1842.  Ashburton  Treaty  (Maine).    [§217.] 

1845.  Annexation  of  Texas.     [§  218.] 

1846.  Mexican  War.     [§  219.] 
1846.  Oregon  Treaty.     [§217.] 
1846.  Wilmot  Proviso.     [§221.] 

1848.  Peace  of  Guadeloupe  Hidalgo.     [§  219.] 

1850.  Compromise  on  Slavery  Questions.     [§  222.] 

1854.  Kansas-Nebraska  Act  (Popular  sovereignty).     [§  225.] 

1857.  Dred  Scott  Case  (Slavery  restrictions  annulled).     [§  228.] 

1859.  John  Brown's  Raid.     [§  228.] 

Civil  War  and  Industrial  Development,  1860-1911 

1860.  Secession  Controversy:     [§§  231-233.] 

1861.  Civil  War.     [§§  234-239.] 

1863.  Emancipation  Proclamation  (War  powers).     [§  240.] 

1863.  Gettysburg  and  Vicksburg.     [§  236.] 

1865.  Thirteenth  Amendment  (Slavery  forbidden).     [§  240.] 

1867.  Reconstruction  Act  (Congress  asserts  its  power).     [§  241.] 

1868.  Fourteenth  Amendment  (Citizenship  defined).     [§  241.] 
1868.  Impeachment  of  President  Johnson.     [§  241.] 

1870.  Fifteenth  Amendment  (Negro  suffrage).     [§  242.] 

1870.  Ku  Klux  Klan.     [§  242.] 

1871.  Legal  Tender  Cases  (Legal  tender  notes  approved).     [§  243.] 
1873.  Slaughter-House  Cases  (Citizenship  restrained).     [§  242.] 


204  CLASS    EXERCISES  [§61 

1873.  Commercial  Panic.     [§  252.] 

1877.  Disputed  Election.     [§  251.] 

1883.  Civil  Service  Act  (Examinations  for  service).     [§  254.] 

1883.  Tariff  Act  (Commission).     [§  254.] 

1884.  Juilliard   v.    Greenman    (Legal   tender  notes   confirmed). 

[§  243-] 

1887.  Interstate  Commerce  Act  (Legislation  on  railroads).     [§  256.] 

1890.  McKinley  Tariff.     [§  262.] 

i8go.  Sherman  Anti-trust  Act.     [§  262.] 

1890.  Sherman  Silver  Act.     [§  256.] 

1893.  Commercial  Panic.     [§  262.] 

1894.  Wilson-Gorman  Tariff.     [§  262.] 

1895.  Venezuela  Controversy  (Application  of  Monroe  Doctrine). 

[§  263.] 

1896.  Free  Silver  Campaign.     [§  262.] 

1897.  Dingley  Tariff.     [§  262.] 

1898.  Spanish  War.     [§  265.] 

1899.  Philippine  Insurrection  (Dependencies).     [§§  265,  266.] 

1900.  Gold  Standard  Act.      [§  271.] 

1903.  Panama  Canal  Treaty.     [§  267.] 

1904.  Northern  Securities  Case  (Merger  of  railroads)..     [§  269.] 

1910.  Payne- Aldrich  Tariff.     [§  271.] 

1911.  Standard    Oil    and   Tobacco    Cases  (Regulation   of    trusts). 

[§  269.] 

Presidents  of  the  United  States,  1789-1911 

1789-1797.  George  Washington  (Jay  Treaty).     [§§176-182.] 

1797-1801.  John  Adams  (Alien  and  Sedition  Acts).     [§§  183-185.] 

1801-1809.  Thomas  Jefferson  (Annexation  of  Louisiana).     [§§186-190.] 

1809-1817.  James  Madison  (War  of  1812-).     [§§  190-194.] 

1817-1825.  James  Monroe  (Monroe  Doctrine).     [§§  194-198.] 

1825-1829.  John  Quincy  Adams  (Panama  Congress).     [§  199.] 

1829-1837.  Andrew   Jackson    (Bank   and   nullification   controversies). 

[§§  204-208.] 

1837-1841.  Martin  Van  Buren  (Panic  of  1837).     [§  213.] 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  (First  death  in  office).     [§  214.] 

1841-1845.  John  Tyler  (Annexation  of  Texas).     [§§  214,  217,  218.] 

1845-1849.  James  K.  Polk  (Mexican  War.)     [§§  217,  219-221,  224.] 

1849-1850.  Zachary  Taylor  (Died  in  office).     [§  222.] 

1850-1853.  Millard  Fillmore  (Compromise  of  1850).     [§§222-224.] 

1853-1857.  Franklin  Pierce  (Kansas-Nebraska  Act).     [§§    224-227.] 


§61]  CHRONOLOGY    AND   MEMORIZING  205 

1857-1861.     James  Buchanan  (Lecompton  Constitution).     [§§  224,  226, 

228-233.] 

1861-1865.     Abraham  Lincoln  (Civil  War  ;  died  in  office).     [§§  234-241.] 
1865-1869.     Andrew  Johnson  (Reconstruction).     [§§  241-244.] 
1869-1877.     Ulysses   S.   Grant    (Treaty   with   England).     [§§   242-244, 

249-253-] 
1877-1881.     Rutherford  B.  Hayes  (Troops  withdrawn).     [§§  242,  250- 

254-1 

1 88 1.  James  A.  Garfield  (Died  in  office).     [§  254.] 

1881-1885.     Chester  A.  Arthur  (Civil  service  reform).     [§  254.] 
1885-1889.     Grover  Cleveland  (Tariff  controversy).     [§§  255,  256,  263.] 
1889-1893.     Benjamin  Harrison  (McKinley  Tariff).     [§§  262,  263.] 
1893-1897.     Grover  Cleveland   (Currency  and  Tariff  Bills).     [§§  262- 

265,  270.] 
1897-1901.     William  McKinley   (Spanish  War;    died  in  office). 

[§§  262,  265-268.] 

1901-1909.     Theodore   Roosevelt    (Panama ;     Conservation ;     Corpora 
tions).     [§§  266-274.] 

1909-  William    H.    Taft    (Tariff    Commission  ;     Conservation  ; 

Trusts).     [§§  267-274.] 

Admission  of  States,  1787-1912 
I.  By  original  ratification  of  the  Constitution: 


i.    1787.     Delaware. 
2.    1787.     Pennsylvania. 
3.    1787.     New  Jersey. 
4.    1788.     Georgia. 
5.    1788.     Connecticut. 
6.    1788.     Massachusetts. 

7.    1788.     Maryland. 
8.    1788.     South  Carolina. 
9.    1788.     New  Hampshire. 
10.    1788.     Virginia, 
n.    1788.     New  York. 

II.  By  ratification  of  the  Constitution  after  it  was  in  effect 

12.    1789.  North  Carolina.  13.    1790.     Rhode  Island. 

III.  By  Act  of  Congress  (the  date  is  that  of  taking  effect) : 

14.  1791.  Vermont.  21.    1818.     Illinois. 

15.  1792.  Kentucky.  22.    1819.     Alabama. 

16.  1796.  Tennessee.  23.    1820.     Maine. 

17.  1803.  Ohio.  24.    1821.     Missouri. 

18.  1812.  Louisiana.  25.    1836.     Arkansas. 

19.  1816.  Indiana.  26.    1837.     Michigan. 

20.  1817.  Mississippi.  27.    1845.     Florida. 


206 


CLASS    EXERCISES 


28.  1845. 

Texas. 

39- 

1889. 

North  Dakota. 

29.    1846. 

Iowa. 

40. 

1889. 

South  Dakota. 

30.  1848. 

Wisconsin. 

41. 

1889. 

Montana. 

31.  1850. 

California. 

42. 

1889. 

Washington. 

32.  1858. 

Minnesota. 

•     43- 

1890. 

Idaho. 

33-    1859. 

Oregon. 

44- 

1890. 

Wyoming. 

34.    1861. 

Kansas. 

45- 

1896. 

Utah. 

35-    1863. 

West  Virginia. 

46. 

1907. 

Oklahoma. 

36.    1864. 

Nevada. 

47- 

1912. 

New  Mexico. 

37.    1867. 

Nebraska. 

48. 

1912. 

Arizona. 

38.    1876. 

Colorado. 

Population  of  the  United  States,  1790-1910 

In  round  numbers,  at  each  decennial  census: 
1790.     3,900,000.  1840.     17,000,000. 

1800.     5,3oo',ooo.  1850.     23,206,000. 

1810.     7,200,000.  1860.     31,400,000. 

1820.     9,600,000.  1870.     38,600,000. 

1830.     12,900,000.  1880.     50,200,000. 


1890. 
1900. 
1910. 


63,000,000. 
76,000,000. 
92,000,000. 


§  62.  Reviews 

Many  schools  waste  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  year,  the  last 
month  or  more,  in  an  elaborate  review  of  study  already  pursued 
within  too  narrow  limits.  A  proper  system  of  teaching  will  secure 
all  the  good  that  there  is  in  this  system,  without  its  loss  of  time 
and  energy.  Such  a  device  is  thus  described  by  a  very  efficient 
secondary  teacher:  "The  pupil  is  given  the  entire  subject,  —  for 
instance,  the  Homeric  Age,  the  Conquest  of  Italy  by  Rome,  the 
Early  Norman  Kings,  the  New  England  Colonies.  To  recite 
these  '  fluents '  is  the  special  glory  of  the  class ;  the  brilliant  recita 
tion  that  holds  the  interest  of  all  the  pupils,  although  the  subject 
is  familiar,  is  one  that  is  especially  prized.  After  the  'fluent'  is 
finished,  it  is  criticized  as  to  matter  and  manner ;  the  English,  the 
attitude,  and  intonation  of  the  reciter  all  coming  under  fire,  as 
well  as  the  historical  matter." 

A  second  device  is  thus  described :  "But  a  very  important  part 
of  the  work  yet  remains,  —  the  fixing  of  the  whole  indelibly  on 
the  mind.  This  is  attempted  by  what  .  .  .  are  called  'cards/  i.e., 
a  raking  fire  of  short,  sharp  questions  every  morning,  to  which 


§63]  REVIEWS    AND    "QUIZ"  207 

a  prompt,  direct  answer  is  required,  or  the  dread  'next,'  'next,' 
'next'  is  heard.  To  fail  in  cards  is  thought  a  great  disgrace,  for 
they  are  taken  up  only  when  the  subject  has  been  most  carefully 
explained,  and  failure  in  them  is  an  evidence  of  unfaithfulness  on 
the  part  of  the  pupil." 

The  essential  element  in  both  these  systems  is  that  every  reci 
tation,  properly  conducted,  may  be  a  review  of  lessons  that  have 
gone  before.  Besides  oral  reviews,  there  are  several  systems  of 
written  questions,  which  will  be  described  below  (§§  87,  88). 

§  63.  The  "  Quiz  " 

For  sufficiently  advanced  pupils  the  recitation  may  be  replaced 
by  a  different  sort  of  oral  exercise,  the  "quiz,"  the  object  of  which 
is  to  draw  out  by  discussion  the  meaning  and  relations  of  the 
day's  topic.  Here  the  textbook  has  place  only  as  one  of  several 
authorities  that  may  be  quoted.  For  instance,  the  whole  body  of 
pupils  may  become  a  sort  of  committee  of  the  whole  on  some 
moot  question,  as  witchcraft,  the  Boston  Massacre,  or  nullifica 
tion.  Such  a  discussion  may  be  made  the  medium  of  ethical 
teaching,  of  the  greater  effect  because  introduced  incidentally. 

One  method  of  carrying  on  such  a  "quiz"  is  to  assign  to  each 
member  of  the  class  some  phase  of  the  general  subject,  on  which 
he  is  to  make  special  preparation,  so  as  to  contribute  to  the  dis 
cussion  as  often  as  his  special  topic  bears  upon  it.  Another 
method  is  to  make  each  member  responsible  for  a  particular 
book,  so  that  he  may  state  the  view  of  the  author  on  each  con 
troversy  that  comes  up,  or  add  details  not  elsewhere  mentioned. 

In  college  the  "quiz"  may  approach  the  well-known  and  suc 
cessful  "law-school  method"  of  deducing  principles  from  a  study 
of  cases  and  not  of  textbooks,  the  historical  student  using  as  his 
"cases"  documents,  contemporary  narratives,  and  court  decisions 
in  the  various  convenient  small  volumes  of  selected  decisions.  In 
small  and  highly  advanced  courses  it  is  possible  to  conduct  a 
"quiz"  based  partly  on  texts  and  partly  on  personal  knowledge. 
Political  and  constitutional  questions  may  be  discussed  in  such 
classes  by  assigning  to  each  man  a  state  —  presumably  his  own  — 
or  an  institution,  upon  which  he  shall  make  himself  an  authority. 


208  CLASS    EXERCISES  [§64 

§  64.  Physical  Geography  and  Maps 

In  previous  sections  (§§  30-34)  have  been  described  the  sources 
and  authorities  in  American  historical  geography.  Without  an 
adequate  knowledge  of  the  physical  and  historical  geography  of 
the  United  States,  —  the  natural  "lay  of  the  land,"  and  the 
process  of  subdivision  by  artificial  lines,  —  the  historical  student 
is  all  at  sea.  All  the  good  histories  of  the  United  States,  includ 
ing  the  textbooks,  have  some  discussion  as  to  the  influence  of 
physical  conditions  on  history.  For  historical  purposes  the  river 
systems  and  drainage  basins  are  the  proper  basis  of  geographical 
study.  By  the  phenomena  of  erosion,  which  are  not  too  difficult 
for  grammar  and  even  primary  schools,  are  to  be  explained  most 
of  the  natural  highways  which  lead  from  the  sea  up  into  the 
Appalachian  range,  and  thence  down  the  westward  slope ;  and 
especially  the  position  and  interrelation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
Mississippi  basins.  By  submergence  and  tides  and  wave  action 
are  to  be  explained  the  harbors  which  determined  the  site  of 
colonies  and  the  growth  of  great  cities. 

Most  of  the  colonial  wars  had  their  theater  in  or  about  the 
passes  from  the  seaboard  to  Canada,  or  on  the  coast.  The  Revo 
lutionary  War  and  the  Civil  War  are  also  to  be  understood  only 
by  reference  to  the  topography  of  the  country  in  which  they 
were  fought.  The  falls  in  the  principal  rivers  have  become  the 
sites  of  manufacturing  towns  or  the  limits'  of  navigation.  Chicago 
and  New  York,  St.  Paul  and  New  Orleans,  Richmond  and  Norfolk, 
mark  the  head  and  foot  of  great  water  communications.  From 
the  earliest  study  of  geography  the  features  of  the  continent  should 
be  treated  as  having  a  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the  coun 
try,  with  the  development  of  its  industrial  life,  and  with  political 
events. 

To  understand  a  map  requires  training ;  to  the  child's  mind  it 
is  at  first  a  confused  set  of  lines.  Map  drawing  and  map  making 
help  to  teach  the  pupil  to  look  on  a  map  as  representing  a  surface ; 
but  it  takes  a  long  time  to  learn  to  read  the  vertical  element,  even 
on  the  best  maps.  Children  should  early  be  accustomed  to  think 
of  the  maps  as  representing  an  uneven  surface,  like  that  of  the 
surrounding  country,  or  like  the  little  plateaus  and  channels  made 


§65]  GEOGRAPHY  2OQ 

by  rain.     Clay  modeling  is  an  efficient  aid  to  this  part  of  a  child's 
education. 

§  65.  Political  Geography 

Upon  the  knowledge  of  physical  geography  may  be  based  a 
study  of  the  development  of  political  geography ;  and  every  child 
who  studies  American  history  at  all  ought  to  have  some  notion  of 
the  successive  forms  of  the  political  geography  of  the  country. 
There  are  some,  not  very  satisfactory,  series  of  historical  wall 
maps.  Much  may  be  done,  however,  in  the  way  of  making  a 
set  of  outline  maps  on  large  paper,  or  a  relief  map  painted  on  a 
blackboard.  By  using  colored  crayons  it  is  easy  in  a  few  minutes 
to  present  upon  the  board  any  desired  general  map,  on  a  scale 
large  enough  to  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  forty  feet.  Where  a 
larger  scale  is  desired,  or  the  field  is  out  of  the  limits  of  the  black 
board,  sketches  may  be  made  on  the  board,  or  permanent  maps 
on  thick  paper. 

The  first  use  of  the  maps  is  to  illustrate  the  territorial  develop 
ment  of  the  country,  by  bringing  before  the  eye  the  successive 
cessions  and  purchases.  At  the  same  time  the  perplexing  bound 
ary  controversies  may  be  made  clear :  the  close  connection  between 
annexations  and  the  inner  political  history  of  the  country  is  often 
brought  out  in  startling  relief  when  presented  to  the  eye.  Next 
comes  the  internal  development  of  the  country.  Successive 
maps,  dated,  say,  ten  years  apart,  may  show  the  extent  of  settle 
ment  and  the  formation  of  territories  and  states.  Even  political 
affairs  may  sometimes  be  strikingly  mapped  out:  thus,  a  series 
of  maps  showing  the  distribution  of  the  presidential  vote  by 
states,  or,  better,  by  counties,  in  each  succeeding  election  will 
forever  fix  in  the  mind  the  slow  growth  of  sectional  parties ;  and 
maps  of  votes  on  bills  by  congressional  districts  are  very  illumi 
nating.  Special  maps  may  be  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes, 
such  as  the  theater  of  wars  and  campaigns,  detailed  boundary 
controversies,  proposed  sites  for  the  national  capital,  or  schemes 
for  internal  improvement. 

Besides  the  wall  maps,  every  child  should  have  at  constant 
command  a  set  of  small  maps  or  an  historical  atlas,  and  should 
be  encouraged  to  follow  every  lesson,  map  in  hand.  Sites  should 
be  learned,  not  with  reference  to  a  particular  river  or  body  of  water 


210  CLASS   EXERCISES  [§66 

only,  but  with  some  reason  for  the  choice  of  those  spots.  Much 
use  may  also  be  made  of  local  geography,  especially  in  the  older 
states.  Every  child  should  know  the  territorial  changes  that 
have  befallen  his  own  state,  and  especially  his  own  town.  In 
learning  these  data  the  student  cannot  help  noticing  that  America 
was  first  divided,  among  Christian  nations,  and  that  then  the 
northern  portion  was  subdivided  into  colonies,  with  overlapping 
and  conflicting  claims. 

One  of  the  easiest  ways  of  teaching  geography  is  to  use  desk 
outline  maps,  filling  them  in  as  the  subject  progresses.  A  series 
of  such  maps  will  be  a  little  historical  atlas,  and  the  making  of 
them  is  an  exercise  in  geometry  as  well  as  in  geography.  For 
college  courses  historical  geography  should  never  be  relaxed ;  the 
more  detailed  and  special  a  course,  the  more  reason  for  treating 
the  geography  carefully  and  making  it  underlie  the  whole  body  of 
instruction. 

§  66.  Illustrative  Methods 

Drawing  is  a  usual  subject  of  school  study,  and  may  be  con 
nected  with  history,  which  is  the  natural  medium  for  instruction 
in  art  as  part  of  a  nation's  life.  The  first  step  is  to  make  the 
schoolroom  attractive  with  busts  and  portraits  of  great  men,  and 
other  suggestive  objects.  To  such  a  cheerful  collection,  children, 
students,  parents,  and  public-spirited  people  interested  in  the 
school  will  often  contribute ;  and  something  may  perhaps  be  had 
from  school  funds.  Where  means  are  scanty,  there  are  still  excel 
lent  portraits  to  be  cut  from  illustrated  weeklies  or  old  magazines 
and  arranged  in  scrapbooks  or  on  the  walls.  Any  real  picture  of 
a  person  or  place  or  scene,  well  executed,  has  a  value ;  imaginary 
scenes  are  much  less  satisfactory.  Lantern  slides  of  historical 
scenes  and  maps  are  now  a  frequent  and  effective  means  of  en 
forcing  historical  teaching. 

§  67.  Historical  Recreations 

Many  teachers,  especially  in  the  lower  grades,  enliven  their 
class  by  exercises  in  what  may  be  called  dramatic  methods.  Among 
these  is  the  putting  of  rather  vague  questions,  which  the  pupils 
are  to  search  out,  as,  "When  did  a  stonewall  affect  the  result  of 


§68]  HISTORICAL   RECREATIONS  211 

a  battle?"  or,  "Name  some  defeats  which  have  had  the  effect  of 
victories."  Sometimes  lists  of  such  topics  are  made  up,  and 
prizes  are  given  to  those  who  correctly  answer  the  largest  number. 
A  favorite  method  at  present,  with  young  children,  is  to  have  them 
impersonate  historical  characters  in  various  ways,  —  as  indi 
viduals  in  dialogues  or  in  historical  plays  or  pageants. 

Historical  excursions,  common  in  Germany,  are  infrequent  in 
this  country,  though  in  all  the  older  states  there  are  places  of 
great  national  interest.  If  there  be  no  famous  hall  or  tree  or 
house  within  reach,  there  are  at  least  the  local  political  deliberative 
bodies  —  town  meetings  or  councils,  aldermen  or  legislatures  or 
courts  —  which  are  to  history  what  chemical  works  are  to  chemis 
try,  or  steel  works  to  manual  training,  —  a  practical  illustration 
of  the  study.  Wherever  there  is  a  museum  it  should  be  visited, 
if  it  contains  something  more  than  mere  curiosities. 

§  68.  Debates 

One  of  the  most  suggestive  class  exercises  is  to  organize  the 
class  into  a  debating  society,  or  to  induce  the  regular  debating 
societies  to  take  up  questions  that  arise  in  historical  study.  This 
method  very  closely  connects  itself  with  "the  practice  and  needs 
of  everyday  life :  all  children  discuss  with  each  other,  state  argu 
ments,  and  try  to  convince,  and  must  do  it  all  their  lives. 

The  usual  method  is  to  appoint  one,  two,  or  more  persons  as 
principal  disputants  on  each  side,  and  then  to  let  others  come  in 
with  less  formal  speeches.  It  is  well  to  have  a  member  of  the  class 
preside,  and  he  should  be  instructed  to  enforce  rigorously  the 
limits  of  time,  and  to  make  the  debate  move  briskly.  But  debate 
as  a  class  exercise  should  be  as  free  as  possible  from  the  machinery 
of  parliamentary  law,  —  points  of  order,  discussion  of  technicali 
ties,  and  the  like. 

It  adds  much  to  the  directness  of  a  debate  if  the  principal  dis 
putants  in  advance  reduce  their  arguments  to  the  form  of  briefs, 
in  which  the  main  points  are  stated  in  their  logical  order,  with 
subsidiary  points  arranged  under  each  head,  and  with  references 
to  authorities  wherever  possible.  Such  briefs  may  be  placed  on 
the  blackboard,  or  reproduced  by  carbons  or  multiplying  processes. 

The  debate  may  be  criticized  by  the  teacher  at  the  end  of  the 


212  CLASS    EXERCISES  [§69 

exercise  in  the  presence  of  the  class,  each  of  the  speakers  receiving 
brief  notice,  including  praise  as  well  as  blame.  Errors  and  mis- 
statements  should  be  scored,  and  children  should  be  taught  to 
consider  how  to  make  their  arguments  pointed  and  convincing. 

In  some  of  the  universities  debate  has  been  organized  into  regu 
lar  courses  counting  toward  the  degree,  with  briefs  printed  in  the 
college  papers  before  each  debate.  Instructors  in  elocution,  in 
English,  and  in  history  and  economics  criticize  the  participants.1 

§  69.  Oral  Reports  of  Pupils 

Some  excellent  schools  find  it  possible  to  enliven  their  exercises 
by  giving  the  pupils  a  part.  This  may  be  simply  the  assignment 
to  each  of  a  general  subject  from  which  he  shall  be  prepared  to 
make  a  contribution  to  the  discussion  whenever  that  subject  has 
application  (§  63) ;  or  the  best  of  the  written  reports  may  be 
called  for,  and  perhaps  a  sufficient  number  combined  to  fill  the 
hour.  In  either  case  caution  is  necessary:  all  the  pupils  must 
understand  that  the  criticisms  of  a  fellow  pupil  are  those  of  an 
immature  person  who  has  only  a  small  amount  of  information; 
that  his  abstracts  are  subject  to  the  faults  of  one  little  accustomed 
to  precise  use  of  langua'ge ;  and  that  quotations,  carefully  made, 
carry  only  the  authority  of  the  source  from  which  they  are  drawn. 
There  is  no  danger,  if  pains  be  taken  to  teach  pupils  to  discrimi 
nate  between  different  classes  of  writers.  One  of  the  main  pur 
poses  of  good  teaching  is  to  give  to  every  pupil  such  a  part  in  the 
work  that  neglect  is  at  once  apparent.  Such  a  method  as  has 
been  suggested  leads  to  a  feeling  of  responsibility,  both  for  accurate 
work  and  for  prompt  and  skillful  performance. 

§  70.  Student  Lectures 

In  colleges  and  universities  it  is  possible  to  make  a  broader  use 
of  the  same  principle.  In  cooperative  classes  students  do  most 
of  the  work ;  and  they  are  often  able  to  bring  to  the  study  of  an 
assigned  topic  an  amount  of  time  and  thought  which  no  instructor 

1  The  methods  of  such  a  course  at  Harvard  are  set  forth  in  a  pamphlet.  Har 
vard  Debating:  Subjects  and  Suggestions  for  Courses  in  Oral  Discussion  (Cam 
bridge,  1896). 


§71]  REPORTS    AND    SEMINARIES  213 

could  devote  to  each  subject  if  he  worked  it  out  by  himself.  Of 
course  much  of  this  time  is  wasted,  and  oftentimes  the  results  are 
disappointing.  The  difficulty  in  carrying  on  a  systematic  course 
of  successive  lectures  by  students,  even  the  ablest,  is  that  no  one 
of  them  has  in  mind  the  dimensions  and  relations  of  the  whole 
subject :  the  lectures  are  apt  to  take  the  form  of  a  lyceum  course, 
—  each  interesting  in  itself,  but  none  necessary  to  the  understand 
ing  of  any  other. 

§  71.  Seminaries 

The  term  "seminary  method,"  and  perhaps  the  thing  itself,  has 
been  much  abused  in  the  United  States.  In  Germany  it  has  a 
perfectly  distinct  meaning,  —  a  system  of  instruction  for  the  most 
advanced  students,  in  which  the  work  is  entirely  original  re 
search,  the  necessary  technical  preparation  for  such  work,  and 
the  examination  and  comparison  of  results.  In  that  sense  the 
word  is  employed  also  in  the  score  of  advanced  institutions  in  the 
United  States  which  have  the  three  essential  elements  of  the 
system,  —  large  libraries,  trained  instructors,  and  a  body  of  ad 
vanced  students.  "Original  work"  is  not  necessarily  seminary 
work,  nor  is  a  cooperative  class  necessarily  a  seminary.  The  sys 
tem  is  inapplicable  in  many  colleges. 

What  is  sometimes  called  the  "seminary  method"  in  secondary 
schools  is  really  nothing  but  the  use  of  sources  under  competent 
direction,  with  combination  of  the  results  on  some  system  likely 
to  arouse  interest  and  aid  other  members  of  the  class.  The  aim 
of  the  seminary  student  is  to  exhaust  his  subject,  to  examine  all 
the  literature  bearing  on  it,  to  say  the  last  word ;  but  the  aim  in 
secondary  or  grammar  schools  must  be  to  get  as  much  as  possible 
out  of  a  very  limited  range  of  material.  So  far  as  methods  of 
research  are  applicable  in  schools,  they  will  be  considered  below 

(§§  90-93). 

In  the  true  seminary  there  are  two  systems  in  use.  The  first  is 
to  assign  to  students  topics  generally  unrelated,  and,  as  each  stu 
dent  brings  his  work  to  a  point,  to  let  him  occupy  the  hour  of 
class  exercises.  The  other  way  is  to  assign  a  series  of  related 
topics  which,  with  an  occasional  lecture  from  the  instructor,  will 
make  up  a  systematic  and  consecutive  course.  Each  of  these 
methods  has  its  advantages :  the  former  consults  individual  pref- 


214  CLASS   EXERCISES  [§72 

erence,    and    allows   greater   variety   of    treatment;     the   latter 
accustoms  students  to  fit  their  historical  timber  into  a  given  space. 

§  72.  Classroom  Tests 

The  proper  teaching  of  history  requires  that  pupils  should  be 
frequently  called  upon  to  show  not  only  that  they  "know  the 
lesson,"  but  that  they  know  and  can  apply  earlier  lessons.  Hence 
informal  tests  must  be  devised.  Devoting  a  part  of  each  exercise 
to  a  review  of  the  previous  lesson  has  its  advantages ;  but  such  a 
review  is  apt  to  be  a  wearisome  and  perfunctory  exercise.  It  is 
better  to  keep  pupils  alive  on  all  the  field  already  traversed,  by 
compelling  them  to  put  their  minds  upon  the  whole  subject. 

One  excellent  device  has  been  described  above  (§  62)  under 
the  name  of  "fluents" :  pupils  are  called  upon  repeatedly  to  give 
the  whole  narrative  of  some  episode  or  period,  as  nearly  and  as 
fully  as  they  remember  it.  By  going  over  and  over  this  method 
they  become  saturated  with  the  history,  and  carry  it  in  their  minds 
a  long  time. 

An  equally  effective  plan  is  that  of  the  so-called  "cards"  (§  62) : 
a  few  minutes  of  each  exercise  are  given  up  to  the  asking  of  very 
brief  questions,  put  sharply  and  quickly,  and  to  be  answered  im 
mediately  and  categorically.  By  writing  the  questions  on  a  set 
of  cards,  and  then  mixing  them,  they  will  come  out  haphazard, 
and  the  answer  to  one  will  not  suggest  the  answer  to  the  next. 

Geography,  is  of  course,  tested  by  the  constant  use  of  wall  maps 
and  atlases  in  class,  and  by  the  construction  of  maps  or  outlines 
from  memory  (§§  64,  15). 

§  73.  Oral  Examinations 

The  old-fashioned  oral  examination,  with  the  school  com 
mittee  solemnly  ranged  on  the  platform  and  anxious  children 
awaiting  their  turns,  has  fallen  into  disuse.  It  always  gave  an 
undue  advantage  to  the  ready,  off-hand  pupil,  and  often  caught 
pupils  oh  some  unimportant  or  small  part  of  the  subject.  The 
advantage  of  keeping  the  wits  sharpened,  and  being  ready  to  use 
one's  knowledge,  can  be  gained  by  skillful  recitations,  and  es 
pecially  by  the  device  known  as  "cards"  (§  62). 


§74]  TESTS  215 

For  small  classes,  and  especially  for  advanced  students,  where 
there  is  time  to  go  into  detail,  the  oral  examination  has.  important 
uses ;  and  it  is  accepted  as  a  proper  test  (in  part,  at  least)  for  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  The  power  to  marshal  a  large  body  of  knowl 
edge,  and  to  select  the  portion  which  is  pertinent  to  an  inquiry,  is 
best  tested  in  this  way. 

§  74.  Formal  Written  Tests 

Written  tests,  if  properly  applied,  are  undoubtedly  more  search 
ing  and  instructive  than  oral  ones.  The  danger  in  the  lower 
schools  —  especially  in  large  systems  handling  many  children  — 
is  that  examinations  come  to  be  an  end  instead  of  a  means,  and 
in  order  to  get  ready  for  them  pupils  are  diverted  from  their 
studies.  So  far  as  examinations  in  history  are  mere  memory  tests, 
they  have  little  value ;  but  the  written  tests  suggested  in  §§  87- 
89  are  helpful,  especially  the  "paper,"  or  written  application  of 
principles  to  a  question  up  to  that  time  not  considered  by  the 
pupil. 

School  examinations  may  be  so  contrived  as  to  be  of  real  assist 
ance  to  historical  training.  The  questions  ought  to  be  such  as 
require  comparison  and  the  use  of  facts  acquired  at  different  times 
and  in  different  connections.  The  old  query,  "Who  went  where 
with  how  many  men?"  is  not  an  unfair  satire  on  ordinary  ques-. 
tions. 

In  colleges  the  written  examination  has  greater  importance, 
because  recitations  in  history  are  there  antiquated;  but  the  ex 
amination  is  commonly  less  searching  than  the  "quiz,"  the  "re 
port,"  or  the  "paper."  Some  instructors  give  frequent  hour  exami 
nations;  others  depend  upon  the  mid-year  and  final  tests.  In  all 
cases 'examinations  must  come  in  somewhere,  in  order  to  compel 
the  student  to  "take  account  of  stock"  and  to  show  what  he  can 
do  with  his  whole  set  of  acquirements.  Here,  also,  questions 
must  test  the  judgment  rather  than  the  memory;  for  the  judg 
ment  cannot  act  without  material,  and,  if  it  be  found  well  trained, 
it  will  be  because  the  memory  has  gathered  something  valuable 
upon  which  the  judgment  stands. 


CHAPTER   XI 

HISTORICAL  READING1 

§  75.  Necessity  of  Reading 

CLASSROOM  work  of  every  kind  depends  upon  the  preparation 
and  energy  of  the  teacher ;  but  reaction  by  the  pupils  is  only  to 
be  had  if  they  know  something  and  think  about  it,  and  for  history 
the  source  of  knowledge  is  chiefly  reading.  Study  of  a  textbook 
is  necessary  (§  60) ;  but  from  the  youngest  classes  to  the  most 
advanced  graduate  courses  reading  is  essential. 

We  are  bidden  to  "beware  of  the  man  of  one  book":  reading 
must  be  not  only  abundant,  but  also  varied.  Of  course  much 
that  thus  goes  into  the  mind  will  not  be  retained;  the  endless 
detail  of  history  easily  slips  away.  Yet  every  book  leaves  a  cer 
tain  impression,  though  the  source  of  that  impression  be  forgotten ; 
and  from  much  reading  results  a  residuum  of  fact  and  conclusion 
which  lasts  a  long  time,  and  perhaps  a  lifetime. 

For  young  pupils  there  must  be  some  selection  indicated,  with 
alternatives.  For  such  pupils  there  is  now  a  considerable  litera 
ture  of  legends  and  stories  suited  to  very  young  minds.  Early 
acquaintance  with  the  personal  and  dramatic  side  of  history  tends 
to  make  it  interesting  throughout. 

Where  large  classes  use  one  reference  library  and  there  is  pres 
sure  on  the  books,  lists  of  selected  readings  are  useful.  For  de 
tailed  courses  of  lectures,  students  will  find  advantageous  sets  of 
more  elaborate  references,  arranged  by  topics  in  the  order  of  the 
lectures.  Three  systems  —  consecutive  reading  according  to  the 
student's  judgment,  general  readings  of  selected  passages  on 
general  subjects,  and  topical  readings  on  special  subjects  —  will 
be  described  in  the  following  sections. 

1  A  somewhat  fuller  discussion  of  this  subject,  with  specific  illustrations  on 
the  general  principles,  and  an  elaborate  set  of  general  readings  broken  up  into 
about  twenty-five  subjects,  will  be  found  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.  (1896),  §§  54-64. 

(216) 


§76]  METHODS    OF   READING  217 

§  76.  Consecutive  Reading 

Some  young  people  early  acquire  the  habit  of  browsing  in  books 
and  of  miscellaneous  reading.  Such  interest,  if  directed  toward 
history,  may  lead  to  a  permanent  taste  for  historical  material. 
For  advanced  students,  who  wish  to  get  a  view  of  the  literature 
of  the  subject  and  to  compare  diverging  views,  the  best  method 
is  to  take  the  books  that  seem  from  inspection  most  promising, 
and  to  read  one  after  the  other,  making  such  comparisons  as  sug 
gest  themselves,  and  widening  the  field  of  the  lectures.  Care 
should  be  taken  to  include  some  contemporary  material ;  for  some 
times  a  chapter  of  original  material  freshens  the  mind  as  much  as 
a  volume  of  a  secondary  work,  and  leaves  a  more  distinct  impres 
sion. 

Even  among  children  it  is  well  to  encourage  a  habit  of  looking 
into  books  and  selecting  something  that  attracts  for  itself ;  but  a 
few  books  well  read  are  to  them  more  important  than  a  large 
amount  of  material  skimmed. 

§  77.  Topical  Reading  1 

In  Parts  IV  to  VI  of  this  work  will  be  found  a  series  of  topics 
covering,  in  general,  the  whole  field  of  American  history.  These 
may  be  used  in  connection  with  courses  of  lectures  or  lessons 
(§  9),  or  in  the  preparation  of  written  work.  The  effort  is  to 
digest  and  classify  the  more  valuable  part  of  the  immense  litera 
ture  of  the  subject.  The  student's  notebook  should  be  so  arranged 
as  to  bring  notes  on  lectures  and  material  from  the  topical  readings 
together. 

This  system  of  topical  reading,  more  than  that  just  described 
(§  76),  makes  the  student  acquainted  with  a  variety  of  books,  and 
is  especially  convenient  in  leading  direct  to  the  sources. 

§  78.  Conference  System 

The  principal  obstacle  to  the  establishment  of  a  system  of  col 
lateral  reading,  in  connection  with  the  proper  use  of  a  textbook, 
lies  in  the  difficulty  of  properly  testing  such  work.  Written 

1  Detailed  sets  of  topical  readings  in  connection  with  a  list  of  lectures  may 
be  found  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  (1908),  §§  28-133. 


218  HISTORICAL   READING  [§79 

examinations  are  hard  to  apply,  unless  all  the  members  of  a  class 
read  the  same  books,  as  in  the  method  described  in  §  88.  When 
a  college  teacher  feels  the  need  of  a  better  acquaintance  with  his 
class,  the  "conference  system"  may  be  employed.  This  method 
consists  in  giving  out  references  to  books,  or  parts  of  books,  at 
the  beginning  of  each  month  or  other  convenient  unit  of  time. 
Sometimes  all  students  are  required  to  read  in  the  designated 
books  on  one  topic,  with  an  option  as  to  other  topics ;  more  often, 
reading  on  several  topics  is  required ;  but  there  is  almost  always 
a  considerable  choice  given  as  to  both  topics  and  books.  The 
amount  of  reading  required  is  stated  at  so  many  hundred  pages, 
—  an  amount  which  the  teacher  may  regard  as  a  reasonable 
requirement  in  addition  to  the  study  of  the  textbooks,  map- 
making  exercises,  and  work  in  the  classroom. 

After  the  students  have  had  a  chance  to  make  a  substantial 
beginning  in  this  reading,  appointments  for  conferences  are  made 
at  only  a  few  hours'  notice.  At  these  conferences  each  student  is 
alone  with  the  instructor  or  assistant  for  fifteen  minutes,  a  period 
sufficiently  long  to  enable  a  practiced  questioner  to  assess  with 
some  degree  of  accuracy  a  student's  intelligence,  power  of  applica 
tion,  and  diligence.  There  is  also  time  to  help  the  well-meaning 
though  plodding  student,  or  to  give  an  unpleasant  five  minutes  to 
the  lazy  or  negligent.  The  instructor  may  set  a  student  to  a 
specified  task  to  be  performed  within  certain  hours,  and  in  this 
way,  by  special  drill,  train  a  well-meaning  student  to  overcome 
lack  of  application  or  slovenly  habits  of  thinking  or  reading. 
The  teacher  should  keep  a  careful  record  of  these  conferences, 
the  number  of  which  may  be  apportioned  according  to  the  stu 
dent's  needs.  The  bright,  hard-working  pupil  requires  slight 
assistance,  and  may  be  left  to  work  out  his  own  salvation;  on 
the  other  hand,  the  young  person  of  dormant  mind  and  no  habits 
of  work  can  be  held  rigidly  to  account.  The  method  requires  a 
good  deal  of  the  instructor's  time,  but  not  more  than  a  properly 
conducted  system  of  written  work  demands. 

§  79.  How  to  use  Books 

Many  persons  who  have  read  widely  have  little  notion  how  to 
go  to  work  to  find  a  book  on  a  given  subject,  or  how  to  reach  a 


§79]  HOW    TO   USE   BOOKS  219 

specific  point  within  a  book  when  found.  As  has  been  already 
suggested  in  the  paragraph  on  the  use  of  libraries  (§  57),  the  first 
thing  is  to  learn  how  to  use  printed  or  card  catalogues.  Some 
libraries  separate  the  author  entries  from  the  subjects;  others 
have  but  one  alphabet,  in  which  appear  both  authors  and  topics. 
The  most  approved  method  is  the  "dictionary  catalogue,"  which 
breaks  the  general  subject  up  into  small  topics,  and  distributes 
these  in  their  alphabetical  places,  with  numerous  cross  references. 

In  noting  the  title  of  a  book  for  which  search  is  to  be  made,  the 
author's  full  name,  if  obtainable,  should  be  set  down,  then  a  suffi 
cient  extract  from  the  title  to  identify  the  book;  it  is  usual  to 
add  the  place  of  publication  (sometimes  the  publisher),  the  edition 
(if  more  than  one),  and  the  date.  These  particulars  all  add  to 
the  probability  that  the  right  book  will  be  found.  Sometimes  the 
necessary  particulars  are  not  stated  in  the  catalogue  examined, 
but  are  obtainable  from  some  other  printed  catalogue.  The  title 
on  the  outside  of  the  book  —  "binder's  title"  —  is  not  taken  into 
account  in  bibliographical  work. 

Having  secured  the  book,  the  next  step  is  to  get  at  its  contents. 
The  title  page  is  often  so  descriptive  as  to  tell  at  a  reading  whether 
anything  on  the  specified  topic  is  to  be  found  within.  The  preface 
is,  or  should  be,  a  guide  to  the  author's  purpose  and  point  of  view. 
A  good  table  of  contents  opens  up  the  work  at  once ;  and  a  single 
index  of  persons  and  subjects,  with  brief  intimations  of  the  par 
ticular  thing  to  be  found  at  a  particular  page,  is,  like  punctu 
ality,  "the  politeness  of  kings."  If  contents  and  index  are  both 
defective,  there  may  be  no  resource  but  to  turn  the  leaves  in  rapid 
skimming. 

In  making  notes  upon  books  and  writing  down  references,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  there  is  no  other  proper  form  of  refer 
ence  than  the  name  of  the  author,  followed  by  a  significant  part  of 
the  title  page  title  of  the  book,  with  the  volume,  and  the  page 
or  section,  sometimes  the  chapter.  E.g.  Jefferson  Davis  [or  J. 
Davis],  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government  [or  simply 
Confederate  Government},  I,  107-212;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis 
Cass,  ch.  vii.  Any  briefer  labor-saving  form  will  return  to 
plague  the  user ;  and  general  references  to  back  up  specific  points 
are  more  than  useless,  —  they  are  offensive.  A  little  care  taken 


220  HISTORICAL   READING  [§80 

with  the  form  of  reference  while  the  book  is  in  the  hands  may 
save  time,  trouble,  -and  vexation. 

If  the  book  is  not  likely  to  be  seen  again,  it  is  well  to  take  .full 
notes  once  for  all,  including  any  quotations  that  may  be  needed. 
If  the  book  can  be  had  at  any  time,  it  will  often  serve  the  investi 
gator's  purpose  to  make  skeleton  notes,  with  references  to  be 
filled  out  later  if  necessary.  Whenever  a  quotation  is  made,  it 
should  be  carefully  protected  by  quotation  marks;  it  should  be 
literal,  so  far  as  it  goes,  in  punctuation,  spelling,  capitalization,  and 
italicizing ;  every  addition  of  the  note  taker  should  be  included  in 
brackets;  and  omissions  should  be  denoted  by  ellipses.  Less 
careful  methods  may  cause  a  confusion  of  original  and  quoted 
matter,  or  may  result  in  misrepresentation. 

§  80.  Secondary  and  Primary  Materials 

A  book  on  history  is  likely  to  be  looked  on  as  a  repository  of 
sacred  wisdom  hardly  second  to  the  omniscient  "teacher  says  so." 
The  high  school  and  even  the  grammar  school  pupil  may,  how 
ever,  be  made  clearly  to  apprehend  the  difference  between  first 
hand,  second-hand,  and  third-hand  historical  work.  As  soon  as 
books  are  regularly  studied,  the  child  should  be  made  to  under 
stand  that  some  of  them  contain  statements  made  by  persons 
who  were  alive  at  the  time  the  things  happened  and  so  had  oppor 
tunities  to  know  what  was  going  on ;  that  other  books  are  written 
by  persons  who  have  carefully  studied  the  original  records;  and 
that  still  others  are  compiled  from  the  secondary  writers.  The 
ordinary  learners,  whether  school  children,  high  school  pupils,  or 
college  students,  must  depend  chiefly  for  their  knowledge  on  good, 
condensed  secondary  books,  particularly  textbooks ;  but  there  is 
no  reason  why  they  should  not  all  have  the  clear  notion  that  every 
such  discussion  is  in  considerable  part  simply  a  series  of  general 
statements  based  upon  actual  occurrences,  incidents,  and  personal 
traits  which  the  writer  of  the  book  has  found  either  in  other 
secondary  writers  or  preferably  in  sources. 

§  81.  Use  of  Sources 

To  this  distinction  between  materials  much  attention  has  been 
paid,  particularly  in  the  modern  discussions  of  historical  method. 


§81]  USE   OF   SOURCES  221 

The  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Ten  (§  n)  laid  stress  on  original 
materials  in  schools.  The  New  England  History  Teachers'  Asso 
ciation  has  published  a  detailed  Report  on  the  Use  of  Historical 
Sources  in  Schools  (§  22),  with  specific  references  to  such  collec 
tions  of  sources  as  schools  might  be  expected  to  possess ;  and  some 
of  the  textbooks  which  print  marginal  references  insert  as  the  nar 
rative  proceeds  titles  of  sources  cognate  to  the  text. 

The  use  of  sources  in  the  lower  schools  must  necessarily  be 
limited,  from  considerations  of  time,  expense,  and  difficulty. 
There  are  a  few  series  of  source  readers,  among  them  one  compiled 
by  A.  B.  Hart,  and  published  in  four  volumes  under  the  titles, 
I,  Colonial  Children;  II,  Camps  and  Firesides  of  the  Revolution; 
III,  How  our  Grandfathers  Lived;  and  IV,  Romance  of  the  Civil 
War  (N.Y.,  1902-1903).  For  grammar  and  high  schools  there  are 
several  source  books  (§  48).  For  high  school  and  older  pupils  the 
most  convenient  sources  'are  collected  in  the  books  described 
above  (§  48) . 

The  point  is  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  learner  to  found  all  or 
most  of  his  knowledge  on  sources;  even  the  trained  historian,  if 
he  could  trace  the  origins  of  his  knowledge,  would  realize  that  a 
good  part  of  it  came  from  other  secondary  writers.  The  value  of 
sources  in  schools  is  to  give  life  and  vitality  to  the  study.  The 
hardest  thing  in  historical  teaching  is  to  make  young  people  realize 
that  they  are  talking  about  human  beings  whose  hopes,  experi 
ences,  and  degrees  of  success  were  very  much  like  those  of  the 
present  generation.  To  this  end  sources  are  the  sharpest  and 
most  suggestive  material.  The  record  'of  a  New  England  town 
meeting,  a  familiar  letter  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  an  account  of  Lin 
coln's  Gettysburg  speech  by  one  who  heard  it,  makes  the  reader 
live  in  the  time  about  which  he  is  trying  to  learn  something. 

Hence  the  proper  use  of  sources  is  as  collateral  reading  to  en 
liven  detailed  and  more  prosaic  textbooks;  and  as  material  for 
oral  or  written  reports.  From  sources,  also,  may  be  drawn  the 
data  for  the  illustrative  work  suggested  in  §  66. 


CHAPTER  XII 

LECTURES 

§  82.  Talks  by  Teachers 

IN  school  work  the  lesson  must  be  directed,  enlarged,  and  en 
forced  by  the  teacher.  Here  his  superior  knowledge  and  ability 
to  group  material,  and  his  power  of  clear  statement  may  come 
in  to  supplement  the  textbooks.  If  recitations  are  to  be  more 
than  repetition,  however  (§  59),  the  teacher's  part  must  not  be 
a  mere  "pour  in"  of  additional  facts.  To  the  old  difficulty 
that  teachers  talked  too  little  to  their  pupils  in  history  may  suc 
ceed  an  over  amount  of  talk,  in  which  the  whole  matter  is  arranged 
and  subdivided  so  that  the  pupil  has  nothing  to  do  but  to  open 
his  mouth  and  swallow  the  lumps  of  wisdom.  Talk  must  not 
take  the  place  of  quick,  sharp  question  and  answer,  or  of  the 
thought-provoking  inquiry  as  to  the  causes  and  effects  of  the 
events  passing  under  review. 

The  teacher  may  often  describe  places  or  scenes  to  which  there 
is  allusion  in  the  text,  may  bring  in  parallels  from  other  fields  of 
history,  may  add  illustrations  and  incidents  to  give  life  to  the 
story  and  cause  it  to  be  remembered.  He  should  not  often  take 
up  the  whole  time  with  information  or  comment.  The  object 
of  the  teacher  is  always  to  teach  pupils  to  think  about  what 
they  read  or  hear,  rather  than  to  force  upon  them  the  passive 
reception  of  historical  matter.  In  general,  lecture  methods  are 
out  of  place  in  lower  grades,  and  are  rarely  admissible  in  secondary 
schools.  The  "talk"  should  be  occasional,  pointed,  and  a  clear 
addition  to  other  available  material. 

§  83.  Formal  Lectures 

In  college  work  the  lecture  has  an  important  place,  though 
always  in  connection  with  reading  and  written  work.  In  many 

(222) 


§84]  NOTE   TAKING  223 

historical  fields  the  material  is  so  little  organized  that  a  set  of 
carefully  prepared  lectures  may  be  the  only  means  of  clearing  up 
the  subject.  In  such  cases  the  reading  is  intended  to  fill  out  the 
details,  and  to  complete  the  view  of  important  phases.  A  good 
general  book  serves  to  enforce  the  connection  of  the  parts  of 
the  subject. 

Where  there  is  already  a  body  of  available  literature  on  a 
subject,  the  lecturer  hesitates  to  repeat  the  outline  facts;  he 
likes  to  throw  upon  his  hearers  the  responsibility  of  reading  the 
narrative  for  themselves.  The  lecture  then  serves  to  bring  out 
principles,  to  show  the  relation  between  the  parts  of  the  subject, 
to  indicate  causes  and  effects,  and  to  elucidate  motives.  So  far 
as  a  lecture  is  thrown  into  a  connected  narrative  form,  it  should 
illustrate  the  course  of  the  history  and  thus  correlate  the  different 
books. 

In  lectures,  also,  it  is  possible  to  use  more  freedom  than  in 
printed  work,  —  to  bring  in  the  little  incidents  which  are  typical 
of  character  or  manners,  to  accentuate  evidence  on  a  disputed 
point.  Short,  vigorous  quotations  add  life  and  point  to  a  lecture ; 
but  long  ones  should  be  avoided,  as  they  destroy  interest. 

Care  should  be  taken  not  to  talk  over  the  heads  of  students, 
and  also  not  to  talk  to  them  as  children,  unacquainted  with  the 
ordinary  course  of  American  history.  Too  much  pains  cannot 
be  taken  to  bring  out  the  essential  things  in  a  period,  and  to 
suggest  the  underlying  conditions  of  the  life  of  the  people,  which 
are  the  basis  of  history. 

§  84.  Student's  Note  Taking  in  Lectures 

Lectures  of  value  are  always  so  far  different  from  the  books 
on  the  same  subject  that  the  student  needs  to  take  notes.  The 
practice  trains  the  mind  to  grasp  principles  and  to  condense  them 
into  brief  statement.  A  good  notebook  cements  the  parts  of  the 
course  together,  and  may  be  useful  to  the  student  in  later  study 
or  in  his  own  teaching.  The  notebook  should  further  be  so  con 
ducted  as  to  leave  space  for  the  entry  of  brief  abstracts  from  the 
reading.  The  following  suggestions  may  prove  helpful  to  students 
and  to  teachers  who  wish  to  put  their  material  together  in  a  per 
manent  and  convenient  form : 


224  LECTURES  [§84 

1.  Have  a  regular  SYSTEM. 

2.  If  you  have  worked  out  a  system  of  YOUR  OWN  which  sat 
isfies  you,  do  not  change  it. 

3.  SHORTHAND  is  not  a  great  convenience,  unless  the  notes 
are  afterwards  put  into  a  form  which  may  be  read  by  any  one. 

4.  A  system  of  recognizable  ABBREVIATIONS  is  desirable. 

5.  Take  notes  ALL  THE  TIME  during  the  lecture. 

6.  A  word-for-word  reproduction  of  what  you  hear  is  much 
less  valuable  to  you  than  your  own  CONDENSED  FORM,  embody 
ing  the  lecturer's  ideas. 

7.  Distinguish  in  your  own  mind  the  HEADS  OF  THE  LECTURE 
as  it  proceeds,  and  paragraph  your  notes  accordingly. 

8.  Aim  to  set  down  the  SUBSTANCE  OF  GENERAL  STATEMENTS 
in  your  own  words,  rather  than  to  note  a  part  of  each  sentence. 

9.  Practice  getting  the  EXACT  WORDS  of  significant  phrases  or 
quotations. 

10.  If  you  miss   something   important,  ASK  TO  HAVE  IT  RE 
PEATED. 

11.  If  you  lose  a  lecture,  FILL  UP  THE  BLANK  immediately 
from  the  notebook  of  a  fellow  student. 

12.  After  each  lecture,  go  over  your  notes  and  clearly  INDI 
CATE  THE    HEADS  :    (a)  by  putting  catchwords    in  the  margin ; 
or  (&)  by  underlining  words. 

13.  Once  a  week  REVIEW  the  notes  taken  since  the  previous 
review. 

14.  Make  out  a  brief  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS,  as  you  go   along, 
referring  to  pages  of  your  notebook. 

A  good  set  of  notes  should  thus  be  a  sort  of  elaborated  syllabus 
of  the  course;  and,  if  it  include  abstracts  and  quotations  from 
collateral  books,  it  will  serve  always  to  recall  to  the  student's 
mind  what  he  has  once  heard,  read,  and  pondered.  But  no  self- 
respecting  instructor  allows  the  notes  of  his  lectures  alone  to  be 
sufficient  preparation  for  examinations,  or  to  become  in  any  way 
the  sole  test  of  diligence  and  knowledge.  No  instructor  can 
afford  to  let  his  own  words  go  out  as  the  only  or  final  utterance 
on  a  question ;  comparison  of  views  and  a  filling  out  of  details 
must  be  exacted  by  the  required  reading  and  written  work 
(§§  87-95). 


§85]  INVESTIGATOR'S    NOTE    TAKING  225 


§  85.  Investigator's  Note  Taking 

Every  advanced  student  should  devise  for  himself  a  system  of  note 
taking ;  and,  having  once  devised  a  satisfactory  method,  he  should 
adhere  to  it  at  all  hazards.  The  one  thing  that  will  seriously  im 
pair  the  usefulness  of  any  system,  how  good  soever  it  may  be  in 
other  respects,  is  the  use  of  a  notebook  with  fixed  leaves.  Sepa 
rate  sheets,  cards,  or  pieces  of  paper  are  indispensable ;  and  only 
one  topic  should  be  noted  on  one  piece  of  paper.  The  main 
desiderata  of  a  good  system  of  note  taking  are,  that  it  should  be 
(i)  self-indexing,  (2)  portable,  (3)  always  available:  doubtless  no 
system  fills  all  these  requirements.  The  following  are  three 
methods  known  to  be  employed  by  well-known  and  successful 
students  of  American  history : 

1.  i.   Use  a  notebook,  or,  better,  loose  sheets  of  note  paper 
of  uniform  size  ruled  in  three  vertical  columns:   a  narrow  one  next 
to  the  outer  edge  ;  about  one  half  of  the  width  in  a  middle  column  ; 
about  one  third  in  an  inner  column.     Let  there  be  a  broad  hori 
zontal  line  an  inch  or  more  from  the  top.     The  sheets  to  be  10^2  x 
8  inches. 

2.  Enter  your  notes  in  the  middle  column ;   dates  and  headings 
(if  desired)  in  the  outer  column. 

3.  Enter  abstracts,  quotations  from  later  readings,  queries,  and 
comments  in  the  inner  column,  each  opposite  the  place  in  the 
main  notes  which  it  illustrates. 

4.  Across  the  top  of  the  page  write  a  running  heading  in  two, 
three,  or  four  members,  summarizing  the  matter  on  the  page: 
e.g.     "  Methods  —  Lectures  —  Note    Taking  "  ;     or    "  France  — 
Diplomacy —X.  Y.  Z." 

5.  Begin  to  write  on  the  right  side  of  the  open  book  or  sheets 
of  paper,  and  begin  each  distinct  general  head  on  a  new  leaf  or 
half  sheet. 

6.  Each  leaf,  being  thus  complete  in  itself,  may  at  any  time 
be  detached  and  used  in  another  connection ;  or  other  leaves  may 
be  inserted  without  disturbing  the  logical  connection. 

7.  Keep  kindred  half  sheets  together  in  a  whole  sheet  on  the 
outside  of  which  is  docketed  the  general  subject. 


226  LECTURES  [§85 

8.  Such  sets  of  material  may  be  combined  in  a  larger  set  in  a 
cover  of  different  color,  which  may  be  docketed  with  the  combined 
subject. 

9.  Arrange  and  rearrange  your  material  thus  classified,  in  ana 
lytic  form,  but  never  index  it. 

II.  i.   Use  loose  sheets  of  paper  3^  x  4^  inches. 

2.  Write  on  only  one  side  of  each  sheet. 

3.  Do  not  rewrite  notes  once  taken. 

4.  Attach  abstracts  or  quotations  from  your  later  reading  to 
your  first  piece  of  paper  on  that  topic  with  one  of  the  many  con 
venient  fasteners  made  for  the  purpose,  or  with  a  common  pin. 

5.  Across  the  top  of  the  first  page  write  a  running  heading. 

6.  Begin  to  write  near  the  upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  sheet. 

7.  Each  leaf  or  collection  of  leaves,  being  thus  complete  in  it 
self,  may  at  any  time  be  taken  from  its  original  place  and 'used  in 
another  connection;    or  other  leaves  may  be  introduced  without 
disturbing  the  arrangement. 

These  pieces  of  paper  and  collections  of  sheets  can  either  be 
stood  on  their  lower  edges  in  boxes,  or  be  held  together  by  rubber 
bands.  The  notes  on  a  large  number  of  books  and  on  many 
topics  occupy  little  space,  and  are  easily  arranged  and  rearranged. 

III.  i.   Take  the  first  piece  of  paper  that  comes  to  hand. 

2.  Make  such  notes  on  it  as  one  desires. 

3.  Have  some  recognized  mode  of  arrangement,  —  chronologi 
cally  by  countries  or  divisions  of  countries ;  or  follow  the  arrange 
ment  of  some  familiar  and  well-indexed  book,  which  will  thus  serve 
as  a  key. 

4.  Arrange  your  notes  once  a  week,  according  to  this  system, 
in  large  paper  envelopes  or  portfolios  and  stand  them  in  boxes. 

This  method  requires  no  special  kind  of  paper,  indexes  itself,  is 
not  cumbersome,  and  is  cheap.  Its  efficiency  depends,  however, 
on  the  skill  with  which  the  classification  is  made  and  the  persis 
tency  with  which  it  is  adhered  to.  Whenever  material  can  be  ar 
ranged  chronologically  by  topics,  this  system  has  been  found  to 
work  well.  It  may  be  added  that  two  of  the  largest  works  on 
American  history  have  been  prepared  on  this  scheme. 


§86]  GIVING   OUT   REFERENCES  22/ 

§  86.  Giving  out  References  . 

To  aid  the  student  in  reading,  it  is  a  common  and  useful  prac 
tice  during  the  lecture  to  give  out  references,  more  or  less  specific, 
to  the  best  literature  on  the  topic  under  discussion.  Some  lec 
turers  mention  books  in  the  course  of  the  lecture ;  others  put  the 
references  on  the  blackboard ;  others  prepare  them  in  multiply 
ing  process  and  distribute  them;  others  arrange  them  in  print, 
and  require  the  students  to  provide  themselves  with  sets ;  others 
use  some  published  topical  outline.  There  is  something  to  be  said 
for  and  against  each  of  these  systems.  On  the  one  hand,  too 
rigid  an  adherence  to  a  printed  outline  interferes  with  a  lecturer's 
proper  relations  and  influence  with  his  class ;  on  the  other  hand, 
the  copying  of  long  lists  of  books  from  the  lecturer  or  the  black 
board  sacrifices  valuable  time. 

A  good  method  is  for  the  students  to  have  at  their  desks  copies 
of  a  printed  set  of  references  to  which  the  lecturer  may  refer  when 
he  pleases, — lists  giving  biographical  and  ,  other  details  which 
show  how  far  an  author  had  had  -exceptional  opportunities  to 
know  the  truth.  Information  of  this  kind  adds  life  to  a  list  of 
books,  and  often  arouses  attention  which  might  otherwise  remain 
dormant.  The  lecturer  should  especially  point  out  such  authors 
as  disagree  with  his  positions,  and  should  encourage  the  reading 
of  books  written  from  a  point  of  view  other  than  his  own. 

In  whatever  way  the  system  is  carried  out,  the  references  should 
be  unmistakable,  —  that  is,  author  and  title  should  be  so  clearly 
indicated  that  no  confusion  can  arise.  If  part  of  the  references 
are  specific,  to  volume  and  pages,  much  more  reading  will  be  done 
by  students.  The  indispensable  habit  of  searching  among  books 
for  a  point  of  view  to  one's  mind,  the  useful  dipping  into  books, 
the  acquaintance  with  many  authors,  —  these  advantages  may  be 
gained  from  the  various  forms  of  written  work  which  will  now  be 
described. 


CHAPTER   XIII 

WRITTEN  WORK1 

§  87.  Written  Reviews 

NEITHER  the  acquirement  of  facts  nor  the  discussion  of  their 
relations  is  all  that  is  required  in  teaching  history :  there  must  be 
some  reaction  by  the  pupils'  minds,  and  written  work  has  the 
advantage  of  training  both  the  historical  and  the  literary  sense. 
The  simplest  form  of  such  work  is  to  call  for  a  written  review, 
without  previous  announcement.  Each  pupil  is  thus  tested,  and 
has  the  opportunity  to  think  over  what  he  has  studied.  A  list  of 
very  short  questions  will  bring  out  the  knowledge  of  detail ;  but  a 
better  system  is  to  set  two  or  three  general  questions,  from  which 
the  child  may  choose,  and  to  expect  him  in  his  answer  to  show 
that  he  can  use  intelligently  what  has  gone  before. 

§  88.  Brief  Written  Recitations 

In  addition  to  examinations  (see  §  74),  it  is  desirable  to  devise 
some  regular  written  exercise  which  will  lay  more  stress  on  judg 
ment  and  connection  of  events  and  less  on  detached  facts,  and 
which  will  not  call  for  any  other  preparation  than  that  of  regular 
daily  work.  Such  exercises  should  preclude  cram,  and  fit  into 
the  ordinary  class  hours,  whether  recitations  or  lectures.  Noth 
ing  better  has  been  devised  than  the  system  of  requiring  brief 
written  answers  to  one  or  two  questions  especially  chosen  to  test 
the  judgment. 

Suitable  questions  ought  to  be  on  some  novel  phase  of  a  general 
subject  with  which  the  pupil  is  familiar.  In  many  cases  a  child's 
reasoning  will  be  imperfect  and  his  results  crude;  but  one  can- 

1  A  somewhat  fuller  treatment  of  this  subject,  with  specific  illustrations  of 
the  general  principles,  may  be  found  in  the  Guide,  ist  ed.  (1896),  §§  65-72.  At 
§  70  is  a  detailed  account  of  the  "Special  Report"  system. 

(228) 


§89]  WRITTEN    PAPERS  229 

not  begin  too  early  to  expect  some  thought  and  comparison. 
Children,  who  form  judgments  about  the  people  among  whom 
they  live,  may  easily  be  taught  that  history  is  a  record  of  people 
who  lived  and  thought  very  much  as  we  do  now.  In  high  schools 
the  questions  may  take  a  broader  range,  adapted  to  the  age  of  the 
pupils. 

§  89.  Classroom  Papers  l 

The  system  of  requiring  written  answers  to  questions  in  class  is 
especially  applicable  to  college  classes.  In  some  such  classes 
there  is  a  regular  weekly  "paper"  on  some  subject  in  constitutional 
practice  which  has  been  brought  out  in  the  lectures  and  reading. 
With  large  classes  it  is  desirable  to  give  out  a  special  reading  list 
in  advance,  such  as  may  be  found  among  the  topics  in  Parts  IV— 
VI.  Here  is  an  example  of  a  set  of  such  questions  actually  used 
by  a  class  after  a  study  of  the  arguments  of  Hamilton  and  Jeffer 
son  upon  the  First  National  Bank  of  1791 : 

IMPLIED  POWERS 

1.  May  Congress  constitutionally  charter  a  life  insurance  company? 

2.  May  Congress  constitutionally  vote  money   for  aid   to   sufferers 
from  forest  fires  ? 

3.  May  Congress  constitutionally  grant  money  in  support  of  state 
schools  ? 

4.  May  Congress   constitutionally   vote  pensions  to  former  govern 
ment  clerks  ? 

§  90.  Topical  System 

Perhaps  the  most  fruitful  method  for  pupils  of  the  grammar 
school  age  and  above  is  the  "topical,"  —  the  assignment  of  very 
limited  subjects  on  which  pupils  are  to  prepare  themselves  with 
special  care,  using  a  variety  of  material.  The  advantages  of 
such  a  system  are  obvious:  it  breaks  up  servile  adherence  to 
the  limited  text  of  a  single  book ;  it  trains  in  the  use  of  books,  and 
in  the  selection  of  pertinent  facts  out  of  a  mass  of  material;  it 
gives  practice  in  bibliographical  work,  by  the  search  for  books 
and  articles  which  bear  on  the  subject  in  hand;  it  leads  to  the 

1  This  system  is  described  in  detail  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  (1908),  §§  7,  134- 
164. 


230  WRITTEN    WORK  [§91 

comparison  of  authors,  the  explanation  of  discrepancies,  the 
weighing  of  authorities ;  it  adds  life  and  interest  to  the  class  work. 
The  methods  of  topical  work  are  described  in  many  places.  It 
requires  a  library,  however  small;  it  needs  careful  supervision 
from  the  teacher ;  pupils  must  be  warned  against  the  mere  copy 
ing  of  extracts  or  the  stringing  together  of  paraphrases,  and  be 
taught  to  analyze  their  subjects  for  themselves  and  to  arrange 
their  results  in  systematic  form.  It  is  well  to  assign  separate 
subjects  for  each  pupil ;  this  prevents  collusion,  and  gives  each  a 
sense  of  the  importance  of  his  study.  Every  piece  of  work  ought 
to  include  some  reference  to  sources,  if  only  to  a  volume  of  extracts 
(see  §  81).  The  system  is  in  essence  like  laboratory  methods  in 
botany  and  physics,  and,  like  such  methods,  needs  to  be  accom 
panied  by  systematic  teaching. 

§  91.  Subjects  for  Topics 

The  success  of  any  scheme  of  topical  study  is  dependent  on  a 
judicious  choice  of  subjects:  they  must  not  be  too  long;  they 
must  require  substantial  work;  they  must  be  assigned  with  due 
reference  to  the  available  material;  they  must  be  capable  of 
solution,  for  it  discourages  a  pupil  to  find  nothing  on  his  subject, 
however  much  training  he  may  get  from  his  search. 

The  first  and  simplest  kind  of  topical  work,  where  there  is  a 
good  library,  is  the  bibliographical,  —  the  collection  of  a  body  of 
references  on  some  subject.  This  gives  invaluable  training  in 
the  use  of  indexes,  tables  of  contents,  library  catalogues,  of  special 
indexes  to  periodicals  or  classes  of  literature,  of  cyclopedias,  bio 
graphical  dictionaries,  and  the  like  aids.  It  also  fixes  the  habit 
of  selecting  out  of  a  book  the  small  portion  which  really  bears  on 
the  subject  in  hand.  The  best  subjects  for  such  work  are  biog 
raphies  of  great  men;  for  catalogues  usually  take  more  account 
of  names  than  of  matters.  Lists  of  notable  men  are  numerous. 
In  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  (1908)  is  a  select  alphabetical  list  (§  236), 
and  a  list  classified  by  states  (§  237).  Some  of  the  textbooks 
contain  similar  lists. 

Another  excellent  group  of  subjects  is  the  geographical,  —  the 
territorial  history  of  a  place,  or  a  map  of  a  colony  or  region  or 
state,  or  group  of  colonies  or  states,  at  any  given  period.  Political 


§92]  TOPICAL    SYSTEM  231 

data  may  also  be  worked  out  in  graphic  maps :  such  would  be 
the  distribution  of  votes  on  some  question  in  Congress,  the  distri 
bution  of  electoral  votes,  the  states  that  have  or  have  not  Aus 
tralian  ballot  laws,  etc, 

Very  useful  subjects,  especially  in  the  lower  grades,  are  little 
biographies  of  public  men.  Such  work  may  be  done  with  a  very 
few  books,  if  no  more  are  available,  and  may  often  have  a  roman 
tic  human  interest. 

The  more  complete  form  of  topical  work  in  schools  will  usually 
be  the  study  of  episodes  in  history.  Here  the  pupil  must  always 
be  held  down  to  a  search  for  the  truth  by  comparing  conflicting 
accounts ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  must  learn  to  state  his  results 
clearly,  methodically,  and  so  as  to  bring  out  the  important  points. 

For  more  advanced  students,  a  variety  of  topical  subjects  may 
be  found,  —  as  constitutional  discussions,  accounts  of  assem 
blages,  or  phases  of  social  institutions,  such  as  the  Puritan  Church, 
or  the  early  colleges,  or  slavery  in  a  colony  or  a  state.  The  sta 
tistics  of  finance,  commerce,  and  population  may  be  worked  out 
in  tables.  Biography  may  be  studied  by  tracing  the  attitude  of 
some  public  man  on  a  great  question  throughout  his  life.  A  long 
list  of  topics,  principally  on  constitutional,  diplomatic,  and  gov 
ernmental  subjects,  will  be  found  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  (1908), 
§§  231-299. 

Throughout,  the  wise  teacher  will  try  to  connect  the  topics  with 
what  may  be  presumed  to  interest  a  particular  pupil,  —  his  local 
history,  his  family,  or  his  birthplace. 

§  92.  Composition  in  Historical  Subjects 

Written  work  is  not  only  a  training  in  history:  it  may  be  so 
used  as  to  build  up  a  good  English  style.  Teachers  are  often  hard 
put  to  it  to  find  suitable  subjects  for  compositions  on  fresh  topics, 
in  fields  where  there  is  material  available  for  something  more  than 
a  rude  statement  of  fleeting  ideas.  From  many  of  the  groups  of 
subjects  suggested  for  topical  work  (§91)  may  be  chosen  excellent 
composition  subjects ;  and  a  requirement  that  the  returns  shall  be 
made  in  good  English,  and  shall  be  criticized  for  the  style,  will 
make  the  same  paper  serve  the  double  purpose  of  historical  train 
ing  and  training  in  English. 


232  WRITTEN    WORK  [§93 

In  setting  questions,  care  should  always  be  taken  not  to  put 
them  too  high  for  children  to  reach,  always  to  direct  them  to 
some  point,  and  to  be  satisfied  with  moderate  evidence  of  a  power 
to  rearrange  the  results  and  to  state  them  in  an  original  form.  In 
many  schools  the  teacher  of  history  is  also  the  teacher  of  composi 
tion,  and  can  make  the  two  subjects  run  parallel. 

§  93.  Special  Report  System 

Some  account  of  topical  work,  drawn  from  experience,  may  be 
useful  to  other  teachers.  So  far  as  possible,  each  pupil  or  student 
should  have  a  separate  individual  topic,  to  avoid  copying  and  to 
give  point  to  the  work.  A  vital  lesson  which  may  best  be  taught 
in  topical  work  is  that  specific  references  must  accompany  every 
important  statement,  —  author,  brief  title  (from  inspection  of  the 
title-page),  volume,  and  page  or  section. 

The  material  for  these  " reports"  should  be  arranged  in  a  select 
library,  containing  secondary  books  and  treatises,  sets  of  colonial 
records,  and  a  set  of  United  States  documents,  statutes,  Supreme 
Court  decisions,  Congressional  records,  and  the  like.  Students 
are  expected  to  work  for  themselves.  The  attempt  is  made  to 
connect  each  man's  subject  with  his  own  family  or  local  history 
and  interests. 

Having  finished  a  series  of  such  reports,  students  are  expected 
to  be  at  any  time  ready  to  find  materials  on  any  subject  in  United 
States  history,  to  use  the  government  publications,  to  state  results 
clearly  and  methodically,  and  to  apply  constitutional  principles 
to  new  problems. 

These  specific  methods  apply  to  advanced  students ;  but  they 
are  of  a  kind  suitable  for  secondary  and  lower  schools.  Exactness 
in  stating  the  subject;  care  in  supervising;  aid  where  the  pupil 
needs  it ;  exhaustion  of  the  material  available  ;  care ;  accuracy ; 
neat  form  in  arranging  the  results ;  punctuality  in  handing  in  the 
work,  —  these  are  the  essentials  of  such  work  anywhere,  and  are 
attainable  in  all  grades. 

§  94.  Essay  or  Thesis  System 

In  this  system,  which  is  used  in  several  courses  in  history  at 
Harvard  University,  the  attempt  is  made  to  combine  training  in 


§94]        SPECIAL   REPORT   AND   ESSAY   SYSTEMS        233 

historical  methods  of  investigation  with  practice  in  writing  Eng 
lish.  Several  essays  are  required  from  each  student.  At  first 
sight  it  might  seem  to  be  a  matter  of  considerable  difficulty  to 
find  suitable  subjects  for  investigation  for  one  hundred  and  fifty 
or  two  hundred  students.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  task  is  lightened 
by  using  the  answers  of  the  students  to  written  inquiries  as  a 
basis  of  assignment. 

The  essays  are  written  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  an 
assistant,  who  has  stated  hours  for  conference  in  the  library.  For 
essay  purposes  the  class  is  divided  into  sections  of  about  twenty 
students  each.  The  subjects  for  one  section  are  given  out  at  one 
time,  and  the  work  of  all  the  students  in  any  one  section  is  due  at 
dates  specified  in  advance,  as  follows :  references,  one  week  from 
the  day  the  subject  is  given  out;  notes,  two  weeks  later;  and 
the  essay  in  its  final  form,  one  week  after  the  notes  are  approved, 
or  about  four  weeks  from  the  day  on  which  the  subjects  are  assigned. 
The  references  are  to  be  found  by  going  to  a  section  in  Parts  IV- 
VI,  in  this  Guide,  and  consulting  the  bibliographies  mentioned  in 
the  section  referred  to.  The  student  is  expected  to  look  over  the 
books  and  to  tell  the  assistant  which  works  he  intends  to  use. 
The  assistant  endeavors  to  impress  on  him  the  necessity  of  con 
sulting  the  original  source  in  each  case.  The  books  mentioned 
under  "General"  in  the  section  referred  to  usually  contain  enough 
information  to  enable  one  to  understand  the  relations  of  his  topic. 
Often,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  consult  the  references  under 
"Special"  ;  and  sometimes  the  assistant  or  the  instructor  is  obliged 
to  explain  what  is  desired,  and  not  infrequently  to  change  the  sub 
ject  by  limiting  the  inquiry  to  some  specific  part  of  the  general 
topic  assigned;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  to  enlarge  its  scope  on  ac 
count  of  lack  of  materials. 

These  preliminaries  being  arranged  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
assistant  and  the  student,  the  authorities  are  next  examined,  ex 
tracts,  abstracts,  and  digests  prepared,  and  submitted  to  the 
assistant  for  his  approval.  He  frequently  suggests  other  sources 
to  be  looked  into,  and  sometimes  requires  the  work  to  be  done 
anew  in  whole  or  in  part.  The  students  receive  credit  for  this 
work  of  seeking  and  note  taking,  the  assistant  bearing  in  mind 
how  much  aid  has  been  given  to  the  student.  The  essay  is  now 


234  WRITTEN    WORK  [§95 

written  in  the  student's  own  words,  and  is  based  entirely  on  the 
notes,  which  form  an  appendix,  and  are  cited  in  footnotes  to  the 
essay  to  justify  every  important  statement  made.  These  processes 
are  precisely  those  on  which  every  historical  work  must  be  built. 
The  writing  of  these  essays  sharpens  the  faculties,  arouses  the 
student's  interest,  cultivates  his  judgment,  and  shows  him  how 
history  is  written. 

§  95.  Monographs 

The  highest  and  most  difficult  kind  of  written  work  for  students 
in  history  is  the  preparation  of  monographs,  —  complete  studies 
of  some  subject,  with  the  use  of  all  the  material  in  print  which 
bears  upon  it,  and  of  manuscripts  if  necessary.  This  is  work  to 
be  done  only  in  seminary  courses,  under  the  careful  guidance  of 
instructors  who  are  specialists  in  their  fields. 

Two  kinds  of  subjects  are  usual  in  such  work,  —  an  extensive 
study  of  some  brief  episode,  or  a  tracing  of  some  line  of  investiga 
tion  through  a  long  period  of  history.  The  former  would  resemble 
a  chapter  out  of  a  large  book,  the  latter  cuts  a  cross-section  through 
a  long  succession  of  events;  hence  the  second  type  is  probably 
the  most  helpful  to  a  person  who  is  still  a  student. 

The  first  step  in  either  case  is  to  clear  the  ground  by  making 
a  bibliography  of  the  subject,  including  all  sources  and  all  valuable 
secondary  authorities;  the  periodical  indexes  should  also  be  ex 
amined  for  contributions  to  or  discussions  on  the  subject.  At  the 
same  time  some  general  account,  or  accounts,  should  be  read,  in 
order  to  give  some  idea  of  the  proportions  and  relations  of  the 
parts  of  the  subject. 

Next  comes  the  collection  of  material,  a  long  and  laborious 
process.  Notes  should  be  taken  on  loose  sheets,  on  only  one 
side,  and  with  exact  references  as  one  goes  along  (see  §  85).  At 
this  stage  is  the  opportunity  to  compare,  weigh,  and  offset  evi 
dence. 

Later  on,  the  work  must  be  put  into  careful  written  form ;  well- 
prepared  notes,  arranged  by  topics,  will  now  reward  the  investi 
gator.  The  subject  must  be  carefully  subdivided  and  analyzed; 
material  must  fall  into  its  proper  place,  and  must  be  properly  sub 
ordinated.  Exact  references  to  precise  footnotes,  containing  ex 
tracts  from  rare  material,  must  appear  at  every  step.  It  is  an 


§95]  MONOGRAPHS  235 

excellent  practice  to  enrich  the  text  as  it  is  written  with  quota 
tions  from  sources,  or  with  occasional  characteristic  passages  out 
of  secondary  authorities. 

It  is  well  to  append  the  text  of  rare  and  important  documents, 
exactly  transcribed,  and  to  throw  into  tabular  or  other  form  such 
facts  as  cannot  easily  appear  in  the  body  of  the  work.  If  the  work 
is  printed,  an  index  is  an  indispensable  part  of  it. 


PART  IV.     COLONIAL  HISTORY  AND  THE 
REVOLUTION,   1492-1783 

CHAPTER   XIV 

DISCOVERY  AND  LATIN  COLONIZATION,  1492-1783 

§  96.  Physiography  of  North  America 

Summary.  —  Physical  conformation  of  North  America :  char 
acteristics  of  the  Atlantic  Slope,  of  the  Great  Valleys,  of  the  Pacific 
Slope;  soils,  mineral  deposits,  climate,  rainfall ;  comparison  with 
European  lands,  especially  as  to  climate  and  rainfall.  —  Products : 
tobacco,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  potatoes,  wheat,  indigo,  rice,  lum 
ber  and  naval  stores,  coal,  iron,  precious  metals,  cattle,  sheep, 
hides  and  furs,  etc.  —  Effects  of  this  environment  on  men  of 
European  origin. 

General.  —  F.  J.  Turner,  in  American  Journal  of  Sociology,  XIII, 
661-675,  with  comment  by  F.  W.  Blackmar  and  others,  ibid.,  811-819; 
N.  S.  Shaler,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  pp.  i-xxx,  especially  xx-xxx ; 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  1-5  ;  L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History, 
1-69;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History;    Ellen 

C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographical  Conditions. 
Special.  —  N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and  Man  in  America,  and  United 

States;  J.  D.  Whitney,  United  States;  F.  Ratzel,  Vereinigten  Staaten; 
Elisee  Reclus,  The  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,  North  America,  III ;  Jedidiah 
Morse,  American  Universal  Geography,  I;  B.  A.  Gould,  Investigations  in 
the  Military  and  Anthropological  Statistics  of  American  Soldiers;  J.  W. 
Powell,  Physiographic  Regions  of  the  United  States  (National  Geographic 
Monographs,  I,  No.  3) ;  C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  National  Re 
sources,  208-211,  268-277. 

Sources  and  Bibliography.  —See  §  31. 

§  97.  Geography  of  North  America,  1492-1776 

Summary.  —  Physiography  (see  §  96).  —  Claims  of  European 
powers  (§§•  101,  105,  106,  108,  112,  147,  157).  —  Partitions  in  1493 

(236) 


§97]  GEOGRAPHY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA  237 

(§  101)  and  1632  (§  1 08).  —  Exclusion  of  the  Dutch  and  the  Swedes 
(§§  122,  123).  —  Disputes  with  the  Spaniards.  —  Exclusion  of  the 
French  (§§  147,  148).  —  Unoccupied  territory.  —  Subdivisions  of 
the  English  possessions,  and  intercolonial  boundary  controversies 
(§§  115,  118,  120,  121,  125,  131-133,  137,  138,  140,  146,  149)-- 
Partitionsini763  (§§  no,  148,  149)  and  1783  (§  157).  —  1776-1783, 
Claims  of  the  states  and  cessions  (§§  158,  167).  —  1730-1775, 
Westward  movement  (§  162). 

General.— The  standard  histories:  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  II; 
Bancroft,  United  States  (last  revision)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  The  American  Nation, 
I-VIII ;  etc. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  also  his  Columbus,  Cartier,  and 
Mississippi  Basin  (all  these  works  are  rich  in  cartography;  they  are 
analyzed  in  the  sections  noted  above) ;  C.  R.  Beazley,  The  Dawn  of  Mod 
ern  Geography  (reproduces  earliest  maps) ;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs. 
ii-viii ;  Joseph  Blunt,  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Confederacy,  chs.  i,  ii ;  John 
Fiske,  Discovery  of  America;  C.  P.  Lucas,  Historical  Geography  of  the 
British  Colonies,  II,  Introduction ;  Hinsdale,  The  Right  of  Discovery, 
in  Ohio  Historical  and  Archaeological  Society,  Quarterly,  II,  349-379. 

Sources. — The  collections  of  treaties,  statutes,  decisions,  etc.,  are 
noted  in  §§  34,  43,  44.  Some  of  the  more  important  documents  may  be 
found  as  follows : 

TREATIES  :  Extracts  of  portions  of  the  more  important  treaties  dealing 
with  America  are  printed  in  William  MacDonald's  Select  Charters.  —  St. 
Germain,  1632  :  Recueil  des  Traitez  de  Paix  (Amsterdam,  1700),  III,  328. 
—  Neutrality,  1686  :  Channing,  United  States,  II,  153.  —  Ryswick,  1697  : 
Memorials  of  the  English  and  French  Commissaries  concerning  the  Limits 
of  Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia;  Dumont,  Corps  Diplomatique,  VII,  399;  G. 
Chalmers,  Collection  of  Treaties  between  Great  Britain  and  other  Powers. 
Extracts  in  W.  Houston,  Constitutional  Documents,  265 ;  David  Mills, 
Boundaries  of  Ontario  (ed.  1877),  143.  —  Utrecht,  1713:  Dumont,  Corps 
Diplomatique,  VIII,  339;  Chalmers,  Collection  of  Treaties,  I,  378.  Ex 
tracts  in  Houston,  Constitutional  Documents,  3  ;  Mills,  Boundaries  of  On 
tario  (ed.  1877),  158.  —  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748:  Chalmers,  Collection  of 
Treaties.  Extracts  in  Houston,  Constitutional  Documents,  265.  —  Peace 
of  Paris,  1763  :  Martens  et  Cussy,  Recueil  de  Traites,  I,  30.  The  portions 
relating  to  boundaries  are  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5  ;  Houston, 
Constitutional  Documents,  61.  —  Royal  Proclamation  of  1763:  Annual 
Register,  1763,  pp.  208-213;  Mills,  Boundaries  of  Ontario  (ed.  1873),  192; 
Houston,  Constitutional  Documents,  67 ;  C.  W.  Alvord,  Genesis  of  the 
Proclamation  of  1763  (paper  read  before  the  Michigan  Pioneer  and  His- 


238        DISCOVERY   AND    LATIN   COLONIZATION       [§97 

torical  Society,  Dec.  13,  1907);  Canadian  Archives,  1906,  p.  119;  Amer 
ican  History  Leaflets,  No.  5.  — Quebec,  Act,  1774:  Statutes  at  Large  of 
Great  Britain  (London,  1776) ;  W.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  V,  256; 
Houston,  Constitutional  Documents,  go. — Treaty  of  Peace,  1782-1783: 
Treaties  and  Conventions  between  the  United  States  and  other  Powers 
(Washington,  1889;  appended  to  the  "Preliminary  Articles"  in  this 
publication  will  be  found  the  "Separate  Article"  as  to  Florida).  For  the 
commissions  of  the  governors  of  West  Florida,  see  Duane's  Laws  of  the 
United  States,  I,  450;  they  are  reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  5. 

CHARTERS  :  Charters  and  Constitutions;  H.  W.  Preston,  Documents 
Illustrative  of  American  History;  Samuel  Lucas,  Charters  of  the  Old  Eng 
lish  Colonies  in  America  (London,  1850) ;  Old  South  Leaflets.  Most  of 
the  important  portions  of  the  charters  are  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters; 
the  geographical  portions  are  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  15.  The 
Maryland  charter,  in  the  Latin  original,  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions ; 
English  translations  are  in  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland,  and  in  Scharf's 
Maryland. 

Maps :  Epochs  of  American  History,  The  Colonies,  Nos.  1-4 ;  Formation 
of  the  Union,  Nos.  2,  3  (the  same  maps  are  in  Epoch  Maps,  Nos.  1-6) ; 
Hart,  The  American  Nation,  I-VIII  (the  maps  are  in  part  by  D.  M. 
Matteson) ;  G.  P.  Fisher,  Colonial  Era;  W.  M.  Sloane,  French  War  and 
Revolution ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies ;  E.  Channing,  Students' 
History  of  the  United  States. 

MAPS  ;  FACSIMILES  :  Besides  the  facsimiles  given  by  Winsor  in  his 
America,  Mississippi  Basin,  and  other  works,  and  those  contained  in 
the  collections  of  facsimiles  and  sketches  noted  below,  there  are  several 
photographic  reproductions  of  important  maps  on  the  scale  of  the  orig 
inals.  There  are  also  numerous  facsimiles  illustrative  of  particular 
points  scattered  through  the  descriptive  works.  Some  of  the  more  im 
portant  of  the  collections  are  mentioned  in  the  following  list ;  they  relate 
for  the  most  part  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  For  reproduc 
tions  of  later  maps  Winsor's  Mississippi  Basin  is  the  principal  storehouse. 
The  titles  of  single  maps  and  important  collections  illustrating  particular 
points  will  be  found  in  the  later  sections  of  this  Guide,  especially  §§  100- 
103,  106,  108,  109,  in,  147,  etc. 

Theobald  Fischer,  editor,  Raccolta  di  Mappamondi  e  Carte  nautiche  del 
XIII  al  XVI  secolo  (Venice,  F.  Ongania,  1886),  and  accompanying  text; 
E.  F.  Jomard,  Les  Monuments  de  la  Geographie  (Paris,  1866) ;  J.  G.  Kohl, 
Discovery  of  Maine  (Documentary  History  of  Maine,  I) ;  K.  Kretschmer, 
Die  Entdeckung  Amerikas  (Berlin,  1892),  and  Atlas;  F.  Kunstmann,  Ent- 
deckung  Amerikas  (Munich,  1859),  and  Atlas;  J.  Lelewel,  Geographie  du 


§97]  GEOGRAPHY    OF   NORTH   AMERICA  239 

Moyen  Age  (Brussels,  1852),  and  Atlas;  G.  Marcel,  Reproductions  de 
Cartes  et  de  Globes  (Paris,  1893 ;  i7th  and  i8th  centuries,  Atlas  and  text) ; 
[Frederick  Muller  &  Co.],  Remarkable  Maps  of  the  XV -XV 1 1  Centuries 
reproduced  in  their  original  size  (Amsterdam,  1894) ;  A.  E.  Nordenskiold, 
Fac-simile  Atlas  to  the  Early  History  of  Cartography,  with  Reproductions  of 
the  most  important  Maps  printed  in  the  XV  and  XVI  Centuries  (translated 
from  the  Swedish  original  by  J.  D.  Ekelof  and  C.  R.  Markham,  Stock 
holm,  1889) ;  Sophus  Ruge,  Die  Entwickelung  der  Kartographie  von  Amer- 
ika  bis  1570  (Petermann's  Mitteilungen,  Erganzungsheft,  Nr.  106;  the 
best  compact  collection  of  sketches  for  students;  published  in  1892  for 
8  marks) ;  Vicomte  de  Santarem,  Atlas  compose  de  Mappemondes,  de  Por- 
tulans,  et  de  Cartes  Hydrographiques  et  Historiques  depuis  le  VI  jusqu'au 
XVII  Siecle  (Paris,  1842-1853) ;  H.  Stevens,  Historical  and  Geographical 
Notes  of  the  Early  Discoveries  in  America  (New  Haven,  1869) ;  Vivien  de 
Saint-Martin,  Histoire  de  la  Geographic  et  des  Decouvertes  Gepgraphiques 
(Paris,  1873  ;  Atlas  of  13  maps,  1874) ;  E.  L.  Stevenson,  Maps  Illustrating 
Early  Discovery  (New  Brunswick,  N.J.,  1903) ;  A.  B.  Hulbert,  The  Crown 
Collection  of  Photographs  of  American  Maps  (Cleveland,  1904;  Index, 
1909). 

MAPS  ;  ORIGINALS  :  The  collection  in  the  Harvard  University  Li 
brary  is  the  best  in  America  so  far  as  the  cartography  of  the  country  as  a 
whole  is  concerned.  The  collection  in  the  library  of  the  Wisconsin  His 
torical  Society  is  rich  in  maps  of  the  interior  and  of  the  earlier  history  of 
the  West. 

Among  the  separate  maps  in  the  former  collection  may  be  mentioned  : 
Sanson,  1656;  Delisle,  1689;  Coronelli,  1689;  Delisle,  1700,  1703,  and 
1718;  Jaillot,  1719;  Moll,  1715,  1720;  Map  drawn  for  the  Compagnie 
Franqois  Occident,  1701-1720;  D'Anville,  1746,  1755;  Bowen,  1747; 
Evans,  1749;  Huske,  1755;  Kitchin,  1755  (two  copies  of  this  map  giv 
ing  different  boundaries);  Jeffrey's  D'Anville,  1755;  de  Rouge,  1755; 
Jeffrey's,  1755  ;  Mitchell,  1755  ;  Covens  et  Mortier,  1757  ;  Evans,  1758- 
1771;  Palairet,  1759;  Jeffrey's,  1762  (?);  Kitchin,  1763 ;  Bowen,  1763; 
Quebec,  1763,  after  English  and  French  surveys;  Bell,  1772;  Pownall, 
1776;  Pownall's  D'Anville,  1777  ;  Faden,  1777;  Brion  de  la  Tour,  1778, 
1779 ;  Maps  in  Fitzmaurice's  Life  of  Shelburne,  3,  170,  294 ;  Delisle,  1782  ; 
Wallis,  1783;  Faden,  1783;  Andrews,  1783;  Bowles,  1783;  Lothe,  1784; 
Janvier,  1784. 

Many  of  the  most  important  of  the  early  maps  are  contained  in  the 
several  editions  of  Ptolemy's  Geography,  in  De  Laet's  Nieuwe  Wereldt, 
in  Montanus's  Nieuwe  Weereld,  and  in  the  accounts  of  the  voyages  of 
the  Spanish,  French,  and  English  seamen,  and  of  the  early  explorers,  as 
Captain  John  Smith  (see  §§  102-115). 


240        DISCOVERY   AND    LATIN    COLONIZATION        [§98 

Bibliography.  —  See  §§  30-34.  Winsor's  works  are  in  great  measure 
a  bibliography  of  the  subject.  See  also  his  Kohl  Collection  of  Early  Maps 
(Harvard  University  Library,  Bibliographical  Contributions,  No.  19),  and 
his  Bibliography  of  Ptolemy' 's  Geography  (ibid.,  No.  18) ;  and  see  G.  Mar 
cel,  Catalogue  des  Documents  Geographiques,  exposes  a  la  Section  des  Cartes 
et  Plans  de  la  Bibliotheque  Nationale  (Paris,  1892). 


§  98.  Archaeology 

Summary.  —  Evidences  of  the  antiquity  of  man  in  North 
America:  implements  and  bones  found  in  the  Trenton  gravel; 
other  such  deposits ;  other  remains  of  prehistoric  man,  —  the 
"Lansing  man"  of  Kansas,  the  Potter  Creek  caves  in  California, 
etc.  —  Credibility  of  these  evidences.  —  Paleolithic  man,  as  he  is 
pictured  by  the  archaeologists.  —  Attempts  made  to  connect  pre 
historic  man  with  the  Red  Men  of  North  America  at  the  time  of 
the  Columbian  discovery;  Neolithic  man,  the  skrellings,  etc. 

General. — •  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  1-19;  H.  W.  Haynes,  in 
Winsor,  America,  I,  ch.  vi ;  G.  F.  Wright,  The  Ice  Age;  J.  D.  Baldwin, 
Ancient  America;  Nadaillac,  Prehistoric  America. 

Special.  —  Cyrus  Thomas,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  North  American 
Archeology  ;  Gerard  Fowke,  Stone  Art  (Bureau  of  Ethnology,  ijth  Annual 
Report,  1891-1892,  pp.  57-178;  W.  H.  Holmes,  A boriginal  Pottery  of  the 
Eastern  United  States  (Bureau  of  Ethnology,  2oth  Annual  Report,  1898- 
1899) ;  Lucien  Carr,  Mounds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  in  Report  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  for  1891. 

Sources.  —  E.  G.  Squier  and  E.  H.  Davis,  Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley;  A.  F.  Bandelier,  Final  Report  of  Investigations  among 
the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States  (1880-1885),  Part  II  (Archaeo 
logical  Institute  of  America,  Papers,  "  Ame'rican  series,"  IV) ;  the  annual 
reports  of  the  B ureau  of  Ethnology,  especially  that  f or  1 890- 1891,  and  those 
containing  the  monographs  by  J.  W.  Fewkes;  C.  B.  Moore's  papers  in 
Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  (these  relate 
especially  to  the  southeast ;  most  of  them  are  reprinted  separately) ;  F. 
W.  Putnam,  Archceological  and  Ethnological  Collections  (Wheeler's  Survey, 
Final  Reports,  VII).  The  American  Anthropologist  also  contains  a  large 
number  of  papers  on  archaeological  subjects. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  in  his  America,  I,  369-444,  and  the  footnotes 
to  Haynes's  chapter;  P.  B.  Watson,  Pre-Columbian  Bibliography;  Far- 
rand,  Basis  of  American  History,  276. 


§99]  THE   ABORIGINES  241 

§  99.  The  Aborigines 

Summary.  —  The  opposing  theories  of  Prescott  and  others  who 
rely  on  the  "early  American  chroniclers,"  and  of  Lewis  H.  Mor 
gan  and  his  followers.  —  The  leading  points  in  the  latter  theory.  — 
Indian  ideas  as  to  landholding,  inheritance,  and  communism.  — 
Theories  as  to  the  origin  of  the  red  race  of  America.  —  Social 
condition  of  the  Indians  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  North  America 
in  1500-1600.  —  Effects  on  the  Indians  of  the  coming  of  the  Eu 
ropeans.  —  Difference  in  the  treatment  of  the  Indian  problem  by 
the  Spanish,  French,  and  English  colonists.  —  Reaction  of  these 
several  Indian  policies  on  the  colonists  of  the  respective  nations. 

General.  —  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History  (among  the  maps  is  an 
excellent  one  showing  the  distribution  of  the  American  Indians  by  lin 
guistic  stocks  about  1500 ;  also  in  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  ?th  Report,  1885- 
1886) ;  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  21-147. 

Special.  —  F.  W.  Hodge,  editor,  Handbook  of  American  Indians  North 
of  Mexico  (Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Bulletin,  No.  30;  also  House  Docs., 
59  Cong,  i  sess.  No.  926) ;  Mexican  and  Central  American  Antiquities 
(papers  by  various  hands,  in  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Bulletin,  No.  28) ; 
A.  F.  Bandelier's  papers  (on  "Social  Organization,"  "Art  of  Warfare  of 
the  Ancient  Mexicans,"  etc.)  in  the  second  volume  of  Reports  of  the  Pea- 
body  Museum  of  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  at  Harvard  University, 
also  those  in  Papers  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  and  his 
Outline  of  the  Documentary  History  of  the  Zuni  Tribe  (Journal  of  American 
Ethnology  and  Archeology,  III,  1-115)  •>  L-  H.  Morgan,  League  of  the  Iro- 
quois;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  II,  and  History 
of  Mexico,  I. 

Sources.  —  The  early  Spanish  chroniclers  (§  102)  :  especially  Oviedo 
and  Herrera ;  the  early  explorers,  in  Documentos  Ineditos ;  Bernal  Diaz  del 
Castillo,  Historia  Verdadera  dela  Conquista  de  la  Nueva  Espana,  translated 
by  Lockhart;  Sahagun,  Historia  General  de  las  Cosas  de  Nueva  Espana; 
Castaneda,  Relacion  de  la  Jornada  de  Cibola  ...  /a  qual  fue  el  ano  de 
1540,  translated,  with  other  accounts,  by  G.  P.  Winship,  as  The  Coronado 
Expedition  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Great  Plains  (Bureau  of  Ethnology,  i4th 
Annual  Report,  1892-1893).  — The  French  memoires  and  early  descriptions 
(§§  106-110)  :  especially  Champlain,  (Euvres;  Cartier,  Narratives;  Lau- 
donniere,  UHistoire  Notable  de  la  Floride  (in  English,  in  Hakluyt's  Prin- 
cipall  Navigations,  III) ;  the  Jesuit  Relations ;  Sagard,  Histoire  du  Canada, 
or  his  Grand  Voyage  du  Pays  des  Hurons;  Lafitau,  Mo&urs  des  Sauvages; 


242         DISCOVERY    AND   LATIN    COLONIZATION       [§99 

Charlevoix,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  translated  by  J.  G.  Shea ;  Les- 
carbot,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France;  Perrot,  Memoire  sur  les  Mceurs 
.  .  .  des  Sauvages  de  I'Amerique;  Dumont,  Memoires  Historiques  sur  la 
Louisiane,  translated  in  French's  Historical  Collections,  V ;  Margry,  Me 
moires  et  Documents,  pour  servir  a  I' Histoire  (distrusted  somewhat  by  schol 
ars)  ;  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida  (contains 
many  extracts  from  the  foregoing  authorities,  and  many  other  important 
documents  in  English). — The  English  explorers  and  colonists  (§§  113- 
115,  127) :  especially  Hariot's  Narrative,  and  Captain  John  Smith's  True 
Relation;  the  journals  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition  (reprinted  by 
Coues,  McMaster,  Thwaites,  etc.) ;  George  Catlin,  Illustrations  of  the 
Manners,  Customs,  and  Condition  of  the  North  American  Indians;  Bar- 
tram,  Travels  in  the  Carolinas  ;  Carver,  Travels  through  North  America; 
James  Adair,  History  of  the  American  Indians;  G.  P.  Thruston,  Antiquities 
of  Tennessee;  C.  C.  Jones,  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians;  Hecke- 
welder,  Account  of  the  Indian  Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylvania  (orig 
inally  published  in  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Transactions, 
1819) ;  G.  H.  Loskiel,  Mission  of  the  United  Brethren  among  the  Indians; 
Cadwallader  Golden,  History  of  the  Five  Nations  of  Canada  (Trail  Makers 
series) ;  Prince  Maximilian,  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  North  America 
(edited  by  Thwaites  in  his  Early  Western  Travels,  XXII-XXIV) ;  Emma 
H.  Blair,  Indian  Tribes  of  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

Among  the  general  collections  covering  the  whole  field  may  be  men 
tioned  De  Bry,  Grands  et  Petits  Voyages;  Purchas,  Pilgrimes;  Hak- 
luyt,  Principall  Navigations.  See  also  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Native  Races,  IV  ; 
J.  L.  Stephens,  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  America,  and  Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Yucatan;  papers  on  Yucatan,  Honduras,  etc.,  in  Memoirs  of 
the  Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University ;  D.  Charnay,  Cites  et  Ruines 
Americaines  (translated  as  Ancient  Cities  of  the  New  World) ;  and  many 
articles  in  Papers  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  in  Annual 
Reports  and  Bulletins  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  (especially  Bulletin, 
No.  30,  Handbook  of  American  Indians),  in  Annual  Reports  of  the  Smith 
sonian  Institution,  Contributions  to  North  American  Ethnology,  the  Amer 
ican  Anthropologist,  the  Journal  of  American  Folk-Lore,  and  among  the 
publications  of  the  American  Journal  of  Natural  History  of  New  York, 
of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum  of  Chicago,  and  of  the  Department  of 
Anthropology  in  the  University  of  California. 

Bibliography.  —  Handbook  of  American  Indians  (Bureau  of  Eth 
nology,  Bulletin,  No.  30),  II,  1179-1221 ;  Winsor,  America,  I,  chs.  iii,  v, 
and  the  special  works  therein  cited,  especially  H.  H.  Bancroft's  Native 
Races;  Winsor,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1895- 
1896,  p.  327;  J.  C.  Pilling's  bibliographies  in  Bulletins  of  the  Bureau 


§100]  PRE-COLUMBIAN   DISCOVERIES  243 

of  Ethnology;  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  ch.  xviii;  D.  G. 
Brinton,  Aboriginal  American  Authors;  E.  H.  Blair,  Indian  Tribes,  II, 
301-357  ;  and  the  footnotes  to  Bandelier's  essays  and  books  noted  else 
where.  The  general  lists  in  W.  I.  Thomas's  Source  Book  for  Social 
Origins,  859-915,  include  a  few  books  on  North  American  Indians. 


§  100.  Pre-Columbian  Discoveries 

Summary.  —  Geographical  knowledge  of  the  ancients :  theories 
of  Eratosthenes,  Strabo,  and  others.  —  Idea  of  the  sphericity  of 
the  earth  during  the  Middle  Ages.  —  Geographers  of  the  fif 
teenth  century :  Toscanelli,  Behaim,  etc.  —  Stories  of  western 
lands :  Atlantis,  St.  Brandan's  Island,  Antillia.  —  Pre-Columbian 
explorers:  Asiatic  peoples,  the  Fusang  story,  Welsh  and  Irish 
legends.  —  A.D.  1000,  The  Norse  discovery,  Leif  the  Lucky  finds 
a  western  land.  —  Later  voyages  to  Vinland.  —  Evidence  on 
which  our  knowledge  of  these  voyages  rests :  monuments,  records, 
sagas.  —  Credibility  of  the  sagas.  —  Story  of  the  Zeni  brothers. 
-  The  French  fishermen. 

General.  — Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  148-218;  Higginson  and 
MacDonald,  United  States,  ch.  ii ;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  1-6 ;  Pal 
frey,  New  England,  I,  57. 

Special.  —  A.  M.  Reeves,  Finding  of  Wineland  the  Good;  Torfaeus, 
Histories  Vinlandia;  M.  L.  Fernald,  Notes  on  the  Plants  of  Wineland  the 
Good  (reprinted  from  Rhodora,  1910,  No.  134) ;  Rafn,  Antiquitates  Amer 
icana;  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine,  ch.  ii  (a  summary  of  Rafn's  large  work) ; 
Slafter,  Voyages  of  the  Northmen;  W.  H.  Tillinghast,  "Geographical 
Knowledge  of  the  Ancients,"  in  Winsor,  America,  I,  ch.  i;  Winsor,  "Pre- 
Columbian  Explorations,"  in  his  America,  I,  ch.  ii ;  Vining,  An  Inglorious 
Columbus  (gives  the  different  theories  as  to  the  Fusang  myth) ;  P.  Gaffa- 
rel,  Histoire  de  la  Decouverte  de  I'Amerique  jusqu'd  la  Mort  de  Christophe 
Colomb,  I  (Les  Precurseurs  de  Colomb] ;  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland, 
chs.  i,  iii ;  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  The  Lost  Atlantis. 

Sources.  —  Translations  of  the  sagas,  with  phototypic  facsimiles,  are 
in  Reeves's  Wineland.  Other  translations  may  be  found  in  the  works  of 
Rafn  and  Slafter,  above  mentioned,  and  in  J.  E.  Olson  and  E.  G.  Bourne, 
The  Northmen,  Columbus  and  Cabot  (in  Jameson's  series  of  "Original  Nar 
ratives"),  1-84.  The  important  portions  are  printed  from  Reeves  in 
American  History  Leaflets,  No.  3.  See  also  the  Saga  of  Olaf  Tryggwason, 
translated  by  J.  Sephton.  For  the  Zeno  story,  see  Major's  edition  of 


244        DISCOVERY   AND   LATIN   COLONIZATION      [§101 

Nicolo  Zeno,  Voyages  of  the  Venetian  Brothers,  Nicolo  and  Antonio  Zeno 
(Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1873). 

Bibliography. — Winsor,  America,  I,  76-132;  P.  B.  Watson,  Bibliog 
raphy  of  the  Pre-Columbian  Discoveries  of  America  (in  R.  B.  Anderson's 
America  not  Discovered  by  Columbus,  3d  edition,  1883). 

§  101.  Columbian  Discoveries 

Summary.  —  Birth  and  early  career  of  Christopher  Columbus. 

—  His  ideas  as  to  the  shape  and  size  of  the  earth ;   whence  came 
these  ideas  ?  —  Attempts  to  get  assistance  for  a  western  voyage.  — 
Contract  with  the  Spanish  monarchs.  —  1492,  First  voyage  and 
discovery  of  Cuba,  San  Domingo,  etc.  —  Theories  as  to  the  land 
fall.  —  1493,  Second  voyage:    Columbus  as  a  colonizer.  —  1498- 
1500,  Third  voyage :  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  island  of  Trinidad.  — 
1502-1504,  Fourth  voyage :  east  coast  of  Central  America,  Jamaica. 

—  Character  of  Columbus,  and  his  place  in  the  world's  history. 

—  1493,  The  Bull  of  Demarcation;   its  later  history. 

General.  —  Winsor,  America,  II,  1-23 ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer 
ica,  chs.  ii-vi;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  6-25. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus;  C.  R.  Markham,  Columbus; 
W.  Irving,  Columbus;  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  335-516;  Arthur 
Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America;  Harrisse,  Christophe  Colomb; 
Kayserling,  Christopher  Columbus ;  P.  Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Decouverte, 
II.  On  the  landfall,  see  Markham,  Columbus;  Becher,  Landfall;  G.  V. 
Fox,  Attempt  to  Solve  the  Problem,  etc.  (United  States  Coast  Survey,  Re 
port,  1880,  Appendix  xviii) ;  J.  B.  Murdoch,  in  Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Institute  for  1884. 

Sources.  —  Henry  Vignaud,  Toscanelli  and  Columbus;  J.  B.  Thacher, 
Christopher  Columbus  (3  vols.,  containing  much  interesting  matter  not 
always  accurately  translated) ;  Raccolta  di  Documents  e  Studi  (6  pts.  in 
13  vols.,  Rome,  1892-1896) ;  .letters  and  journal  of  Columbus,  in  Major, 
Select  Letters  of  Columbus  (2d  edition,  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1870) ; 
Journal  of  Christopher  Columbus  (during  his  first  voyage) ,  translated  by 
C.  R.  Markham  in  Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1893  ;  Kettell,  Personal 
Narrative  (gives  a  translation  of  the  journal) ;  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  i  (contains  a  translation  of  the  letter  to  Santangel  and  portions  of  the 
journal) ;  Columbus,  Letter  to  Santangel  (also  in  French,  Historical  Col 
lections  of  Louisiana,  2d  series,  II,  145-152).  See  also  Olson  and  Bourne, 
The  Northmen,  Columbus,  and  Cabot,  74-418 ;  and  the  reprints  and  trans- 


§102]  COLUMBUS   AND   HIS    SUCCESSORS  245 

lations  published  by  the  Boston  Public  Library,  the  Lenox  Library,  and 
by  Quaritch.  For  the  Bull  of  Pope  Alexander,  see  Fiske,  Discovery  of 
America,  I,  Appendix ;  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  III,  71 ;  Navarrete, 
Coleccion  de  los  Viages,  II;  Peschel,  Die  Theilung  der  Erde  unter  Papst 
Alexander  VI  und  Julius  II,  Appendix ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  "Historical  Intro 
duction"  to  The  Philippine  Islands,  1493-1803  (55  vols.,  edited  by  E.  H. 
Blair  and  J.  A.  Robertson),  I,  19-87. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  II,  46-69,  and  Columbus,  chs.  i,  ii; 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  320-333;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  28-32. 


§  102.  Companions  and  Successors  of  Columbus 

Summary.  —  1498-1512,  Discovery  and  exploration  along  the 
northern  coast  of  South  America:  'Ojeda,  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  Ni- 
cuesa,  Bastidas.  —  1510,  Settlement  on  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  —  1513, 
Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  discovers  the  Pacific.  —  Progress  of  dis 
covery  along  the  west  coast:  Peru  (§  104),  Nicaragua.  —  1508, 
Circumnavigation  of  Cuba,  —  1518,  Grijalva  discovers  Mexico.  — 
1519,  Pineda  discovers  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

General.  —  C.  R.  Markham,  Columbus,  238-247 ;  Bourne,  Spain  in 
America,  chs.  iv-xi;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  33-60. 

Special.  — W.  Irving,  Companions  of  Columbus;  Fiske,  Discovery  of 
America,  II;  A.  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America;  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
Central  America,  I,  especially  ch.  ii;  J.  G.  Shea,  "Ancient  Florida,"  in 
Winsor,  America,  II,  ch.  iv;  P.  Ga,fta.iie\,Histoire  de  la  Decouverte,  II  (Les 
ContemporainsdeColomb} ;  R.uge,Geschichtcdes Zeitalters  der  Entdeckungen. 

Sources.  —  Oviedo,  Historia  General  (edition  printed  by  the  Real 
Academia) ;  Herrera,  Historia  General  (translated  by  John  Stevens) ; 
Peter  Martyr,  Decades  (translated  by  Eden,  reprinted  by  Arber  in  The 
First  Three  English  Books  on  America).  See  also  the  collections  of  docu 
ments  published  by  the  Spanish  government,  especially  Coleccion  de  Docu- 
mcntos  Ineditos  relatives  al  Descubrimiento,  Conquista,  y  Colonizacion  de 
las  Posesiones  Espanolas  en  America  y  Oceania  (55  vols.,  1864-1900,  edited 
by  Pacheco,  Cardenas,  and  others,  and  often  cited  from  the  early  editors ; 
vol.  33  is  an  index ;  after  vol.  42  the  title  reads  "de  Ultramar"  instead  of 
"de  America  y  Oceania") ;  Navarrete,  Viages  Menores  (Vol.  Ill  of  his 
Coleccion  de  los  Viages),  and  Biblioteca  Maritima  Espanola;  Bernal  Diaz 
del  Castillo,  Historia  Verdadera;  Icazbalceta,  Coleccion  de  Documentos 
para  la  Historia  de  Mexico;  Coleccion  de  Libxosque  Tratan  de  America 
Raros  6  Curiosos  (20  vols.,  1891-1902) ;  H.  Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages, 


246        DISCOVERY    AND   LATIN   COLONIZATION      [§103 

Relations,  et  Memoires  Originaux  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  de  la  Decouverte  de 
I'Amfrique. 

MAPS.  —  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  1500:  Reproduced  in  the  original  size  or 
in  facsimile,  in  whole  or  in  part,  in  many  of  the  collections  noted  in  §  97, 
especially  Jomard,  Monuments.  Also  see  reduced  sketches  following 
the  original  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  8;  Weise,  Discoveries  of  America; 
Humboldt,  Examen  Critique,  V,  and  his  essay  in  Ghillany's  Behaim; 
Harrisse,  Decouverte  .  .  .  de  Terre-Neuve,  18-25. — Cantino,  1502-1504: 
In  Harrisse,  Les  Corte-Real  (the  American  part  in  colors) ;  the  whole  map 
is  reproduced  in  black  and  white  in  E.  L.  Stevenson,  Maps  Illustrating 
Early  Discovery,  No.  i.  —  Ruysch,  1508:  Facsimile  in  Winsor,  III,  9, 
and  in  Weise ;  a  copy  of  the  original  is  in  Harvard  University  Library.  — 
For  sketches  of  other  early  maps,  see  Winsor,  America,  II,  especially  pp. 
211-230. 

Bibliography.  —  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  328-330;  Channing,  in 
Winsor,  America,  II,  204-216;  and  see  the  "Essays"  and  footnotes  to 
the  chapters  on  Mexico  and  Peru  in  the  same  volume. 

§  103.  Naming  of  America 

Summary.  —  Amerigo  Vespucci,  his  voyages  to  America.  — 
Evidence  for  and  against  these  voyages. — The  phrase  "New 
World"  as  applied  to  South  America.  —  Martin  Waldseemiiller 
(Hylacomylus) ;  his  Cosmographies  Introductio.  —  1507,  Proposal 
to  name  the  "New  World"  America.  —  Did  Amerigo  Vespucci 
approve  the  design?  —  1507-1541,  Spreading  of  the  name. — 
Other  theories  as  to  the  origin  of  the  word  "  America." 

General.  —  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  ch.  vii ;  Winsor,  Columbus,  538- 
555 ;  C.  R.  Markham,  Columbus,  344-356 ;  Channing,  United  States,  I, 
42-46. 

Special.  —  S.  H.  Gay,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  ch.  ii;  Fiske,  Discovery 
of  America,  II,  ch.  vii;  Lester,  Life  of  Vespucius;  Harrisse,  Americus 
Vespuccius;  Santarem,  Researches  respecting  Americus  Vespucius  and  his 
Voyages  (translated  from  the  French  by  E.  V.  Childe) ;  R.  H.  Major, 
Life  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator,  and  Discoveries  of  Prince  Henry; 
Varnhagen's  various  works  on  Vespucci,  especially  his  Nouvelles  Recherches; 
Humboldt,  Examen  Critique,  IV,  V;  Winsor,  "Notes  on  Vespucius,"  in 
his  America,  II,  153-179;  D'Avezac,  Waltzeemuller,  ses  Ouvrages,  et  ses 
Collaborateurs. 

Sources.  —  Vespucius,  'Letters  (describing  the  four  voyages;  reprinted 
with  translations  by  Quaritch,  1893;  also  C.  R.  Markham's  edition  in 


§104]     "AMERICA"   AND    SPANISH    CONQUERORS       247 

Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1894);  Waldseem  tiller,  Cosmo  graphics 
Introductio  (the  titlepage  and  important  passages  given  in  facsimile  in 
Winsor,  America,  II,  167,  168,  171);  the  Spanish  chroniclers,  especially 
Herrera  and  the  collections  of  documents,  particularly  that  by  Navarrete. 
Waldseem tiller's  map  of  1507,  containing  the  word  "Amerika,"  is  repro 
duced  in  its  original  size  by  Fischer  and  Wieser,  Die  alteste  Karte  mit  dent 
Namen  Amerika  (Innsbruck,  1903).  The  text  is  printed  in  both  German 
and  English. 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  Gay's  chapter  in  Winsor's  America; 
Winsor's  very  full  "Notes,"  ibid.,  II,  153-179;  Bandini,  Vita  di  Amerigo 
Vespucci  (Florence,  1898),  104-128;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  330,  331. 

§  104.  The  Spanish  Conquerors 

Summary.  —  1515-1527,  Progress  of  discovery  along  the  west 
coast  of  South  America  (§  102) ;  finding  of  Peru.  —  The  Pizarros 
and  their  companions.  —  1531-1534,  Conquest  of  Peru;  treat 
ment  of  the  natives.  — Later  careers  of  the  leading  men. —  1511, 
Conquest  of  Cuba  by  the  Spaniards  under  Velasquez.  —  1517, 
Cordoba's  voyage  to  Yucatan.  —  1518,  Grijalva  discovers  Mex 
ico  ;  Velasquez  sends  an  expedition  under  Cortez  to  conquer  it. 
—  Hernando  Cortez  and  his  companions. — 1519-1521,  Conquest 
of  Mexico.  —  Later  history  of  Nueva  Esparia.  —  The  Spanish 
colonial  system. 

General. —  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  149-158;  C.  R.  Markham,  in 
Winsor,  A merica,  II,  ch.  viii  (Peru) ;  Winsor,  America,  II,  ch.  vi  (Mexico) ; 
Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  II. 

Special.  — W.  H.  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru,  and  Conquest  of  Mexico; 
A.  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  of  America  (the  bulk  of  this  work  is  also 
printed  in  different  form  as  Life  of  Pizarro  and  Life  of  Cortez) ;  H.  H. 
Bancroft,  Mexico,  I ;  R.  G.  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South 
America  during  the  Colonial  Period;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  chs.  xv- 
xix  (the  best  brief  account  in  English  of  the  Spanish  colonial  system). 

Sources.  —  For  the  conquest  of  Mexico :  The  collections  of  documents 
noted  in  §  102,  especially  Pacheco  and  Cardenas  and  Icazbalceta ;  Coleccion 
de  Documentos  Ineditos  para  la  Historia  de  Espana  (112  vols.,  1842-1895, 
edited  by  Navarrete,  Salva,  and  others) ;  Motolinia,  Historia  de  los  Indios 
de  Nueva  Espana;  J.  S.  Rayon,  editor,  Archivo  Mexicano;  Lorenzana, 
Historia  de  Nueva  Espana;  Bernal  Diaz,  Historia  Verdadera;  Gomara, 
La  Conquista  de  Mexico;  Sahagun,  Historia  de  la  Conquista  de  Mexico; 
Despatches  of  Cortes,  translated  by  George  Folsom. 


248        DISCOVERY   AND   LATIN   COLONIZATION      [§105 

For  the  conquest  of  Peru  :  The  standard  collections ;  the  early  chron 
iclers  ;  and  Cieza  de  Leon,  La  Chronka  del  Peru,  Parts  I  and  II  (trans 
lated  by  C.  R.  Markham  and  printed  in  the  publications  of  the  Hakluyt 
Society  for  1864  and  1883).  See  also  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  Commentaries 
Reales  (translated  in  part  by  Markham  for  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1869- 
1871). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  II,  402-430  (Mexico),  573-578 
(Peru) ;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  335-337. 

§  106.  The  Spaniards  in  the  United  States 

Summary.  — 1513,  Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  and  names  Florida ; 
the  exact  date.  —  1517,  Cordoba  on  the  Gulf  coast.  —  1519,  Pineda 
discovers  the  Mississippi.  —  1520,  Gordillo  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  Florida.  —  1524-1525,  Gomez,  in  the  service  of  Spain,  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  of  the  United  States;  extent  of  his  voyage; 
arguments  for  and  against  its  having  been  made.  —  1526,  De 
Ayllon  in  Chesapeake  Bay ;  site  of  San  Miguel  de  Guandape.  — 
1528,  Narvaez,  with  a  large  force,  lands  on  the  Gulf  coast  of 
Florida ;  probable  fate  of  the  expedition.  — 1528-1536,  Wanderings 
of  Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  his  comrades;  their  stories  of  buffaloes 
and  pueblos.  — 1520-1540,  Progress  of  discovery  and  settlement  on 
the  west  coast  of  North  America.  —  1539,  Fray  Marcos's  recon- 
noissance  toward  the  pueblos.  —  1540-1542,  Explorations  of  Coro- 
nado  ;  identification  of  his  route.  —  1539-1542,  Explorations  of  De 
Soto;  identification  of  his  route.  —  1542-1763,  The  Spaniards  in 
New  Mexico  and  Florida ;  meaning  of  these  words. 

General.  —  J.  G.  Shea,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  231-254 ;  H.  W.  Haynes, 
ibid.,  473-498 ;  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France,  ch.  i  (on  Florida  only) ; 
Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  I,  251,  and  II  passim;  Channing,  United 
States,  I,  59-85;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  158-174;  C.  F.  Lummis, 
Spanish  Pioneers. 

Special.  —  Woodbury  Lowery,  Spanish  Settlements  within  the  .  .  . 
United  States;  Barcia,  Ensayo  Cronologico  .  .  .  de  la  Florida;  Harrisse, 
Discovery  of  North  America;  Barnard  Shipp,  De  Soto  and  Florida;  P. 
Gaffarel,  Histoire  de  la  Floride  Franqaise;  C.  C.  Jones,  Georgia,  I ;  W.  W. 
H.  Davis,  Spanish  Conquest  of  New  Mexico;  Simpson,  in  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Report,  1869 ;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  New  Mexico;  F.  W.  Blackmar, 
Spanish  Colonization  in  the  Southwest  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies, 
VIII,  No.  4);  histories  of'.^he  southwestern  states  and  territories,  of 


§106]  SPANISH    AND    FRENCH    EXPLORERS  249 

Kansas,  and  of  Nebraska  (§  37).  For  the  settlement  of  St.  Augustine, 
see  §  107. 

Sources.  —  Oviedo,  Historia  General  (ed.  1851),  I,  544-577;  F.  W. 
Hodge  and  T.  H.  Lewis,  Spanish  Explorers  in  the  Southern  United  States 
(in  Jameson's  series  of  "Original  Narratives";  the  volume  includes 
accounts  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Coronado,  and  De  Soto) ;  Buckingham  Smith, 
Journey  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca  (especially  the  edition  of  1871) ;  A.  F.  Bandelier 
on  Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  Fray  Marcos,  in  Archaeological  Institute  of 
America,  Papers,  I,  II,  IV ;  also  his  Cabeza  de  Vaca  in  the  Trail  Makers 
series;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Narratives  of  De  Soto  (Trail  Makers  series).  Cas- 
taneda's  Relacion  de  la  Jornada  de  Cibola,  ...  /a  gualfue  el  ano  de  1540 
is  translated  by  G.  P.  Winship,  from  a  Spanish  manuscript  in  the  Lenox 
library,  in  his  Coronado  Expedition  (Bureau  of  Ethnology,  I4th  Annual 
Report],  470-546;  it  is  reprinted  with  revision,  as  Winship's  Journey  of 
Coronado,  in  the  Trail  Makers  series.  Other  original  documents  relating 
to  Coronado's  explorations  are  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  13,  and 
in  Bandelier,  Documentary  History  of  the  Zuni  Tribe;  see  also  the  various 
collections  noted  in  §  104,  and  the  chroniclers  (§  102).  Many  important 
documents  will  also  be  found  in  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana 
and  Florida;  the  Historical  Magazine,  X ;  Higginson,  American  Explorers; 
and  Old  South  Leaflets. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  G.  Shea,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  283  (Florida) ; 
H.  W.  Haynes,  ibid.,  448  (Coronado). 

§  106.  Early  French  Explorers 

Summary.  —  The  French  fishermen,  were  they  on  the  American 
coast  before  Columbus?  —  1524,  Verrazano's  voyage;  arguments 
for  and  against  its  having  been  made.  —  Story  of  Norumbega 
and  other  similar  tales.  —  1 534,  Jacques  Cartier's  first  voyage : 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  —  1535,  Cartier's  second  voyage:  St.  Law 
rence  River  to  Montreal.  — 1540,  Cartier's  third  voyage  and 
Roberval's  expedition. 

General.  —  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  143-148;  Parkman,  Pioneers 
of  France  (ed.  1887),  187-228,  and  Struggle  for  a  Continent,  69-82 ;  Doyle, 
English  in  America,  Virginia,  I,  82-87;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  64-67, 
and  Compendious  History,  I,  2. 

Special.  —  Verrazano  :  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus,  Appendix ; 
George  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  4-9;  Brevoort,  Verrazano  the 
Navigator ;  H.  C.  Murphy,  Voyage  of  Verrazano;  De  Costa,  Verrazano  the 
Explorer;  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine.  —  Cartier :  Winsor,  Cartier  to 


250        DISCOVERY   AND   LATIN    COLONIZATION      [§107 

Frontenac;  De  Costa,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  47-62;  H.  B.  Stephens, 
Jacques  C artier ;  Harrisse,  Discovery  of  America;  Fiske,  Discovery  of 
America,  II,  492-500;  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland,  ch.  iii. 

Sources.  —  Verrazano  :  The  Verrazano  Map,  Magazine  of  American 
History,  II,  449 ;  Winsor,  America,  IV,  26 ;  Murphy,  Voyage  of  Verrazano, 
91.  The  Verrazano  Letter,  Murphy,  Verrazano,  170;  Voyage  of  John  de 
Verazzano  (Hakluyt  Society,  Publications,  1860,  Appendix) ;  Higginson, 
American  Explorers,  60-69 ;  Old  South  Leaflets.  —  Cartier  :  The  "Narra 
tives,"  in  Hakluyt's  Principall  Navigations,  III,  250  (reprinted  in  Gold- 
smid's  edition,  XIII,  77);  Higginson,  American  Explorers,  91-117; 
H.  S.  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French  Voyages  (in  Jameson's  series  of 
"Original  Narratives"),  1-102. 

Bibliography.  —  Verrazano:  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  ^mer&a,  IV,  17-29; 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  333  ;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  in.  —  Car- 
tier  :  De  Costa,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  62-68;  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer 
ica,  333 ;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  112. 

§  107.  Huguenot  Settlements 

Summary.  —  The.Huguenots.  — 1555-1560,  Attempt  to  found  a 
colony  in  Brazil;  1556,  Thevet's  alleged  voyage  along  the  coast 
of  North  America;  1562,  Ribault's  colony  on  Port  Royal  Sound. 
—  1563,  Laudonmere  builds  Fort  Caroline;  sufferings  of  the  colo 
nists.  —  1565,  Menendez  founds  St.  Augustine ;  massacres  French 
colonists  and  most  of  the  survivors  of  the  shipwreck  of  Ribault's 
fleet.  —  1567,  Dominic  de  Gourges  attacks  the  Spaniards. 

General.  —  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  (ed.  1887),  27-179,  and 
Struggle  for  a  Continent,  10-68;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  ch.  xii; 
Channing,  United  States,  I,  94-100. 

Special.  —  J.  G.  Shea,  in  Winsor,  America,  II,  260-283 ;  Parkman, 
Pioneers  of  France ;  Baird,  Huguenot  Emigration;  Fairbanks,  St.  A ugus- 
tine;  P.  GafTarel,  Bresil  Franqaise,  and  La  Floride  Franqaise;  W.  Lowery, 
Spanish  Settlements  within  the  .  .  .  United  States;  Barcia,  Ensayo 
Cronologico  .  .  .  de  la  Florida;  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  II,  511-522. 

Sources.  —  The  Brazil  colony :  Thevet,  Singularitez  de  la  France 
Antarctique  (1557,  new  edition  by  Paul  Gaffarel,  Paris,  1878) ;  Gaffarel's 
edition  of  De  Lery,  Histoire  d'un  Voyage  faict  en  la  Terre  du  Bresil; 
Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages.  —  The  Huguenots  :  Ruidiaz  y  Caravia,  La 
Florida:  su  Conquista  y  Colonizacion;  Hakluyt,  Divers  Voyages  (re 
printed  by  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1850,  and  the  part  relating  to  Florida 
by  French  in  his  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida,  which 


§108]  FRENCH    SETTLEMENTS  251 

contains  many  other  important  documents) ;  Laudonniere,  in  Basanier's 
UHistoire  Notable  de  la  Floride  (in  English-,  in  Hakluyt's  Principall 
Navigations,  Goldsmid's  edition,  XIII,  407,  and  in  French's  Historical 
Collections).  Many  documents  are  also  reprinted  in  whole  or  in  part 
in  the  Historical  Magazine,  III,  and  in  Higginson's  American  Explorers. 

Bibliography.  —  Brazil :  Winsor,  America,  VIII,  391.  —  Florida :  J.  G. 
Shea,  ibid.,  II,  292;  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  (ed.  1887),  3-7;  Chan- 
ning,  United  States,  I,  112,  113. 


§  108.  Champlain  and  French  Colonization  in  the  North 

Summary.  —  1603,  De  Monts  and  his  patent.  —  1604,  Settle 
ments  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  —  Champlain  on  the  New  England 
coast.  —  1608,  Champlain  founds  Quebec.  —  1609,  Champlain  dis 
covers  Lake  Champlain;  1615,  Lake  Huron. —  1629,  Sir  Thomas 
Kirke  captures  Quebec.  —  1632,  Treaty  of  St.  Germain:  New 
France,  Acadia,  and  Canada  confirmed  to  France.  —  1632-1633, 
La  Tour  and  D'Aulnay.  —  1613-1713,  Progress  of  the  French 
colonies.  —  1713,  Treaty  of  Utrecht:  Acadia  ceded  to  England 
(§  147).  —  Boundaries  of  the  French  colonies. 

General.  —  E.  F.  Slafter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  103-122 ;  Channing, 
United  States,  I,  100-110;  Doyle,  Virginia,  146;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
1,91,92. 

Special.  —  Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France  (ed.  1887),  229-454,  and 
Struggle  for  a  Continent,  82-185;  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac;  Slafter's 
"Memoir ".of  Champlain,  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  the  Voyages  (3  vols., 
Prince  Society,  1880-1882);  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  II,  528-530; 
Murdoch,  Nova  Scotia;  Hannay,  Acadia;  P.  S.  Palmer,  Lake  Champlain; 
O.  H.  Marshall,  Historical  Writings  relating  to  the  West;  Kingsford, 
Canada,  I;  H.  P.  Biggar,  Early  Trading  Companies  of  New  France; 
Celestin  Moreau,  Histoire  de  I'Acadie  Franqoise. 

Sources.  —  Champlain,  (Euvres  (edition  of  Laverdiere,  Quebec,  1870, 
translated  in  Slafter's  Champlain).  See  also  portions  in  W.  L.  Grant, 
Voyages  of  Champlain  (in  Jameson's  series  of  "Original  Narratives"); 
E.  G.  Bourne,  Voyages  and  Explorations  of  Champlain  (Trail  Makers 
series) ;  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  III ;  Higgin- 
son,  American  Explorers,  269-278;  Collectanea  Adamantcea,  XXIII;  and 
see  Lesearbot,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France  (partly  translated  by  Eron- 
dells  in  Purchas,  Pilgrimes,  IV,  1605-1645).  The  De  Monts  patent  is 
in  Williamson,  History  of  Maine,  I,  651,  and  Sir  William  Alexander's  is 


252        DISCOVERY   AND   LATIN    COLONIZATION      [§109 

ibid.,   655.     There  are   translations  of  a  few  documents   in   French's 
Historical  Collections,  2d  series,  II. 

Bibliography.  —  Slafter,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  130-134 ;  for  Acadia, 
see  also  C.  C.  Smith,  ibid.,  149-158,  and  the  editorial  notes  on  pp.  159- 
162.  See  also  R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  300,  304. 

§  109.  French  Explorers  in  the  Interior 

Summary.  —  1634-1635,  Nicolet  discovers  Lake  Michigan  and 
a  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. — 1652-1684,  Radisson  and  Groseil- 
liers.  —  1673,  Joliet  and  Marquette  discover  the  Mississippi.  — 
1680,  Hennepin  discovers  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  —  1681,  La 
Salle  explores  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  — 1684-1687,  La  Salle's 
attempt  to  found  a  colony  on  the  lower  Mississippi ;  his  death.  — 
The  Iroquois.  —  The  Canadians  and  the  New  Yorkers.  —  The 
spirit  of  French  colonization :  feudal  institutions ;  the  Jesuits  and 
the  traders.  —  The  French  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

General.  —  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  ch.  ii,  and  Struggle  for  a 
Continent,  186-271;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  131-142;  Thwaites, 
France  in  America,  ch.  iv;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  97-122. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac;  E.  D.  Neill,  in  Winsor, 
America,  IV,  ch.  v;  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  II,  530-540;  Monette, 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi;  ].  G.  Shea,  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley;  Parkman,  La  Salle  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West  (ed.  1879), 
Old  Regime  in  Canada  (ed.  1887),  Frontenac  and  New  France,  and  A  Half- 
Century  of  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xiii;  Gayarre1,  Louisiana;  Scharf,  St.  Louis; 
Shea's  edition  of  Hennepin's  Louisiana;  Garneau,  Histoire  de  Canada; 
McMullen,  Canada  (ed.  1891),  I;  Kingsford,  Canada,  I;  W.  B.  Munro, 
Seigniorial  System  in  Canada;  George  Bryce,  The  Canadian  People, 
and  Remarkable  History  of  the  Pludsori's  Bay  Company,  chs.  v,  vi ;  Beckles 
Willson,  The  Great  Company,  chs.  ii-x. 

Sources.  —  Margry,  Memoir es,  etc.  (6  vols.,  containing  the  original 
documents) ;  French,  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana,  I,  IV,  and  2d 
series,  II ;  the  more  important  papers  relating  to  La  Salle  are  translated 
by  J.  G.  Shea  in  his  Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the  Mississippi,  and  by  I.  J. 
Coe,  Journeys  of  La  Salle  (Trail  Makers  series) ;  Radisson,  Voyages  (Prince 
Society,  Publications,  1885) ;  Charlevoix,  Histoire  Generale  de  la  Nouvelle 
France  (translated  by  Shea  as  History  and  General  Description  of  New 
France,  in  six  volumes,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  "Memoir"  of  the  author  by 
the  translator) ;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Jesuit  Relations;  Quebec  Historical 


§110]  SETTLEMENT   OF   LOUISIANA  253 

and  Literary  Society,  Publications ;  Leclerc,  Premier  Etablissement  de  la 
Foy  dans  la  Nouvelle  France  (translated  by  Shea  as  First  Establishment  of 
the  Faith  in  New  France] ;  Shea's  edition  of  Hennepin's  Louisiana. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  IV,  190-202 ;  Griffin,  in  Magazine 
of  American  History,  1883. 

§  110.  Settlement  of  Louisiana 

Summary.  —  1684-1687,  La  Salle's  attempt  at  colonization,  his 
death.  —  1699-1701,  The  French  settlement  of  Louisiana;  Iber- 
ville  and  Bienville.  —  1712,  License  to  Crozat.  —  1717,  Illinois 
joined  to  Louisiana.  —  1717,  John  Law's  Company  of  the  West; 
the  Mississippi  Bubble.  —  1714  and  1718,  The  French  in  Texas. 
—  1718,  New  Orleans  founded.  —  The  French  and  the  Mississippi 
Indians.  —  1763,  Louisiana  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  and  Eng 
land;  boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  of  West  Florida.  —  1768-1769, 
The  Spaniards  take  possession  of  Louisiana;  Don  Alexandra 
O'Reilly's  "Ordinances."  —  1776-1783,  Louisiana  during  the  Revo 
lutionary  War  ;  Louisiana  and  Florida  after  1783.  —  Government 
of  Louisiana  by  the  French  and  the  Spaniards.  —  Population, 
products,  trade,  and  social  condition  in  1763  and  1783. 

General.  —  A.  McF.  Davis,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  13-55 ;  Thwaites, 
France  in  America,  chs.  v,  xviii;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  527-537. 

Special.  —  Pierre  Heinrich,  La  Louisiane  sous  la  Compagnie  des  Indes; 
Villiers  du  Terrage,  Les  Dernieres  Annees  de  la  Louisiane  Franqaise; 
P.  J.  Hamilton,  Colonial  Mobile;  F.  X.  Martin,  Louisiana;  Gayarre, 
Histoire  de  la  Louisiane  (2  vols.),  or  his  History  of  Louisiana  (4  vols.) ; 
Barbe-Marbois,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,  translated  as  History  of 
Louisiana  (especially  valuable  for  the  later  period) ;  Winsor,  Mis 
sissippi  Basin;  Stoddard,  Sketches  of  Louisiana;  Monette,  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi;  B.  M.  Norman,  New  Orleans;  Maurice  Thompson, 
Story  of  Louisiana;  Grace  King,  Sieur  de  Bienville,  and  New  Orleans,  the 
Place  and  the  People;  J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi  as  a  Province,  etc.  ; 
Pickett,  Alabama  and  Georgia;  the  histories  of  Texas,  Florida,  Tennessee, 
Missouri,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  (§  37).  For  accounts  of 
La  Salle's  attempted  colonization,  see  §  109. 

Sources.  —  Charlevoix,  Histoire  (translated  by  J.  G.  Shea ;  the  por 
tions  relating  to  Louisiana  are  also  in  French,  Historical  Collections); 
La  Harpe,  Journal  Historique  concernant  .  .  .  la  Louisiane;  Le  Page  du 
Pratz,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane  (reprinted  as  History  of  Louisiana,  or  of  the 


254        DISCOVERY   AND    LATIN   COLONIZATION      [§110 

Western  Parts  of  Virginia  and  Carolina) ;  Dumont,  Memoires  Historiques 
sur  la  Louisiane  (translated  as  History  of  Louisiana  in  French's  Historical 
Collections,  V) ;  Vergennes,  Memoir e  Historique;  Wait,  State  Papers; 
American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  V,  Foreign  Relations,  IV,  and 
Miscellaneous,  especially  I,  344-356  ("An  Account  of  Louisiana,"  com 
piled  from  documents  in  the  State  Department ;  also  printed  separately, 
and  in  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  105).  French's  Historical  Collections,  V, 
contains  documents  relating  to  the  cession  by  France  to  Spain,  O'Reilly's 
"Ordinances"  and  "Regulations,"  and  many  other  papers.  See  also 
§  43,  under  Louisiana. 

Sketches  and  facsimiles  of  many  of  the  important  maps  will  be  found 
in  Winsor's  America,  V,  66-86,  and  in  his  Mississippi  Basin.  The 
"Pacte  de  Famille"  is  in  Martens,  Recueil,  I,  16.  The  treaty  of  1763  is 
ibid.,  104,  and  in  French,  Historical  Collections;  the  portions  as  to 
boundaries  are  reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5.  The  treaty 
of  1783  is  in  Martens,  Recueil,  III,  511,  541,  and  in  Treaties  and  Conven 
tions  between  the  United  States  and  other  Powers,  314. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  McF.  Davis,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  63-74; 
Winsor's  "Notes"  and  his  section  on  "Cartography,"  ibid.,  75-86; 
Thwaites,  France  in  America,  305. 


CHAPTER   XV 

ENGLISH   EXPLORERS   AND    THE   SOUTHERN 
COLONIES,   1497-1760 

§  111.  The  Cabots 

Summary.  —  1497,  John  Cabot  discovers  North  America.  — 
The  landfall :  Cape  Breton  Island,  Labrador.  —  Date  of  the  voy 
age.  —  Evidence :  the  Cabot  map,  the  official  documents,  contem 
porary  letters.  —  History  of  the  older  accounts  of  the  Cabot  voy 
ages.  —  Sebastian  Cabot,  his  later  history.  —  Other  Cabot  voyages; 
possible  limits  of  their  explorations.  —  Title  by  discovery,  what 
rights  does  it  confer  ?  extent  of  rights,  how  long  do  they  continue  ? 
—  1493,  Bull  of  Alexander.  —  Titles  of  England,  France,  and 
Spain  to  North  America  in  1500,  1550,  1600,  1650,  1700.  —  Effects 
of  the  Cabot  voyages  on  English  colonization. 

General.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  1-7;  C.  R. 
Markham,  Columbus,  226-233;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  54-63; 
Channing,  United  States,  I,  33-37  ;  Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  II,  2-15  ; 
Doyle,  Virginia,  23-26,  37-39 ;  Palfrey,  New  England.  I,  60-63,  and  Com 
pendious  History,  I,  2 ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  34-36. 

Special.  —  Deane,  as  above,  pp.  7-38 ;  Richard  Biddle,  Sebastian 
Cabot;  G.  P.  Winship,  Cabot  Bibliography  (contains  much  matter  that 
is  not  bibliographical) ;  S.  E.  Dawson,  Voyages  of  the  Cabots;  C.  R. 
Beazley,  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot;  G.  E.  Weare,  Cabot's  Discovery  of 
North  America.  As  to  the  date,  see  also  R.  H.  Major,  True  Date  of  the 
English  Discovery;  Harrisse,  Discovery  of  America,  and  Jean  et  Sebastien 
Cabot  (rewritten  with  changes  as  John  Cabot,  the  Discoverer  of  North 
America);  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland,  ch.  ii;  Kohl,  Discovery  of 
Maine. 

Sources.  —  The  Cabot  map  :  Canadian  Archives,  1897,  p.  125;  Win 
sor,  America,  III,  22 ;  Kohl,  Discovery  of  Maine,  358.  Full-sized  pho 
tographs  of  the  map  are  in  Harvard  University  Library,  in  the  library 

(255) 


256  ENGLISH    EXPLORERS  [§112 

of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  in  several  other  libraries. 
The  reduced  facsimiles  give  an  inadequate  idea  of  the  map,  especially 
of  the  legends.  For  other  facsimiles,  see  Winsor,  America,  III,  21,  note 
3.  The  inscriptions  on  the  map  are  translated  in  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  Proceedings,  1890-1891,  pp.  329-339 ;  reprinted  in  Canadian 
Archives,  1897,  pp.  119-125.  —  Letters  from  Raimondo  de  Socino,  dated 
London,  1497,  are  in  Winsor,  A merica,  III,  53-55.  —  The  most  important 
sources  are  reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  9.  See  also 
Olson  and  Bourne,  The  Northmen,  Columbus,  and  Cabot,  419-430;  and 
Documents  relating  to  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  translated  by  C.  R. 
Markham  in  his  Columbus's  Journal  (Hakluyt  Society,  Publications, 
1893),  197-226.  There  is  something  in  Higginson,  American  Explorers, 

55-59- 

Bibliography.  —  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  ch.  i;  Winship, 
Cabot  Bibliography. 

%  112.  The  English  Seamen 

Summary.  —  English  trade  and  commerce  in  the  first  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  —  Hawkins,  father  and  son.  —  The  Eng 
lish  slave-trade.  —  1567,  The  disaster  at  San  Juan  d'Ulloa. — 
Francis  Drake,  his  reprisals.  —  1577-1580,  Drake's  voyage  round 
the  world;  his  exploration  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States.  —  Drake's  anchorage  on  the  California  coast.  —  Mari 
time  awakenings  of  the  English :  Hawkins,  Drake,  Gilbert,  Ralegh, 
etc.  —  The  Spanish  colonial  policy. 

General.  — E.  E.  Hale,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  ch.  ii;  L.  G.  Tyler, 
England  in  America,  6-21;  Channing,  United  Slates,  I,  115-124;  Hig 
ginson  and  MacDonald,  United  States,  ch.  iv. 

Special.  —  J.  A.  Froude,  English  Seamen  in  the  Sixteenth  Century, 
and  History  of  England,  XI,  94,  369-403,  441 ;  J.  K.  Laughton,  State 
Papers  relating  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada  (Navy  Records 
Society,  Publications,  1894),  Introduction  (contains  some  severe  stric 
tures  on  Froude's  methods);  J.  R.  Seeley,  Growth  of  British  Policy, 
pt.  i;  D.  W.  Prowse,  Newfoundland,  ch.  iv;  J.  S.  Corbett,  Drake  and 
the  Tudor  Navy,  I ;  R.  Southey,  EngUsh  Seamen,  edited  by  David  Han- 
nay;  W.  Stebbing,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh;  E.  Edwards,  Life  of  Ralegh; 
Louise  Creighton,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  (Historical  Biographies  series). 

Sources.  —  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French  Voyages,  103-222; 
G.  P.  Winship,  Sailors'  Narratives  of  Voyages  along  the  New  England 
Coast;  C.  R.  Markham,  The  Hawkins'  Voyages  (Hakluyt  Society,  Pub- 


§113]  '  THE   RALEGH   COLONIES.  257 

lications,  1878) ;  Thomas  Marquarde,  Sir  Francis  Drake,  his  Voyage 
(ibid.,  1849) ;  Fletcher,  The  World  Encompassed  by  Sir  Francis  Drake 
(ibid.,  1855);  George  Davidson,  Identification  of  Sir  Francis  Drake's 
Anchorage;  Hakluyt,  Discourse  on  Western  Planting  (reprinted  with 
notes  by  Leonard  Woods  and  Charles  Deane  in  Maine  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  II) ;  Hakluyt,  Principall  Navigations  (the  MacLehose  edition, 
Glasgow,  1903,  has  on  the  margin  the  pagination  of  the  edition  of  1600). 
Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  78-84,  184-187. 

§  113.  The  Ralegh  Colonies 

Summary.  —  Ralegh,  his  early  career.  —  1584,  Elizabeth  grants 
Ralegh  a  charter;  its  form  and  significance.  —  1584,  Amadas  and 
Barlow  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina ;  reports  as  to  the  resources 
of  the  country;  the  naming  of  Virginia.  —  1585,  Ralegh's  first 
colony,  under  Grenville  and  Lane.  —  1586,  The  colonists  rescued 
by  Francis  Drake.  —  1586,  Grenville  leaves  fifteen  men  to  keep 
possession.  —  1587,  The  "lost  colony"  under  John  White;  his 
return  to  England.  —  1588,  Spanish  Armada.  —  1590,  White 
again  in  Virginia.  —  Reports  and  conjectures  as  to  the  fate  of  the 
colonists.  —  1588,  Harlot's  Narrative  published. 

General.  —  W.  W.  Henry,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  108-115 ;  Doyle, 
Virginia,  56-74;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  21-33;  Channing,  United 
States,!,  125-140;  Palfrey,  Compendious  History,!,  4;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  80-87. 

Special.  —  Tarbox,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  (Prince  Society);  Hawks, 
North  Carolina;  Payne,  Elizabethan  Seamen.  For  other  references,  see 
§§  112,  114. 

Sources.  —  The  documents  are  in  Hawks,  North  Carolina,  I,  and  in 
the  Prince  Society's  volume  above  noted.  The  Ralegh  patent  is  in 
Charter  and  Constitutions.  See  also  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French 
Voyages,  223-323;  Arch&ologia  Americana,  IV;  Massachusetts  Histori 
cal  Society,  Collections,  3d  series,  VIII,  117  ;  Strachey,  History  of  Travail 
into  Virginia  Britannia  (edited  by  R.  H.  Major  in  Hakluyt  Society, 
Publications,  1849) ',  Thomas  Hariot,  Narrative  of  the  First  English 
Plantation  of  Virginia  (London,  1588;  reprinted  with  illustrations  at 
Frankfort,  1590,  by  De  Bry,  as  A  Brief  and  True  Report  of  Virginia; 
facsimiles  of  the  De  Bry  edition  were  printed  by  the  Holbein  Society, 
1888,  and  by  Quaritch,  1893) ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  America  and 
West  Indies,  1574-1660,  and  other  volumes  of  the  "Rolls  Series";  the 


258  •       ENGLISH    EXPLORERS  [§114 

Reports  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts ;  Alexander 
Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States;  J.  K.  Laugh  ton,  State  Papers  relat 
ing  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  121-126;  Channing,  United 
States,  I,  141. 

§  114.  Genesis  of  the  United  States 

Summary.  —  Political  and  social  conditions  in  England.  —  The 
East  India  Company  and  Sir  Thomas  Smythe.  —  Voyages  of  Gos- 
nold,  1602,  Pring,  1603,  Weymouth,  1605.  —  The  Virginia  charter 
of  1606.  —  Expedition  of  1607-1608. 

General.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  70-82,  and  Compendious  His 
tory,  I,  4-7 ;  Channing,  United  Slates,  I,  ch.  vi ;  Tyler,  England  in  Amer 
ica,  34-59;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia  and  her  Neighbours,  I,  55-118;  Doyle, 
Virginia,  101-126. 

Special.  —  B.  F.  De  Costa,  "Norumtyega  and  its  English  Explorers," 
in  Winsor,  America,  III,  169-183;  H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century,  I,  23-55 ;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation, 
1-38;  P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  and  Institutional 
History  of  Virginia;  Alexander  Brown,  First  Republic  in  America, 
1-71. 

Sources.  —  Gosnold  :  Brereton's  and  Archer's  narratives,  in  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  3d  series,  VIII,  69;  Brereton's 
is  also  in  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French  Voyages,  325. —  Pring: 
Purchas,  Pilgrimes,  V,  VI ;  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French  Voyages, 
341.  —  Weymouth:  Rosier's  account,  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  3d  series,  VIII,  in  the  Gorges  Society's  volume  for 
1887,  and  in  Burrage,  Early  English  and  French  Voyages,  353;  the 
Hakluyt  Society's  volume  of  1849,  entitled  Voyages  towards  the  Northwest; 
Purchas,  Pilgrimes,  IV;  Major's  edition  of  Strachey's  Travail  into  Vir 
ginia.  —  See  also  Winship,  Sailors'  Narratives;  and  Alexander  Brown, 
Genesis  of  the  United  Slates,  I,  1-204.  The  charter  of  1606  is  in  Brown's 
Genesis,  I,  46-63;  and  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  i,  and  Documen 
tary  Source  Book,  i. 

Bibliography.  —  De  Costa,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  184-199;  the 
"Editorial  Notes,"  ibid.,  199-218;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  331; 
Channing,  United  States,  I,  notes  to  ch.  vi. 

§  115.  The  Virginia  Colony  to  1624 

Summary.  —  Charters  of  1609  and  1612.  —  Limits  of  Virginia ; 
powers  of  government  conferred  on  the  grantees;  rights  of  the 


§115]  THE   VIRGINIA   COLONY  259 

colonists.  —  Early  years  of  the  colony.  —  1611,  "Dale's  Laws."  — 
1618-1619,  The  English  Puritans  gain  control  of  the  London  Com 
pany. —  1619,  Local  self-government  introduced  into  Virginia; 
first  representative  assembly  in  America.  —  1619,  Negro  slavery 
introduced.  —  1621,  Ordinance  of  government.  —  1622,  The  mas 
sacre.  —  1624,  Charter  annulled.  —  Character  of  the  government 
of  Virginia  during  the  Puritan  supremacy  in  the  Company. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Virginia,  126-184;  Tyler,  England  in  America, 
60-88;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  176-225;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I, 
85-100,  and  Compendious  History,  I,  8-16;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I, 
94-96,  99-126. 

Special.  —  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  38-98 ;  Fiske,  Old  Vir 
ginia,  I,  119-222;  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  and  Institu 
tional  History  of  Virginia;  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  56-97;  III, 
25~53>  Stith,  Virginia;  Burk,  Virginia,  I;  Campbell,  Introduction  to 
the  History  of  Virginia,  and  History  of  Virginia  (the  best  compendious 
history  of  the  colony) ;  Beverly,  History  and  Present  State  of  Virginia 
(1705);  G.  Chalmers,  Annals. 

Sources.  —  L.  G.  Tyler,  Narratives  of  Early  Virginia  (in  Jameson's 
series  of  "Original  Narratives") ;  Alexander  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United 
States  (in  reality  a  documentary  history  of  Virginia  to  1616);  John 
Smith,  A  True  Relation  of  such  Occurrences  .  .'  .  as  have  happened  in 
Virginia  (London,  1608,  reprinted  with  valuable  notes  by  Charles  Deane ; 
also  in  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  February,  1 845,  in  Library  of  American 
Literature,  I,  and  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  27) ;  John  Smith, 
General  Historic  (both  this  and  the  True  Relation  are  reprinted  in  Arber's 
"Student's  Series") ;  John  Smith,  Map  of  Virginia  (reprinted  in  Winsor, 
America,  III,  166,  and  in  Deane's  edition  of  the  True  Relation).  —  As 
to  the  credibility  of  Captain  John  Smith,  see  Winsor  in  his  America, 
III,  161,  and  note  4;  Deane,  in  the  Introduction  to  his  edition  of  the 
True  Relation;  Henry  Adams,  in  North  American  Review  for  1867,  and  in 
his  Chapters  of  Erie  and  other  Essays;  C.  D.  Warner,  Life  and  Writings 
of  Captain  John  Smith;  and  Alexander  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United 
States.  These  are  unfavorable  to  Smith :  on  the  other  side,  see  W.  W. 
Henry,  in  Potter's  American  Monthly,  and  in  Virginia  Historical  So 
ciety,  Proceedings,  1882;  and  John  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  102-112. — 
See  also  Wingfield,  A  Discourse  of  Virginia  (reprinted  with  notes  by 
Deane  in  Archceologia  Americana,  IV,  67);  Henry  Spelman,  Relation  of 
Virginia  (1609) ;  A  True  Declaration  of  the  Estate  of  the  Colonie  in  Vir 
ginia,  published  by  the  advise  and  direction  of  the  Councell  of  Virginia 


260  ENGLISH   EXPLORERS  [§116 

(1610,  reprinted  in  Force's  Tracts,  III) ;  Ralph  Hamor,  True  Discourse 
of  the  Present  State  of  Virginia  (1615) ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  America 
and  West  Indies,  1574-1660;  Force,  Tracts,  I,  III;  Neill,  Virginia 
Company,  and  Virginia  Vetusta;  Proceedings  of  the  Virginia  Company, 
1619-1624  (compiled  by  Conway  Robinson  and  printed  in  Virginia 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  VII,  VIII).  The  records  of  the  Assembly 
of  1619  are  in  Wynne  and  Oilman,  Colonial  Records  of  Virginia;  New 
York  Historical  Society,  Collections,  2d  series,  III,  329;  and  Hening, 
Statutes  at  Large  of  Virginia.  The  Virginia  charters  are  in  Charters 
and  Constitutions,  and  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  1-23.  "Dale's 
Laws"  are  in  Force's  Tracts,  III,  and  in  Sabin's  edition  of  Stith's  Virginia, 
Appendix  iv.  The  "Orders  and  Constitutions  .  .  .  for  the  better  govern 
ing  of  the  Company,  anno  1619  and  1620"  are  in  Force's  Tracts,  III. 
The  "Ordinance  of  1621"  is  in  Hening's  Statutes,  I,  no,  and  in  Mac- 
Donald's  Select  Charters,  34,  and  Source  Book,  20. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  ch.  v,  footnotes  and  biblio 
graphical  essay;  also  note  on  Smith's  publications,  ibid.,  211  ;  Susan  M. 
Kingsbury,  Records  of  the  Virginia  Company,  II,  11-206. 

§  116.  Virginia,  1624-1688 

Summary.  —  1624-1629,  Character  of  the  government  under  the 
crown.  — 1629-1639,  Governor  Harvey's  administrations;  the  oppo 
sition  to  him,  was  it  justifiable  ?  —  1642-1652,  Governor  Berkeley's 
first  administration.  —  Relations  with  the  Commonwealth.  —  1652, 
Surrender  to  the  commissioners  of  the  Commonwealth.  — 1652-1658, 
Self-government  under  the  Protectorate.  —  1658-1677,  Berkeley's 
second  administration.  —  1671,  Report  to  the  Lords  of  Trade. 
—  1676-1677,  Causes  of  Bacon's  Rebellion  ;  course  of  the  rebellion; 
social  and  constitutional  changes  proposed ;  results. 

General.  —  R.  A.  Brock,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  146-153;  Tyler, 
England  in  America,  90-117  ;  C.  M.  Andrews,  Colonial  Self -Government, 
202-231;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  225-236,  495-499;  II,  79-91;  Hil- 
dreth,  United  States,  I,  126-135,  209-215,  335-357,  5°9-566- 

Special.  —  Fiske, Old  Virginia,!,  223-318;  II,  1-107;  Osgood, Ameri 
can  Colonies,  III,  72-154,  197-308;  Doyle,  Virginia,  185-256;  and  the 
works  (especially  Charles  Campbell's  History)  mentioned  under  §115, 
except  Chalmers.  See  also  Meade,  Old  Churches  and  Families  of  Vir 
ginia;  Slaughter,  Bristol  Parish,  St.  George' 's  Parish,  and  St.  Mark's 
Parish;  Neill,  Virginia  Carolorum;  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia, 
and  Institutional  History  of  Virginia;  and  §  37,  under  Virginia. 


§117]  PROVINCIAL   VIRGINIA  261 

Sources.  —  The  Articles  of  Surrender  to  the  forces  of  the  Common 
wealth  are  in  Hening,  Statutes,  I,  363,  and  in  Virginia  Historical  Regis 
ter,  II,  181.  The  history  of  the  period  1652-1658  is  best  studied  in 
Hening's  Statutes.  Documents  relating  to  this  subject  will  be  found 
in  Virginia  Historical  Register;  Southern  Literary  Messenger;  Force, 
Tracts,  II,  III;  and  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  26. 
series,  I.  Berkeley's  Report  is  in  Hening,  Statutes,  II,  511,  and  in 
Virginia  Historical  Register,  III,  6.  For  Bacon's  Rebellion,  see  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1866-1867,  P-  299>  and  Collections, 
4th  series,  IX,  162;  Burk,  Virginia,  II,  247,  250;  Force,  Tracts,  I; 
Virginia  Magazine  of  History,  passim ;  Virginia  Historical  Register,  III ; 
Library  of  American  Literature,  I;  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley  of 
Virginia;  Hening,  Statutes,  II,  341-365,  543;  Calendar  of  State  Papers, 
America  and  West  Indies,  1675-1676;  William  and  Mary  Quarterly, 
II-XI.  —  See  also  the  records  noted  in  §  43. 

Bibliography.  —  Brock,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  164-166. 

§  117.  Provincial  Virginia,  1688-1760 

Summary.  —  Character  of  the  period.  —  1692,  William  and 
Mary  College  founded.  —  Commissary  Blair. — The  "paper 
towns."  —  1710-1722,  Spotswood,  governor.  —  1736,  First  number 
of  the  Virginia  Gazette.  —  Settlement  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  — • 
The  Dissenters,  and  their  treatment.  —  Population,  extent,  com 
merce,  social  life,  and  government  in  1760. 

General.  —  Campbell,  Introduction,  100-117;  Winsor,  America, 
V,  263-270;  Doyle,  Virginia,  256-274;  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  24- 
40;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  173-182,  208-210,  233-240,  326-329, 
414. 

Special.  —  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  108-130,  174-269, 370-400;  Bruce, 
Economic  History  of  Virginia,  and  Institutional  History  of  Virginia; 
Howison,  Virginia;  and  §§  37,  43. 

Sources.  —  Hening,  Statutes ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  America  and 
West  Indies,  1689,  etc. ;  Maury,  Memoirs  of  a  Hugiienot  Family;  Palmer, 
Calendar  of  Virginia  State  Papers;  Hartwell,  Blair,  and  Chilton,  Present 
State  of  Virginia;  Hugh  Jones,  Present  State  of  Virginia  (reprinted  in 
Library  of  American  Literature,  II,  279) ;  Peyton,  History  of  Augusta 
County;  W.  H.  Foote,  Sketches  of  Virginia;  Official  Letters  of  Governor 
Spotswood,  1710-1721  (Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  new 
series,  I,  II) ;  Huguenot  Papers  (ibid.,  V) ;  Virginia  Magazine  of  History. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  V,  273-284. 


262  ENGLISH   EXPLORERS  [§118 

§  118.  Settlement  of  Maryland 

Summary.  —  George  Calvert,  his  career  in  England  and  early 
interest  in  American  colonization;  the  Avalon  colony;  his  visit 
to  Virginia,  and  death.  —  1632,  Maryland  granted  to  his  son, 
Cecil,  second  Lord  Baltimore.  —  The  Maryland  charter ;  jurisdic 
tion  conferred ;  the  bishop  of  Durham  and  his  diocese ;  boundaries 
of  the  colony ;  disputes  with  Virginia  and  with  the  Pennsylvania 
authorities.  —  1634,  Maryland  settled;  religious  prejudices  of  the 
early  colonists.  —  Contentions  with  Claiborne.  —  Object  of  the 
Calverts  in  founding  a  colony.  —  Land  system ;  development  of 
representative  institutions;  disputes  with  the  proprietary. 

General.  —  Brantly,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  517-543  (gives  the 
Maryland  version) ;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  241-260;  Tyler,  England 
in  America,  118-139;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  220-250,  258- 
264 ;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  255-308 ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  204-215. 

Special.  —  B.  C.  Steiner,  Beginnings  of  Maryland  (Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Studies,  XXI,  Nos.  8-10) ;  Mereness,  Maryland  as  a  Pro 
prietary  Province;  Bozman,  Maryland  (to  1660);  McSherry,  Maryland; 
McMahon,  Maryland;  Neill,  Terra  Maries,  and  Founders  of  Maryland; 
G.  Chalmers,  Annals;  W.  H.  Browne,  Georgius  and  Cecilius  Calvert. 
See  also  §§  37,  39,  43. 

Sources.  —  Calvert  Papers  (Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publi 
cations,  Nos.  28,  34,  35) ;  Maryland  Archives  (edited  by  W.  H.  Browne) ; 
A  Relation  of  Maryland  (London,  1635,  reprinted  in  Library  of  American 
Literature,  I,  and  in  Historical  Magazine,  IX) ;  Andrew  White,  Relatio 
Itineris  (reprinted  in  translation  in  Force's  Tracts,  IV,  and  in  Mary 
land  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publications,  No.  7,  and  supplement) ; 
Henry  Foley,  Records  of  the  English  Province  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
III,  320-420;  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland.  Cecil  Cal vert's  instructions 
are  in  W.  H.  Browne's  Calverts,  46.  A  translation  of  the  Avalon  charter 
is  in  Scharf's  Maryland.  The  Maryland  charter  in  the  original  Latin  is 
in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  and  in  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  I, 
327;  in  English,  in  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland,  in  MacDonald's  Select 
Charters,  53,  and  Source  Book,  31,  and  in  Bozman's  Maryland,  II,  9, 
and  Scharf's  Maryland,  I,  53.  For  a  discussion  as  to  the  southern  boun 
dary,  see  Report  and  Accompanying  Documents  of  the  Virginia  Commis 
sioners,  1873. 

Bibliography.  —  Brantly,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  553-562 ;  Tyler, 
England  in  America,  332. 


§119]  PURITANS   IN   MARYLAND  263 

§  119.  Puritans  in  Maryland 

Summary.  —  The  charter  and  religion.  —  Was  Maryland  "a 
Roman  Catholic  colony"?  —  Coming  of  the  Puritans.  —  1649, 
The  so-called  "  Toleration  Act "  ;  why  and  by  whom  was  it  passed  ? 
—  Governor  Stone.  —  1653-1659,  The  Commonwealth  and  Mary 
land;  Claiborne  and  Bennett.  —  Maryland  and  the  Quakers. — 
The  "Glorious  Revolution"  in  Maryland.  —  1692,  Maryland  a 
royal  province.  —  The  Protestant  Episcopal  church  established 
by  law.  —  1715,  The  Baltimores  restored.  —  Population,  industries, 
etc. 

General.  —  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  309-318;  II,  131-173;  Eggleston, 
Beginners  of  a  Nation,  250-257,  265;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  260- 
268,  499-507  5  II,  209-213  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  353-367,  564-572  ; 
II,  92.  See  also,  among  the  volumes  of  Hart's  American  Nation,  Tyler, 
England  in  America,  139-148;  and  Andrews,  Colonial  Self -Government, 
232-251. 

Special.  —  The  histories  of  Maryland  mentioned  in  §  1 18.  On  the  Ro 
man  Catholic  side,  see  R.  H.  Clarke  in  the  Catholic  World,  December,  1875 
(reprinted,  1876,  as  Mr.  Gladstone  and  Maryland  Toleration),  and  October, 
1883  ;  American  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  V,  173-176 ;  B.  T.  Johnson, 
in  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publications,  No.  18.  On  the  other 
side,  see  S.  F.  Streeter,  Maryland  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago;  G.  L.  Davis, 
Day-Star  of  American  Freedom;  E.  D.  Neill,  in  Contemporary  Review, 
September,  1876;  B.  F.  Brown,  Maryland  not  a  Roman  Catholic  Colony; 
Gladstone,  Vaticanism.  See  also  George  Petrie,  Church  and  State  in 
Maryland  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  X,  No.  4). 

Sources.  —  See  §  1 18,  especially  Calvert  Papers  and  Maryland  Archives. 
The  Act  Concerning  Religion  is  in  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland,  under  the 
date.  Extracts  from  Attorney-General  Northey's  opinion  as' to  the  reli 
gious  clause  in  the  Maryland  charter,  and  from  the  governor's  oath  and 
the  Act  Concerning  Religion,  are  in  Channing's  United  States,  I,  269, 
501 ;  an  extract  from  the  last  is  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  105,  and 
his  Source  Book,  54.  See  also  Virginia  and  Maryland,  or  the  Lord  Bal 
timore's  printed  Case,  uncased  and  answered,  in  Force,  Tracts,  II ;  letters 
of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  in  Henry  Foley,  Records  of  the  English  Province  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  TH,  367-420;  John  Hammond,  Leah  and  Rachel,  in 
Force,  Tracts,  III. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  560,  561,  especially  the  note 
by  the  editor  on  p.  560.  For  further  references  as  to  the  religious  beliefs 


264  ENGLISH   EXPLORERS  [§120 

of  the  early  settlers,  see  Channing,  United  States,  I,  ch.  ix,  and  pp.  500- 
509- 

§  120.  The  Carolinas 

Summary.  —  1629-1631,  Grant  to  Sir  Robert  Heath  of  Carolana. 

—  Early  attempts  at  colonization.  —  1663,  Grant  to  Clarendon 
and  associates  of  Carolina.  —  1665,  Another  charter  to  the  same 
grantees.  —  1669,  The  Fundamental  Constitutions.  —  Early  settle 
ments  under  these  grants.  —  1680,  Charleston  founded.  —  Char 
acter  of  the  proprietary  government :   society,  religion,  education, 
industries.  — 1719-1721,  Overthrow  of  the  proprietary  government. 

—  1729-1731,  Carolina  divided  and  sold  to  the  king.  —  The  royal 
government.  —  Population,  education,  religion,  slavery,  and  society 
in  1760. 

General.  —  W.  J.  Rivers,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  285-334;  Andrews, 
Colonial  Self -Government,  chs.  ix,  x ;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  13-25, 
341-362  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  25-43,  211-215,  228-233,  267,  276, 
285-293,  336-340. 

Special.  —  McCrady,  South  Carolina  (1670-1776,  2  vols.) ;  Ashe, 
North  Carolina,  I ;  Ravenel,  Charleston,  the  Place  and  the  People;  W.  A: 
Courtenay,  in  Charleston  Year  Book,  1883;  W.  A.  Schaper,  Sectionalism 
in  South  Carolina  (American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Report, 
1900,  I,  237) ;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  ch.  xv;  Rivers,  Sketch  of  the  His 
tory  of  South  Carolina;  Ramsay,  South  Carolina;  Hawks,  North  Caro 
lina,  II ;  Bernheim,  German  Settlements  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 
See  also  §§  37,  43. 

Sources.  —  Hewatt's  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  other  documents, 
in  Carroll's  Historical  Collections;  the  documents  printed  by  Hawks  and 
Rivers  in  their  histories;  Weston,  Documents  connected  with  the  History 
of  South  Carolina ;  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina ;  Charleston  Year 
Books;  Chalmers,  Annals  (the  portions  relating  to  South  Carolina  are 
reprinted  in  Carroll's  Historical  Collections,  II) ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers, 
America  and  West  Indies.  The  "  Shaf  tesbury  Papers"  are  printed  at 
length  in  South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  Collections,  V.  The  Caro 
lana  patent  to  Heath  is  in  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina,  I,  5.  The 
Carolina  charters  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  and  in  MacDonald, 
Select  Charters,  120,  148,  and  Source  Book,  63,  77.  The  "Fundamental 
Constitutions,"  edition  of  1669,  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions;  in 
Martin,  North  Carolina,  I,  p.  Ixxiii;  and  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
149.  See  also  Yonge's  Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  People  of  South 


§121]  CAROLINAS   AND    GEORGIA  265 

Carolina  in  .  .  .  1719,  and  Purry's  Description  of  the  Province  of  South 
Carolina  (both  in  Force,  Tracts,  II). 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  Rivers's  chapter  in  Winsor,  America, 
285-334,  and  the  editor's  essay  and  notes,  ibid.,  335-356;  E.  L.  Whitney, 
Government  in  the  Colony  of  South  Carolina  (Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  XIII,  Nos.  i,  2);  S.  B.  Weeks,  Historical  Literature  of  North 
Carolina  (Harvard  University  Library,  Bibliographical  Contributions, 
No.  48). 

§  121.  Georgia 

Summary.  —  J.  E.  Oglethorpe  and  the  English  philanthropists. 
—  Reasons,  apart  from  philanthropy,  for  founding  the  colony.  — 
1732,  Charter  of  Georgia:  general  grant  of  power;  peculiarities 
of  the  charter;  boundaries  under  it ;  boundaries  extended  in  1763. 
—  1733,  Savannah  settled;  character  of  the  early  colonists.— 
Military  history.  —  Land  system,  slavery,  government,  and  re 
ligion. —  1752,  Charter  surrendered  to  the  crown.  —  1752-1760, 
Georgia  as  a  royal  province. 

General.  —  C.  C.  Jones,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  357-392 ;  E.  B. 
Greene,  Provincial  America,  ch.  xv ;  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  333-336; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  362-369,  374-385. 

Special.  —  C.  C.  Jones,  Georgia,  I,  and  Dead  Towns  of  Georgia  (Georgia 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  IV);  W.  B.  Stevens,  Georgia;  P.  A. 
Strobel,  The  Salzburgers  and  their  Descendants.  Lives  of  Oglethorpe 
have  been  written  by  T.  M.  Harris,  Robert  Wright,  Henry  Bruce,  and 
others.  See  also  §§  37,  39,  43. 

Sources.  —  Colonial  Records  of  Georgia;  Hewatt's  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia  (in  Carroll,  Historical  Collections,  I) ;  McCall,  Georgia,  I;  Tailfer 
and  others,  A  True  and  Historical  Narrative  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia 
(1741,  reprinted  with  other  documents  in  Force's  Tracts,  I,  II).  The 
Georgia  charter  is  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  and  in  MacDonald's 
Select  Charters,  235,  and  Source  Book,  96.  See  also  Colonial  Acts  of 
Georgia,  1755-1774  (edited  by  C.  C.  Jones) ;  Earl  of  Egmont,  Journal  of 
the  Transactions  of  the  Trustees  of  Georgia  (privately  printed,  1886;  also 
1908,  in  Colonial  Records  of  Georgia,  V) ;  Eliza  Lucas  [Pinckney],  Jour 
nal  and  Letters. 

Bibliography.  —  C.  C.  Jones,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  ch.  vi;  Greene, 
Provincial  America,  339. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

MIDDLE   COLONIES,   1609-1760 

§  122.  New  Netherland 

Summary. —  Early  voyages.  —  1609,  Henry  Hudson  and  his 
explorations.  —  1614,  The  United  Netherland  Company.  —  1621, 
The  Dutch  West  India  Company;  its  objects  and  government. 
—  1629,  The  Charter  of  Privileges  to  Patroons.  —  The  Dutch  and 
the  Indians.  — Internal  affairs.  — 1647-1664,  Governor  Stuyvesant; 
relations  with  the  Swedes  and  English.  —  Population,  mode  of 
life,  industries,  etc.,  in  1664.  —  Influence  of  the  Dutch  on  Ameri 
can  history. 

General.  —  B.  Fernow,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  395-409;  Charming, 
United  States,  I,  chs.  xvi,  xvii;  Janvier,  Dutch  Founding  of  New  York; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  136-149,  413-445. 

Special.— William  Smith,  New-York  (ed.  1814),  1-49;  O'Callaghan, 
New  Netherland  (3  vols,,  to  1647) ;  Brodhead,  New  York  (Vol.  I  covers 
the  Dutch  period) ;  J.  H.  Innes,  New  Amsterdam  and  its  People;  Fiske, 
Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,  I.  On  the  patroonships,  see  American  His 
torical  Association,  Annual  Report,  1896,  I,  140.  See  also  the  works 
in  §§  37  and  43,  under  New  York. 

Sources.  —  O'Callaghan,  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  Calendar  of  Historical 
Manuscripts,  and  Laws  of  New  Netherland;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Narratives  of 
New  Netherland  (in  his  series  of  "Original  Narratives") ;  G.  P.  Winship, 
Sailors'  Narratives;  H.  C.  Murphy,  Henry  Hudson  in  Holland;  J.  M. 
Read,  Henry  Hudson  (abridged  and  edited  by  Edmund  Goldsmid,  in  the 
Clarendon  Historical  Society's  Reprints,  1883  ;  many  important  original 
documents  in  the  Appendix) ;  Asher,  Henry  Hudson  (Hakluyt  Society, 
Publications,  1860;  also  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections,  ist 
series,  I,  61-188) ;  Rev.  Father  Isaac  Jogues,  S.  J.,  Novtim  Belgium 
(1643-1644,  reprinted  with  notes  by  J.  G.  Shea).  On  the  later  history, 
see  the  following  translations  (most  of  which  also  appear  in  Jameson's 

(266) 


§123]         NEW   NETHERLAND   AND   NEW   YORK          267 

Narratives,  above  mentioned)  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collec 
tions,  2d  series:  Van  der  Donck,  Beschrijvinge  van  Niew  Nedcrlant,  I, 
125-242;  De  Laet,  Nieuwe  Wereld  (extracts),  I,  281-316;  II,  373; 
De  Vries,  Korte  Historiael,  III,  1-136;  Cornelis  Melyn  (?),  Breeden- 
Raedt  aende  Vereenichde  N ederlandsche  Provintien,  etc.,  Ill,  237-283. 
See  also  an  extract  from  Wassenaer's  Historic  van  Europa,  translated  as 
Description  and  First  Settlement  of  New  Netherland,  in  Collectanea  Ad- 
amantaa,  XXVII;  Jaspar  Bankers  and  Peter  Sluyter,  Journal  of  a 
Voyage  to  New  York,  etc.  (1679-1680,  translated  by  H.  C.  Murphy  in 
Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  I ;  Denton,  Brief  Description 
of  New  York  (1670,  reprinted  with  notes  by  Gabriel  Furman,  1845); 
B.  Fernow,  Records  of  New  Amsterdam.  —  The  Charter  of  Privileges  to 
Patroons  is  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  43,  and  Source  Book,  27. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  IV,  409-432,  439-442;  Ulmann, 
Landmark  History  of  New  York,  267-279;  New  York  State  Library, 
Bulletin,  No.  56,  "Bibliography  24,"  pp.  287-560;  New  York  [City] 
Public  Library,  Bulletin,  IV,  V. 

§  123.  The  English  in  New  York 

Summary.  —  1664  and  1674,  Grants  to  James,  Duke  of  York. 
—  Governor  Nicoll  and  the  Duke  of  York's  Laws.  —  1683-1688, 
Governor  Dongan  and  the  Charter  of  Liberties.  —  1689-1691, 
"Leisler's  Rebellion."  —  1741,  The  Negro  Plot.  —  Population, 
modes  of  life,  trade,  management  of  the  Indians,  and  character  of 
the  royal  government  in  1760. 

General.  —  J.  A.  Stevens,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  385-411;  B. 
P'ernow,  ibid.,  V,  189-207 ;  Andrews,  Colonial  Self -Government,  chs.  v. 
vi;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  31-44,  50-60;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
I,  445-447;  II,  44-57,  76-78,  87,  91,  130,  138-140,  182-187,  192,  200- 
201,  226,  246,  315,  357-361,  391,  4o8. 

Special.  —  William  Smith,  New-York  (ed.  1814),  50-282,  393-511 ; 
Brodhead,  New  York,  II,  III  (to  1691) ;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Colo 
nies,  II;  and  the  works  enumerated  in  §§  37,  39,  43. 

Sources.  —  The  grants  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  are  in  Charters  and 
Constitutions;  that  of  1664  is  also  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  136, 
and  Source  Book,  75.  The  "Duke  of  York's  Laws"  have  been  reprinted 
under  that  title  by  the  state  of  Pennsylvania ;  they  are  also  in  New  York 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  ist  series,  I,  307-428.  On  the  English 
conquest,  see  also  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  America  and  West  Indies, 
1661-1668.  For  Leisler's  Rebellion,  see  the  "  Leisler  Papers,"  in  New  York 


268  MIDDLE    COLONIES  [§124 

Historical  Society,  Collections,  1868,  p.  241 ;  P.  W.  Chandler,  American 
Criminal  Trials,  I,  255 ;  Letter  from  a  Gentleman  of  the  City  of  New 
York  (1698,  reprinted  in  Collectanea  Adamant&a,  XXIII) ;  Documents  rela 
tive  to  the  Colonial  History  of  New  York,  III,  636,  etc. ;  Calendar  of  State 
Papers,  America  and  West  Indies,  1689-1692;  John  Miller,  Description 
of  the  Province  and  City  of  New  York  in  i6g$  (reprinted  in  Library  of 
American  Literature,  II,  209).  —  For  the  Negro  Plot  of  1741,  see  Daniel 
Horsmanden,  The  New  York  Conspiracy,  or  a  History  of  the  Negro  Plot 
(N.Y.,  1810);  Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials,  I,  211.  —  For  the 
controversies  over  the  boundaries  of  New  York,  see  Report  of  the  Regents 
of  the  University  on  the  Boundaries  of  the  State  of  New  York  (Albany, 
1874) ;  Daniel  J.  Pratt,  compiler,  Report  on  the  Boundaries  (Albany, 
1884,  a  continuation  of  the  above) ;  Report  of  the  Commissioners  to  ascer 
tain  and  settle  the  Boundary  Line  between  the  States  of  New  York  and  Con 
necticut  (Albany,  1861) ;  Report  of  the  Regents'  Boundary  Commission 
upon  the  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  Boundary  (Albany,  1886). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  411-415;  V,  240-242;  Chan- 
ning,  United  States,  II,  61. 

§  124.  New  Jersey 

Summary.  —  1664  and  1674,  Grants  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret; 
was  the  jurisdiction  also  granted  ?  —  1664,  The  Nicol  colonists. 
—  The  "Concessions."  —  1665,  Settlement  under  Philip  Carteret. 
—  1672,  Insurrection.  —  Disputes  with  the  governors  of  New 
York.  —  1673,  Berkeley  sells  his  share.  —  1675-1701,  The  Friends 
in  West  Jersey;  form  of  government,  etc.  —  1682-1683,  Penn  and 
others  acquire  East  Jersey  from  the  Carteret  estate.  —  1702,  New 
Jersey  a  royal  province  under  the  same  governor  as  New  York.  — 
1738,  Separated  from  New  York.  — 1702-1760,  Material  de 
velopment. 

General.  —  Andrews,  Colonial  Self -Government,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  Channing, 
United  States,  II,  44-59  ;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  51-61,  207,  357, 
361. 

Special.  —  W.  A.  Whitehead,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  421-449,  and 
Fernow,  ibid.,  V,  217-222;  W.  A.  Whitehead,  East  Jersey  under  the 
Proprietary  Governments,  and  Contributions  to  East  Jersey  History, 
John  Whitehead,  Judicial  and  Civil  History  of  New  Jersey;  Fiske,  Dutch 
and  Quaker  Colonies,  II,  10-16,  36,  139-147,  239;  E.  P.  Tanner,  The 
Province  of  New  Jersey  (1664-1738),  See  other  works  enumerated  under 


§125]  NEW  JERSEY  AND    PENNSYLVANIA  269 

New  Jersey  in  §§  37  and  43 ;  the  comprehensive  histories  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  such  as  the  work  of  Proud,  also  contain  material  relating  to  New 
Jersey. 

Sources.  —  Samuel  Smith,  History  of  the  Colony  of  Nova-C&saria,  or 
New- Jersey  (1765,  reprinted  1877;  goes  to  1721  only);  Learning  and 
Spicer,  Grants,  Concessions,  etc.  (1752,  reprinted  1881) ;  New  Jersey 
Archives  (edited  by  W.  A.  Whitehead).  The  grant  to  Berkeley  and 
Carteret,  and  the  "Concessions,"  are  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  139, 
141.  Among  separate  documents  may  be  noted  George  Scot,  Model  of 
the  Government  of  East-New-Jersey  (1685,  reprinted  in  New  Jersey 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  I) ;  Gabriel  Thomas,  Historical  Descrip 
tion  of  West-New-Jersey  (1698,  reprinted  1848).  See  also  §  43. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  449-456. 

§  125.  Settlement  of  Pennsylvania 

Summary.  — 1623-1664,  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  the  west  side 
of  Delaware  bay  and  river.  — 1664-1681,  the  Swedish-Dutch  settle 
ments  under  the  English.  —  Population  in  1664  and  1681.  —  In 
fluence  of  the  early  Swedish  colonists  on  the  development  of  the 
English  colonies.  —  George  Fox ;  the  Friends  or  Quakers,  and 
their  opinions.  —  William  Penn,  his  early  life  and  conversion  ;  his 
connection  with  the  colonization  of  New  Jersey.  —  1681,  The 
Pennsylvania  charter,  and  the  releases  of  the  counties  on  the 
Delaware.  —  Rights  of  jurisdiction  conferred.  —  The  clause  as  to 
religion.  —  Boundary  disputes  (i)  with  the  proprietaries  of  Mary 
land,  the  agreement  of  1732,  Mason  and  Dixon  Line;  (2)  with 
Connecticut,  the  Susquehanna  controversy ;  (3)  with  New  York ; 
(4)  as  to  the  western  boundary  of  Pennsylvania. 

General.  —  F.  D.  Stone,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  469-495  ;  Andrews, 
Colonial  Self -Government,  chs.  xi,  xii ;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  ch. 
iv;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  62-75. 

Special.  —  The  Swedes:  G.  B.  Keen,  in  Winsor,  America,  IV,  443- 
488;  Vincent,  Delaware;  Amandus  Johnson,  Swedish  Settlements  on 
the  Delaware. — The  Friends:  Thomas  Hodgkin,  George  Fox;  S.  M. 
Janney,  History  of  the  Friends.  —  William  Penn :  Janney,  Life  of  Penn; 
Clarkson,  Memoirs  of  Penn;  Dixon,  Life  of  Penn  (issued  by  the  Society 
of  Friends);  S.  G.  Fisher,  The  True  William  Penn.  —  Macaulay's 
charges  against  Penn  are  contained  in  his  History  of  England,  chs.  v,  vii, 
viii.  For  a  defense  of  Penn  against  these  charges,  see  Janney's  and 


2/0  MIDDLE   COLONIES  [§126 

Dixon's  biographies  of  Penn  ;  W.  E.  Forster,  William  Penn  and  T.  B. 
Macaulay;  Paget,  Inquiry  into  the  Evidence,  etc. ;  and  other  works  men 
tioned  in  Winsor,  America',  III,  506,  note  4.  For  a  very  hostile  view  of 
Penn,  see  a  paper  by  Dr.  Archer  in  Maryland  Historical  Society,  Fund 
Publications,  No.  30;  see  also  the  "  Calvert  Papers,"  ibid.,  No.  34.— 
The  history  of  the  southern  boundary  is  traced  from  a  Pennsylvanian 
point  of  view  in  J.  D.  Graham's  Report  on  Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  by 
J.  Veech  in  his  essay  on  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line,  and  by  S.  G.  Fisher, 
The  Making  of  Pennsylvania,  ch.  xi.  For  other  hooks  on  the  subject, 
see  Burchard  and  Matthews,  in  Maryland  Geological  Survey,  VII,  210- 

403- 

HISTORIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA:  Proud,  Pennsylvania;^.^.  Gordon, 
Pennsylvania;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Proprietary  Government  in  Pennsylvania; 
James  Bowden,  History  of  Friends  in  America,  II;  Egle,  Illustrated 
History  of  Pennsylvania;  George  Smith,  History  of  Delaware  County. 
An  admirable  work  is  Isaac  Sharpless's  Quaker  Government  in  Pennsyl 
vania  (2  vols. ;  Vol.  I  is  called  A  Quaker  Experiment  in  Government}.  See 
also  §§  37,  39,  43. 

Sources.  —  Hazard,  Pennsylvania  Archives;  Votes  of  the  Assembly; 
Minutes  of  the  Council;  Duke  of  York's  Laws;  Bioren,  Laws  of  Pennsyl 
vania;  Dallas,  Laws  of  Pennsylvania.  The  charter  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  "Concessions"  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions;  the  charter  is 
in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  183,  and  Source  Book,  So.  See  also  Arm 
strong's  edition  of  Thomas  Budd,  Good  Order  Established  in  Pennsyl 
vania  and  New  Jersey  (1685).  —  For  the  Swedes,  see  Keen,  in  Winsor, 
America,  IV,  489-502 ;  Acrelius,  History  of  New  Sweden  (translated  by 
Reynolds,  and  printed  in  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  XI)  ; 
Du  Ponceau's  translation  of  Holm's  Description  of  the  Province  of  New 
Sweden,  now  called  Pennsylvania;  and  Record  of  the  Court  at  Upland 
(Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  VII).  —  For  the  Friends,  see 
Besse,  Sufferings  of  the  People  called  Quakers:  and  Sewel,  History  of  the 
Quakers.  See  also  §  37,  under  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania. 

Bibliography.  —Winsor,  America,  III,  495-516;  IV,  488-502;  An 
drews,  Colonial  Self -Government,  349.  The  authorities  on  the  southern 
boundary  dispute  are  enumerated  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  513-515. 

§  126.  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  1685-1760 

Summary.  —  1692-1694,  The  government  of  Pennsylvania  ad 
ministered  by  the  crown.  —  1694,  Penn  restored.  —  1681-1700, 
Early  frames  of  government  and  constitutional  history  of  Penn 
sylvania.  — 1701,  The  Charter  of  Privileges,  its  leading  pro- 


§126]  PENNSYLVANIA   AND   DELAWARE  2J 'I 

visions,  and   its  history.  —  Contest  with  the  proprietaries  as  to 
taxation.  —  1685-1760,  Constitutional  history  of  Delaware. 

General. — Fernow,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  208-217;  Channing, 
United  States,  II,  117-122,  313-340;  Hildreth,  United  States,  II,  171,  172, 
183,  186,  205-207,  242-245,  260,  320,  321,  342-345. 

Special.  — The  works  noted  in  §§  37,  125;  biographies  and  works  of 
Franklin  noted  in  §§  39,  46;  W.  J.  Buck,  William  Penn  in  America; 
Shepherd,  Proprietary  Government  in  Pennsylvania;  Sharpless,  Quaker 
Government  in  Pennsylvania.  For  the  contest  with  the  Connecticut 
grantees,  see  The  Susquehannah  Title  Stated  and  Examined  (Catskill, 
1796) ;  the  histories  of  Wyoming  and  Luzerne  County  noted  in  §  37  ;  and 
the  comprehensive  histories  of  Pennsylvania,  §  37.  Interesting  material 
on  the  general  subject  of  the  Pennsylvania  land  system  will  be  found  in 
W.  J.  Buck,  The  Indian  Walk;  S.  W.  Pennypacker,  Hendrich  Pennebecker, 
Surveyor  of  Lands  j or  the  Penns ;  and  in  the  works  noted  in  §§  37,  46. 

Sources.  —  The  frames  of  government  and  the  charter  of  1701  are 
in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  and  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  192,  199, 
217,  224.  See  also  the  collections  of  laws  and  documents  mentioned  in 
§  43 ;  the  Penn  and  Logan  Correspondence  (Pennsylvania  Historical  So 
ciety,  Memoirs,  IX,  X) ;  A  True  and  Impartial  State  of  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania  (Phila.,  1759) ;  William  Smith,  A  Brief  State  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania;  Cross,  Answer  to  a  Brief  State;  Gabriel  Thomas,  Ac 
count  of  the  Province  and  Country  of  Pennsylvania  (1.698,  reprinted  in  1848 ; 
also  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  II,  210). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  V,  242-249. 


CHAPTER   XVII 
NEW  ENGLAND,   1607-1760 

§  127.  New  England  before  1620 

Summary.  —  Identification  of  the  places  described  in  the  sagas. 

-The  story  of   Norumbega. —  1602-1614,  English,  Dutch,  and 

French  explorers.  —  1607,  The  Popham  colony,  its  influence  on 

the  history  of  America.  —  1614,   Captain  John  Smith's  voyage 

along  the  coast;   his  map. 

General. — Tyler, England  in  America,  40-41 ;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  51-100,  and  Compendious  History,  I,  4-7,  16;  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies, 
I,  14-23  ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  1-30;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  go. 

Special.  —  B.  F.  DeCosta,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  169-184;  Win- 
sor,  ibid.,  209.  For  the  Dutch  voyages,  see  §  122;  for  the  French  ex 
plorations,  §§  106,  108;  for  the  early  English  explorers,  §§112,  114.  Ref 
erences  to  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen  are  no  ted  in  §  100.  See  also  the 
comprehensive  histories  of  the  New  England  states  noted  in  §  37. 

Sources. — A  Voyage  to  Sagadahoc  (1607-1608)  and  other  documents 
(Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1880-1881,  p.  82  ;  Burrage, 
Early  English  and  French  Voyages,  395) ;  Relation  of  a  Voyage  into  New 
England  (1607,  reprinted  by  the  Gorges  Society,  with  other  material,  as 
The  Sagadahoc  Colony,  Portland,  Me.,  1892).  For  Smith's  voyage,  see 
his  Description  of  New-England:  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  3d  series,  VI,  95  ;  Force,  Tracts,  II ;  Arber,  English  Scholar's 
Library,  XVI,  175-232;  and  Deane's  edition  of  Smith's  New  England's 
Trials. 

Bibliography. — Winsor,  A  merica,  III,  209-211,  and  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  50,  note  2. 

§  128.  The  English  Puritans 

Summary. — The  Reformation  in  England.  —  Acts  of  Suprem 
acy  and  Uniformity  as  amended  by  subsequent  acts.  —  The  Church 
of  England  of  Elizabeth  and  Whitgif t.  —  The  English  Roman 

(272) 


§129]  PURITANS    AND    PILGRIMS  273 

Catholics.  —  The  Puritan  Non- Conformists  and  Separatists.  — 
Episcopacy,  Presbyterianism,  Congregationalism,  and  the  Inde 
pendents.  —  Religious  persecutions  under  James  I  and  Charles  I. 
—  Emigrations  to  the  Netherlands  and  to  America.  —  The  Puri 
tans  as  political  reformers.  —  Church  and  State  in  1600.  —  Reli 
gious  tolerance  and  intolerance  in  Christendom  in  the  first  half  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  23-34 ;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  101-132  ;  Charming,  United  States,  I,  ch.  x ;  Tyler,  England  in  America, 
I52~IS55  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  98-140,  191-196;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  153. 

Special. — Morton  Dexter,  The  England  and  Holland  of  the  Pilgrims; 
Curteis,  Dissent  in  its  Relation  to  the  Church  of  England  (Bampton  Lec 
tures  for  1871) ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  Puritan  Age  and  Rule,  and  his  chapter  on 
"The  Religious  Element  in  New  England,"  in  Winsor,  America,  III;  D. 
Mountfield,  The  Church  and  Puritans;  Douglas  Campbell,  The  Puritan 
in  Holland,  England,  and  America;  S.  R.  Gardiner,  History  of  England 
from  the  Accession  of  James  I,  I,  146-159;  11,487;  IV,  142-160;  Mars- 
den,  The  Early  Puritans;  J.  R.  Green,  History  of  the  English  People,  II; 
Buckle,  Civilization;  John  Brown,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England. 

Sources.  — Masson,  John  Milton;  H.  M.  Dexter,  Congregationalism 
as  seen  in  its  Literature;  W.  Walker,  The  Creeds  and  Platforms  of  Congre 
gationalism;  A.  F.  Mitchell,  The  Westminster  Assembly;  The  Westminster 
Confession  of  Faith;  C.  A.  Briggs,  American  Presbyterianism;  Schaff, 
Creeds  of  Christendom;  B.  Brook,  History  of  Religious  Liberty;  T.  Fuller, 
Church  History;  D.  Neal,  History  of  the  Puritans;  Strype's  lives  of  Whit- 
gift  and  Grindal;  McCrie,  John  Knox;  Calvin,  Institutes;  F.  Makower, 
Constitutional  History  of  the  Church  of  England. 

Bibliography.  —  Ellis,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  244-256;  H.  M.  Dex 
ter,  Congregationalism  as  seen  in  its  Literature,  appendix. 

§  129.  The  Pilgrims 

Summary.  —  The  English  Separatists  at  Gainsborough,  Auster- 
field,  and  Scrooby;  the  pilgrimage  to  the  Netherlands.  —  1608- 
1620,  The  Leyden  congregation:  John  Robinson,  William  Brew- 
ster,  William  Bradford  ;  Bradford's  Plimoth  Plantation  as  an 
historical  authority;  comparison  with  Winthrop's  Journal  and 
Smith's  True  Relation.  —  Life  at  Leyden.  —  Another  removal 
determined  on.  —  Reasons  for  the  second  removal.  —  1620,  Agree- 


2/4  N£W   ENGLAND  [§130 

ments  with  the  Virginia  Company  and  with  the  Merchants  Adven 
turers  of  London.  —  Negotiations  with  the  English  government. 

General.  —  F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  264-269;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  34-47  ;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  155-162  ;  Eggles- 
ton,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  141-174;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England; 
Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  150-160. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  147-174;  Barry,  Massachusetts, 
I,  31-72;  S.  R.  Gardiner,  England  since  James  I,  IV,  ch.  xxxvi;  John 
Brown,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England;  Morton  Dexter,  Story  of 
the  Pilgrims;  W.  E.  Griffis,  The  Pilgrims  in  their  Three  Homes;  Arber, 
Story  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 

Sources.  —  Mourt's  Relation  (H.  M.  Dexter's  edition) ;  William  Brad 
ford,  History  of  Plimoth  Plantation  (many  editions;  for  the  history  of 
the  manuscript  itself,  see  Winsor,  in  his  America,  III,  286,  and  in  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1881-1882,  p.  106) ;  Bradford, 
Letter-Book  (Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  ist  series,  III, 
127) ;  Young,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers;  Morton,  New  England's 
Memorial  (Congregational  Board's  edition). 

Bibliography.  — Winsor,  America,  III,  283-288. 

§  130.  Plymouth,  1620-1629 

Summary.  —  1620,  Voyage  of  the  Mayflower.  —  The  Mayflower 
Compact.  —  Composition  of  the  colony.  —  Plymouth  settled.  — 
1621,  Treaty  with  Massasoit,  and  subsequent  relations  with  the 
Indians.  —  1621  and  1622,  Patents  from  the  Council  for  New 
England.  —  Relations  with  the  London  merchants,  with  the  Dutch, 
and  with  the  other  early  colonists  in  the  neighborhood.  —  Experi 
ence  with  communism,  form  of  government,  etc. 

General.  — F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  269-278;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  47-81 ;  H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  109-118 ; 
Channing,  United  States,  I,  302-317;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  ch.  x; 
Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  174-189 ;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  176- 
232 ;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  72- 
148;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  160-174. 

Special.  —  Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation  (Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Collections,  4th  series,  III),  68-266;  Young,  Chronicles  of  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts ;  Mourt's  Relation  (H.  M. 
Dexter's  edition);  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial;  F.  Baylies,  His 
torical  Memoir  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth;  J.  Thacher,  Town  of  , 


§132]  PLYMOUTH  275 

Plymouth;  W.  S.  Russell,  Guide  to  Plymouth,  and  Pilgrim  Memorials; 
J.  A.  Goodwin,  The  Pilgrim  Republic. 

Sources.  —  Bradford,  Plimoth  Plantation;  Mourt's  Relation  (Baxter's 
edition) .  Vol.  XI  of  Plymouth  Colony  Records  contains  the  laws  passed  in 
1623-1682.  The  Compact  is  in  Bradford,  in  Charters  and  Constitutions, 
and  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  33.  For  the  patents  of  1621  and 
1622,  see  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  4th  series,  II,  156. 
Portions  of  many  important  documents  are  in  Library  of  American  Lit 
erature,  I. 

Bibliography.  —  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  289-294. 

§  131.  New  Plymouth  Colony,  1629-1691 

Summary.  —  1630,  Patent  to  Bradford  and  associates ;  assigned 
to  the  freemen  of  New  Plymouth  in  1640-1641.  —  Relations  with 
the  merchants.  —  Growth  of  the  colony.  —  Meaning  of  the  name 
New  Plymouth.  —  1643,  Joins  the  Confederation  of  New  Eng 
land.  —  Development  of  institutions.  —  Mode  of  life,  education,  and 
religion  in  the  colony.  —  1643-1691,  Later  history  of  the  colony. 
—  1691,  United  with  Massachusetts.  —  Was  the  union  advan 
tageous  to  Plymouth  ?  —  Population  and  material  resources  in 
1691. 

General.  — F.  B.  Dexter,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  279-283;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  72,  73,  222;  II,  17,  102,  107,  114,  143,  188,  189,  246, 
271,  290;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Palfrey,  New  England,  III, 
331-344,  539-547,  596-599,  and  Compendious  History,  I,  141-147;  Hil- 
dreth,  United  States,  I,  174,  175. 

Special  Works,  Sources,  and  Bibliography,  as  above,  with  the 
exception  of  Bradford,  which  stops  at  1647,  and  with  the  addition  of 
Brigham's  Laws  of  New  Plymouth  Colony.  The  patent  to  Bradford  and 
the  Articles  of  Confederation  are  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  51,  94. 
See  also  Records  of  the  Town  of  Plymouth. 

§  132.  The  Council  for  New  England 

Summary.  —  1606,  The  Plymouth  Company  and  its  colonies.  — 
1620,  The  Grand  Council  for  New  England,  and  its  charter.  — 
Aims  of  the  new  corporation ;  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges.  —  Grants 
made  by  the  Council:  especially  1622,  to  Robert  Gorges;  1628 
and  1629,  to  the  Plymouth  colonists ;  1628,  to  the  Massachusetts 
Company;  1629,  to  Captain  John  Mason  (New  Hampshire); 


276  NEW   ENGLAND  [§133 

1629,   to   Gorges   (Maine).  —  1635,   The  great  division.  —  1635, 
Surrender  of  the  patent  to  the  crown. 

General.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  295-310;  Barry, 
Massachusetts,  I,  14-28,  67,  105,  123-155,  285-290,  452-460,  510;  Doyle, 
Puritan  Colonies,  I,  76-78,  87, 144,  206,  322,  323  ;  Tyler,  England  in  Amer 
ica,  152, 164, 167-169,  184-185,  207,  274-277. 

Special.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  App.  B ;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three 
Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History,  I,  chs.  vii,  viii  ;  Osgood,  American 
Colonies,  I,  98-137;  S.  F.  Haven,  on  the  "History  of  Grants  under  the 
Council  for  New  England,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Lowell 
Lectures,  152;  J.  P.  Baxter,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  his  Province  of 
Maine  (3  vols.,  Prince  Society,  Publications,  1890;  contains,  besides  a 
memoir,  Gorges's  Brief e  Relation,  Brief e  Narration,  etc.). 

Sources. — The  charter  of  the  Council  is  inChartcrs  and  Constitutions, 
and  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  23.  Some  of  the  grants  made  by  it 
are  also  printed  by  MacDonald.  The  "Records  of  the  Council  for  New 
England,"  1622-1623,  1631-1638,  are  in  American  Antiquarian  Society, 
Proceedings,  April,  1867,  pp.  59-131. 

Bibliography.  —  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  III,  340-342. 

§  133.  Early  Massachusetts,  1620-1628 

Summary.  —  1622,  Weston's  attempt  at  Wessagusset.  —  1623, 
Robert  Gorges's  colony.  —  Wollaston  and  Morton  at  Merry 
Mount.  —  1622-1623,  The  Dorchester  Fishing  Company.  — 1623, 
Settlement  at  Cape  Ann.  —  1626,  First  Settlement  at  Naumkeag. 
—  Other  settlements  :  Blaxton,  Maverick,  etc.  —  1628,  Grant  of 
Massachusetts  from  the  Council  for  New  England. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  74-90 ;  C.  F.  Adams,  in  Win- 
sor's  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  63-86;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  149- 
173;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  199,  222,  232,  233,  283-290;  Tyler,  Eng 
land  in  America,  166-171,  174-175,  184-185;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a 
Nation,  189-191,  199;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  176-183. 

Special.  —  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History,  I, 
1-208,  and  "Old  Planters,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Pro 
ceedings,  1878, "p.  194;  C.  W.  Upham,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Lowell  Lectures,  231-239;  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I, 
87-98;  R.  C.  Winthrop,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop;  Osgood, 
American  Colonies,  I,  128-131.  On  this  and  later  history,  see  also  S.  A. 


§134]  MASSACHUSETTS    BAY   COMPANY  2/7 

Drake,  The  Making  of  New  England.  See  also  §§  37,  43,  under  Massa 
chusetts. 

Sources.  —  Francis  Higginson's  journal,  entitled  A  True  Relation  of 
the  Last  Voyage  to  New-England,  and  his  New-England's  Plantation  (1629, 
1630;  both  reprinted  in  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  and  extracts 
in  T.  W.  Higginson's  American  Explorers] ;  John  White,  The  Planter's 
Plea  (1630,  reprinted  in  Force,  Tracts,  II,  and  in  part  in  Young,  Chron 
icles  of  Massachusetts).  The  grant  from  the  Council  is  not  extant,  but 
it  is  recited  in  the  subsequent  charter,  which  is  conveniently  seen  in 
Massachusetts  Colony  Records,  I,  3. 

Bibliography.  — -  Winsor,  America,  III,  342-347,  and  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I,  87-98,  notes. 

§  134.  The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company 

Summary.  —  1629,  The  Royal  Charter:  how  obtained;  boun 
daries;  powers  of  jurisdiction  conferred;  peculiar  features  of  this 
charter ;  probable  intentions  of  the  parties  to  the  grant.  —  Aims 
and  purposes  of  the  Massachusetts  colonists :  why  did  the  ma 
jority  of  them  come  to  America  ?  —  1629,  Aug.  26,  The  Agree 
ment  at  Cambridge,  England.  —  London's  Plantation  in  New 
England.  —  John  Endicott  and  Francis  Higginson.  —  John  Win- 
throp,  his  early  life  and  service  to  Massachusetts ;  his  History  of 
New  England.  — 1630,  The  Great  Emigration;  settlement  of 
Boston  and  the  neighboring  towns. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  90-102 ;  Tyler,  England  in 
America,  ch.  xi;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  322-340;  Eggleston,  Be 
ginners  of  a  Nation,  193-219;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  288-329;  Fiske, 
Beginnings  of  New  England;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  174-195. 

Special.  —  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  99-139 ;  R.  C.  Win- 
throp,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop,  II ;  G.  E.  Ellis,  Puritan  Age  and 
Rule;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  I,  ch.  xiv;  Alice  M.  Earle,  Margaret 
Winthrop. 

Sources.  —  John  Winthrop,  History  of  New  England  (edited  by  James 
Savage,  1853,  and  by  J.  K.  Hosmer  in  Jameson's  series  of  "Original  Nar 
ratives,"  1908),  R.  C.  Winthrop,  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop;  John 
White,  The  Planter's  Plea  (1630,  reprinted  in  Force,  Tracts,  II) ;  Edward 
Johnson,  Wonder-Working  Providence  (edited  by  W.  F.  Poole,  1867,  and 
by  J.  F.  Jameson  in  his  series  of  "Original  Narratives,"  1910) ;  Thomas 
Morton,  New  English  Canaan  (edited  by  C.  F.  Adams  in  Prince  Society, 
Publications,  1883) ;  Roger  Clap,  Memoirs  (reprinted  with  many  other 


2/8  NEW    ENGLAND  [§135 

valuable  documents  in  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  and  separately 
by  the  Dorchester  Society  of  Antiquity) ;  Dudley's  Letter  to  the  Countess 
of  Lincoln  (in  Young's  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  Force's  Tracts,  II,  and 
Farmer  and  Moore's  Historical  Collections  of  New  Hampshire,  IV) ;  Sam 
uel  Maverick,  Description  of  New  England  (Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Proceedings,  1884-1885,  p.  231);  Wood,  New-England's  Prospect 
(Prince  Society,  Publications,  1865 ;  extracts  in  Young,  Chronicles  of 
Massachusetts).  The  Cambridge  Agreement  is  in  many  places:  John 
Winthrop's  Life  and  Letters,  I ;  Young,  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts;  etc. 
The  charter  is  widely  printed  :  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  MacDonald's 
Select  Charters  and  Source  Book,  etc. 

Bibliography.  — Winsor,  America,  III,  346-348,  and  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  99-139,  notes;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  334. 


§  136.  Development  of  Massachusetts,  1630-1650 

Summary.  —  Form  of  government  established  under  the  char 
ter  ;  the  magistrates  and  their  power.  —  Rise  of  representative 
government ;  the  franchise.  —  The  land  system ;  corporate  rights. 
—  Church  and  State ;  church  government,  synods.  —  Economic 
conditions.  —  Local  government,  its  origin  and  form  ;  town  meet 
ing,  selectmen,  and  other  officers.  —  Education  and  social  condi 
tions. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  1, 102-1 1 2 ;  Barry,  Massachusetts, 
I,  ch.  x;  Palfrey,  Compendious  History,  I,  113-134,  271-300;  Channing, 
United  States,  I,  340-355. 

Special.  — On  the  topics  treated  in  this  section,  see  Osgood,  American 
Colonies,  I.  —  Representation :  W.  B.  Weeden,  Quality  the  Prevailing 
Element  in  Representation  (American  Antiquarian  Society,  Proceedings, 
1894,  p.  339) ;  G.  H.  Haynes,  Representation  and  Suffrage  in  Massachusetts, 
1620-1691  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XII,  Nos.  8,  9) ;  C.  F. 
Bishop,  History  of  Elections  in  the  American  Colonies  (Columbia  Uni 
versity,  Studies  in  History,  etc.,  Ill,  No.  i)  ;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts, 
I,  ch.  i. 

On  the  origin  of  the  New  England  town  system:  Melville  Egleston, 
Land  System  of  New  England  (reprinted  in  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  IV,  Nos.  -n,  12);  papers  by  C.  F.  Adams  and  others  on  "The 
Genesis  of  the  Massachusetts  Town,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Proceedings,  1891-1892^.  172  ;  Channing,  Town  and  County  Govern 
ment;  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History;  Hannis  Taylor,  DC- 


§135]          DEVELOPMENT   OF   MASSACHUSETTS  279 

velopment  of  the  English  Constitution;  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth; 
W.  F.  Allen,  Essays  ("The  Town  and  Parish") ;  W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic 
and  Social  History;  Buck,  Ecclesiastical  Law;  Felt,  Ecclesiastical  History; 
Emory  Washburn,  Judicial  History;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  II ; 
H.  B.  Adams,  Germanic  Origin  of  New  England  Towns ;  Joel  Parker, 
in  Massachusetts'  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1866-1867,  P-  14; 
P.  E.  Aldrich,  Origin  of  New  England  Towns  (reprinted  from  American 
Antiquarian  Society,  Proceedings,  1884) ;  C.  M.  Andrews,  River  Towns  of 
Connecticut.  On  the  early  church  organization,  see  G.  L.  Walker, 
Thomas  Hooker;  and  on  the  general  question  of  ecclesiastical  system 
and  its  influence  on  the  state,  see  M.  Louise  Greene,  Development  of 
Religious  Liberty  in  Connecticut,  P.  E.  Lauer,  Church  and  State  in  New 
England  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  X,  Nos.  2,3),  and  H.  M. 
Dexter,  Congregationalism  as  seen  in  its  Literature,  413-464.  See  also 

§§  37,  43- 

Sources.  —  Records  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay  (1628-1686,  5  vols.  in  6,  edited  by  N.  B.  Shurtleff ;  commonly  cited 
as  Massachusetts  Colony  Records}.  The  "Body  of  Liberties,"  1641,  is  in 
W.  H.  Whitmore's  Bibliographical  Sketch  of  the  Laws  of  the  Massachusetts 
Colony;  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  3d  series,  VIII, 
216;  and,  with  the  comparison  with  Magna  Charta  drawn  up  by  Win- 
throp  and  others,  forms  American  History  Leaflet,  No.  25.  These  works, 
with  Whitmore's  reprints  of  the  compiled  laws  of  1660  and  1672  (which 
also  include  the  "Body  of  Liberties"),  give  a  complete  view  of  the  legis 
lation  under  the  old  charter.  See  also  John  Cotton,  An  Abstract  of  the 
Lawes  of  New  England  (reprinted  in  Force,  Tracts,  III) ;  records  of  Boston, 
Dorchester,  Charlestown,  and  Roxbury,  in  Reports  of  the  Boston  Record 
Commissioners;  Watertown  Records,  and  Bond's  History  of  Watertown; 
John  Winthrop,  New  England,  and  his  Life  and  Letters,  II,  especially  the 
documents  in  the  Appendix;  Lechford,  Plain  Dealing  (edited  by  J.  H. 
Trumbull)  and  his  Note-Book  (American  Antiquarian  Society,  Archceo- 
logia  Americana,  VII) ;  John  Child,  New  England's  Jonas  cast  up  at  Lon 
don  (reprinted  in  Force,  Tracts,  IV,  and  separately  with  notes  by  W.  T. 
R.  Marvin) ;  Nathaniel  Ward,  Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam  (reprinted  with 
notes  by  D.  Pulsifer) ;  Increase  Mather,  Remarkable  Providences  (1684) ; 
Josselyn,  Two  Voyages  to  New  England  (1628  and  1663) ;  C.  E.  Banks's 
edition  of  A  True  Relation  concerning  the  Estate  of  New-England  (1634) ; 
William  Wood,  New  England's  Prospect  (1634) ;  S.  A.  Green,  Records  of 
Groton;  Nourse,  Early  Records  of  Lancaster ;  D.  G.  Hill,  Dedham  Records; 
S.  A.  Bates,  Records  of  Braintree. 

Bibliography.  —  The  footnotes  to  the  books  noted  under  the  heading 
"Special"  in  this  section  will  give  the  leading  sources. 


280  NEW   ENGLAND  [§136 


§  136.  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  1636-1640 

Summary.  — 1633-1636,  Roger  Williams ;  his  sojourn  at  Boston, 
Plymouth,  and  Salem ;  his  ideas  as  to  the  validity  of  royal  grants 
of  land ;  his  contention  as  to  veils,  as  to  the  oath  of  fidelity,  as  to 
the  proposed  increase  of  Salem's  land,  etc.  —  Why  was  Roger 
Williams  banished  from  Massachusetts  ?  — 1636,  Providence 
founded.  —  1633-1638,  Anne  Hutchinson  and  her  religious  views.  — 
The  Antinomians.  —  The  Synod  at  Cambridge.  —  Vane  and  Win- 
throp.  —  1637-1638,  Trial  and  banishment  of  the  Antinomians. 
-  Effects  of  the  thrusting  out  of  Williams  and  the  Antinomians 
on  the  mental  development  of  Massachusetts;  how  far  is  it  just 
to  hold  the  Puritans  responsible?  —  1638-1639,  Founding  of  the 
Rhode  Island  towns.  —  Constitutional  history  of  Providence 
Plantations  and  of  Rhode  Island. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  113-140,  181-190,  236-246; 
Palfrey,  Compendious  History,  I,  148-168,  195-213,  339-351 ;  Channing, 
United  States,  I,  362-377;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  G.  W. 
Greene,  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  235-266, 
3*7,  340. 

Special.  —  C.  S.  Brigham,  in  Edward  Field's  Rhode  Island,  I,  chs. 
ii-iv;  H.  M.  Dexter,  As  to  Roger  Williams;  J.  L.  Diman,  editor,  John 
Cotton's  Answer  to  Roger  Williams  (Narragansett  Club,  Publications,  II) ; 
G.  E.  Ellis,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Lowell  Lectures,  75; 
also  his  Puritan  Age  and  Rule;  Arnold,  Rhode  Island;  Chandler,  Ameri 
can  Criminal  Trials,  I ;  Hosmer,  Sir  Henry  Vane;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
I,  406-510;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  I;  his  Massachusetts,  its 
Historians  (with  a  review  by  W.  F.  Poole  in  the  Dial,  February,  1894) ; 
and  his  Introduction  to  his  edition  of  Welde's  Short  Story  (Prince  Society, 
Publications,  1894) ;  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts; 
Williston  Walker,  Creeds  and  Platforms  of  Congregationalism;  Peter 
Oliver,  Puritan  Commonwealth;  T.  M.  Merriman,  Pilgrims,  Puritans, 
and  Roger  Williams.  See  also  §§  37,  43. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts. 
Accounts  of  Anne  Hutchinson's  trial  are  in  Hutchinson,  II,  Appendix, 
and  Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials.  See  also  T.  Welde,  A  Short 
Story  of  the  Rise  .  .  .  of  the  Antinomians  (Prince  Society,  Publications, 
1894) ;  and  Early  Records  of  the  Town  of  Providence. 

Bibliography.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor,  America,  111,376-380; 


§138]  RHODE    ISLAND  28 1 

C.  S.  Brigham,  Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island  History  (reprinted  from 
Field's  Rhode  Island,  III,  653-681) ;    Channing,  United  States,  I,  381. 

§  137.  Rhode  Island  to  1665 

Summary.  —  Samuel  Gorton  and  his  struggle  with  Massachu 
setts.  —  1643,  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations.  —  Form 
of  first  government.  —  1663,  The  Rhode  Island  charter.  —  Peculiar 
features  of  Rhode  Island  institutions.  —  The  "Rhode  Island 
spirit." 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  236-244,  267-273,308-319; 
II,  127-130;  Greene,  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island,  18-54;  Channing, 
United  States,  I,  382-398;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  I,  289-291,  304,  305,  322,  323,  394-398,  405,  456,  457; 
Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  ch.  ix ;  Palfrey,  Compendious  History,  I,  381- 
391;  II,  48-54- 

Special.  —  Arnold,  Rhode  Island,  I ;  Richman,  Rhode  Island  (Com 
monwealth  series) ;  Brayton,  Defence  of  Gorton;  Palfrey,  New  England, 
II;  D.  H.  Greene,  East  Greenwich;  Staples,  Annals  of  Providence ;  H.  C. 
Dorr,  Proprietors  of  Providence  (Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Col 
lections,  IX) ;  Knowles,  Memoir  of  Roger  Williams.  On  the  franchise  in 
Rhode  Island,  see  Rider,  Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  nev/  series,  No. 
i.  See  also,  on  the  general  topic,  §§  37,  39,  43,  46. 

Sources.  —  Colonial  Records  of  Rhode  Island;  Gorton's  Simplicities 
Defence  (in  Force,  Tracts,  IV) ;  Edward  Winslow's  Hypocrisy  Unmasked 
(the  portions  relating  to  Gorton  are  reprinted,  with  valuable  explanatory 
matter,  in  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  IV,  212). 
The  "Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations,"  1643,  and  the  charter 
of  1663,  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  and  in  MacDonald's  Select 
Charters,  91,  125. 

Bibliography. — Winsor,  America,  III,  368-384;  Channing,  United 
States,  I,  412. 

§  138.  Connecticut,  1638-1662 

Summary.  —  The  Dutch  and  the  Pilgrims  on  the  Connecticut 
River. — Lords  Brook,  and  Say  and  Sele.  —  1635,  Saybrook 
founded.  — 163 5-1 63 6,  Emigration  from  Massachusetts ;  motives  of 
the  emigrants.  —  Early  constitutional  history.  —  1638-1639,  The 
"Fundamental  Orders."  —  1637,  The  Pequod  War.  —  1662,  The 
Connecticut  charter,  and  form  of  government  established  under  it. 
—  Extent  of  the  Connecticut  grant. 


282  NEW    ENGLAND  [§139 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  149-178,  223,  286,  287;  Pal 
frey,  Compendious  History,  I,  170-193,  233-236,  395-398;  II,  39-48; 
Channing,  United  States,  I,  398-407;  Hildreth,  United  States,  i,  216, 
229,  230,  237-241,  247-252,  286,  371,  456;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New 
England;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  204-234. 

Special.  —  Trumbull,  Connecticut  (ed.  1898);  G.  L.  Walker,  Thomas 
Hooker;  Barber,  Historical  Collections;  Caulkins,  Norwich;  Hollister, 
Connecticut;  Larned,  Windham  County;  B.  C.  Steiner,  Guilford  and 
Madison;  Bowen,  Boundary  Disputes  of  Connecticut;  C.  M.  Andrews, 
River  Towns  of  Connecticut  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  VII, 
Nos.  7-9).  See  also  §§  37,  43. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts ; 
Massachusetts  Colony  Records;  Colonial  Records  of  Connecticut;  Con 
necticut  Historical  Society,  Collections,  especially  I-III,  VI.  The 
"Fundamental  Orders"  and  the  charter  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions, 
and  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  60,  116.  For  the  Pequod  War,  see 
Mason,  Pequot  War  (Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  2d 
series,  VIII,  120) ;  and  Underbill,  Newes  from  America  (ibid.,  3d  series, 
VI,  i). 

Bibliography. — Winsor,  America,  III,  368-375;  Channing,  United 
States,  I,  412. 

§  139.  New  Haven  Colony,  1638-1662 

Summary.  —  John  Davenport  and  Theophilus  Eaton,  their  aims 
and  purposes  in  emigrating  to  New  England.  —  1638,  New  Haven 
founded;  title  to  the  soil.  —  1639,  The  "Fundamental  Articles." 
—  1643,  Form  of  government  of  New  Haven  town  and  of  the 
"Plantations  in  Combination  therewith." -— Material  develop 
ment  of  the  colony.  —  1662,  New  Haven  included  in  Connecticut. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  190-200;  II,  116-125;  Hil 
dreth,  United  States,  I,  260-262,  286,  460;  Channing,  United  States,  I, 
407-411 ;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England;  Palfrey,  New  England,  I, 
528-534,  and  Compendious  History,  I,  225-233,  398,  399,  II,  39,  42. 

Special. — Atwater,  New  Haven  Colony;  Lambert,  Colony  of  New 
Haven;  Levermore,  New  Haven;  Trumbull,  Connecticut  (ed.  1898) ; 
Leonard  Bacon,  Historical  Discourses;  New  Haven  Colony  Historical 
Society,  Papers.  See  also  histories  of  Connecticut  enumerated  in  §  37. 

Sources.  —  New  Haven  Colonial  Records.  The  "Fundamental  Arti 
cles"  and  the  "Form  of  Government"  are  in  the  Colonial  Records,  1638- 
1649,  PP-  IT>  II2>  and  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  67,  101,  and 
Source  Book.  On  the  so-called  "blue  laws,"  see  Hinman,  Blue  Laws  of 


§141]  CONNECTICUT  AND   NEW   HAVEN  283 

New  Haven  Colony;  New  Haven  Colonial  Records,  1653-1665,  p.  561 ; 
and  J.  H.  Trumbull's  edition  of  The  True  Blue-Laws  and  False  Blue-Laws 
invented  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Peters.  There  is  a  sketch  of  Davenport  by 
Dexter  in  New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society,  Papers,  II,  205. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  371 ;  Channing,  United  Stales, 
I,  4i3- 

§  140.  Northern  Settlements,  1620-1660 

Summary.  —  Grants  from  the  Council  for  New  England.  — 
Early  settlements  on  the  Piscataqua.  —  Founding  of  Exeter  and 
Hampton.  —  Settlements  in  Maine.  —  Relations  of  these  various 
settlements  to  Massachusetts. 

General.  — Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  201-219;  Palfrey,  New  Eng 
land,  I,  516-527,  and  Compendious  History,  I,  214-224;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  200,  201,  265,  271;  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England. 

Special.  —  Belknap,  New  Hampshire;  Williamson,  Maine;  George 
Folsom,  Saco  and  Biddeford;  Willis,  Portland;  E.  Ballard,  editor,  Me 
morial  Volume  of  the  Popham  Celebration.  See  also  histories  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont  noted  in  §§  37,  43. 

Sources.  —  Provincial  and  Town  Papers  of  New  Hampshire;  Farmer 
and  Moore,  Historical  Collections  of  New  Hampshire;  the  Collections  of 
the  historical  societies  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  Massa 
chusetts  (see  §  45 ;  the  Collections  of  the  Maine  Society  include  the 
Documentary  History  of  Maine] ;  York  Deeds,  I ;  J.  S.  Jenness,  Tran 
scripts  of  Original  Documents  relating  to  New  Hampshire;  and  the  publi 
cations  of  the  Gorges  Society.  See  also  §  43,  under  Maine,  New  Hamp 
shire,  and  Vermont. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  363-368;  Williamson,  Bibliog 
raphy  of  Maine;  and  a  list  of  books  published  by  the  Dover  (N.H.) 
Public  Library  in  1903. 

§  141.  The  New  England  Confederation 

Summary.  —  Formation  of  the  Confederation.  —  1643,  Articles 
of  Confederation.  —  Administration  of  the  Confederation.  —  Re 
lations  with  Rhode  Island,  with  the  Indians,  and  with  the  Dutch 
and  French.  —  Dispute  between  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 
—  Later  history  to  1684. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  I,  220-319;  II,  155;  Channing, 
United  States,  I,  414-436;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  285-334,  360-412, 
448-506. 


284  NEW   ENGLAND  [§142 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  I,  II ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the 
Republic,  chs.  i,  ii ;  C.  C.  Smith,  in  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston, 
I,  ch.  vii ;  J.  Q.  Adams,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
3d  series,  IX,  187;  Hubbard,  New  England  (ibid.,  2d  series,  V-VI),  ch. 
Hi;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  ch.  xi. 

Sources.  —  Winthrop,  New  England;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts. 
The  Records  of  the  Commissioners  are  in  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  IX, 
X,  and  extracts  in  Colonial  Records  of  Connecticut,  III.  The  Articles  of 
Confederation  are  in  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  IX ;  New  Haven  Colonial 
Records,  1653-1665;  Bradford's  Plimoth  Plantation;  Brigham's  Ply 
mouth  Laws;  MacDonald's  Select  Charters,  94;  and,  with  brief  extracts 
from  Winthrop,  Bradford,  and  the  records,  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  7. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  354,  373,  and  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I,  299;  Channing,  United  States,  I,  437. 

§  142.  The  Quakers 

Summary.  —  A  comparison  of  the  ideas  of  the  Puritans  and 
the  Quakers.  —  1656,  The  first  Quakers  arrive  at  Boston.  —  1656- 
1659,  Advice  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies.  — Legis 
lation  in  regard  to  the  Quakers  in  Massachusetts,  New  Plymouth, 
Connecticut,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  —  1659-1660,  Four  Quakers 
executed  in  Massachusetts.  —  1661,  Laws  against  them  modified. 
-  Treatment  of  the  Quakers  in  England  and  in  the  other  colonies. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  98-114;  Palfrey,  New  Eng 
land,  II,  461-484,  and  Compendious  History  II,  1-20;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  I,  380,  399,  400-408,  472,  473. 

Special.  —  Hallowell,  Quaker  Invasion  of  Massachusetts;  Joel  Parker, 
in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Lowell  Lectures,  355 ;  G.  E.  Ellis, 
in  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts; 
C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes;  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massa 
chusetts;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  ch.  xiii;  James  Bowden,  Friends  in 
America. 

Sources.  —  Massachusetts  Colony  Records;  Plymouth  Colony  Records; 
laws  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  (see  §  43) ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers, 
America  and  West  Indies;  Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials ;  Bishop, 
New  England  Judged;  Besse,  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers;  Sewel,  History 
of  the  Friends;  John  Rous,  New  England  a  Degenerate  Plant;  Janney, 
History  of  the  Friends;  Gough,  Quakers;  Mather,  Magnolia,  Pt.  II,  ch. 


§144]  QUAKERS. AND   MASSACHUSETTS  285 

iv ;   Paine's  edition  of  A  Call  from  Death  to  Life.     The  Quakers'  petition 
is  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  I,  401. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  358,  and  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  187. 

§  143.  King  Philip's  War 

Summary.  —  Causes  of  the  war.  —  1675,  The  war  begun.  — 
1676,  Aug.,  Death  of  Philip.  —  1675-1678,  Continuation  of  the 
conflict  against  the  Eastern  Indians.  —  Results  of  the  war  for 
Massachusetts  and  New  Plymouth. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  153-188;  Fiske,  Beginnings 
of  New  England,  ch.  v;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  476-491. 

Special.  —  G.  W.  Ellis  and  J.  E.  Morris,  King  Philip's  War;  G.  M. 
Bodge,  Soldiers  in  King  Philip's  War;-  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  chs. 
iv,  v ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  chs.  xv,  xvi ;  E.  E.  Hale,  in  Winsor, 
Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  ch.  ix. 

Sources.  —  Hubbard,  Narrative  of  the  Troubles  with  the  Indians; 
Drake's  edition  of  Increase  Mather's  Brief  History;  H.  M.  Dexter's 
edition  of  Church's  Entertaining  Passages,  I ;  Fisher's  translation  of 
Report  of  a  French  Protestant  Refugee  in  Boston,  1689. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  360-362,  and  Memorial  His 
tory  of  Boston,  I,  327. 

§  144.  Overthrow  of  the  Massachusetts  Charter 

Summary.  —  Early  attempts  to  annul  the  charter.  —  Relations 
of  the  colony  to  England  during  the  Puritan  rebellion.  —  Rela 
tions  with  the  government  of  the  Restoration.  —  The  Regicides  in 
New  England.  —  1664,  Royal  Commissioners  in  New  England. 
—  1676,  Edward  Randolph.  —  1684,  The  charter  vacated. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  190-228;  Andrews,  Colonial 
Self -Government,  44-56,  69-73,  256-264;  Channing,  United  States,  II, 
65-69,  74-80,  155-167;  Hildreth,  United  States,  I,  489,  502-504. 

Special.  —  Charles  Deane,  in  Winsor's  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I, 
ch.  x;  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  chs.  iii,  vii,  viii,  ix;  Hutchinson,  Massa 
chusetts,  I,  ch.  ii ;  Everett  Kimball,  Public  Career  of  Joseph  Dudley  (Harv 
ard  Historical  Studies,  XV) ;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiv,  xvii. 

Sources.  —  Documents  in  Hutchinson's  Collection  of  Papers;  Massa 
chusetts  Colony  Records,  IV;  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  America  and  West 
Indies;  R.  N.  Toppan,  Edward  Randolph  (Prince  Society,  Publications, 


286  NEW   ENGLAND  [§145 

1898-1909).     Randolph's  Report  of  1676  is  reprinted  in  Perry's  Histori 
cal  Collections  of  the  American  Church,  III  (Massachusetts). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  362,  and  Memorial  History  of 
Boston,  I,  352. 

§  145.  The  Tyranny  of  Andros 

Summary.  —  1685,  Joseph  Dudley  appointed  president.  — 1686, 
Dec.,  Andros  governor-general  of  the  Dominion  of  New  Eng 
land.  —  His  powers,  instructions,  and  policy  with  regard  to  land 
titles,  the  assessment  and  collection  of  taxes,  and  local  govern 
ment.  —  Andros  in  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  New  York. 
—  1688,  Andros's  government  extended  to  include  New  York.  — 
1689,  The  "Revolution"  in  New  England;  Andros  deposed.— 
The  provisional  government.  —  1691,  The  Province  Charter. 

General.  —  Doyle,  Puritan  Colonies,  II,  230-276 ;  Andrews,  Colonial 
Self -Government,  264-287 ;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  167-185  ;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  II,  105-122,  142-144. 

Special.  —  Palfrey,  New  England,  III,  chs.  xii,  xiii,  xiv;  W.  H. 
Whitmore,  in  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  II,  ch.  i,  and  in  Intro 
duction  to  the  Andros  Tracts;  Kimball,  Joseph  Dudley;  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts,  I,  ch.  xviii;  Waters,  Ipswich;  J.  R.  Brodhead,  Address  before 
the  New  York  Historical  Society,  1844. 

Sources.  —  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  I,  ch.  iii ;  the  Andros  Tracts 
(Prince  Society,  Publications,  1868-1874),  especially  Edward  Rawson  and 
Samuel  Sewall,  The  Revolution  in  New  England  Justified,  and  the  People 
there  Vindicated  (1691 ;  also  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature, 
IV,  9) ;  Byfield,  Account  of  the  Late  Revolution  (1689,  reprinted  in  Force, 
Tracts,  IV,  and  Library  of  American  Literature,  II,  723);  "S.  E.," 
Further  Queries  upon  the  Present  State  of  the  New-English  A  fairs  (1690  ?), 
and  "A.  B.,"  Account  of  the  Late  Revolutions  in  New-England  (1689), 
both  reprinted  in  Andros  Tracts,  I,  193-208,  II,  189-201.  The  "Dudley 
Records"  and  the  "Andros  Records"  are  printed  in  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  (1899-1900,  p.  226)  and  of  the 
American  Antiquarian  Society  (1900,  p.  463)  respectively. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  III,  362 ;  Channing,  United  States, 
II,  186. 

§  146.  Provincial  New  England 

Summary. —  1700-1760,  Contests  between  the  royal  governors 
and  the  House  of  Representatives  in  Massachusetts.  —  Financial 
schemes :  paper  money  and  land  banks.  —  Influence  of  the  royal 


-  -  PROVINCIAL  NEW  ENGLAND 

to 


V,  09-144;  W.  E.  Fwfe.  • 


.  .  owxrang  Ife  5Mr  ^  Jt^*M  m  .Vw 
(1742,  iqaiated  br  the  dundm  ffistoncdl  Society, 
B*ny ,  IfiBtsatilB  \*M\ t  H,  CK>  t-n ;  Hafibartmu  JESnle  nrf  Jfvantt  of  At 

mofy  tf«rf  Rtm&img,  TL  130-313;  Fefe,  lf«ssadbncfe  Cmmmry;  Potter 
and  Rider,  P«£cr  J/«wry  ^  JUMr  /jsfiw/  (reprinled  in 


I  -      T     C     TK1  ^_     TL-,   •"••---      »fc        *•«-  --   „     lXM»«.l»i»~»a»       tfmmmim 

if  j~  dw  nee,  M  ox  mot  fiwut^  ojuooutfEno^  JH«SSW~ 

in  Ifomt  Ti«iHMt«%  Hestoritml  Cttttttitmi,  XXIX;  G.  L.  Kit- 
tredge's  "Notes  on  Whchcrafu"  in  American  Antiqaarian  Society 
Proteeimgs,  1907,  p,  148,  are  invahable, 

dandier,  Ammo*  Crimimol  Triob,  I,  67;  Upton,  Sokm  WiKknit: 
Cotton  Mather,  Woulm  of  Ae  /mnftfe  WotU  (reprinted  in 
n,    114);    Cafcf,  Jf«rr  IT«Mbn  «f  d 

(<ML,  167);  Sewafl's  Dianr.  —  For  other  topics,  see  Winsor, 
\ch.n;  Andrews, Colomioi Sejf-Gottrmmemt, 33»~346;  Greene, 
Pnmmaal  Amtritm,  326-337;  and  the  records  of  the  New  England 
states  in  $  43. 

Bibfiognphj.  —  Footnotes  m  Winsor.  AmKric*.  V,  90-144;  also  ^S^- 
188.  On  the  witchcraft  delusion,  see  notes  in  Winsor,  it tmori*!  History 
of  Boston,  H,  ch.  vi;  and  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Prvcnirngs, 


CHAPTER   XVIII 

EXPULSION  OF  THE  FRENCH,   1689-1763 

§  147.  Conflict  with  France  on  the  Seaboard 

Summary.  —  Employment  of  Indians  by  the  French.  —  1690, 
Seizure  of  Port  Royal  by  the  English;  restored  to  France  in  1697. 
—  1710,  Port  Royal  again  captured.  —  1713,  Acadia  ceded  to 
England  by  Treaty  of  Utrecht.  —  1745,  Louisburg  captured  by 
the  New  Englanders ;  1748,  restored  to  France.  — 1713-1754,  Rela 
tions  of  the  Acadians  to  the  English.  —  1755  The  Acadians  re 
moved.  —  1758,  Louisburg  taken.  —  England  supreme  on  the  sea 
board. 

General.  —  C.  C.  Smith,  in  Winsor,  America,  V,  407,  408;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  II,  182,  193,  258-262,  265,  276,  317,  330-332,  394~4oo; 
Channing,  United  States,  II,  537-550,  574-580;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation 
of  the  Union,  ch.  ii ;  W.  M.  Sloane,  French  War  and  Revolution,  chs. 
iii-v. 

Special.  —  Parkman,  Frontenac  and  Neiv  France.  208-285,  335-387 
Half-Century  of  Conflict,  and  Montcalm  and  Wolfe;  McMullen,  Canada,  I ; 
Kingsford,  Canada,  II-IV;  Belknap,  New  Hampshire;  Hannay,  Acadia; 
Drake,  History  of  the  Five  Years'  French  and  Indian  War  (1744-1749). — 
On  the  capture  of  Louisburg  (1745),  see  Parkman,  Half -Century,  II,  78- 
161.  — On  the  removal  of  the  Acadians  (1755),  see  Winsor,  America,  V, 
452;  Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I,  234;  Hannay,  Acadia,  383; 
P.  H.  Smith,  Acadia,  a  Lost  Chapter;  Parkman  and  P.  H.  Smith,  in 
Harper's  Magazine,  November,  1884,  p.  877,  and  the  Nation,  October  30, 
1884,  p.  374,  and  January  22,  1885,  p.  73.  See  also  Edouard  Richard, 
Acadia,  Missing  Links  of  a  Lost  Chapter  in  American  History. 

Sources.  —  LOUISBURG,  1745  :  Pepperrell  Papers  (Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  Collections,  6th  series,  X) ;  Lettre  d'un  Habitant  de 
Louisbourg  (translated  with  notes  by  G.  M.  Wrong,  in  University  of 
Toronto  Studies  [in]  History,  2d  series,  I) ;  James  Gibson,  Journal  of  the 

(288) 


§148]  SEABOARD   AND   VALLEYS  289 

Siege  (reprinted  in  Johnson's  Life  of  Gibson} ;  An  Accurate  Journal 
(attested  by  Pepperrell).  —  LOUISBURG,  1758  :  A  Journal  extracted  from 
Amhersfs  and  Boscawen's  Letters  to  Pitt;  see  also  Royal  Commission  on 
Historical  Manuscripts,  Ninth  Report  (1883). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  V,  ch.  vii,  footnotes,  and  pp.  420- 
482. 

§  148.  Struggle  for  the  Possession  of  the  Great  Valleys 

Summary.  —  Claims  of  France  and  England  to  the  interior.  — 
1749-1753,  France  seizes  the  upper  Ohio  Valley.  —  1754,  Washing 
ton's  surrender  at  Fort  Necessity.  — 1754,  Albany  Congress 
(§  158).  —  1755,  Braddock's  defeat;  other  disasters.  —  1756,  War 
declared  (the  "  Seven  Years'  War"  in  Europe).  — 1756-1757,  French 
successes.  —  1757,  William  Pitt,  war  minister.  —  1758,  Capture  of 
Forts  Du  Quesne  and  Frontenac,  and  Louisburg.  —  1759,  Capture 
of  Ticonderoga,  Niagara,  and  Quebec.  — 1760,  Conquest  of 
Canada  completed.  —  1763,  Peace  of  Paris. 

General. — Winsor,  America,  V,  ch.  viii;  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of 
Pontiac,  ch.  v;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  ch.  xix;  Hildreth,  United 
States,  II,  433-496 ;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  ch.  ii ;  Sloane,  French 
War  and  Revolution,  chs.  vi-ix. 

Special.  — W.  [C.  H.J  Wood,  The  Fight  for  Canada;  J.  S.  Corbett, 
England  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  (2  vols.) ;  A.  G.  Doughty  and  G.  W. 
Parmelee,  Siege  of  Quebec  and  Battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham  (6  vols.) ; 
Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  chs.  v-vii,  ix;  Lodge,  Washington; 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest;  Kingsford,  Canada,  III,  IV;  R.  Wright,  Life 
of  Wolfe;  W.  L.  Stone,  Life  and  Times  of  S'ir  William  Johnson;  W.  E. 
Griffis,  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six  Nations.  See  also  histories  of 
the  original  states,  noted  in  §  37. 

Sources.  —  Celoron  de  Bienville,  Journal  of  an  Expedition  down  the 
Allegheny  and  Ohio  Rivers,  1749,  in  [American]  Catholic  Historical  Re 
searches,  II,  III;  Washington's  Journal  and  Works;  Pouchot,  Memoir 
upon  the  Late  War,  1755-1760  (edited  by  Hough);  Winthrop  Sargent's 
edition  of  the  History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  in  1755- 
Documents  relating  to  this  expedition  are  in  Magazine  of  American 
History,  VIII,  and  Virginia  Historical  Register,  V ;  see  also  Official  Records 
of  Robert  Dinwiddie,  1751-1758  (Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
new  series,  III,  IV).  —  For  the  war  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley,  see  Can 
adian  Archives,  Montcalm's  Journal  and  Knox's  Journal,  G.  S.  Kimball's 


290  EXPULSION    OF   THE   FRENCH  [§148 

Correspondence  of  William  Pitt  .  ,  .  with  Colonial  Governors  (2  vols.), 
Reports  of  the  Royal  Record  Commission,  etc.  —  For  the  Albany  Plan 
of  Union,  see  Stephen  Hopkins,  True  Representation  (reprinted  in  Rhode 
Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  9) ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  14.  See 
also  §  158. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  V,  560-622. 


CHAPTER   XIX 
THE  REVOLUTION,   1760-1783 

§  149.  The  Colonies  in  1760 

Summary.  —  The  underlying  causes  of  the  Revolution :  geo 
graphical,  social,  political,  constitutional,  economic,  religious.  — 
Population  of  the  colonies.  —  Material  resources ;  agriculture. 

—  Foreign  trade.  —  Manufactures.  —  Rise  of  the  legal  profession. 

—  Growth  of   political   parties.  —  Constitutional   relations  with 
Great  Britain. 

General.  —  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  i ;  Higginson  and 
MacDonald,  United  Stales,  chs.  viii,  ix ;  E.  Eggleston's  papers  in  the  Cen 
tury  Magazine,  1883-1885  ;  H.  E.  Scudder,  editor,  Men  and  Manners  in 
America  One  Hundred  Years  Ago  (Sans  Souci  series). 

Special.  —  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  chs.  ii,  iv,  vi,  viii,  x,  xiii,  xv,  xvii, 
xxii;  Winsor,  in  his  America,  V;  Channing,  United  States,  II,  chs.  xiii- 
xvii;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Struggle  for  American  Independence,  I,  chs.  i-iii;  Par- 
ton,  introductory  portions  of  his  lives  of  Franklin  and  Jefferson ;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Three  Episodes,  II,  chs.  v-xiv ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Repub 
lic,  chs.  i-iv  ;  G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  chs.  i-iii. 

For  English  views  of  the  relations  of  the  colonies  to  England,  see  See- 
ley,  Expansion  of  England;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  (American  edition),  ch.  xii ;  Lord  Mahon,  England,  ch.  xliii ;  and 
the  histories  of  England  by  Massey  (Whig),  Adolphus  (Tory),  Bright,  and 
S.  R.  Gardiner.  See  also  T.  E.  May  (Lord  Farnborough) ,  Constitutional 
History,  ch.  xvii ;  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Government  of  Dependencies,  chs.  v,  vi ; 
Merivale,  Colonization. 

Sources.1  —  POPULATION  :  A  Century  of  Population  Growth,  1790-1900 
(prepared  by  W.  S.  Rossiter  under  direction  of  S.  N.  D.  North,  1909), 

1  In  this  and  succeeding  sections  of  Part  IV  (§§  149-159)  it  has  been  found 
desirable  to  enumerate  under  the  head  of  Sources  many  books  which  are  not 
contemporary  writings,  but  are,  nevertheless,  almost  indispensable  in  the  ab 
sence  of  better  material. 

(290 


2Q2  THE    REVOLUTION  [§149 

3-15;  F.  B.  Dexter,  Estimates  of  Population  (American  Antiquarian  So 
ciety,  Proceedings,  1887). 

THE  COLONIES  IN  GENERAL  (see  Part  V,  §§  161-165) :  -Burke,  Euro 
pean  Settlements  in  America  (in  his  Works  and  also  separately) ;  Huske, 
Present  State  of  North  America;  Douglass,  Summary  of  the  British  Settle 
ments;  Warden,  Statistical,  Political,  and  Historical  Account;  Pownall, 
Memorial  to  the  Sovereigns  of  Europe  on  the  Present  State  of  A  ffairs  between 
the  Old  and  the  New  World;  M.  C.  Tyler,  History  of  American  Literature; 
Thomas,  History  of  Printing;  W.  H.  Brewer,  Agricultural  Progress  (in 
Harper's  Magazine,  May,  1875,  p.  880);  McCulloch,  A  Dictionary,  Geo 
graphical,  Statistical,  etc. ;  Adam  Anderson,  Historical  and  Statistical 
Deduction  of  the  Origin  of  Commerce;  MacPherson,  Annals  of  Commerce; 
Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England  toward  the  American  Colonies;  Ber 
nard,  Letters  on  the  Trade  and  Government  of  America;  J.  L.  Bishop,  His 
tory  of  American  Manufactures;  Swank,  History  of  the  Manufacture  of 
Iron;  Adam  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations;  Cunningham,  Growth  of  English 
Industry  and  Commerce  in  Modern  Times;  Gee,  Trade  and  Navigation  of 
Great  Britain;  Channing,  The  Navigation  Laws  (American  Antiquarian 
Society,  Proceedings,  1889);  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  19;  C.  F. 
Bishop,  History  of  Elections  in  the  American  Colonies  (Columbia  Univer 
sity,  Studies  in  History,  etc.,  Ill,  No.  i);  Ho  well,  State  Trials,  XVII; 
Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials,  I,  151. 

On  topics  dealing  with  ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS,  see  J.  S.  M.  Anderson, 
Colonial  Church;  Perry,  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  Papers  relating 
to  the  History  of  the  Church;  A.  L.  Cross,  The  Anglican  Episcopate  and  the 
American  Colonies  (Harvard  Historical  Studies,  IX) ;  C.  A.  Briggs,  Amer 
ican  Presbyterianism ;  [F.  Makemie],  Narrative  of  .  .  .  Imprisonment  of 
Two  Presbyterian  Ministers  .  ...  at  the  City  of  New  York  (1707,  re 
printed  in  Force,  Tracts,  IV) ;  Backus,  History  of  the  Baptists;  R.  A. 
Guild,  Chaplain  Smith  and  the  Baptists;  Baird,  Huguenot  Emigration  to 
America;  G.  D.  Bernheim,  History  of  the  German  Settlements  and  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  North  and  South  Carolina;  American  Catholic  His 
torical  Researches;  I.  A.  Cornelison,  Religion  and  Civil  Government  in  the 
United  States;  I.  D.  Rupp,  Religious  Denominations;  John  Brown,  Brit 
ish  Churches,  II ;  Benedict,  History  of  the  Baptists;  J.  G.  Shea,  The  Cath 
olic  Church  in  the  United  States,  I,  II ;  Hodge,  Constitutional  History  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church;  the  American  Church  History  series;  and  several 
papers  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies. 

For  the  DAILY  LIFE  OF  THE  PEOPLE,  see  Maury,  Huguenot  Family  in 
Virginia;  Franklin's  "  Autobiography,"  in  any  edition  of  his  Works; 
Alexander  Graydon,  Memoirs  of  a  Life  chiefly  passed  in  Pennsylvania 
(1752-1818);  John  Adams's  "Diary,"  in  his  Works;  Elkanah  Watson, 


§149]  THE   COLONIES   IN    1760  293 

Memoirs;  Burnaby,  Travels  through  the  Middle  Colonies  (1759-1760); 
Kalra,  Travels  in  North  America  (1748)  ;  Rochefoucauld,  Travels  through 
the  United  States  (1795);  Robin,  New  Travels  through  North  America 
(1781);  Chastellux,  Travels  (1780-1782);  Brissot,  .New  Travels  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (1788) ;  Smyth,  A  Tour  in  the  United  States 
(1784);  Claude  Blanchard,  Journal  (1780-1783)  ;  Martha  J.  Lamb,  The 
Homes  of  America.  See  afso  §§  38,  47. 

For  the  separate  colonies,  see  the  following  works,  and  others  enu 
merated  in  §§  37,  38,  43,  46-48 :  — 

NEW  ENGLAND  :  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History,  chs.  xii-xvii ; 
Felt,  Customs  of  New  England;  Drake,  Nooks  and  Corners  of  the  New 
England  Coast. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE:  Provincial  Papers;  Belknap,  New  Hampshire; 
E.  D.  Sanborn,  New  Hampshire;  Bouton,  Rambles  about  Concord;  Brew- 
ster,  Rambles  about  Portsmouth. 

VERMONT:  State  and  Provincial  Papers;  Vermont  Historical  Society, 
Collections;  Williams,  Vermont. 

MASSACHUSETTS  :  Acts  and  Resolves  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts 
'Bay;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings  (see  index  volumes), 
and  Collections  (index  in  the  tenth  volume  of  each  series) ;  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts,  II;  Washburn,  Judicial  History  of  Massachusetts;  Josiah  Bart- 
lett,  Medical  Science  in  Massachusetts  (Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  2d  series,  I,  105) ;  C.  A.  Duniway,  Development  of  Freedom 
of  the  Press  in  Massachusetts  (Harvard  Historical  Studies,  XII) ;  Upham, 
Salem  Witchcraft,  Introduction ;  Nason,  Life  of  Frankland;  Winsor,  Me 
morial  History  of  Boston;  S.  A.  Drake,  Old  Landmarks  of  Boston;  Judd, 
Hadley;  Sheldon,  Deerfield;  Waters,  Ipswich.  —  The  social  conditions 
may  be  further  studied  in  the  town  records,  especially  in  Weston  Town 
Records  (1746-1826),  and  in  Reports  of  the  Boston  Record  Commissioners 
(Nos.  14,  16,  17,  19,  contain  Boston  Town  Records  and  Selectmen's  Min 
utes,  1742-1763). 

RHODE  ISLAND  :  Acts  and  Laws  of  Rhode  Island;  Colonial  Records; 
publications  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society;  C.  S.  Brigham, 
History  of  Rhode  Island  (in  Field's  Rhode  Island,  I,  3-392) ;  Arnold, 
Rhode  Island;  Staples,  Annals  of  Providence;  Newport  Historical  Maga 
zine;  D.  H.  Greene,  East  Greenwich;  F.  Denison,  Westerly  and  its  Wit 
nesses;  W.  E.  Foster,  Stephen  Hopkins. 

CONNECTICUT  :  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections;  New 
Haven  Historical  Society,  Papers;  Hinman,  Antiquities  of  Connecticut; 
Hollister,  History  of  Connecticut;  Barber,  Historical  Collections  of  Con 
necticut;  Caulkins,  New  London,  and  Norwich;  Steiner,  Guilford  and 
Madison;  M.  L.  Greene,  Development  of  Religious  Liberty  in  Connecticut. 


294  THE    REVOLUTION  [§149 

NEW  YORK  :  Acts  of  the  Assembly  of  New  York;  Documents  relative  to 
the  Colonial  History;  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections;  William 
Smith,  New  York;  Thomas  Jones,  New  York  during  the  Revolution;  Eccle 
siastical  Records  of  New  York,  IV,  V;  Long  Island  Historical  Society, 
Memoirs;  Wood,  Long  Island;  Furman,  Antiquities  of  Long  Island,  and 
History  of  Brooklyn;  Thompson,  Long  Island;  Mandeville,  Flushing; 
Innes,  New  Amsterdam;  Valentine,  New  York  [City] ;  Wilson,  Memorial 
History  of  New  York  [City];  Denton,  Account  of  New  York  [City] ;  Mun- 
sell,  Annals  of  Albany;  Account  of  a  Journey  to  Niagara  and  Quebec  (i  765) ; 
A  Brief  Narrative  of  the  Case  and  Tryal  of  John  Peter  Zenger  (N.  Y.,  1 738 ; 
reprinted,  with  bibliographies,  by  L.  Rutherf  urd,  John  Peter  Zenger,  1904). 

NEW  JERSEY:  Allinson,  Laws  of  New  Jersey;  New  Jersey  Archives; 
Barber,  Historical  Collections  of  New  Jersey;  Elmer,  Constitutional  Gov 
ernment  of  New  Jersey;  Murray,  Notes  .  .  .  concerning  Elizabethtown ; 
Hatfield,  History  of  Elizabeth;  Mellick,  Story  of  an  Old  Farm;  Wickes, 
History  of  Medicine  in  New  Jersey. 

PENNSYLVANIA  :  Charters  and  Acts  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania; 
Mitchell  and  Flanders,  editors,  Statiites  at  Large  of  Pennsylvania,  1682- 
1 80 1 ;  Hazard,  Pennsylvania  Archives,  and  Colonial  Records;  Pennsyl 
vania  Historical  Society,  Collections;  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History; 
Penn  and  Logan  Correspondence  (Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Mem 
oirs,  IX,  X);  Proud,  Pennsylvania;  Sharpless,  Quaker  Government; 
Egle,  Pennsylvania;  George  Smith,  Delaware  County;  Crumrine,  Wash 
ington  County;  Scharf,  Philadelphia;  Watson,  Annals  of  Philadelphia; 
Life  and  Works  of  Benjamin  Franklin;  Michaux,  Travels;  T.  H.  Mont 
gomery,  History  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

MARYLAND:  Bacon,  Laws  of  Maryland;  Archives  of  Maryland;  Mary 
land  Historical  Society,  Fund  Publications;  histories  of  Maryland,  by 
Scharf  (Vol.  II),  McMahon,  McSherry,  Browne,  and  Mereness;  Neill, 
Terra  Maries;  Johnston,  Cecil  County;  Jacob,  Life  of  Cresap;  Griffith, 
Annals  of  Baltimore;  Ridgely,  Annals  of  Annapolis;  Lowdermilk,  Cum 
berland;  Eddis,  Letters  from  America;  Correspondence  of  Governor  Sharpe 
(i753-i  76i,  Maryland  Archives,  VI,  IX) ;  T.  C.  Gambrall,  Church  Life  in 
Colonial  Maryland. 

VIRGINIA:  Hening,  Laws  of  Virginia ;  Campbell,  Virginia;  Beverly, 
Virginia;  Burk,  Virginia,  III;  Jefferson,  Notes  on  Virginia;  Meade, 
Old  Churches  and  Families  of  Virginia;  Foote,  Sketches  of  Virginia; 
Semple,  Baptists  in  Virginia;  Kercheval,  Valley  of  Virginia;  Peyton, 
Augusta  County;  Maury,  Huguenot  Family;  R.  A.  Brock,  Huguenot 
Emigration  to  Virginia  (Virginia  Historical  Society,  Collections,  new 
series,  V) ;  Hartwell,  Blair,  and  Chilton,  Present  State  of  Virginia;  Hugh 
Jones,  Present  State  of  Virginia;  Dinwiddie's  papers  (Virginia  Historical 


§150]  PASSIVE   RESISTANCE  295 

Society,  Collections,  new  series,  III,  IV);  Ingle,  Local  Institutions  of 
Virginia;  Channing,  Town  and  County  Government.  See  also  bi 
ographies  and  writings  of  Washington,  Jefferson,  Henry,  Mason,  and 
Madison. 

NORTH  CAROLINA  :  Colonial  Records;  Iredell,  Laws  of  North  Carolina; 
Ashe,  North  Carolina;  Williamson,  North  Carolina;  Wheeler,  Historical 
Sketches  of  North  Carolina;  John  Lawson,  Description  of  North  Carolina; 
Bernheim,  German  Settlements  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  :  Grimke,  Laws  of  South  Carolina;  Cooper,  Laws 
of  South  Carolina  (contains  the  statutes  at  large  arranged  topically) ; 
McCrady,  South  Carolina  (1670-1776) ;  Ramsay,  South  Carolina;  Logan, 
Upper  Country  of  South  Carolina;  Mills,  Statistics  of  South  Carolina;  Glen 
(governor  of  the  colony),  Answers  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  (1749  ?,  in  P.  C.  J. 
Weston's  Documents  connected  with  the  History  of  South  Carolina} ;  Glen, 
Description  of  South  Carolina  (in  Carroll's  Historical  Collections,  II,  which 
also  contains  contemporary  accounts  by  Purry,  Milligan,  Archdale,  etc.). 
See  also  the  Charleston  Year  Books,  especially  the  volume  for  1883. 

GEORGIA  :  Historical  Society,  Collections;  histories  of  the  colony  by 
C.  C.  Jones,  McCall,  and  Stevens ;  George  White,  Historical  'Collections 
of  Georgia  (with  statistics  appended) ;  Lee,  Savannah;  Strobel,  The  Salz- 
burgers;  Miller,  Bench  and  Bar;  Moore,  Voyage  to  Georgia. 

Bibliography.  — Winsor,  America,  V  (the  index,  under  the  names  of 
the  several  colonies,  indicates  the  portions  of  the  volume  devoted  to 
bibliography) ;  Lodge,  English  Colonies  (footnotes  to  the  chapters  cited 
at  the  head  of  this  section) ;  Perkins,  Check-List  of  American  Local  His 
tory.  Convenient  lists  are  appended  to  the  several  volumes  in  the 
American  Church  History  series  and  in  Hart's  American  Nation. 

§  150.  Passive  Resistance,  1761-1766 

Summary.  — 1761,  Writs  of  Assistance.  —  1763,  Parson's  Cause. 

—  1763,  Pontiac's  conspiracy.  —  1764,  Revision  of  the  trade  laws. 

-1765,  Stamp  Act  passed. — Was  it  constitutional?  —  Recep 
tion  in  the  colonies.  —  1765,  Stamp  Act  Congress,  its  importance 
as  a  precedent.  —  Condition  of  political  parties  in  England.  — 
The  first  Rockingham  ministry.  —  1766,  The  act  repealed.  —  The 
Declaratory  Act. 

General.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  ch.  v ;  Lecky,  England, 
ch.  xii;  Mellen  Chamberlain,  in  Winsor,  America,  VI,  1-34;  Channing, 
United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  ii ;  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution, 
chs.  iv-ix. 


296  THE   REVOLUTION  [§150 

Special.  —  ON  THE  SECTION  AS  A  WHOLE  :  S.  G.  Fisher,  The  Struggle 
for  American  Independence,  I,  chs.  iv-viii;  Fiske,  American  Revolution, 
I,  1-26;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  1-17;  Mahon,  England, 
chs.  xliii-xlv  (omitting  portions  relating  to  America  in  general  and  to 
English  politics) ;  Ramsay,  American  Revolution;  Grahame,  United 
States,  IV;  Gordon,  American  Revolution;  Holmes,  Annals;  Mercy 
Warren,  Rise  .  .  .  of  the  Revolution,  I,  1-34 ;  Pitkin,  Political  History 
of  the  United  States;  Kingsford,  Canada,  V. 

WRITS  OF  ASSISTANCE  :  Horace  Gray,  in  Appendix  I  (especially  p. 
540)  to  Quincy's  Reports  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  1761-1772,  andibid.,  p.  51 ; 
Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History,  II,  ch.  xviii;  Tudor,  James  Otis; 
Minot,  Massachusetts,  II;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  III;  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  33.  MacDonald  prints  a  writ  in  his  Select  Charters, 
258,  and  Source  Book,  106. 

THE  PARSON'S  CAUSE:  Lives  of  Patrick  Henry,  by  William  Wirt, 
M.  C.  Tyler,  and  W.  W.  Henry,  especially  Henry's  work,  Vol.  I ;  Camp 
bell,  Virginia,  507;  Hening,  Laws  of  Virginia;  Burk,  Virginia;  Maury, 
Huguenot  Family,  418-424. 

THE  STAMP  ACT  :  Mahon,  England,  chs.  xliii,  xlv ;  histories  of  England 
by  Massey  and  Adolphus;  Rockingham  Papers;  Grenville  Papers,  II; 
Correspondence  of  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham;  Bedford  Correspondence; 
Almon's  Papers;  Walpole,  Letters;  Edmund  Burke,  Works;  Campbell, 
Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors,  and  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chief  Justices  (Camden 
and  Mansfield) ;  Parliamentary  History;  Rogers,  Protests  of  the  Lords; 
Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne;  Wells,  Samuel  Adams;  Hosmer,  Samuel 
Adams;  lives  of  Otis,  Hutchinson,  John  Adams,  and  Henry,  especially 
W.  W.  Henry's  Patrick  Henry,  I ;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  III ;  P.  O. 
Hutchinson,  Governor  Hutchinson,  I.  Franklin's  examination  is  in  his 
Works.  For  the  Stamp  Act  Congress,  see  Account  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Congress  held  in  New  York  in  1765  (reprinted  in  Niles,  Principles  and 
Acts,  and  elsewhere) ;  the  resolutions  are  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
313,  and  Source  Book,  137. 

Sources.  —  STATEMENTS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  THEORY  :  James  Otis's 
speech  on  Writs  of  Assistance,  in  Quincy's  Reports,  as  above;  Tudor, 
James  Otis ;  Minot,  Massachusetts,  and  see  S.  A.  Green,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1890-1891,  p.  190;  James  Otis,  Vindication 
of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives,  and  Rights  of  the  British 
Colonies  Asserted  and  Proved  (1764);  Stephen  Hopkins,  Rights  of  the 
Colonies  Examined  (1765) ;  Richard  Bland,  Enquiry  into  the  Rights  of  the 
British  Colonies  (1769) ;  S.  Adams,  or  Otis,  or  both  ( ?),  An  Appeal  to  the 
World,  or  A  Vindication  of  the  Town  of  Boston  (1769) ;  John  Dickinson, 
Letters  of  a  Farmer  in  Pennsylvania  (i  767-1 768) ;  Instructions  of  the  Town 


§150]  PASSIVE   RESISTANCE  297 

of  Boston,  adopted  May,  1764  (usually  ascribed  to  S.  Adams) ;  Patrick 
Henry,  Virginia  Resolutions  against  the  Stamp  Act  (1765;  in  Henry's 
Henry  and  many  other  places) ;  Resolves  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  (Oc 
tober,  1765) ;  Resolves  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives  (Oc 
tober,  1765);  Virginia  Resolves  (1769);  Jefferson,  Summary  View  (1774, 
reprinted  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  u)  •  Alden  Bradford,  Massa 
chusetts  State  Papers.  See  also  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional  Law, 
1-47 ;  Brinton  Coxe,  Essay  on  Judicial  Power  and  Unconstitutional  Leg 
islation;  Charles  Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Modern  Democracy  in  Old  and  New 
England;  Frederick  Pollock,  History  of  the  Science  of  Politics  (reprinted, 
in  several  editions,  from  the  Fortnightly  Review,  August,  i882-January, 
1883);  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Government  of  Dependencies,  and  Methods  of 
Observation  in  Politics;  C.  E.  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States;  M.  C.  Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revolution, 
I,  chs.  i-vi ;  Hansard's  Parliamentary  History,  xv,  xvi ;  Annual  Register 
for  1775. 

These  writers  frequently  refer  to  the  earlier  English  writers  on  the 
theory  of  government,  especially  to  John  Locke,  Two  Treatises  on  Civil 
Government,  Book  II ;  Richard  Hooker,  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  Books 
I,  VI;  Algernon  Sidney,  Discourses  on  Government;  James  Harrington, 
The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana;  Blackstone,  Commentaries;  Coke,  In 
stitutes.  See  also  Hobbes,  Philosophical  Rudiments  concerning  Govern 
ment  and  Society,  and  The  Leviathan;  Machiavelli,  Discourses  on  the  First 
Decade  of  Livy;  Filmer,  Pntriarcha;  King  James,  Works ;  the  "Agree 
ment  of  the  People,"  the  "Instrument  of  Government,"  and  the  "Petition 
and  Advice,"  in  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Documents  of  the  Puritan  Revolution,  and 
in  Old  South  Leaflets.  A  more  radical  form  of  the  "Agreement  of  the 
People"  is  in  Borgeaud,  Democracy,  and  Gardiner,  Great  Civil  War,  III, 
Appendix.  Chapter  ix  of  the  latter  volume  contains  a  detailed  narrative 
of  the  formation  of  the  Agreement,  and  a  comparison  of  some  of  its  leading 
features  with  American  constitutions. 

The  French  work  which  produced  most  influence  on  the  formation 
of  opinion  at  this  early  period  (i  760-1 7 76)  is  Montesquieu's  Esprit  des  Lois 
(numerous  translations  under  the  title  Spirit  of  Laws,  especially  that  by 
Nugent) . 

The  Stamp  Act  (5  George  III,  ch.  xii)  is  in  many  places,  among  others 
in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  21,  and  in  MacDonald's  Select  Charters, 
281.  The  copy  in  Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution,  II,  672,  is  im 
perfect? 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  ch.  i,  footnotes  and  "Editorial 
Notes";  also  his  Hand-Book  of  the  American  Revolution;  Howard,  Pre 
liminaries  of  the  Revolution,  ch.  xix. 


298  THE   REVOLUTION  [§151 

§  161.  Active  Resistance,  1767-1774 

Summary.  —  1767,  The  Chatham- Graf  ton  ministry.  —  The 
Townshend  Acts:  (i)  laying  duties  on  certain  imported  com 
modities,  (2)  reorganizing  the  colonial  customs  service,  (3)  pro 
viding  for  the  quartering  of  troops,  (4)  instituting  courts  of  ad 
miralty.  —  1768,  Seizure  of  the  sloop  Liberty.  —  1769,  Virginia 
Resolves.  —  1770,  "Boston  Massacre."  —  1771,  Partial  repeal  of 
the  act  levying  customs  duties.  —  1772,  Burning  of  the  Gaspee. 
—  Commission  of  Inquiry.  —  1773,  Virginia  Resolves.  —  1773, 
Destruction  of  the  tea  at  Boston.  —  1774,  Four  acts  of  Parlia 
ment  :  (i)  Boston  Port  Act,  (2)  Massachusetts  Government  Act, 
(3)  Impartial  Administration  of  Justice  Act,  (4)  Quebec  Act.  — 
1774,  First  Continental  Congress.  —  The  American  Association, 
its  importance  from  a  constitutional  point  of  view. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xii ;  Mellen  Chamberlain,  in  Winsor, 
America,  VI,  ch.  i;  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  ii;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  II,  537-579;  III,  25-56;  Kingsford,  Canada,  V  ;  Howard, 
Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  chs.  x-xvii. 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  chs.  vi-viii ;  Van  Tyne, 
American  Revolution,  17-24;  Trevelyan,  American  Revolution,  Part  I, 
chs.  ii-vii ;  Mahon,  England,  chs.  xlvi-1  (omitting  portions  dealing  with 
English  politics) ;  Massey,  England;  Adolphus,  England;  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts;  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts. 

The  history  of  this  time  must  be  studied  in  the  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  the  leading  men  (see  §§  37,  46-48).  In  the  following  paragraphs 
the  most  important  of  these  works  for  the  student  of  this  period  are 
brought  together : 

John  Adams :  Life  and  Works  (10  vols.),  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams  (the 
Life  by  the  editor  forms  Vol.  I ;  the  Diary  and  Autobiography  are  in  Vols. 
II,  III).  Biography  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  in  American  Statesmen  series. 
See  also  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his  Wife  during  the  Revolution 
and  Letters  of  Mrs.  Adams,  both  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams. 

Samuel  Adams :  Writings  (4  vols.),  edited  by  H.  A.  Gushing ;  Life  and 
Public  Services  (3  vols.),  by  W.  V.  Wells.  Biography  by  J.  K.  Hosmer, 
in  American  Statesmen  series. 

John  Dickinson :  Political  Writings,  edited  by  P.  L.  Ford ;  Life  and 
Times,  by  J.  A.  Stille. 

Benjamin  Franklin:  Works  (10  vols.),  edited  by  Jared  Sparks;  also 
(10  vols.)  by  John  Bigelow,  and  (10  vols.)  by  A.  H.  Smyth;  Life  and 


§151]  ACTIVE    RESISTANCE  299 

Writings  (6  vols.,  arranged  topically),  edited  by  W.  T.  Franklin,  —  a  very 
useful  edition  for  the  student ;  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin  written  by  him 
self  (3  vols.),  edited  by  John  Bigelow.  Biography  by  P.  L.  Ford  (The 
Many-Sided  Franklin)  ;  and  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  in  American  Statesmen 
series. 

Alexander  Hamilton :  Works  (7  vols.),  edited  by  J.  C.  Hamilton,  and 
(9  vols.)  by  H.  C.  Lodge.  Biography  by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.«(2  vols.)  ;  and 
by  H.  C.  Lodge  in  American  Statesmen  series. 

Patrick  Henry:  Life  and  Speeches  (3  vols.),  by  W.  W.  Henry.  See 
also  biographies  by  William  Wirt  and  M.  C.  Tyler,  the  latter  in  American 
Statesmen  series. 

Stephen  Hopkins :  Life  (2  parts),  by  W.  E.  Foster,  forming  No.  19  of 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts. 

John  Jay :  Biographies  by  William  Jay  (2  vols.)  and  George  Pellew, 
the  latter  in  American  Statesmen  series. 

Thomas  Jefferson :  Writings  (9  vols.),  edited  by  H.  A.  Washington, 
and  (10  vols.)  by  P.  L.  Ford  (Vols.  I-III  cover  the  Revolutionary  period). 
Biographies  by  Randall  (3  vols.),  Tucker  (2  vols.),  Parton,  and  J.  T. 
Morse,  the  last  in  American  Statesmen  series. 

R.  H.  Lee,  Letters  (2  vols.),  edited  by  J.  C.  Ballagh.  Biography  by 
R.  H.  Lee,  Jr.  (2  vols.  in  one). 

George  Mason :   Life  (2  vols.),  by  K.  M.  Rowland. 

James  Otis :    Life,  by  William  Tudor. 

Timothy  Pickering  :  Life  (4  vols.),  by  O.  Pickering  and  C.  W.  Upham. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr. :  Life,  by  Josiah  Quincy. 

George  Washington:  Writings  (12  vols.),  edited  by  Jared  Sparks 
and  (14  vols.)  by  W.  C.  Ford;  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  being 
Letters  to  Washington  (4  vols.),  edited  by  Sparks.  Biographies  by  John 
Marshall  (5  vols.),  Irving  (5  vols.),  Sparks  (forming  the  first  volume  of 
his  edition  of  the  Writings),  Lodge,  in  American  Statesmen  series  (2  vols)., 
and  W.  C.  Ford  (2  vols.,  exceedingly  valuable). 

Biographies  of  less  prominent  persons  are  in  Sparks,  American  Biog 
raphy ;  John  Sanderson,  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence; 
Elizabeth  F.  Ellet,  Women  of  the  American  Revolution;  C.  C.  Jones,  Jr., 
Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Delegates  of  Georgia  to  the  Continental  Con 
gress ;  Thomas  Wyatt,  M emoirs  of  the  Generals,  Commodores  .  .  .  during 
the  Wars  of  the  Re-volution  and  of  1812.  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger 
contains  many  collections  of  letters  and  other  material  on  this  period. 

For  critical  estimates  of  some  of  the  leading  men,  see  Theodore  Parker, 
Historic  Americans.  Mason  L.  Weems's  biographies  of  Washington  and 
Franklin  are  interesting  as  showing  the  origin  of  many  of  the  stories 
connected  with  these  men. 


300  THE   REVOLUTION  [§151 

Sources. — TOWNSHEND  ACTS,  1767:  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Re 
public,  204;  the  leading  histories  of  England,  as  above,  under  "Special"  ; 
Parliamentary  History,  XVI;  Cavendish's  Debates,  1768-1770.  The 
acts  technically  known  as  7  George  III,  chs.  41,  46,  etc.,  are  in  Statutes 
at  Large,  VIII.  See  also  Scots'  Magazine,  XXX;  Gentleman's  Maga 
zine,  XXXVIII;  Annual  Register;  Grenville  Papers ;  Chatham  Corre 
spondence;  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne;  Albemarle,  Life  of  Rock- 
ingham;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J.  Fox;  Edmund  Burke,  Works,  and  Two 
Speeches  on  Conciliation  with  America;  Almon,  Prior  Documents ;  Alden 
Bradford,  Massachusetts  State  Papers ;  Boston  Town  Records;  biographies 
of  Otis,  the  Adamses,  etc. ;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections, 
5th  series,  IX.  For  a  notice  of  Townshend,  see  Encyclopaedia  Britannica, 
nth  ed.,  XXVII. 

SEIZURE  OF  THE  SLOOP  LIBERTY,  1768:  John  Adams,  Works,  III; 
Hutchinson,  Massachusetts,  III;  and  the  works  mentioned  under 
"Special." 

VIRGINIA  RESOLVES,  1769:  Frothingham,  Republic,  233;  W.  W. 
Henry,  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  I;  the  biographies  and  writings  of  the 
Virginia  statesmen,  and  the  standard  histories  of  Virginia.  The  Re 
solves  are  in  Frothingham,  Republic,  236,  note;  and  in  MacDonald, 
Select  Charters,  334. 

"BOSTON  MASSACRE,"  1770:  Frothingham,  Life  of  Warren,  and  Rise 
of  the  Republic ;  John  Adams,  Works;  Kidder,  Boston  Massacre;  Chandler, 
American  Criminal  Trials,  I;  Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston.  An 
account  from  the  American  point  of  view  is  entitled  A  Short  Narrative 
of  the  Horrid  Massacre  in  Boston  (Boston,  1770).  Joseph  Warren's 
oration  on  March  6,  1775,  is  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature, 
III,  256.  See  also  the  standard  works,  as  above. 

THE  GASPEE,  1772:  Staples,  Documentary  History  of  the  Destruction 
of  the  Gaspee;  J.  R.  Bartlett,  History  of  the  Destruction,  etc.  (most  of  the 
material  found  in  this  volume  is  also  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial  Records, 
VII);  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1890-1891;  Arnold, 
Rhode  Island,  II;  Parton,  Life  of  Jefferson;  Lossing,  Field-Book  of  the 
Revolution,  II. 

VIRGINIA  RESOLVES,  1773:  Frothingham,  Republic,  279;  Staples, 
Destruction  of  the  Gaspee;  G.  W.  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene,  I ;  Hutchin 
son,  Massachusetts,  III;  Wells,  Samuel  Adams;  lives  of  Jefferson  by 
Parton  and  Randall,  and  either  edition  of  the  works  of  Jefferson.  The 
Resolves  are  in  Frothingham,  Republic,  280;  Journals  of  the  House  of 
Burgesses  of  Virginia,  1773-1776,  p.  28 ;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  336? 
and  Source  Book. 

TEA  ACT,  1773:    Frothingham,  Republic,  296,  and  Life  of  Warren; 


§152]  REVOLUTION    PRECIPITATED  301 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1864-1865,  p.  324,  and 
Collections,  4th  series,  III;  works  of  Franklin;  R.  H.  Lee,  Life  of  Arthur 
Lee;  Parliamentary  History,  XVII ;  Donne,  Correspondence  of  George  III ; 
Annual  Register;  the  standard  histories.  Professor  Max  Farrand's 
article  in  the  American  Historical  Review,  III,  266,  is  especially  valuable. 

ACTS  OF  1774:  Frothingham,  Republic,  344;  Mahon's  and  Lecky's 
histories;  Parliamentary  History,  XVII;  Protests  of  the  Lords ;  Donne, 
Correspondence  of  George  III ;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J.  Fox.  The  acts  are 
printed  in  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  337-355,  and  Source  Book, 
150-162. 

QUEBEC  ACT,  1774:  Victor  Coffin,  The  Quebec  Act  (and  see  Yale 
Review,  August,  1895) ;  Kingsford,  Canada,  V,  ch.  vii  (the  act  itself  is 
at  p.  256) ;  Cavendish,  Debates  on  the  Canada  Bill  in  1774  (London,  1839) ; 
Lecky,  England;  and  the  writings  of  the  leading  American  statesmen  of 
the  time.  See  also  Burke's  Works. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  ch.  i,  footnotes  and  "Editorial 
Notes";  also  his  Hand-Book  of  the  American  Revolution;  Howard, 
Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  ch.  xix. 

§  152.  Revolution  Precipitated,  1772-1776 

Summary.  — 1772-1773,  Committees  of  correspondence.  — 1773, 
The  "  Hutchinson  Letters."  —  1774-1 175,  Affairs  in  Massachusetts. 
—  1775,  Apr.  19,  Lexington  and  Concord.  —  1775,  May,  Cap 
ture  of  Ticonderoga.  —  1775,  June  17,  Bunker  Hill.  —  1775,  June, 
Congress  assumes  control  of  the  army  before  Boston  and  appoints 
Washington  commander-in-chief. — Apr.,  1775  to  Mar.,  1776, 
Siege  of  Boston. —  1775-1776,  Invasion  of  Canada.  —  1776,  Clin 
ton's  attack  on  Charleston,  S.C. 

General. —  Higginson  and  MacDonald,  United  States,  ch.  x;  Winsor, 
America,  VI,  ch.  ii;  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xii ;  Howard,  Preliminaries  of 
the  Revolution,  chs.  xiv,  xvii,  xviii. 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  chs.  ix,  x ;  Van  Tyne, 
American  Revolution,  chs.  ii,  iii,  and  pp.  77-78;  Trevelyan,  American 
Revolution,  Part  I,  chs.  viii-xi,  and  Part  II,  chs.  i-iii ;  Mahon,  England, 
chs.  li-liii;  and  the  other  standard  works  mentioned  in  §  150,  especially 
those  of  Grahame,  Gordon,  and  Ramsay;  Moore,  Diary  of  the  American 
Revolution;  Thomas  Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolution  (gives  the  views 
of  an  American  loyalist ;  valuable  notes  by  the  editor,  E.  F.  DeLancey) ; 
Niles,  Principles  and  Acts  (contains  a  mass  of  information);  Kingsford, 
Canada,  V,  VI.  See  also  §§  37-39,  46,  47- 


302  THE    REVOLUTION  [§152 

MILITARY  HISTORIES  covering  the  whole  field:  J.  W.  Fortescue, 
History  of  the  British  Army,  III ;  Lossing,  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution 
(2  vols.,  arranged  topically  with  no  regard  to  sequence  of  events) ;  Daw- 
son,  Battles  of  the  United  States  (2  vols. ;  gives  many  important  docu 
ments)  ;  Carrington,  Battles  of  the  American  Revolution  (a  good  com 
pendious  account  from  a  military  point  of  view) ;  Beatson,  Naval  and 
Military  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain;  C.  O.  Paullin,  The  Navy  of  the  Ameri 
can  Revolution;  Stedman,  History  of  the  American  War. 

Sources.  —  THE  HUTCHINSON  LETTERS  :  Copy  of  Letters  sent  to  Great 
Britain  by  Thomas  Hutchinson,  etc.  (reprinted  in  Franklin  before  the 
Privy  Council,  Phila.,  1859) ;  Franklin's  statement  of  the  matter  is  in 
his  Works  (Sparks's  edition,  IV).  See  also  P.  O.  Hutchinson,  Diary  and 
Letters  of  Thomas  Hutchinson;  Hosmer,  Life  of  Hutchinson;  biographies 
of  Franklin ;  and  the  standard  histories,  both  American  and  English. 

LEXINGTON  AND  CONCORD,  1775:  The  official  account  compiled 
for  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts  is  in  Journals  of  the  Pro 
vincial  Congresses,  661-694.  See  also  Force,  American  Archives,  4th 
series,  II,  where  several  English  accounts  are  also  given ;  Ellen  Chase, 
Beginnings  of  the  American  Revolution,  II,  III;  Frothingham,  Siege 
of  Boston;  Hudson,  History  of  Lexington;  Phinney,  Battle  of  Lexington; 
Shattuck,  History  of  Concord.  S.  A.  Drake's  Historic  Fields  of  Middlesex 
is  useful  in  the  identification  of  localities. 

SIEGE  OF  BOSTON,  1775-1776  :  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston,  and  Life 
of  Joseph  Warren;  Centennial  Celebration,  printed  by  the  city  of  Boston; 
Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston;  Barry,  Massachusetts,  III;  Paige, 
History  of  Cambridge;  Drake,  History  of  Roxbury;  Washington's  Writ 
ings;  biographies  of  Washington,  Nathanael  Greene,  William  Heath, 
John  Warren,  George  Read,  Joseph  Reed,  John  Knox  ;  Thacher,  Military 
Journal;  Force,  American  Archives,  4th  series,  V,  VI. 

BUNKER  HILL,  1775  :  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston,  Life  of  Warren, 
and  Battle-Field  of  Bunker  Hill;  the  Historical  Magazine  (edited  by 
H.  B.Dawson),  June,  1868;  Thacher,  Military  Journal;  Barry,  Massachu 
setts;  Caleb  Stark,  Memoir  of  General  Stark;  C.  F.  Adams,  in  American 
Historical  Review,  I,  401 ;  Daniel  Putnam,  Account  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill  .  .  .  with  a  Letter  to  Major-General  Dearborn  repelling  his  unpro 
voked  Attack  on  .  .  .  Israel  Putnam ;  Humphreys,  Life  of  Putnam; 
G.  E.  Ellis,  Sketches  of  Bunker  Hill  Battle;  Force,  American  Archives, 
4th  series,  IV;  Fonblanque,  Life  of  Burgoyne;  the  standard  histories, 
especially  Gordon's  and  Mahon's ;  and  the  military  histories,  especially 
Dawson's  Battles  of  the  United  States. 

TICONDEROGA,  1775  :  Barry,  Massachusetts;  Holland,  Western  Massa 
chusetts;  J.  E.  A.  Smith,  History  of  Pittsfield;  Thomas  Jones,  New  York 


§153]  DECLARATION   OF   INDEPENDENCE  303 

in  the  Revolutionary  War;  Lossing,  Life  of  Schuyler;  Hollister,  Con 
necticut;  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections,  I ;  Dawson,  Battles 
of  the  United  States;  Ethan  Allen,  Narrative  of  .  .  .  [his]  Captivity; 
I.  N.  Arnold,  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold. 

INVASION  OF  CANADA,  1775-1776:  C.  P.  Lucas,  History  of  Canada, 
1763-1812 ;  John  Codman,  Arnold's  Expedition  to  Quebec;  Justin 
H.  Smith,  Arnold's  March  from  Cambridge  to  Quebec;  I.  N.  Arnold,  Life  of 
Benedict  Arnold;  Graham,  Life  of  Daniel  Morgan;  Sparks,  Correspon 
dence  of  the  Revolution  (for  Arnold's  letters  to  Washington) ;  Parton,  Life 
of  Aaron  Burr;  J.  J.  Henry,  Accurate  Account,  etc. ;  Meigs's  Journal 
(Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Collections,  2d  series,  II,  227),  and 
Wild's  Journal  {Proceedings,  26.  series,  II,  267).  See  also  the  standard 
works,  as  above,  especially  Ramsay,  Lossing,  and  Dawson ;  Lossing,  Life 
of  Schuyler ;  Hollister,  Connecticut ;  Force,  American  Archives,  4th 
series,  III. 

ATTACK  ON  CHARLESTON,  1776  :  McCrady,  South  Carolina,  1773-1780; 
Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution;  Moultrie,  Memoirs;  Ramsay, 
Revolution  of  South  Carolina;  Gibbes,  Documentary  History;  John 
Dray  ton,  Memoirs;  Clinton,  Observations  on  Stedman's  History.  See 
also  the  standard  works  as  above,  especially  Dawson ,  Lossing,  Jones,  and 
Adolphus. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  and  Hand-Book  of  the  Ameri 
can  Revolution;  Frothingham,  Siege  of  Boston,  footnotes;  Van  Tyne, 
American  Revolution,  344,  345,  352 ;  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the 
Revolution,  ch.  xix. 

§  163.  The  Declaration  of  Independence,  1774-1776 

Summary.  —  The  Continental  Congresses,  their  powers  and 
constitutional  positions. —  1775-1776,  Growth  of  the  desire  for 
separation.  —  1775  to  June,  1776,  Organization  of  state  govern 
ments. —  1776,  May,  Virginia  Resolves. — June,  R.  H.  Lee's 
resolutions.  —  July  2,  Resolution  declaring  the  United  Colonies 
independent.  —  July  4,  Adoption  of  the  great  Declaration.  — 
July  5,  The  Declaration  published ;  Aug.  2,  signed.  —  Constitu 
tional  position  of  the  Declaration.  —  Political  theories  set  forth ' 
therein. 

General.  —  Higginson  and  MacDonald,  United  States,  ch.  xi ;  Lecky, 
England,  ch.  xiv;  Higginson,  in  Scribner's  Magazine,  July,  1876;  Fiske, 
American  Revolution. 


304  THE   REVOLUTION  [§154 

Special.  —  H.  Friedenwald,  The  Declaration  of  Independence,  an  In 
terpretation  and  an  Analysis;  J.  H.  Hazleton,  The  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence,  its  History;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  chs.  iv,  v;  Tre- 
velyan,  American  Revolution,  Part  II,  chs.  iv,  v ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
the  Republic;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution;  Story,  Com 
mentaries  on  the  Constitution;  Tucker,  United  States;  Pitkin,  United 
States;  George  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Revolt  (especially 
the  introduction  by  Sparks) ;  G.  W.  Greene,  Historical  View;  the 
standard  histories,  especially  Gordon's ;  and  the  biographies  and  writings 
of  Jefferson,  R.  H.  Lee,  the  Adamses,  Franklin,  Dickinson,  and  other 
leading  men. 

Sources.  —  Journals  of  Congress  and  Secret  Journals  of  Congress  (both 
sets  printed  by  authority  of  the  Congresses  and  containing  less  informa 
tion  than  the  titles  indicate) ;  John  Adams,  Works;  Force,  Ameri 
can  Archives.  Lee's  Resolutions  are  given  in  facsimile  in  Force, 
Archives,  4th  series,  VI.  The  original  draft  of  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence  is  printed  in  facsimile  in  the  Congress  edition  of  Jefferson's 
Writings,  1, 19,  and  in  Ford's  edition,  II,  42.  The  Declaration  as  adopted 
may  be  found  in  facsimile  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence  issued  by 
the  city  of  Boston  in  1876 ;  and  in  Force,  Archives,  5th  series,  I.  Various 
texts  are  given  by  Ford  in  his  edition  of  Jefferson's  Writings,  I,  30,  and 
II,  42.  For  the  facts  as  to  the  signing  of  the  Declaration,  see  Mellen 
Chamberlain,  Authentication  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  (Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1884-1885,  p.  273,  also  printed 
separately),  and  Winsor,  America,  VI,  262-269.  See  also  Thomas 
Paine,  Common  Sense;  and  the  diary  of  Richard  Smith,  in  American 
Historical  Review,  I,  288. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  100,  101,  and  "Editorial 
Notes"  to  chapter  iii ;  also  his  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolution;  Van  Tyne, 
American  Revolution,  340-342. 

§  164.  The  War  in  the  Middle  States  and  in  the  West 

Summary.  —  1776,  July,  Strength  of  the  combatants. — The 
Hessians.  —  1776,  Aug.-Dec.,  The  campaign  from  Long  Island  to 
the  Delaware.  —  Dec.  26,  Surprise  at  Trenton.  —  Importance  of 
this  battle.  —  1777,  Burgoyne's  campaign. — The  Saratoga  con 
vention. —  Howe's  campaign  in  Pennsylvania.  —  1778,  Mon- 
mouth.  — 1778-1781,  Other  campaigns  in  the  North.  — 1780,  Trea 
son  of  Benedict  Arnold. — West:  1777-1781,  Iroquois  raids  on 
New  York  frontier;  1777,  St.  Leger's  expedition;  Aug.  3,  battle 


§154]  WAR   IN   THE   MIDDLE   STATES  305 

of  Oriskany;  1778,  July,  Wyoming;  1779,  Sullivan's  expedition. 
-  1774,  Dunmore's  War  (§  162) ;  1776-1783,  Indian  war  in  Ken 
tucky  and  upper  Ohio  Valley.  — 1778-1779,  Clark's  conquest  of  the 
Northwest;  1781,  Spanish  expedition  to  St.  Joseph.  —  1776-1783, 
war  with  Cherokees;  1780,  Oct.  7,  King's  Mountain  (§  156). 
(See  §§  162,  168.) 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xiv ;  General  Cullom,  in  Winsor, 
America,  VI,  275-314,  and  F.  D.  Stone,  ibid.,  367-403;  J.  W.  Fortescue, 
History  of  the  British  Army,  III. 

Special.  — Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  chs.  vi-viii,  x,  xiii,  xv ; 
Trevelyan,  American  Revolution,  Part  II,  chs.  vi-xii;  Mahon,  England; 
Carrington,  Battles ;  Kingsford,  Canada,  VI ;  J.  W.  Wallace,  Colonel 
William  Bradford;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  xi,  and  II; 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  chs.  vii-xii ;  Max  Farrand,  West  and  the 
Principles  of  the  Revolution  (Yale  Review,  XVII,  44) ;  C.  A.  Hanna, Scotch- 
Irish,  I,  ch.  i;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  ch.  xi;  II.  A.  Bruce, 
Daniel  Boone  and  the  Wilderness  Road,  chs.  x-xiii ;  and  the  standard 
histories. 

Sources.  —  On  the  war  as  a  whole,  see  the  following  volumes  issued 
by  the  Royal  Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts:  American  Manu 
scripts  in  the  Royal  Institution  (4  vols. ;  these  are  the  "Headquarters 
Papers"  of  the  successive  British  commanders-in-chief) ;  Abergavenny 
Manuscripts  (correspondence  of  John  Robinson) ;  Stopford-Sackville 
Manuscripts  (correspondence  of  Lord  George  Germain ;  Vol.  II  contains 
the  papers  relating  to  America) ;  Various  Collections,  VI  (correspondence 
of  William  Knox,  under-secretary  for  the  colonies). 

THE  HESSIANS  :  E.  J.  Lowell,  The  Hessians  in  the  Revolution;  G.  W. 
Greene,  German  Element  in  the  War;  Fonblanque,  Life  of  Burgoyne; 
Baroness  Riedesel,  Letters  and  Memoirs  relating  to  the  War. 

LONG  ISLAND  TO  THE  DELAWARE,  1776:  H.  P.  Johnston,  Campaign 
of  1776  around  New  York  (Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Memoirs,  III ; 
pt.  ii,  documents),  and  Battle  of  Harlem  Heights;  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  Washington,  Greene,  Joseph  Reed,  Franklin,  John  Adams;  T. 
W.  Field,  Battle  of  Long  Island  (Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Memoirs, 
II) ;  C.  F.  Adams,  in  American  Historical  Review,  I,  650;  Amory,  General 
Sullivan;  General  Heath,  Memoirs;  Parton,  Lif  e  of  Aaron  Burr ;  Thomas 
Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolution;  Dunlap,  New  York;.  Force,  American 
Archives,  5th  series;  Stiles,  Brooklyn;  General  Howe,  Narrative  of 
.  .  .  his  Conduct. 

TRENTON  AND  PRINCETON:  W.  S.  Stryker,  Battles  of  Trenton  and 
Princeton;  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History,  VII,  45;  Massachusetts 


306  THE   REVOLUTION  [§154 

Historical  Society,  Collections,  5th  series,  IV,  32;  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  Washington,  Greene,  Sullivan,  and  Knox;  Lowell,  Hessians; 
Raum,  History  of  Trenton;  Haven,  Annals  of  Trenton;  Hageman, 
History  of  Princeton. 

BURGOYNE'S  CAMPAIGN,  1777  :  C.  P.  Lucas,  History  of  Canada,  1763- 
1812;  Fonblanque,  Burgoyne;  Burgoyne,  State  of  the  Expedition;  W. 
L.  Stone,  Campaign  of  Burgoyne;  J.  M.  Hadden,  Journal  and  Orderly 
Books,  1776-1778;  I.  N.  Arnold,  Life  of  Arnold;  Lossing,  Life  of  Schuy- 
ler ;  C.  Neilson,  Account  of  Burgoyne's  Campaign;  Graham,  Life  of 
Daniel  Morgan;  Thacher,  Military  Journal;  Lowell,  Hessians;  Baroness 
Riedesel,  Memoirs;  the  military  histories,  especially  Dawson,  Battles. 
For  St.  Leger's  campaign,  see  especially  W.  L.  Stone,  Life  of  Brant,  and 
Campaign  of  Burgoyne;  and  E.  H.  Roberts,  Battle  of  Oriskany. 

For  the  battle  of  Bennington,  see  especially  H.  D.  Foster  and  T.  W. 
Streeter,  Stark's  Independent  Command  at  Bennington  (reprinted  from 
New  York  Historical  Association,  Proceedings,  1905) ;  W.  L.  Stone, 
Campaign  of  Burgoyne;  J.  E.  A.  Smith,  History  of  Pittsfield;  Holland, 
Western  Massachusetts;  Chipman,  Life  of  Seth  Warner;  Vermont  His 
torical  Society,  Collections;  Caleb  Stark,  Memoir  of  John  Stark;  New 
Hampshire  State  Papers;  Coburn,  Centennial  of  the  Battle  of  Bennington. 

For  the  Convention,  see  especially  "Note  by  General  Cullom,"  in 
Winsor,  America,  VI,  317;  Charles  Deane,  in  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  Proceedings,  1877 ;  Mahon,  England,  VI. 

HOWE'S  CAMPAIGN,  1777  :  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History;  Scharf 
and  Wescott,  Philadelphia;  Egle,  Pennsylvania;  Lewis,  Chester  County; 
George  Smith,  Delaware  County;  Lafayette,  Memoirs;  General  James 
Wilkinson,  Memoirs;  Muhlenberg,  Life  of  Muhlenberg;  Amory,  General 
Sullivan;  Ross,  Life  of  Cornwallis;  C.  F.  Adams,  "Strategy  of  the 
Campaign  of  1777,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings, 
1910-1911  ;  the  standard  histories  and  military  histories,  especially 
Gordon  and  Dawson;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution;  biog 
raphies  and  writings  of  Washington  (especially  that  by  Marshall), 
Greene,  Knox,  Wayne,  and  Pickering;  Lowell,  Hessians;  Pennsyl 
vania  Archives. 

THE  MONMOUTH  CAMPAIGN,  1778:  Dawson,  Battles,  and  the  other 
special  works ;  Alexander  Hamilton,  Works  (any  edition) ;  Kapp,  Life 
of  Steuben;  biographies  and  writings  of  Washington,  Greene,  Lafayette, 
Morgan,  Pickering,  Knox,  and  Wayne ;  Bean,  Washington  and  Valley 
Forge;  Sparks,  -  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution;  Simcoe,  Queen's 
Rangers;  Almon,  Remembrancer. 

For  Charles  Lee,  see  especially  Proceedings  of  the  Court  Martial  held 
at  Brunswick;  G.  H.  Moore,  Treason  of  Charles  Lee;  Langworthy, 


§154]  WAR   IN   THE   MIDDLE    STATES  307 

Memoirs  of  Lee;  papers  of  Lee,  in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Col 
lections,  1871-1874;  Sparks,  Life  of  Lee;  Marshall,  Life  of  Washington; 
Hamilton,  Works. 

ARNOLD'S  TREASON,  1780:  Dawson,  Papers  concerning  the  Capture 
of  Andre;  Proceedings  of  a  Board,  September  29, 1780  (reprints  in  Sargent's 
Andre  and  Boynton's  West  Point] ;  I.  N.  Arnold,  Life  of  Arnold;  Lossing, 
Two  Spies;  Dawson,  Trial  of  J.  H.  Smith;  J.  H.  Smith,  Authentic 
Narrative;  Chandler,  American  Criminal  Trials;  Sparks,  Life  and 
Treason  of  Arnold;  Parton,  Life  of  Burr;  G.  W.  Greene,  Nathanael 
Greene;  Thomas  Jones,  New  York  in  the  Revolution;  Sargent,  Life  of 
Andre;  Leake,  Life  of  General  Lamb;  B.  Tallmadge,  Memoir;  Lafay 
ette,  Memoirs;  Marbois,  Complot  d' Arnold  et  de  Sir  Henry  Clinton; 
Rush,  Washington  in  Domestic  Life;  Baker's  edition  of  Halleck's  In 
ternational  Law;  histories  of  England  by  Adolphus  and  Mahon;  English 
Historical  Review,  January,  1890.  The  best  concise  account  is  by  Winsor, 
in  his  America,  VI,  447-468. 

WEST.  —  NEW  YORK  :  F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier,  pts.  i  v- 
vii;  W.  L.  Stone,  Joseph  Brant;  W.  W.  Campbell,  Tryon  County;  D. 
Weller,  Centennial  Celebration  of  General  Sullivan'' s  Campaign;  G.  S. 
Conover,  Journals  of  Sullivan's  Expedition. 

WYOMING:  Pearce,  Annals  of  Luzerne  County;  Miner,  Wyoming; 
Chapman,  Wyoming;  W.  L.  Stone,  Poetry  and  History  of  Wyoming; 
Peck,  Wyoming;  Hoyt,  Luzerne  Seventeen  Townships. 

KENTUCKY  AND  OHIO  VALLEY  :  L.  S.  Shimmell,  Border  Warfare  in 
Pennsylvania;  Wallace  Notestein,  Western  Indians  in  Revolution  (Ohio 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  269) ;  J.  A.  James,  Indian 
Diplomacy  (Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1909,  p.  125); 
C.  W.  Butterfield,  The  Girtys,  chs.  v-xxi;  R.  T.  Durrett,  Bryant's 
Station;  Thwaites  and  Kellogg,  Revolution  on  the  Upper  Ohio. 

CLARK'S  CONQUEST  :  R.  G.  Thwaites,  How  Clark  won  the  Northwest, 
No.  i  ;  W.  H.  English,  Conquest  of  Northwest,  chs.  i-xviii ;  J.  A.  James, 
Some  Problems  of  the  Northwest  (Turner  Essays,  57),  and  George  Rogers 
Clark  and  Detroit  (Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association,  Proceedings, 
III,  291);  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Collections,  I,  171-464,  and 
Vols.  II,  V  (Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  records,  especially  the  introductions 
by  C.  W.  Alvord);  Alvord,  Conquest  of  St.  Joseph  (Missouri  His 
torical  Review,  II,  195),  and  Submission  of  Vincennes  (American  Historical 
Review,  XIV,  544). 

CHEROKEES  :  J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  Tennessee,  ch.  iii ;  John  Drayton, 
Memoirs,  chs.  ix,  xvii ;  North  Carolina  Records,  X,  XL 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  and  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolu 
tion  (use  index  in  each  case) ;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  346-350. 


308  THE    REVOLUTION  [§155 

§  155.  The  French  Alliance 

Summary.  —  1775,  Silas  Deane  in  France;  Deane  and  Beau- 
marchais.  —  1776,  Franklin,  Arthur  Lee,  and  Deane  appointed 
commissioners.  —  Franklin's  career  in  France.  —  Effect  of  Bur- 
goyne's  surrender.  —  1778,  The  treaties:  (i)  eventual  alliance, 
(2)  commerce.  —  1778,  Lord  North's  conciliatory  propositions.  — 
Results  of  the  alliance.  —  1778,  D'Estaing  at  Newport. 

General.  —  E.  J.  Lowell,  in  Winsor,  America,  VII,  24-72;  Parton, 
Life  of  Franklin;  G.  W.  Greene,  Historical  View. 

Special. — J.  B.  Perkins,  France  in  the  American  Revolution;  Van 
Tyne,  American  Revolution,  chs.  xii,  xiii ;  Lyman,  Diplomacy  of  the  United 
States;  Trescot,  Diplomacy  of  the  American  Revolution;  E.  E.  Hale, 
Franklin  in  France. 

Sources.  —  On  the  negotiations  with  France,  see  especially  Sparks, 
Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution;  Wharton,  Digest  of  Inter 
national  Law,  and  Revolutionary  Diplomatic  Correspondence;  Force,  Amer 
ican  Archives;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress;  Charles  Isham  on  Silas  Deane, 
in  New  York  Historical  Society,  Collections,  1886,  and  in  American  His 
torical  Association,  Papers,  III,  40;  Papers  in  .  .  .  the  Case  of  Silas 
Deane  (Seventy-Six  Society,  Phila.,  1855);  Stille,  Beaumarchais  and  the 
Lost  Million;  Lomenie,  Beaumarchais;  biographies  and  writings  of  Frank 
lin;  R.  H.  Lee,  Life  of  Arthur  Lee;  W.  Jay,  Life  of  John  Jay;  John 
Adams,  Works;  Lafayette,  Memoirs;  Circourt,  Historical  Conclusions 
(Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceedings,  1876-1877,  p.  16),  and 
Action  Commune  de  la  France  et  de  VAmerique;  Doniol,  Participation  de  la 
France  a  VEtablissement  des  Etats-Unis  d'Amerique;  J.  Durand,  Docu 
ments  on  the  American  Revolution. 

The  TREATIES  are  in  Treaties  and  Conventions  between  the  United  States 
and  other  Powers;  Secret  Journals;  etc. 

For  the  ATTEMPTS  AT  CONCILIATION  and  the  condition  of  English 
politics,  1776-1779,  see  especially  the  standard  English  histories  (§  149) ; 
Parliamentary  History;  Rogers,  Protests  of  the  Lords;  Annual  Register; 
Donne,  Correspondence  of  George  III  and  Lord  North;  Chatham  Corre 
spondence;  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne;  Albemarle,  Memoirs  of  Rock- 
ingham;  Bedford  Papers;  Grenville  Papers;  Russell,  Memoirs  of  C.J. 
Fox;  Morley,  Life  of  Edmund  Burke;  Burke,  Works;  Horace  Walpole, 
Journals,  and  Memoirs  of  George  III ;  Jesse,  George  Selwyn;  Auckland 
Correspondence;  P.  O.  Hutchinson,  Thomas  Hutchinson;  Campbell,  Lord 
Chancellors  (Camden,  Loughborough,  and  Thurlow),  and  Lord  Chief 


§15(5]  FRANCE   AND   THE   SOUTH  309 

Justices  (Mansfield) ;  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Administrations  of  Great  Britain; 
Earle,  Prime  Ministers;   D.  Adams,  English  Party  Leaders. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch.  i,  footnotes  and  "Critical 
Essay";  also  his  Hand-Book  of  the  Revolution;  Van  Tyne,  American 
Revolution,  353,  354. 

§  156.  The  War  in  the  Southern  Department 

Summary.  — 1778,  Seizure  of  Savannah  by  the  British.  — 1779, 
D'Estaing  and  Lincoln  attempt  its  recovery.  —  1780,  Charleston 
captured  by  Clinton.  —  The  British  occupy  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  —  1780,  Aug.,  Battle  of  Camdeh.  —  1780,  Oct.,  King's 
Mountain.  —  1781,  Greene's  campaign  from  Cowpens  to  Guilford. 

—  His  later  campaigns.  —  Lafayette  and  Cornwallis  in  Virginia. 

—  1780-1781,  Rochambeau  at  Newport.  —  1781,  Aug.-Oct.,  The 
Yorktown  campaign.  —  Naval  conflict  off  the  capes  of  the  Chesa 
peake. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xiv;  Winsor,  America,  VI,  469-507 ; 
G.  W.  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene,  III,  ch.  ii  (a  summary  of  the  earlier  cam 
paigns)  ;  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  v,  vi,  and  Thomas  Jefferson;  J.  W. 
Fortescue,  History  of  the  British  Army,  III ;  Simms,  Francis  Marion;  G. 
W.  Greene,  Historical  View. 

Special.  —  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  chs.  xvi,  xvii;  Ramsay, 
American  Revolution,  wad.  the  other  standard  works  enumerated  in  §§  150- 
152,  especially  Dawson,  Battles,  and  Stedman,  American  War;  H.  P. 
Johnston,  Yorktown  Campaign;  Lowell,  Hessians. 

Sources.  —THE  WAR  TO  SEPTEMBER,  1781 :  McCrady,  South  Carolina 
(i  775-1 783) ;  Ramsay,  Revolution  of  South  Carolina  from  a  British  Province 
to  an  Independent  State;  Moultrie,  Memoirs  of  the  American  Revolution; 
McCalPs,  Jones's,  and  Stevens's  histories  of  Georgia;  Tarleton,  Cam 
paigns  of  1780  and  1781 ;  Mackenzie,  Strictures  on  Tarleton'' s  History; 
Hough,  Siege  of  Savannah;  Almon,  Remembrancer;  Bowen,  Life  of  Lin 
coln;  Hough,  Siege  of  Charleston;  Charleston  Year  Books ;  Kapp,  Life 
of  John  Kalb;  O.  H.  Williams,  Narrative  of  the  Campaign  of  1780  (in 
W.  Johnson's  Nathanael  Greene,  I,  Appendix  B) ;  J.  A.  Stevens,  in  Maga 
zine  of  American  History,  V,  and  H.  P.  Johnston,  ibid.,  VIII ;  McRee,  Life  • 
of  Iredell.  There  are  many  articles  on  these  southern  campaigns  in  the 
Southern  Literary  Messenger  and  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
Magazine. 

GREENE'S  CAMPAIGNS,  1781-1783:  G.  W.  Greene,  Nathanael  Greene, 
III ;  W.  Johnson,  Nathanael  Greene;  Ashe,  North  Carolina;  Henry  Lee, 


310  THE    REVOLUTION  [§157 

Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department;  Graham,  Life  of  Daniel 
Morgan;  Horry,  Life  of  Francis  Marion;  Gibbes,  Documentary  His 
tory;  Armstrong,  Life  of  Anthony  Wayne;  Tarleton,  Campaigns;  Ham 
ilton,  Grenadier  Guards;  Almon,  Remembrancer;  Draper,  King's  Moun 
tain;  McSherry,  Maryland;  Sparks,  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution. 

THE  YORKTOWN  CAMPAIGN,  1781 :  Washington's  Writings  (either 
edition);  biographies  of  Washington,  especially  that  by  Marshall; 
Girardin,  Continuation  of  Burk's  Virginia  (written  under  Jeffersonian 
auspices) ;  Calendar  of  Virginia  State  Papers;  Rochambeau,  Memoirs ; 
Lafayette,  Memoirs;  Ross,  Correspondence  of  Cornwallis;  Tarleton, 
Campaigns;  Kapp,  Steuben;  Almon,  Remembrancer;  Magazine  of 
American  History,  VII;  B.  F.  Stevens,  compiler,  Clinton-Cornwallis 
Controversy;  J.  S.  Corbett,  Signals  and  Instructions  (Navy  Records  So 
ciety,  Publications,  XXXV),  53-59,  260. 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  507-555,  and  Hand-Book  of 
the  Revolution;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  350,  351. 

§  157.  The  Treaty  of  Peace 

Summary.  —  Policy  of  France  and  Spain  during  the  American 
war.  — English  politics.  —  1782,  The  second  Rockingham  minis 
try;  Shelburne  and  Fox.  —  1782,  Negotiations  opened  at  Paris; 
Oswald  and  Franklin.  —  Jay's  suspicions  of  France ;  were  they 
well  founded?  —  The  points  in  dispute.  —  1782,  Nov.  30,  The 
preliminary  articles.  —  The  "Separate  Article." -— 1783,  Sept.  3, 
Definitive  treaty  signed  at  Paris.  —  Provisions  as  to  boundaries, 
debts,  fisheries,  and  loyalists. 

General.  —  Lecky,  England,  ch.  xv  (especially  American  edition,  IV, 
255-288) ;  Parton,  Franklin;  E.  E.  Hale,  Franklin  in  France;  Higginson 
and  MacDonald,  United  States,  ch.  xii;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution, 
ch.  xvii ;  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  chs.  i-ii. 

Special.  —  The  general  works  on  American  diplomatic  history  enu 
merated  under  §  155;  John  Jay,  in  Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch.  ii;  John 
Jay,  Peace  Negotiations  of  1782  and  1783;  Wharton,  Diplomatic  Corre 
spondence,  I,  "Preliminary  Index,"  under  Franklin,  Jay,  Marbois,  etc.; 
biographies  of  Franklin,  by  Ford,  Bigelow,  Sparks,  and  Parton;  of  John 
Jay,  by  William  Jay  and  George  Pellew ;  of  John  Adams,  by  C.  F.  Adams 
and  J.  T.  Morse;  of  Shelburne,  by  Fitzmaurice;  and  of  C.  J.  Fox,  by 
Russell;  Eugene  Schuyler,  American  Diplomacy;  J.  B.  Moore,  American 
Diplomacy. 


§158]  TREATY   OF   PEACE  311 

Sources.  —  The  Instructions  to  the  American  Commissioners,  dated 
June  15,  1781,  are  in  Sparks,  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  X;  Wharton, 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  IV,  471,  503,  504,  523,  and  see  index  at  end 
of  Vol.  VI,  under  Instructions,  Peace  Commissioners,  etc.  See  especially 
the  above,  and  works  of  Franklin,  John  Adams  (Vols.  I,  VII,  VIII),  and 
John  Jay;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress;  Parliamentary  History;  Annual 
Register.  The  treaties  are  in  Treaties  and  Conventions,  and  numerous 
other  places. 

STATE  OF  POLITICAL  PARTIES  IN  ENGLAND,  1782  :  The  works  on  Eng 
lish  political  history  enumerated  under  §  155 ;  Russell,  Life  of  C.  J.  Fox; 
J.  Wright,  editor,  Speeches  of  the  Right  Honourable  Charles  James  Fox; 
Stanhope  (Mahon) ,  Life  of  William  Pitt;  Rosebery,  William  Pitt  (Twelve 
English  Statesmen  series) ;  Buckingham,  Courts  and  Cabinets.  See  es 
pecially  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne,  III;  and  Mahon,  England,  ch. 
Ixvi. 

THE  LOYALISTS  :  G.  E.  Ellis,  in  Winsor,  America,  VII,  185 ;  Van  Tyne, 
Loyalists  in  the  American  Revolution;  A.  C.  Flick,  Loyalism  in  New  York 
(Columbia  University,  Studies  in  History,  etc.,  XIV,  No.  i) ;  Sabine, 
American  Loyalists  (issued  in  a  revised  edition  as  Biographical  Sketches 
of  Adherents  to  the  British  Crown}  ;  A.  E.  Ryerson,  Loyalists  of  America 
and  their  Times ;  G.  A.  Ward,  editor,  Journal  .  .  .  of  Samuel  Curwen, 
!?? 5-1784;  P-  O.  Hutchinson,  Thomas  Hutchinson;  Thomas  Jones,  New 
York  in  the  Revolution;  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  force  against  the 
Loyalists  (London,  1786);  Joseph  Galloway,  Candid  Examination;  Cool 
Thoughts  on  the  Consequences  to  Great  Britain  of  American  Independence 
(1780,  reprinted  in  Library  of  American  Literature,  III,  126);  A.  W.  H. 
Eaton,  History  of  Kings  County,  Nova  Scotia;  histories  of  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  etc. ;  and  the  standard  histories,  American  and 
English. 

Bibliography.  — Winsor,  America,  VII,  165-184;  Flick,  Loyalism  in 
New  York,  273-281 ;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  338-340,  354. 

§  158.  Formation  of  the  Confederation,  1775-1783 

Summary.  —  Early  colonial  federations :  1638-1640,  The  Con 
necticut  towns  (§  138),  the  New  Haven  towns  (§  130),  the  Rhode 
Island  towns  (§  136).  —  1647,  Government  established  in  Rhode 
Island  under  "The  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations"  of 
1643  (§137).  — 1643,  United  Colonies  of  New  England  and 
Articles  of  Confederation  (§  141).  —  1684-1756,  Colonial  congresses 
and  plans  of  union.  —  1765,  Stamp  Act  Congress.  — 1760-1776, 


312  THE   REVOLUTION  [§158 

Growth  of  the  union  sentiment.  — 1775-1781,  Articles  of  Confedera 
tion:  1775,  Franklin's  'draft;  1776,  Dickinson's  draft;  1777, 
Articles  as  agreed  to  by  Congress.  —  1776-1777,  Growth  of  a  par- 
ticularist  sentiment.  —  Claims  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
New  York,  Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  and  Georgia  to  western  lands, 
and  their  value.  —  Effect  of  these  claims  on  non-claimant  states. 
—  Maryland's  opposition  to  the  ratification  of  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  —  Land  cessions.  —  1781,  The  Articles  ratified  by 
all  the  states.  —  Their  place  in  the  constitutional  history  of  the 
United  States.  —  Form  of  government  under  the  Articles.  — 
Early  attempts  to  amend.  — 1776-1783,  Finances  of  the  Revolution. 

General.  —  G.  W.  Greene,  Historical  View;  John  Fiske,  Critical 
Period;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  ch.  xi. 

Special.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  ch.  xii ;  C.  H.  Lincoln, 
The  Revolutionary  Movement  in  Pennsylvania,  1760-1776 ;  H.  B.  Adams, 
Maryland's  Influence  upon  the  Land  Cessions;  Pitkin,  United  States; 
Tucker,  United  States;  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution;  Story,  Com 
mentaries;  McMaster,  United  States,  I ;  George  Bancroft,  History  of  the 
Constitution,  I;  L.  C.  Hatch,  Administration  of  the  American  Revolution 
ary  Army  (Harvard  Historical  Studies,  X). 

Sources.  —  COLONIAL  CONGRESSES  AND  PLANS  OF  UNION:  Amer 
ican  History  Leaflets,  No.  14;  Frothingham,  Republic,  Appendix;  F.  D. 
Stone,  Plans  for  .  .  .  Union,  1643-1776  (in  Carson,  Hundredth  Anni 
versary  of  the  Constitution,  II,  439-503) ;  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial 
History  of  New  York  (using  the  general  index  in  Vol.  XI) ;  S.  Hopkins, 
A  True  Representation  of  the  Plan  formed  at  Albany  in  1754  (reprinted  in 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  9) ;  W.  E.  Foster,  Life  of  Stephen 
Hopkins,  1, 155 ;  biographies  and  works  of  Franklin ;  Hutchinson,  Massa 
chusetts,  III.  See  also  §  148. 

ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  :  Secret  Journals  of  Congress,  I,  283, 
290,  387;  Journals  of  Congress,  1776-1777;  works  of  John  Adams; 
biographies  and  works  of  Franklin,  Dickinson,  Madison,  and  Hamilton. 
The  Articles  are  in  Charters  and  Constitutions,  in  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  20,  and  many  other  places. 

LAND  CESSIONS  :  The  claims  of  the  several  states  to  western  lands, 
and  the  cessions  can  be  best  studied  in  the  official  publications :  Charters 
and  Constitutions;  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  16,  22  (contains  ex 
tracts  from  the  charters,  etc.) ;  Hening,  Statutes  at  Large  of  Virginia,  and 
the  collections  of  other  states  (see  §  43) ;  Journals  of  Congress;  Secret 
Journals  of  Congress ;  Winsor,  America,  VII,  Appendix  I  ("Territorial 


§159]  THE   CONFEDERATION  313 

Acquisitions  and  Divisions");  Donaldson,  Public  Domain  (to  be  used 
with  great  caution) ;  Shosuke  Sato,  Land  Question;  H.  B.  Adams,  Mary 
land's  Influence.  Duane's  collection  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  States 
contains  many  things  not  printed  elsewhere.  See  also  biographies  and 
writings  of  Madison,  Henry,  Jefferson,  Mason,  Washington,  Manasseh 
Cutler,  Pickering,  St.  Clair;  histories  of  the  several  states  (§  37),  espe 
cially  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and  Connecticut ;  J.  P.  Hale, 
Trans- Allegheny  Pioneers;  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West;  Garrett, 
South  Carolina  Land  Cession.  Gannett's  Boundaries  of  the  United  States, 
forming  Bulletin,  No.  13,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  contains  matter  re 
lating  more  especially  to  state  boundaries. 

FINANCES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  :  Journals  of  Congress ;  Secret  Journals 
of  Congress;  Force,  American  Archives ;  Bayley,  National  Loans  of  the 
United  States;  A.  S.  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  1774- 
1789;  Henry  Phillips,  Paper  Currency  of  the  Revolution,  and  Continental 
Paper  Money;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances;  Sparks,  Gouver- 
neur  Morris. 

Bibliography.  —  PLANS  OF  UNION  :  Winsor,  America,  V,  611 ;  W.  E. 
Foster,  Life  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  II,  Appendix  G.  —  ARTICLES  OF  CON 
FEDERATION  :  Winsor,  America,  VI,  274,  654 ;  VII,  ch.  iii,  footnotes ;  Van 
Tyne,  American  Revolution,  343. — LAND  CESSIONS:  Winsor,  America, 
VII,  Appendix  I;  Sato,  Land  Question,  27;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolu 
tion,  348.  —  FINANCES  :  Winsor,  America,  VII,  81,  and  Hand-Book  of  the 
Revolution,  242.  —  GENERAL  :  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  ch.  xviii. 

§  159.  The  State  Constitutions,  1775-1781 

Summary.  —  1775,  The  colonial  governments.  —  1776,  Advice 
of  Congress.  —  1776-1777,  Formation  of  the  early  state  constitu 
tions,  especially  those  of  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  South  Caro 
lina,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  (1780)  Massachusetts.  —  Modes 
of  formation  and  ratification ;  history  of  the  ideas  of  constitutional 
conventions  and  popular  ratification.  —  Leading  principles  set 
forth  in  these  constitutions.  —  Theory  of  compact.  —  Rights  of 
man.  —  Relations  of  Congress  to  the  states.  —  Were  the  states 
sovereign  ?  —  Is  the  Union  older  than  the  states  ?  —  Later  state 
constitutions. 

General.  —  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic,  441-444,  447-451,  481, 
482,  491-493,  561-568;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  ch.  ii ;  Van  Tyne,  Ameri 
can  Revolution,  chs.  ix,  xi;  Hildreth,  United  States,  III,  69-76,  89-95, 


314  THE    REVOLUTION  [§159 

113-118,  126-131,  135,  161,  183-185,  374-395;  McLaughlin,  Confedera 
tion  and  Constitution,  ch.  iii. 

Special.  —  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  117;  Von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law;  Hitchcock,  State  Constitutions;  Horace  Davis, 
American  Constitutions;  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic  of  Republics ;  Tucker, 
Lectures  on  Constitutional  Law;  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conven 
tions;  Charles  Borgeaud,  Premiers  Constitutions  de  la  Democratic  Ameri- 
caine;  also  his  Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions  and  Rise  of 
Modern  Democracy;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Con 
stitutional  and  Political  History  of  the  States  (Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  IV,  No.  5) ;  W.  C.  Morey,  Genesis  of  a  Written  Constitution  and 
The  First  State  Constitutions  (in  American  Academy  of  Political  Science, 
Annals,  1891,  1893) ;  A.  W.  Small,  Beginnings  of  American  Nationality; 
J.  H.  Dougherty,  Constitutions  of  New  York  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
HI,  489)- 

Sources.  —  Charters  and  Constitutions  (for  the  constitutions) ;  Jour 
nals  of  Congress;  Secret  Journals  of  Congress;  Force,  American  Archives; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  in  Constitutional  Law;  standard  histories  of  the 
several  states  (including  Vermont).  The  principal  sources  of  information 
in  regard  to  the  formation  of  the  several  constitutions  are  as  follows :  — 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE  :  Belknap,  New  Hampshire;  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  Collections,  sth  series,  II,  III  ("Belknap  Papers"); 
Address  of  the  Convention  for  Framing  a  New  Constitution  for  the  State 
(Portsmouth,  1781). 

MASSACHUSETTS:  Alden  Bradford,  Massachusetts  (especially  valuable 
for  the  account  of  the  proposed  constitution  of  1778,  a  copy  of  which  is 
printed  in  the  Appendix);  Journal  of  the  Convention  [of  1779-1780]; 
Report  of  a  Constitution  .  .  .  to  be  laid  before  the  Convention  .  .  .  1779; 
John  Adams,  Works,  IV,  IX,  and  Defence  of  the  Constitutions  of  the  United 
States;  Theophilus  Parsons,  Essex  Result  (appended  to  the  Memoir  of 
Parsons  prepared  by  his  son) ;  Charles  Deane,  in  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  Proceedings,  1860-1862,  p.  88. 

NEW  YORK:  Dunlap,  New  York;  Debates  in  the  New  York  Conven 
tions;  biographies  of  John  Jay  and  Gouverneur  Morris ;  Thomas  Jones, 
New  York  in  the  Revolution;  J.  H.  Dougherty,  Constitutions  of  New  York 
(Political  Science  Quarterly,  III,  489). 

NEW  JERSEY  :  Journal  of  the  Convention;  Elmer,  History  of  the  Con 
stitution  adopted  in  1776. 

PENNSYLVANIA  :  Proceedings  relative  to  the  Conventions;  C.  H.  Lincoln, 
The  Revolutionary  Movement  in  Pennsylvania,  1760-1776;  Pennsylvania 
Magazine  of  History,  III,  IV;  biographies  and  works  of  Franklin  and 
Joseph  Reed. 


§159] 


THE   STATE   CONSTITUTIONS 


315 


VIRGINIA  :  Rowland,  Life  of  George  Mason;  biographies  and  writ 
ings  of  Jefferson,  Henry,  and  Madison;  Hening,  Statutes;  Braxton, 
Address  (in  Force,  American  Archives,  4th  series,  VI). 

VERMONT  :  William  Slade,  compiler,  Vermont  State  Papers  (contains 
the  journal  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  the  early  journals  of  the  General 
Assembly,  the  first  constitution,  and  the  laws  from  1779  to  1786) ;  E.  P. 
Walton,  editor,  Records  of  the  Governor  and  Council  of  Vermont  (8  vols., 
1778-1835 ;  Vol.  I  contains  also  the  records  of  the  General  Conventions, 
I775-i777,  and  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  1777-1778). 

Bibliography.  —  Winsor,  America,  VI,  272;  W.  E.  Foster,  References 
to  the  Constitution,  21;  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  342. 


PART   V 
UNITED    STATES   HISTORY,   1781-1865 

CHAPTER  XX 

GENESIS  OF  THE  UNION,   1607-1775 

§  160.  Political  Geography  of  the  United  States,  1775-1911 

Summary.  —  1775,  English  colonies  in  North  America;  colo 
nies  adherent  to  the  Revolution.  —  1778-1779,  Rogers  Clark's 
invasion  of  the  Northwest.  —  Boundaries  by  the  Treaty  of  1783 : 
disputes  under  the  treaties.  —  Annexations:  1803,  Louisiana; 
1792-1846,  Oregon;  1810-1819,  Florida;  1845,  Texas;  1848, 
California ;  1853,  Gadsden  Purchase ;  1867,  Alaska ;  1898,  Hawaii, 
Guam,  Philippines,  Porto  Rico ;  1898-1899,  Pacific  Islands;  1903, 
Canal  Zone.  —  Boundary  disputes,  especially:  1783-1795,  South 
ern;  1803-1819,  Louisiana;  1803-1819,  West  Florida;  1783- 
1842,  Maine  ;  1805-1871,  Oregon;  1867-1903,  Alaska.  —  Subdi 
vision  into  states  and  territories.  —  Present  map.  —  Possible 
annexations:  Canada;  Cuba;  Panama;  Mexico;  San  Do 
mingo. 

General.  —  (See  §§  97, 157, 167, 180, 187, 198,  217-219,  224,  244,  265.) 
—  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America,  I,  ch.  i;  McLaughlin  and 
Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  articles  Area,  Boundaries; 
the  standard  histories,  passim,  especially  Hildreth,  Bancroft,  McMaster, 
Schouler,  the  American  Nation,  H.  Adams  (§  29). 

Special.  —  Geographical  authorities  enumerated  in  §§  30-35 ;  JI. 
Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  (3d  ed.) ;  Ellen  C.  Semple, 
American  History  and  its  Geographic  Conditions;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geo 
graphic  Influences;  J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions;  A.  B.  Hart, 
National  Ideals,  ch.  ii;  H.  A.  Bruce,  Romance  of  American  Expansion; 
O.  P.  Austin,  Steps  in  the  Expansion  of  our  Territory;  J.  Morse,  American 
Universal  Geography;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  527-562;  J.  B.  Moore, 


§161]  GEOGRAPHY   AND   PEOPLE  317 

Digest  of  International  Law,  passim ;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest, 
chs.  vii-xi. 

HISTORICAL  MAPS  (see  §  33) :  E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865; 
A.  B.  Hart  (ed.),  American  Nation,  VIII-XXVI,  and  Epoch  Maps, 
Nos.  6-14  (same  maps  in  Epochs  of  American  History,  II,  III);  W.  R. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  especially,  p.  198 ;  T.  MacCoun,  Historical 
Geography;  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas;  E.  M.  Avery,  History.  Many 
histories  insert  historical  maps,  especially  Winsor,  Parkman,  McMaster, 
and  H.  Adams. 

Sources.  — Travels  and  contemporary  descriptions  (§§  38, 162).  Texts 
of  boundary  and  cession  treaties,  in  W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Con 
ventions,  and  Agreements.  Text  of  acts  creating  and  admitting  states, 
in  Statutes  at  Large.  Claims  and  negotiations,  in  American  State  Papers, 
Foreign;  appendices  to  Annals  of  Congress;  later  papers,  in  Executive 
Documents,  especially  Diplomatic  Correspondence  or  Foreign  Affairs; 
many  reprints  in  T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  and  in  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  6,  16,  22,  32. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  527-562  passim;  A.  B. 
Hart,  National  Ideals,  369-370,  and  Manual,  §§  55-86  passim;  P.  L. 
Phillips,  List  of  Maps  of  America  in  Library  of  Congress,  and  List  of 
Geographical  Atlases;  -H.  Gannett,  Mother  Maps  of  the  United  States; 
for  lists  of  maps  in  library  catalogues,  see  §  25. 

§  161.  People  of  the  United  States,  1607-1911 

Summary.  —  Race  elements :  aborigines  (§  99) ;  predominance 
of  Anglo-Saxons;  Germans;  Dutch;  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish; 
French ;  miscellaneous ;  Negroes.  —  Foreign-born :  number ;  chil 
dren  of  foreign-born.  —  Immigration :  numbers ;  causes ;  prin 
cipal  races ;  distribution.  —  Population :  numbers ;  distribution. 
—  Legal  term,  "People  of  the  United  States."  —  Occupations.  — 
Proportions  by  age  and  sex.  —  Character :  energy ;  resourceful 
ness  ;  fairness ;  love  of  "big  things"  ;  contempt  for  expert  opinion. 

General.  —  (See  §§  149,  186,  200-203,  230,  258.)— J.  Bryce, 
American  Commonwealth  (4th  ed.  1910),  especially  II,  pts.  iv,  vi; 
E.  Channing,  United  States,  II,  ch.  xiv  ;  J.  D.  Whitney,  United' States,  pt.  vi ; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  English  Colonies,  especially  chs.  ii,  xviii;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  I,  ch.  i;  N.  S.  Shaler,  United  States,  especially  chs.  x-xv;  The 
South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  X,  pt.  ii ;  Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of 
American  Life,  ch.  i;  A.  B.  Hart,  National  Ideals,  ch.  iii;  A.  M.  Low, 
American  People,  chs.  i-v;  Hugo  Miinsterberg,  Americans,  ch.  viii;  A. 


3l8  GENESIS   OF   THE    UNION,   1607-1775  [§162 

de  Tocqueville,  Democracy,  passim;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America, 
ch.  xiv;  J.  A.  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  V,  ch.  vii;  Epochs  of  American 
History,  I,  chs.  v,  viii,  x,  II,  ch.  i,  III,  ch.  i;  E.  Eggleston,  articles  in 
the  Century,  III-VIII  passim;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Government,  articles  Foreign  Race  Elements,  Population. 

Special.  —  RACE  ELEMENTS:  J.  R.  Commons, Races  and  Immigrants; 
A.  Carlier,  Republique  Americaine,  I,  livre  v;  Friedrich  Ratzel,  Vereinig- 
ten  Staaten,  II;  C.  A.  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Ele 
ment;  G.  T.  Flora,  Norwegian  Immigration;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Scandinavian 
Element  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  300) ;  E.  G.  Balch,  Our  Slavic  Fellow 
Citizens;  C.  S.  Bernheimer,  Russian  Jew  in  America;  Eliot  Lord,  Italian 
in  America;  L.  J.  Fosdick,  French  Blood;  A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South; 
T.  N.  Page,  Negro;  B.  T.  Washington,  Story  of  the  Negro;  E.  Channing, 
United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  i.  —  IMMIGRATION  :  Richmond  Mayo-Smith, 
Emigration  and  Immigration;  P.  F.  Hall,  Immigration.  —  POPULATION  : 
C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  chs.  ii,  iv,  vii,  viii;  F.  B.  Dexter, 
Estimates  of  Population  of  the  American  Colonies;  Twelfth  Census,  I 
(Population) ;  Century  of  Population  Growth.  —  DISTRIBUTION  :  Maps 
showing  density  of  population  at  decennial  periods,  in  Twelfth  Census, 
Statistical  Atlas;  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Nature  and 
Man  in  America. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  "PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES":  H.  von  Hoist, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  9,  15;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Limitations 
(7th  ed.),  56-58;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  Qo-QS ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §  20 ;  H.  C.  Black, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  10-13.  (See  §  175.) 

Sources.  —  Travels  and  descriptions  of  the  country  (see  §  38).  Pub 
lications  of  the  United  States  Census  Bureau,  especially  Twelfth  Census, 
Population  (with  maps),  and  Supplementary  Analysis;  Bureau  of  the 
Census,  Bulletin,  No.  109  (population,  1910) ;  Statistical  Abstract  of  the 
United  States  (tables  on  immigration) . 

Bibliography.  —  P.  F.  Hall,  Immigration,  369-374;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Practical  Sociology,  §§  9,  23,  60,  66 ;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  Select  Bibliog 
raphy  of  the  Negro  American;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Immigra 
tion,  and  List  of  References  on  the  Negro  Question;  Bowker  and  lies, 
Reader's  Guide,  81-85 ;  Epochs  of  American  History,  I,  §§  39,  74,  90,  II, 
§  i,  III,  §  i ,-  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  98. 

§  162.  The  English  in  the  West,  1730-1775 

Summary.  —  French  in  the  Great  Lake  basin  (§  109) ;  in  Lou 
isiana  (§  no).  —  English  exploration  and  fur  trade  in  the  later 


§162]  ENGLISH    IN    THE    WEST  319 

seventeenth  century.  — 1660-1700,  Characteristics  of  the  co 
lonial  frontier:  military  defense;  economic  life;  social  life;  mis 
sions.  —  Frontier  builders :  Alexander  Spotswood ;  William 
Burnet;  Robert  Dinwiddie;  Sir  William  Johnson.  —  1709-1760, 
Advance  of  settlement :  German,  in  Mohawk  Valley,  in  the  Great 
Valley,  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  in  the  Piedmont;  Scotch- 
Irish,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  the  Piedmont,  and  in  West  Virginia; 
New  England  settlements  on  the  Delaware,  in  Wyoming  Valley, 
and  in  the  South. — The  "West"  about  1760.  —  1763,  Pontiac 
conspiracy  (§  1 50) .  —  Contests  of  the  interior  with  the  coast  in 
New  England,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  Virginia,  in  the  Carolinas; 
issues  of  land  systems,  local  government,  legislative  apportion 
ment,  currency,  taxation,  established  church;  1771,  War  of  the 
Regulation;  May  16,  battle  of  the  Alamance.  —  Land  com 
panies:  1760,  Delaware;  1755,  Susquehanna;  1766,  Lyman's; 
1748,  Ohio  Company;  1749,  Loyal  Land  Company;  1763,  Mis 
sissippi  Company.  —  Explorations:  1749-1750,  Dr.  Walker's; 
1751,  Gist's.  —  Struggle  for  the  Ohio  (§  148):  1755,  Braddock's 
road ;  Forbes's  road ;  military  land  bounties.  —  British  western 
policy:  Proclamation  of  1763;  Indian  line;  1768,  Treaty  of  Fort 
Stanwix.  —  1766-1775,  Plans  for  western  colonies;  Vandalia. — • 
1768-1775,  Settlement  of  eastern  Tennessee;  Robertson;  Sevier. 

—  1769-1773,  Boone,  the  "long  hunters"  and  surveys  in  Ken 
tucky;  1774-1775,  Transylvania  Company;  Henderson.  —  1775, 
Kentucky  stations.  —  1763-1774,  Illinois  country.  —  1774,  Quebec 
Act;  its  significance.  — 1774,  Dunmore's  War.  —  French  and 
Spanish  settlements  at  the  opening  of  the  Revolution  (§§  no,  187). 

-The  West  in  the  Revolution,  and  later  settlements  (§§  154,  168). 

General.  —  (See  §§  109,  no,  117,  123,  125,  148,  154,  168,  187.)  —  E. 
Channing,  United  States,  II,  chs.  xiv,  xv ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West,  I  (Sagamore  ed.,  I,  II,  chs.  i,  ii) ;  J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin, 
chs.  i,  vi,  viii,  ix,  xii-xiv,  xvi,  and  Westward  Movement,  chs.  i-vii ;  E.  B. 
Greene,  Provincial  America,  ch.  xiv;  G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries  of 
the  Revolution,  ch.  xiii;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  ch.  xv; 
E.  M.  Avery,  History,  V,  ch.  x ;  J.  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  ch.  xvii ;  Lois 
K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  iv,  v ;  F.  J.  Turner,  The 
Old  West  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  1908,  184) ;  A.  B.  Hulbert, 
Braddock's  Road,  and  Old  Glade  Road,  and  Boone's  Wilderness  Road 


320  GENESIS    OF   THE   UNION,    1607-1775  [§162 

(Historic  Highways,  IV-VI) ;    F.  W.  Halsey,  Tour  of  Four  Great  Rivers, 
pt.  i. 

Special. — LOCAL  GEOGRAPHY:  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  History 
and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  chs.  iii,  iv;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic 
Influences,  ch.  iii;  J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  76-80;  Bailey 
Willis,  Northern  Appalachians;  C.  W.  Hayes,  Southern  Appalachians; 
W.  M.  Davis,  Rivers  and  Valleys  of  Pennsylvania  (Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  I, 
183);  C.  B.  Trego,  Geography  of  Pennsylvania;  G.  T.  Surface,  Studies 
in  the  Geography  of  Virginia. 

EXPLORATION  AND  ADVANCE  OF  Cis- APPALACHIAN  SETTLEMENTS: 
A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  chs.  vii,  viii,  x;  Lucy  F.  Bittinger, 
Germans  in  Colonial  Times,  and  German  Religious  Life  in  Colonial  Times; 
C.  A.  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish,  II,  25-57,  chs.  iv,  v,  and  Wilderness  Trail; 
C.  K.  Bolton,  Scotch-Irish  Pioneers,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  F.  W.  Halsey,  Old 
New  York  Frontier,  pts.  i-iii;  J.  B.  Simms,  Frontiersmen  of  New  York, I; 
J.  V.  H.  Clark,  Onondaga,  II,  ch.  xvi  (Oswego) ;  W.  L.  Stone,  Sir  William 
Johnson;  W.  E.  Griffis,  Sir  William  Johnson;  S.  H.  Cobb,  Palatines, 
ch.  vii;  Chas.  Miner,  Wyoming,  letters  v-xiii;  I.  D.  Rupp,  Lancaster 
County,  and  Northumberland  [and  other]  Counties;  J.  S.  Walton,  Conrad 
Weiser;  C.  A.  Hanna,  Wilderness  Trail;  Report  of  the  Commission  to 
locate  the  Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania;  H.  C.  Bell,  Leitersburg  District 
(Md.) ;  W.  M.  Darlington,  Gist's  Journals,  Introduction ;  W.  M.  Thorn 
ton,  Spottswood's  Expedition  (Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  VII,  265) ;  C.  F.  Kemper, 
Early  Westward  Movement  of  Virginia,  notes  (Va.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  XII, 
337,  XIII,  i,  113,  281,  351) ;  R.  B.  Semple,  Baptists  in  Virginia,  chs.  i-iii, 
v;  J.  W.  Wayland,  German  Element  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley;  Samuel 
Kercheval,  Valley  of  Virginia;  L.  P.  Summers,  Southwest  Virginia, 
chs.  iii-vi ;  W.  H.  Foote,  Sketches  of  North  Carolina,  especially  chs.  iv,  ix, 
x,  xiii;  J.  H.  Clewell,  Wachovia,  chs.  i-x;  E.  McCrady,  South  Carolina, 
II,  chs.  xvi,  xvii;  J.  H.  Logan,  Upper  Country  of  South  Carolina,  chs. 
vii-xx ;  J.  B.  O.  Landrum,  Upper  South  Carolina,  chs.  iii-vi;  Alex.  Gregg, 
Old  Cheraws,  chs.  ii-v. 

TRANS- APPALACHIAN  EXPLORATION  AND  SETTLEMENT  :  Boyd  Crumrine, 
Washington  County  (Pa.) ;  V.  A.  Lewis,  West  Virginia,  and  Battle  of 
Point  Pleasant;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Daniel  Boone,  chs.  i-ix;  H.  A.  Bruce, 
Daniel  Boone,  chs.  i-ix;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky,  chs.  i-vi;  G.  W.  Ranck, 
Boonesborough;  Thos.  Speed,  Wilderness  Road;  Jas.  Phelan,  Tennessee, 
chs.  i-iii;  J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  Tennessee,  49-122 ;  J.  W.  Caldwell,  Consti 
tutional  History  of  Tennessee,  ch.  i;  A.  V.  Goodpasture,  Watauga  Asso 
ciation  {Am.  Hist.  Mag.,  Ill,  105) ;  C.  W.  Alvord,  Cahokia  Records, 
Introd.,  and  Kaskaskia  Records,  Introd.  (111.  Hist.  Library,  Collec 
tions,  II,  V) ;  J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi,  ch.  xiii  (Lyman's 


§162]  ENGLISH    IN    THE    WEST  321 

colony) ;  T.  D wight,  Travels,  I,  306-316  (Lyman's  colony) ;  G.  Washing 
ton,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  II,  478-483  (Sparks's  note  on  the  Ohio  Com 
pany). 

BRITISH  POLICY  AND  INDIAN  RELATIONS  :  C.  E.  Carter,  Great  Britain 
and  the  Illinois  Country;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  ch.  viii;  C.  W. 
Alvord,  Genesis  of  the  Proclamation  of  1763  (Mich.  Pioneer  Collections, 
XXXIV,  20),  and  British  Ministry  and  the  Treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix  (Wis. 
Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  1908,  165) ;  Max  Farrand,  Indian  Boundary  Line 
(Am.  Hist.  Review,  X,  782) ;  Victor  Coffin,  Quebec  and  the  American 
Revolution,  ch.  v ;  G.  H.  Alden,  New  Governments  West  of  the  Alleghanies; 
F.  J.  Turner,  Western  State- Making  in  the  Revolutionary  Era  (Am.  Hist. 
Review,  I,  70). 

CONTEST  OF  THE  INTERIOR  WITH  THE  COAST  :  Max  Farrand,  West  and 
the  Principles  of  the  Revolution  (Yale  Review,  XVII,  44) ;  W.  R.  Smith, 
Sectionalism  in  Pennsylvania  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXIV,  208);  C.  H. 
Lincoln,  Revolutionary  Movement  in  Pennsylvania;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sec 
tionalism  in  Virginia,  chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Regulators  in  North  Carolina 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1894,  141);  M.  de  L.  Haywood,  Tryon  in 
North  Carolina;  W.  K.  Boyd,  Antecedents  of  the  North  Carolina  Conven 
tion  of  1835  (South  Atlantic  Quart.,  IX,  83,  161) ;  S.  B.  Weeks,  Church 
and  State  in  North  Carolina;  W.  A.  Schafer,  Sectionalism  in  South  Caro 
lina,  pts.  i,  ii  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1900,  I,  245) ;  W.  E.  Dodd, 
Statesmen  of  the  Old  South,  18-77.  (See  §§  172,  174,  182.) 

MAPS  :  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  III,  351  (Spotswood's  route),  354  (Pied 
mont  and  Valley),  V,  174  (proposed  colonies),  183  (Dunmore's  War), 
285  (Indian  relations),  VI,  410  (settlement  line  in  1745);  E.  Channing, 
United  States,  II,  end  (settlements,  1760);  G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries 
of  the  Revolution,  4  (West  in  1765),  224  (Indian  line),  230  (proposed  colo 
nies)  ;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  270  (West  in  1775) ;  Max 
Farrand,  in  Am.  Hist.  Review,  X,  784  (Indian  line);  G.  H.  Alden,  New 
Governments,  9,  13,  32,  53  (proposed  colonies) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  in  Am.  Hist. 
Review,  I,  72  (proposed  colonies) ;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  264 
(German  settlements). 

Sources.  —  TRAVELS  AND  DESCRIPTIONS  :  Edward  Bland,  Discovery  of 
New  Brittaine;  John  Lederer,  Discoveries;  [Batts],  Journal  from  Virginia 
beyond  the  Apailachian  Mountains  (Am.  Anthropologist,  n.s.,  IX,  45,  and 
N.  Y.  Colon.  Docs.,  Ill,  193) ;  Ann  Maury,  Memoirs  of  a  Huguenot  Family, 
281-292  (journal  of  Spotswood's  expedition) ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Writings  of 
Colonel  William  Byrd;  Moravian  Diaries  of  Travels  through  Virginia 
(Va.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  XI,  113,  225,  370,  XII.  55,  134,  271) ;  A.  G.  Spangen- 
berg,  Diary  (N.  C.  Colon.  Records,  V,  6) ;  John  Hecke welder,  Narrative, 
1-136;  Wm.  Bartram,  Travels;  F.  W.  Halsey,  Four  Great  Rivers,  pt.  ii 


322  GENESIS   OF   THE   UNION,    1607-1775  [§162 

(journals  of  Rich.  Smith  in  1769);  J.  F.  D.  Smyth,  Tour  in  the  United 
States,  I;  Jos.  Doddridge,  Notes  on  the  Settlement  and  Indian  Wars; 
American  Husbandry,  I,  ch.  xviii ;  J.  S.  Johnston,  First  Explorations  of  Ken 
tucky  (journals  of  Walker  and  Gist) ;  W.  M.  Darlington,  Christopher  Gist's 
Journals;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,!  (Weiser,  Croghan, 
Post,  Morris) ;  A.  S.  Withers,  Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare  (Thwaites  ed.), 
chs.  i-vii ;  Felix  Walker,  Autobiography  of  a  Southern  Congressman  (Jour, 
of  Am.  Hist.,  I,  50) ;  Olden  Time. 

DOCUMENTS:  Colonial  records  (§  43),  especially  New  York  Colonial 
Documents,  VII,  VIII;  Pennsylvania  Colonial  Records,  III-X,  and 
Archives,  ist  ser.,  I-IV;  North  Carolina  Colonial  Records,  IV,  IX  (VII, 
Regulators).  Colonial  laws,  especially  on  frontier  counties,  as  follows: 
Colonial  Laws  of  New  York,  V,  319;  Statutes  at  Large  of  Pennsylvania, 
1682-1801,  IV,  131,  V,  71,  88,  133,  141,  VIII,  47, 143,  314;  Laws  of  Mary 
land  (ed.  1811),  I,  227;  W.  W.  Hening,  Statute's  of  Virginia,  IV,  450, 
V,  78,  VI,  252,  376,  381,  VII,  148,  311,  4i9,  VIII,  205,  395,  597,  600; 
North  Carolina  State  Records,  XXIII,  119,  164,  204,  248,  249,  342,  343, 
383,  390,  589,  819,  823,  827,  844 ;  C.  E.  Kemper,  Early  Westward  Move 
ment  of  Virginia,  text  (Va.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  XII,  337,  XIII,  i,  113,  281, 
351) ;  C.  F.  James,  Documentary  History  of  Religious  Liberty  in  Virginia, 
chs.  i-iii;  Alex.  Spotswood,  Official  Letters  (Va.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections, 
n.s.,  I,  II) ;  Robert  Dinwiddie,  Official  Records  (ibid.,  Ill,  IV) ;  E.  B. 
O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  I,  441-506  (Oswego), 
II,  543-1007  (papers  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  especially  767-1004) ;  R.  E. 
Day,  Calendar  of  the  Sir  William  Johnson  Manuscripts. 

LAND  COMPANIES  :  William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly,  I,  165 ;  Kate 
Rowland,  George  Mason  (index,  under  "Companies");  Documents  re 
lating  to  the  Mississippi  Land  Company  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  311); 
C.  E.  Carter,  Illinois  Country,  165-171;  A.  B.  Hulbert,  Washington's 
"Tour  of  the  Ohio"  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Publications,  XVII,  431,  espe 
cially  436,  451) ;  Mann  Butler,  Kentucky  (2d  ed.),  475-477 ', '  Lee  Papers, 
IV,  214  (N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publication  Fund  Series,  VII) ;  Susquehannah 
Title  stated  and  examined;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  ist  ser.,  II,  IV  (index, 
under  "Susquehanna  Company"  and  "Wyoming"),  2d  ser.,  XVIII,  and 
Colonial  Records,  IX,  X  (index,  under  "Susquehanna  Company"  and 
"Wyoming");  Connecticut  Colonial  Records,  XIII,  427,  XIV  (index, 
under  "Susquehanna");  Trumbull  Papers  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collec 
tions,  5th  ser.,  IX,  index,  under  "Susquehanna");  Rowena  Buell, 
Memoirs  of  Rufus  Putnam,  36-54 ;  A.  Haswell,  Memoir  of  Captain  Matthew 
Philips;  Advantages  of  a  Settlement  upon  the  Ohio;  B.  Franklin  (?), 
Considerations  on  the  Agreement  with  Thomas  Walpole;  Expediency  of 
securing  our  American  Colonies  by  settling  the  Country  adjoining  the 


§163]  ENGLISH   POLITICAL   INSTITUTIONS  323 

Mississippi;  Plain  Facts;  B.  Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  ed.,  index,  under 
"  Ohio  "  and  "  Walpole's  Grant ") ,  and  Life  and  Writings  (Smyth  ed.,  index, 
under  "Walpole's  Grant"  and  "Settlement  on  the  Ohio") ;  G.  Washing 
ton,  Writings  (Ford  ed.),  II,  272,  285,  328,  339,  353,  405,  412,  451,  459, 
III,  128  ;  Tour  of  the  Ohio,  in  Ford,  II,  285,  in  Hulbert  (above),  and  in 
Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  41  ;  Letters  to  Washington,  IV  (index,  under 
"  Walpole's  Grant ") ;  C.  W.  Butterfield,  Washington-Crawford  Correspon 
dence  concerning  Western  Lands,  1-59,  84-103;  American  Archives,  4th 
ser.,  IV;  G.  W.  Ranck,  Boonesborough,  App. 

BRITISH  POLICY  AND  INDIAN  RELATIONS  :  Texts  and  documents  on  the 
Proclamation  of  1763  and  the  Quebec  Act  are  in  Annual  Register,  1763, 
2o8]-[2i3;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  No.  55;  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  5 ;  Canadian  Archives,  Documents  relating  to  the  Constitutional 
History,  93-123,  374-409;  Wm.  Houston,  Documents  Illustrative  of  the 
Canadian  Constitution,  90;  [English]  Statutes  at  Large  (1786),  VIII,  405  ; 
.  Hansard's  Parliamentary  History,  XVII,  1357-1407;  Wm.  Hunt,  Justice 
and  Policy  of  Late  Act  for  Quebec.  Treaties  and  documents  on  the  Indian 
line  are  in  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  VII,  280-324,  634-641,  657-666, 
725-730,  VIII,  19-34,  110-244;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  ist  ser.,  IV,  182- 
192,  281,  313-331,  and  Colonial  Records,  IX,  552-555 ;  Virginia  Magazine 
of  History,  IX,  360-364,  X,  226-240,  354-364,  XIII,  20-36;  North 
Carolina  Colonial  Records,  VII,  468-471,  536-538,  851-855;  E.  B. 
O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  (above);  L.  P.  Summers,  Southwest 
Virginia,  85-92,  97-102,  110-114.  Documents  on  Dunmore's  War  are 
in  American  Archives,  4th  ser.,  I;  Thwaites  and  Kellogg,  Dunmore's  War. 

Bibliography.  —  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  335;  G.  E.  How 
ard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  338;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American 
Re-volution,  348-350;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  II,  479-562;  L.  K. 
Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  137,  138;  J.  Winsor,  America, 
VI,  notes  to  ch.  ix ;  C.  E.  Carter,  Illinois  Country,  185-199 ;  C.  A.  Hanna, 
Scotch-Irish,  II,  531-551;  J.  W.  Wayland,  German  Element,  App.  P; 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Germans;  notes  to  the  refer 
ences  above,  especially  to  Alvord's  Proclamation  and  Fort  Stanwix 
Treaty,  and  Turner's  Old  West;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  70,  72. 

§  163.  English  Political  Institutions  to  1775 

Summary.  —  Conventional  view  of  separation  into  three  de 
partments.  —  Actual  government :  monarchy,  parliament ;  judges. 
-  Underlying  rights  of  Englishmen :   no  arbitrary  arrest ;   speedy 
trial ;  jury ;  no  taxation  except  by  vote  of  parliament.  —  Represen- 


324  GENESIS   OF   THE   UNION,    1607-1775  [§163 

tative  institutions :  two  houses ;  parliamentary  privilege ;  voting 
taxes ;  examining  accounts ;  impeachment.  —  Local  self-govern 
ment  :  county  system ;  select  vestry ;  parish  meeting ;  relations 
with  central  government.  —  Colonies :  charters ;  control  by 
crown.  —  Legislation  by  parliament :  commercial  system  and 
navigation  acts.  —  Social :  ruling  classes ;  material  for  coloniza 
tion. 

General.  —  (See  also  Part  IV,  especially  §§  112,  132,  149-152).— 
G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  II,  70-85,  238-251;  W.  E.  H.  Lecky, 
England  (American  ed.),  Ill,  5-13;  T.  E.  May,  Constitutional  History  of 
England,  passim ;  E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  ii ;  G.  E. 
Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  chs.  ii,  iii ;  Jesse  Macy,  English 
Constitution,  chs.  xxx-xxxix;  D.  J.  Medley,  English  Constitutional  His 
tory,  especially  §§  8-10,  16,  33-39,  45~46,  63-66;  J.  R.  Seeley,  Expansion 
of  England,  62-72;  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Students'  History  of  England,  pt.  viii;' 
E.  P.  Cheney,  European  Background,  chs.  xi-xvi ;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise 
of  the  Republic,  1-32 ;  T.  W.  Higginson  and  E.  Channing,  English  History 
for  American  Readers;  John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation,  ch.  i; 
E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  1-7 ;  E.  G.  Scott,  Development  of  Constitu 
tional  Liberty,  ch.  i. 

Special.  —  Blackstone,  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England  (1765), 
bk.  i,  chs.  i-x;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  146-188;  Emile  Boutmy, 
English  Constitution,  pts.  ii,  iii;  Hannis  Taylor,  English  Constitution,  I, 
588-616;  T:  P.  Taswell-Langmead,  English  Constitutional  History,  chs. 
xvi,  xvii ;  Montesquieu,  Esprit  des  Lois,  livre  xi,  chs.  i-vi ;  R.  Gneist, 
English  Parliament,  ch.  vi ;  E.  A.  Freeman,  English  Constitution,  ch.  iii ; 
J.  L.  De  Lolme,  English  Constitution  (1784),  II;  Mary  T.  Blauvelt, 
Development  of  Cabinet  Government  in  England;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  in 
Constitutional  Law,  I,  1-47 ;  W.  R.  Anson,  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Consti 
tution,  I,  chs.  ii,  iii,  II,  ch.  i,  §  4,  ch.  iii,  §  3 ;  R.  C.  Hurd,  Habeas  Corpus, 
65-95  >  G.  L.  Beer,  Commercial  Policy  of  England  toward  the  American 
Colonies,  and  British  Colonial  Policy,  1754-1765;  C.  M.  Andrews, 
British  Committees,  Commissions,  and  Councils  of  Trade  and  Plantations, 
1622-1675  (Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies,  XXVI ;  Louise  P.  Kellogg, 
American  Colonial  Charter  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1903,  I,  185) ;  E. 
Channing,  Navigation  Laws  (Am.  Antiq.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  n.s.,  VI,  160) ; 
C.  E.  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitution,  chs.  iii,  iv,  vii ;  S.  G.  Fisher, 
Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  ch.  iv. 

Sources. —  THE  GREAT  CONSTITUTIONAL  DOCUMENTS,  printed  in  Tas 
well-Langmead,  English  Constitutional  History;  in  G.  W.  Prothero, 


§164]          COLONIAL   POLITICAL   INSTITUTIONS  325 

Select  Statutes  and  other  Constitutional  Documents;  and  in  S.  R.  Gardiner, 
Constitutional  Documents;  many  of  them  also  in  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  5, 
6,  23-28,  58-64,  100 ;  and  in  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  chs.  i-x.  — 
ENGLISH  LAWS,  to  1715,  in  Statutes  of  the  Realm  (large  folio,  very  rare) ; 
since  1715,  see  §  43 ;  extracts  from  the  Navigation  Acts  and  the  Stamp 
Act,  in  American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  19,  21.  —  COLONIAL  CHARTERS 
(see  §§  43,  164). 

Bibliography.  —  Footnotes  to  the  general  and  special  works  mentioned 
above;  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  294-301;  E.  B. 
Greene,  Provincial  America,  328-329 ;  W.  F.  Allen,  History  Topics,  80-92  ; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Reference  Lists,  §§  11-13;  E.  P.  Cheyney,  Euro 
pean  Background,  3.27-331. 

§  164.  Colonial  Political  Institutions 

Summary.  —  Roots  in  English  institutions.  —  Three  types 
of  colonial  government :  charter ;  proprietary ;  provincial.  — 
Governments :  governors ;  councils ;  assemblies ;  courts.  —  Local 
government :  town ;  parish ;  county ;  mixed  systems.  —  Free 
institutions:  personal  freedom;  jury  trial;  self-taxation;  suf 
frage;  privileges  and  immunities  of  Englishmen  (§  163).  — Effect 
of  new  conditions  on  old  constitutions. 

General.  —  (See  §§  116,  117,  123,  126, 134,  141,  146,  149.)— W.  E.  H. 
Lecky,  England  (American  ed.),  II,  1-23;  R.  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the 
Republic,  13-28;  Crane  and  Moses,  Politics,  chs.  viii,  ix;  C.  E.  Merriam, 
American  Political  Theory,  ch.  i;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History 
(rev.  ed.),  chs.  i-iii ;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  chs.  ii-v;  J.  A. 
Doyle,  English  Colonies,  V,  ch.  ii ;  C.  E.  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  chs.  i,  iv;  Woodrow  Wilson,  The  State,  §§  832-861;  Wm.  Rawle, 
View  of  the  Constitution,  Introd. ;  E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865, 
ch.  i;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  American  Government,  ch.  ii. 

Special.  —  COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT  :  H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  Governor;  N.  D. 
Mereness,  Maryland  as  a  Proprietary  Province;  C.  L.  Raper,  North  Caro 
lina;  W.  R.  Smith,  South  Carolina  as  a  Royal  Province;  P.  A.  Bruce, 
Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  II,  pt.  v ;  E.I.  Miller,  Legislature  of  the 
Province  of  Virginia;  E.  P.  Tanner,  Province  of  New  Jersey;  W.  H.  Fry, 
New  Hampshire  as  a  Royal  Province;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Proprietary  Gov 
ernment  in  Pennsylvania;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  152-178;  Hannis 
Taylor,  English  Constitution,  I,  Introd. ;  C.  Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Modern 
Democracy;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy,  I,  chs.  iv,  v;  A.  E.  McKinley, 


326  GENESIS   OF   THE   UNION,   1607-1775          [§164 

Suffrage  Franchise  in  the  English  Colonies;  C.  F.  Bishop,  Elections  in  the 
American  Colonies;  W.  C.  Morey,  Genesis  of  a  Written  Constitution,  and 
First  State  Constitutions,  and  Sources  of  American  Federalism  (Am.  Acad. 
of  Polit.  and  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  529,  IV,  201,  VI,  197) ;  J.  Fiske,  Criti 
cal  Period,  ch.  ii ;  Wm.  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy,  ch.  i ;  C.  A. 
Duniway,  Freedom  of  the  Press  in  Massachusetts,  chs.  i-vii;  A.  H.  Car 
penter,  Habeas  Corpus  in  the  Colonies,  and  Naturalization  in  England  and 
the  Colonies  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VIII,  18,  IX,  288) ;  E.  E.  Proper,  Colonial 
Immigration  Laws.  Several  monographs  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer 
sity  Studies,  as  follows :  P.  E.  Lauer,  Church  and  State  in  New  England 
(X,  Nos.  2,  3) ;  G.  Petrie,  Church  and  State  in  Maryland  (X,  No.  4) ; 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Constitutional  Beginnings  in  North  Carolina  (XII,  No.  3) ; 
G.  H.  Haynes,  Representative  and  Free  Government  in  Massachusetts 
(XII,  Nos.  8-10) ;  E.  L.  Whitney,  Government  of  the  Colony  of  South  Caro 
lina  (XIII,  Nos.  i,  2);  T.  F.  Moran,  Bicameral  System  (XIII,  No.  5); 
F.  L.  Riley,  Colonial  Origins  of  New  England  Senates  (XIV,  No.  3) ;  J.  A. 
C.  Chandler,  Representation  in  Virginia  (XIV,  Nos.  6,  7),  ch.  ii;  O.  P. 
Chitwood,  Justice  in  Colonial  Virginia  (XXIII,  Nos.  7,  8). 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  :  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History; 
P.  A.  Bruce,  Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  I,  pt.  i,  chs.  vi-ix,  pt.  iii,  chs. 
i-xvi ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  Nos.  6,  7,  and  Puritan  Politics  (N.  Eng. 
Soc.  of  Orange,  Quarter  Century] ;  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies, 
as  follows :  E.  Channing,  Town  and  County  Government  (II,  No.  10) ;  Ed 
ward  Ingle,  Parish  Institutions  of  Maryland  (I,  No.  6),  and  Virginia  Local 
Institutions  (III,  Nos.  2,  3) ;  John  Johnson,  Old  Maryland  Manors  (I, 
No.  7) ;  L.  W.  Wilhelm,  Local  Institutions  of  Maryland  (III,  Nos.  5-7) ; 
Irving  Elting,  Dutch  Village  Communities  (IV,  No.  i);  W.  E.  Foster, 
Town  Government  in  Rhode  Island  (IV,  Nos.  2,  3) ;  C.  M.  Andrews,  River 
Towns  of  Connecticut  (VII,  Nos.  8-10). 

Sources.  —  Records  of  the  colonies  (see  §  43) ,  especially  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  Maryland,  and  North  Carolina.  Transactions 
of  learned  societies,  especially  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  New 
York  Historical  Society,  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society  (see  §  45).  — 
Charters  and  other  documents,  in  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and  Char 
ters;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters;  H.  W.  Preston,  Documents  Illus 
trative  of  American  History;  Geo.  Chalmers,  Opinions.  Extracts  on  con 
ditions,  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  II,  pt.  iii ;  C.  A.  Beard,  Readings  in 
American  Government,  ch.  i. 

Bibliography.  —  G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History,  I,  495- 
497,  and  notes;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  Governor,  App.  C,  and  Provin 
cial  America,  329-331 ;  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical  Sources 
in  Schools,  §  73. 


§165]  COLONIAL   SOCIAL   INSTITUTIONS  327 

§  165.  Colonial  Social  Institutions  and  Slavery 

Summary.  —  Race  elements :  numbers ;  classes  of  society.  — 
Intellectual  life :  education ;  literature ;  the  press.  —  Religious 
life :  churches ;  theology.  —  Industries :  agriculture ;  commerce ; 
fisheries ;  manufactures.  —  Recreations :  social  gatherings ;  amuse 
ments  ;  fights.  —  Slavery :  whence  derived ;  Indian  slave  trade ; 
white  indentured  servants ;  character  of  slavery  by  sections ; 
manumission;  sale;  fugitives;  insurrections. 

General.  —  (See  Part  IV,  especially  §§  117, 119, 123, 125, 128, 129, 142, 
146,  149,  159;  Part  V,  §§  170,  180.) —SOCIAL:  H.  C.  Lodge,  English 
Colonies,  chs.  ii,  iv,  vi,  viii,  x,  xiii,  xv,  xvii,  xxii;  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial 
America,  chs.  xvi-xviii;  J.  A.  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  V,  chs.  iii-vi; 
E.  Channing,  United  States,  II,  chs.  xiii,  xv-xvii ;  G.  S.  Callender,  Eco 
nomic  History,  ch.  ii ;  Katherine  Coman,  Industrial  History,  ch.  iii ;  E.  L. 
Bogart,  Economic  History,  pt.  i ;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy,  chs.  ii,  iii ; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  ch.  i ;  Edward  Eggleston,  Household  History 
of  the  United  States,  chs.  xvi-xix ;  Alice  M.  Earle,  Sabbath  in  Puritan  New 
England,  and  Home  Life  in  Colonial  Days,  and  other  works;  Edward 
Field,  Cohnial  Tavern;  H.  E.  Scudder,  Men  and  Manners  in  America 
a  Hundred  Years  Ago.  —  SLAVERY  :  Wm.  Chambers,  American  Slavery,  17- 
32;  Wm.  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery,  chs.  i-vi;  The  South  in  the 
Building  of  the  Nation,  V,  86-108. 

Special.  —  ECONOMIC  :  W.  B.  Weeden,  New  England,  II,  chs.  xii,  xv, 
xxi ;  P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  and  Institutional  History 
of  Virginia;  Meyer  Jacobstein,  Tobacco  Industry,  ch.  i. — LITERATURE 
AND  EDUCATION  :  M.  C.  Tyler,  American  Literature;  Barrett  Wendell, 
Literary  History  of  America,  bks.  i,  ii,  chs.  i-vi ;  E.  E.  Brown,  Making  of 
our  Middle  Schools,  chs.  iii-ix;  E.  G.  Dexter,  History  of  Education,  1-72, 
223-268;  R.  G.  Boone,  Education,  pt.  i.  —  ECCLESIASTICAL:  L.  W.  Ba 
con,  American  Christianity,  chs.  v-xii;  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies,  as  follows :  S.  B.  Weeks,  Religious  Development  in  North  Caro 
lina,  and  Church  and  State  in  North  Carolina  (X,  Nos.  5,  6,  and  XI,  5,  6) ; 
A.  C.  Applegarth,  Quakers  in  Pennsylvania  (X,  Nos.  8,  9) ;  Eleanor  L. 
Lord,  Industrial  Experiments  in  the  British  Colonies  (Extra  Vol.  XVII). 

SLAVERY:  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  §§  180-230;  Wm. 
Poole,  Antislavery  Opinions  before  1800;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race,  I, 
chs.  xii-xxv ;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Suppression  of  the  Slave-Trade,  chs.  ii-iv ; 
Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  ch.  i;  Mary  S.  Locke,  Anti- 
Slavery,  chs.  i-iii;  S.  M.  Janney,  Religious  Society  of  Friends,  III,  chs.  vii, 


328  GENESIS   OF   THE   UNION,    1607-1775  [§165 

ix,  xi ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  ch.  ix  ;  E.  V.  Morgan, 
Slavery  in  New  York  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  V,  337)  ;  Edward  Needles, 
Historical  Memoir  of  the  Pennsylvania  Society;  [W.  C.  Ford],  Washington 
as  an  Employer  and  Importer  of  Labor;  Chas.  Deane,  Letters  and  Docu 
ments  relating  to  Slavery  in  Massachusetts;  G.  H.  Moore,  Slavery  in  Massa 
chusetts,  chs.  i-vii.  Monographs  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Studies, as  follows:  B.  C.  Steiner,  Slavery  in  Connecticut  (XI,  Nos.  9,  10), 
pp.  7-23 ;  J.  C.  Ballagh,  White  Servitude  in  Virginia  (XIII,  Nos.  6,  7) ; 
J.  R.  Brackett,  Negro  in  Maryland  (Extra  Vol.  VI) ;  E.  I.  McCormac, 
White  Servitude  in  Maryland  (XXII,  Nos.  3,  4) ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Servitude 
in  the  Colony  of  North  Carolina  (XIV,  Nos.  4,  5) ;  H.  S.  Cooley,  Slavery 
in  New  Jersey  (XIV,  Nos.  9,  10) ;  S.  B.  Weeks,  Southern  Quakers  and 
Slavery  (Extra  Vol.  XV),  ch.  ix. 

Sources.  —  LIFE  IN  THE  COLONIES  :  Samuel  Sewall,  Diary  and  Letter- 
Book;  P.  V.  Fithian,  Journal  and  Letters;  B.  Franklin,  Autobiography; 
Eliza  Lucas,  Journal  and  Letters;  extracts  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
II,  pt.  iv.  —  SLAVERY  :  Colonial  statutes  on  slavery  in  the  various  colonial 
collections  (see  §  43) ;  extracts  in  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves, 
App.  A,  and  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave-Trade,  App.  A;  John  Woolman, 
Journal  (ed.  by  J.  G.  Whittier) ;  Benjamin  Fay,  Treatise  on  Slave-Keeping; 
Samuel  Sewall,  Joseph  Sold  by  his  Brethren;  Diary  of  John  Harrower 
(Am.  Hist.  Review,  VI,  65  :  white  servitude). 

Bibliography.  —  E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  331-337;  Cam 
bridge  Modern  History,  VII,  764-765 ;  footnotes  to  H.  C.  Lodge,  English 
Colonies;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  The  Colonies,  §§  17,  39,  74,  90;  N.  Eng. 
Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical  Sources  in  Schools,  §  74;  E.  G.  Dex 
ter,  History  of  Education,  10,  22,  55,  72,  303-306;  M.  G.  McDougall, 
Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  E;  M.  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery,  199-231;  W.  E.  B. 
DuBois,  Slave-Trade,  App.  D  ;  TJie  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  V, 
93,  103- 


CHAPTER  XXI 

CONFEDERATION  AND   CONSTITUTION,  1781-1788 

§  166.  Government  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788 

Summary. — The  states:  constitutional  government  (§§  159, 172); 
relations  with  the  Union  (§§  167,  169,  171).  —  Congress:  places 
of  meeting ;  length  of  service ;  procedure ;  president.  —  Execu 
tive  department :  board  system ;  superintendents  of  finance  and 
foreign  affairs ;  boards  resumed.  —  Courts :  arbitration ;  piracies 
and  felonies ;  Court  of  Appeals  in  Cases  of  Capture.  —  Inefficiency 
of  the  system :  lack  of  attendance ;  nine  states'  rule ;  insufficient 
powers ;  too  much  concentration  in  Congress. 

General.  —  (See  §§  141,  150-153,  158,  167,  169-173.)  — H.  von  Hoist, 
History,  I,  26-46 ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Lectures  on  the  Constitution,  35-48 ;  G. 
Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  1-23  (History  of  the  Constitution,  1, 1-28)  ; 
J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch.  iii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  ch.  ii;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  ch.  iii ;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  I,  1-18,  67-78;  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.), 
XXVII,  684;  J.  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  201-219;  J.  Story,  Commenta 
ries,  §§  243-252,  265-271 ;  J.  Sparks,  George  Washington,  ch.  xv;  J.  Schou- 
ler,  History,  I,  ch.  i,  §  i ;  E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865,  ch.  iv ; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jejferson,  ch.  vi,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  I, 
ch.  iv ;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams,  ch.  xxii ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madi 
son,  ch.  iii;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  65-71,  102-106;  J.  Fiske, 
Critical  Period,  ch.  iii;  O.  W.  B.  Peabody,  John  Sullivan,  ch.  ix;  J.  N. 
Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3280,  3289-3296. 

Special.  —  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  chs.  vi,  xii  (History  of 
the  Constitution,  I,  142-151,  260-274);  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Consti 
tutional  History,  Nos.  i,  iii;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  II, 
ch.  xxxvi ;  H.  L.  Carson,  Supreme  Court,  I,  chs.  iii-vii ;  Henry  Flanders, 
Chief  Justices  I,  (Rutledge)  ch.  xii;  J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  I, 
chs.  xxii-xxvii;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern 
ment,  articles  on  Articles  of  Confederation,  Confederation. 

(329) 


330         CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION       [§167 

Sources.  —  Journals  of  [Continental]  Congress  (ad  ed.),  VII-XIII ; 
Secret  Journals  of  Congress,  IV;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  I, 
(Lodge  ed.),  I,  203-315  ;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  VIII,  IX; 
J.  Madison,  Papers,  I,  II,  especially  notes  of  debates  in  I,  187-467,  II, 
581-614,  and  Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  I,  II;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  I;  W.  W. 
Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III,  245-385 ;  J.  Adams,  Defence  of  the  Constitu 
tions.  For  lives  and  writings  of  other  contemporary  public  men,  see 
§§  39,  46,  47- 

Bibliography.  —  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution, 
ch.  xix;  Boston  Public  Library,  Bulletins,  X,  156-166;  Bureau  of  Rolls 
and  Library,  Bulletin,  No.  I  (catalogue  of  the  papers  of  Congress); 
footnotes  to  Curtis,  Bancroft,  and  McMaster;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
215-236  passim. 

§  167.  Territorial  Questions  under  the  Confederation, 
1781-1789 

Summary.  —  1783,  Exterior  boundaries  (§§  157,  171) :  contro 
versies  with  England  and  Spain ;  question  of  frontier  posts.  — 
Acquisitions  of  territory :  Northwest  cessions  by  New  York  (1781), 
Virginia  (1784),  Massachusetts  (1784),  Connecticut  (1786/1800); 
Southwest  cessions  by  South  Carolina  (1787),  North.  Carolina 
(1790),  and  Georgia  (1802).  —  Administration:  resolution  of 
1780;  Jefferson's  ordinance  of  1784;  question  of  slavery  (§  170) ; 
Grayson's  ordinance  of  1785  (§  168).  —  Northwest  ordinance  of 
1787  :  authors ;  occasion ;  slavery  clause  (§  170).  —  Western  settle 
ments  (§  1 68) ;  proposed  new  states  (§172). 

General.  —  (See  §§  158,  159,  168,  180,  193.)  —  R.  Hildreth, 
History,  III,  chs.  xliv,  xlvi,  xlviii;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI, 
14-16,  81,  96,  104,  115-118,  125-135,  165,  166,  277-291  (History  of  the 
Constitution,  I,  16-18,  83,  154-159,  168-183,  291-299,  II,  98-118,  225- 
227) ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  124-141,  291-311  (Con 
stitutional  History,  I,  chs.  v,  xiv) ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and 
Constitution,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  vi ;  E.  M. 
Avery,  History,  VI,  398-408 ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III, 
ch.  vi  (Sagamore  ed.,  V,  ch.  i) ;  J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  198-200, 
257-270,  280-290;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  227,  228;  J.  Fiske,  Critical 
Period,  ch.  v;  H.  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  (3d  ed.), 
30-36 ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Constitution,  55-58. 

Special.  —  LAND  CESSIONS  :  P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  chs.  i, 
ii;  Jos.  Blunt,  Historical  Sketch,  ch.  iii;  H.  B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influ- 


§168]  TERRITORIAL    QUESTIONS  331 

ence  upon  Land  Cessions;  T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  82-87;  B.  A. 
Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  ix-xiv;  J.  C.  Welling,  State  Rights  Conflict 
over  the  Public  Lands  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  III,  411);  Kate  M. 
Rowland,  George  Mason,  I,  chs.  ix,  x ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamil 
ton,  II,  ch.  xxx ;  R.  R.  Howison,  Virginia,  II,  ch.  v;  Shosuke  Sato,  Land 
Question,  22-70;  J.  C.  Scharf,  Maryland,  II,  ch.  xxvii. 

NORTHWEST  ORDINANCE  :  J.  A.  Barrett,  Evolution  of  the  Ordinance  of 
1787;  W.  P.  Cutler,  Ordinance  of  1787;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I, 
chs.  ii,  v,  viii,  xv;  E.  Coles,  History  of  the  Ordinance;  J.  M.  Merriam, 
Legislative  History  of  the  Ordinance  (Am.  Antiq.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  n.s.,  V, 
303) ;  W.  F.  Poole  and  G.  B.  Loring,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  III, 
287-294,  300-308;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Indiana,  177-218;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old 
Northwest,  chs.  xv,  xvi;  Shosuke  Sato,  Land  Question,  88-120;  H.  B. 
Adams,  Maryland's  Influence,  44-54;  Max  Farrand,  Legislation  for 
Territories,  3-12. 

MAPS  :  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  108  (state 
claims),  116  (ordinance  of  1784);  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  388  (state 
claims),  406  (Seven  Ranges) ;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  196  (state 
claims). 

Sources.  —  ACTS  OF  CESSION  AND  ORDINANCES  or  CONGRESS  :  Bioren 
and  Duane,  Land  Laws  of  the  United  States,  I ;  Journals  of  Congress,  and 
Secret  Journals;  T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  60-8 1 ;  American  His 
tory  Leaflets,  Nos.  16,  22,  32;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and  Charters; 
Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  13;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  4; 
Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xvi.  —  CONTEMPORARY  DISCUSSIONS  : 
J.  Madison,  Papers,  I,  and  Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  I,  II;  G.  Washington, 
Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  VIII,  IX;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Ford  ed.),  IV) 
Cutlers,  Manasseh  Cutler,  I;  "Connecticut  Farmer,"  Remarks  on  a 
Pamphlet;  Thos.  Paine,  Public  Good;  W.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers,  I, 
ch.  i ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  II,  Apps. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  528-539;  G.  E.  Howard, 
Local  Constitutional  History,  I,  141,  410;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III, 
117;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  329-331 ;  E.  M. 
Avery,  History,  VI,  473-476;  H.  B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influence,  45; 
P.  G.  Thompson,  Bibliography  of  Ohio,  No.  933 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  72,  173;  footnotes  to  Bancroft,  Curtis,  McMaster,  etc.,  and  also  to 
special  authorities. 

§  168.  Settlement  of  the  West  and  Land  Policy,  1776-1789 

Summary.  —  Settlements  in  1775  (§  162).  —  The  West  in  the 
Revolution  (§  154).  —  1780,  Settlement  of  Middle  Tennessee. — 


332          CONFEDERATION    AND    CONSTITUTION        [§168 

Colonial  land  systems.  —  1781-1802,  Land  claims  and  cessions 
(§§  158,  167);  1785,  Land  Ordinance.  —  1786,  Massachusetts- 
New  York  preemption  line;  settlement  of  western  New  York; 
the  Genesee  country ;  large  company  speculations,  Robert  Morris, 
Phelps  and  Gorham.  —  Pennsylvania- Virginia  boundary ;  pre 
emption  and  donation  lands  in  Pennsylvania.  —  Virginia  military 
lands ;  Clark's  grant,  Illinois  County.  —  Progress  of  settlement 
in  Kentucky  and  eastern  Tennessee;  Spanish  intrigue  (§  171); 
State  of  Franklin  (§172).  —  1787-1789,  Land  sales  in  the  North 
west:  Ohio  Company,  Scioto  Company;  Symmes  Purchase; 
Pennsylvania  triangle  ;  Western  Reserve  (§  193) ;  1788,  settlement 
of  Marietta  and  Cincinnati.  —  Yazoo  companies  (§  193).  —  Prog 
ress  of  settlement  after  1789  (§193). 

General.  —  (See  §§  160,  162,  167.)— T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West,  I,  chs.  xi,  xii,  II,  III,  chs.  i,  ii,  v,  vi  (Sagamore  ed.,  II,  chs.  iii-viii, 
III,  IV,  chs.  i,  ii,  V,  ch.  i) ;  J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  chs.  viii-xvi ; 
C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  ch.  xv;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History, 
I,  503-5 1 9,  HI,  89-116 ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  ch.  iii,  and  Expan 
sion,  chs.  viii,  ix ;  H.  A.  Bruce,  Daniel  Boone,  chs.  x-xvii ;  R.  G.  Thwaites, 
Daniel  Boone,  chs.  x-xiii;  L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England, 
147-177;  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  123-131,  156- 
162 ;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  ch.  xii. 

Special.  —  F.  J.  Turner,  Significance  of  the  Frontier  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Report,  1893,  197).  —  GEOGRAPHY:  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  History 
and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  ch.  v  (see  §  162).  —  EASTERN  SETTLEMENTS  : 
F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier,  pts.  iv-viii ;  O.  Turner,  Holland 
Purchase,  pts.  iv,  v,  and  Phelps  and  Gorham's  Purchase;  J.  H.  Hotchkin, 
Western  New  York,  chs.  i-viii ;  T.  C.  Amory,  James  Sullivan,  I,  ch.  viii ; 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances,  II,  ch.  xxxiii ;  E.  P.  Oberholtzer, 
Robert  Morris,  ch.  ix ;  Daniel  Agnew,  Pennsylvania  North  of  the  Ohio ; 
Thos.  Sergeant,  View  of  the  Land  Laws  of  Pennsylvania;  Report  of  the 
Commission  to  Locate  the  Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania,  II ;  Boyd  Crum- 
rine,  Washington  County  (Pa.).  —  SOUTHWESTERN  SETTLEMENTS:  L.  P. 
Summers,  Southwest  Virginia,  chs.  vii,  viii;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky,  ch. 
vii;  Jas.  Phelan,  Tennessee,  chs.  iv-xvi;  J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  Tennessee, 
122-522;  A.  W.  Putnam,  Middle  Tennessee,  chs.  i-xviii;  J.  W.  Caldwell, 
Constitutional  History  of  Tennessee,  ch.  ii;  S.  B.  Weeks,  Joseph  Martin 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1893,  407).  —  NORTHWESTERN  SETTLEMENTS  : 
E.  C.  Dawes,  Beginning  of  the* Ohio  Company  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist. 
Publications,  IV,  i) ;  Scioto  Company  and  its  Purchases  (ibid.,  Ill,  107) ; 


§169]  SETTLEMENT   OF   THE   WEST  333 

C.  T.  Greve,  Cincinnati,  I,  chs.  viii-xiv;   C.  W.  Alvord,  Cahokia  Records, 
Introd.,  and  Kaskaskia  Records,  Introd.   (111.  Hist.  Library,  Collections, 

II,  V),   and  County  of  Illinois;    A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois, 
chs.  i,  ii;  C.  E.  Boyd,  County  of  Illinois  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  IV,  623).  — 
LAND    POLICY  :    P.  J.  Treat,   National  Land  System,   ch.  iii ;    Amelia 
C.  Ford,  Colonial    Precedents   of   our   National    Land  System;    K.    C. 
Colgrove,  Congress  and  the  Pioneers  from  i7&g  to  1820  (Iowa  Journal  of 
Hist,  and  Politics,  VIII,   7).  —  MAPS  :   E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  187, 
192   (Indian  operations),  230  (King's   Mountain),  410   (settlements  to 
1787) ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  134  (the  West). 

Sources.  —  SETTLEMENTS  :  Wm.  Cooper,  Guide  in  the  Wilderness; 
H.  L.  Fairchild,  Travels;  Journals  of  John  Lincklaen;  E.  B.  O'Callaghan, 
Documentary  History  of  New  York,  II,  667-670,  688,  1103-1188;  Report 
of  Special  Committee  to  Investigate  Indian  Problems  of  New  York,  105-134 
(Mass.-N.Y.  agreement) ;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  ist  ser.,  V-XI,  3d  ser., 

III,  485-504  (Pa.-Va.  boundary) ;    Olden  Time;   A.  S.  Withers,  Chron 
icles  of  Border  Warfare  (Thvvaites  ed.),  chs.  viii-xvi;    A.  B.  Hulbert, 
Washington   and    the   West;     C.    W.    Butterfield,    Washington-Crawford 
Letters,  59-83  ;  North  Carolina,  S tate  Records;  Gilbert  Imlay,  Topographi 
cal  Description;  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  16,  40;   C.  W.  Alvord,  Cahokia 
Records,  and  Kaskaskia  Records;  Cutlers,  Manasseh  Cutler,  I,  chs.  iv-xii ; 
Pickering  and  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  I,  457-460,  504-513,  546-549; 
Rowena  Buell,  Memoirs   of  Rufus  Putnam,    100-110,    215-232;   John 
May,  Journal  and  Letters;    C.  S.  Hall,  Samuel  Holden  Parsons,  chs. 
xxv-xxviii;    A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  v. — LAND  POLICY: 
American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  I;   W.  W.  Hening,  Virginia  Stat 
utes,  IX,  355,  X,  35-65,  542  ;  North  Carolina,  State  Records,  XXIV,  43-48. 

Bibliography.  —  L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  170, 194, 
195;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  527-536;  F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York 
Frontier,  403-411;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution, 
329-331 ;  P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  391-394;  A.  C.  Ford,  Colo 
nial  Precedents,  147-157. 

§  169.  Finances  of  the  Confederation,  1781-1788 

Summary.  —  System:  boards  (§  166) ;  1781-1784,  Morris's 
administration;  1781,  May  26,  Bank  of  North  America.  —  Cur 
rency:  paper  money;  1784,  Jefferson's  plan  of  coinage;  ordinance 
of  1786.  —  Resources:  post-office;  requisitions;  failure  of  the 
system. — Loans:  outstanding  in  1783  ;  foreign;  Dutch;  domes 
tic;  depreciation.  —  Expenditures :  half  pay;  1783,  March  17, 


334         CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION       [§170 

Newburg  addresses ;  running  expenses.  —  Financial  amendments 
(§173):  1781,  five-per-cent  scheme;  1783,  revenue  scheme;  1786, 
revenue  scheme  revived. 

General.  —  (See  §§  155, 157, 172, 177.)  —A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confedera 
tion  and  Constitution,  chs.  iv,  ix,  x;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  chs.  xlv, 
xlvi ;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  ch.  ii;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  ch.  viii,  and  American  Currency,  43-5 7 ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur 
Morris,  I,  chs.  xvi,  xvii ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur  Morris,  99-108,  (rev. 
ed.)  86-94 ;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  86-97  j  J-  Story,  Commen 
taries,  §§  253-258;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  v;  S.  H.  Gay, 
James  Madison,  34-49,  (rev.  ed.)  33-47. 

Special.  —  C.  J.  Bullock,  Finances  from  1775  to  1789;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
Financier  and  Finances,  I,  chs.  xiii-xv,  II,  chs.  i-xxv ;  E.  P.  Oberholtzer, 
Robert  Morris,  60-222;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  chs.  vii-x 
(History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  155-248) ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  chs. 
ii-iv;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  chs.  xi,  xiii,  xv;  G.  Ban 
croft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  24-30,  59-86,  192  (History  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  I,  21-45,  76-113,  263) ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  chs.  vi,  vii;  J. 
Elliot,  Funding  System,  59-61,  91,  92;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  II, 
ch.  xxiv;  A.  B.  Hepburn,  Coinage  and  Currency,  ch.  i,  and  App.,  453- 
456;  Wm.  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy,  chs.  ii,  iii. 

Sources.  —  American  State  Papers,  Finance,  I ;  Journals  of  Congress, 
VII-XIII;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  I;  J.  Madison,  Papers, 
I,  and  Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  I,  II;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Ford  ed.), 
Ill,  especially  446-457;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  VIII, 
IX ;  Samuel  Osgood  and  John  Bacon,  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings, 
ist  ser.,  V,  465-485. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  235,  236,  and  Reader's 
Handbook,  242-244,  274;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  13;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  326-328,  331-333;  C.  J. 
Bullock,  Finances  from  1775  to  1789,  266-273;  footnotes  to  Curtis,  Ban 
croft,  and  to  the  special  authorities  above. 

§  170.  Slavery  Questions  under  the  Confederation, 
1774-1787 

Summary.  —  National  questions:  slaves  as  prizes;  fugitives; 
Indian  treaties;  clause  in  Northwest  Ordinance  (§  167). — Taxa 
tion:  1776,  debate;  1777,  unsettled  by  the  Articles.  —  Negro 
troops.  —  Slave  trade:  "Association"  of  1774;  Jefferson's  draft 


§171]  FINANCE  AND    SLAVERY  335 

of  1776:  state  prohibitions. — Territorial:  1784,  Jefferson's 
proposition ;  1785,  King's  proposition ;  1787,  Northwest  Ordinance 
(§  167). — Emancipation  movement :  societies;  southern  senti 
ment  ;  European  sentiment.  —  Emancipation  accomplished :  1777, 
Vermont;  1780,  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania;  1783,  New 
Hampshire;  1784,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut;  1799,  New 
York ;  1804,  New  Jersey. 

General.  —  (See  §§  165, 180, 197.)  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  273-301 ; 
J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Constitutional  History,  No.  5 ;  Katharine 
Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  119-122;  H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  ch.  xi ; 
G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  116-118  (History  of  the  Constitution, 
I,  192) ;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xiv,  xvii ;  W.  Goodell,  Slavery 
and  Anti-Slavery,  chs.  vii-xi ;  J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson,  ch.  viii ;  Geo. 
Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  179-195;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  390- 
395,  509,  IV,  174-177- 

Special.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §  1916;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus 
King,  I,  chs.  vi,  xv;  W.  F.  Poole,  Antislavery  Opinions  before  1800; 
S.  M.  Janney,  Society  of  Friends,  III,  ch.  xv ;  Mary  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery ; 
W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave-Trade,  ch.  v;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race,  I, 
chs.  xxvi-xxxi;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  ch.  xviii;  Shosuke  Sato, 
Land  Question,  88-99  '•>  G.  H.  Moore,  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  chs.  viii-x ; 
B.  C.  Steiner,  Slavery  in  Connecticut,  24-45  >  H.  S.  Cooley,  Slavery  in 
New  Jersey;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  13,  14. 

Sources.  —  Ordinances  of  Congress,  in  Journals  of  Congress;  state 
statutes,  in  collections  enumerated  in  §  43 ;  early  state  constitutions,  in 
F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and  Charters;  Geo.  Livermore,  Historical 
Research  respecting  the  Opinions  of  the  Founders  of  the  Republic. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  325,  326;  Wm.  Goodell, 
Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery,  90-97  ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §  1916 ; 
M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  E ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Topical  Ref 
erence  Lists,  §§  62,  63;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave-Trade,  App.  D;  M.  S. 
Locke,  Anti-Slavery,  199-231. 

§  171.  Foreign  and  Commercial  Relations  of  the  Confedera 
tion,  1783-1789 

Summary.  —  Great  Britain :  Western  posts ;  negroes ;  loyal 
ists;  debts;  navigation  laws;  West  Indian  trade;  discrimina 
tions  ;  Adams's  mission.  —  Spain :  boundary ;  Mississippi  navi- 


336        'CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION        [§171 

gation;  negotiations  of  1786;  threats  of  the  West.  —  France: 
1778,  treaties  (§  155) ;  1788,  consular  convention.  —  Minor  treaties. 
—  Status  of  states:  irregular  action;  interstate  obstacles;  1784, 
commerce  amendment  (§  173) ;  1785,  Monroe's  proposition. 

General.  —  (See  §§  155,  157,  1 8 1.)  —  NARRATIVES:  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  ch.  xlvi ;  A.  C.  McLaugh- 
lin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  chs.  v,  vi ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States, 

I,  18-35 ;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  Diplomacy,  88-101 ;  J.  Story,  Commen 
taries,   §§   259-264;    Katharine    Coman,  Industrial  History   (rev.   ed.), 
113-119;    G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  ch.  v.  —  BIOGRAPHIES: 
Wm.  Whitelock,  John  Jay,  ch.  xiv;    Geo.   Pellew,  John  Jay,  ch.  ix; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  ch.  ix,  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  ch.  vii;  Gail- 
lard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  vii ;   J.-  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  I,  ch. 
xxv ;    M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry,  ch.  xvii. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  27-166 
passim  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  33-227  passim) ;  F.  A.  Ogg,  Open 
ing  of  the  Mississippi,  400-441 ;  H.  B.  Fuller,  Purchase  of  Florida,  1-48 ; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  chs.  ii,  iii  (Sagamore  ed.,  IV, 
chs.  ii,  iii) ;  J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  chs.  xiii,  xv,  xvi ;  W.  R. 
Shepherd,  Wilkinson  and  the  Beginning  of  the  Spanish  Conspiracy  (Am. 
Hist.  Review,  IX,  490) ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  chs.  xi, 
xiii ;  J.  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  ch.  iv.  —  DIPLOMATIC  :  T.  Lyman,  Diplo 
macy,  II,  ch.  vi;  W.  C.  Fisher,  American  Trade  Regulations  before  1789 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  III,  467);  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  Inter 
national  Law,  passim.  —  ECONOMIC:  W.  B.  Weeden,  New  England, 

II,  chs.  xxii,  xxiii.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  I,  (Jay) 
ch.  xiii;  Wm.  Jay,  John  Jay,  I,  183-254;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison, 
II,  chs.  xxi-xxiv,  xxvi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  chs.  xi,  xii; 
C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  II,  ch.  viii;    G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
I,  chs.  viii-xi ;   J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson,  ch.  ix ;   W.  W.  Henry, 
Patrick  Henry,  II,  chs.  xxxiii,  xxxiv. 

Sources.  —  Instructions  and  ordinances  of  Congress,  in  Journals  of 
Congress  and  Secret  Journals;  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  1783-1789; 
W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements,  I,  487,  490,  II, 
1233,  1244,  1477;  J.  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Public  Papers,  III,  167- 
224;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  I,  (Lodge  ed.),  I,  203-315; 
T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  I,  338-607,  II,  (Ford  ed.),  HI, 
IV;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  I,  (Hunt  ed.),  II,  and  Papers, 
I;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  VIII,  IX  (especially  IX,  501- 
510);  J.  Adams,  Works,  III,  353-406  (diary,  1783-1787),  VIII  (cor 
respondence)  ;  Letters  of  Pliineas  Bond  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1896, 


§172]  FOREIGN   AND    STATES  337 

I,  513);    Letters  of  Stephen  Higginson   (ibid.,   711-765);    B.  Franklin, 
Works  (Bigelow  ed.),  VII-IX;    J.  Monroe,  Writings,  I;    C.  R.  King, 
Rufus  King,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv,  ix,  x ;  Papers  bearing  on  Wilkinson's  Relations 
with  Spain  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  IX,  748) ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Con 
stitution,  Apps.  to  I,  II;    Noah  Webster,  Sketches  of  American  Policy; 
Pelatiah  Webster,  Dissertation  on  the  Political    Union  (reprint  in  Old 
South  Leaflets,  No.  186). 

Bibliography. — J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  199-236  passim;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  328,  329;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Manual,  §§  71,  72,  174. 

§  172.  States  under  the  Confederation,  1781-1788 

Summary. — Early  constitutions  (§159).  —  Constitutional  strug 
gles:  Pennsylvania"  Constitutionalists";  amendments;  courts 
overruling  statutes.  —  Interstate  relations :  stay  acts ;  tender 
acts;  tariff  acts.  —  Relations  with  Congress  (§  166).  —  Social 
and  religious  conditions.  —  Internal  finance :  paper  money ; 
resistance  in  Pennsylvania,  Vermont,  Massachusetts  (Shays 
Rebellion) .  —  Settlement  of  boundaries :  Connecticut-Pennsyl 
vania;  Massachusetts-New  York  (§  168) ;  Pennsylvania- Virginia 
(§  168) ;  South  Carolina- Georgia.  —  Proposed  separations:  Wes 
tern  Pennsylvania ;  Kentucky;  Vermont;  Franklin  (§  1 68). 

General.  —  (See  §§  166-168.)  —  NARRATIVES  :  J.  Fiske,  Critical 
Period,  55-71,  76-87,  144-153,  163-186;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confedera 
tion  and  Constitution,  128-167;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  III,  406-410,  464- 
481 ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  1-102,  155-164,  210-216,  281-355, 
400-406;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  154-176  (History  of  the 
Constitution,  I,  210-241) ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  ch. 
xii;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  385-397.  —  BIOGRAPHIES:  W.  C.  Rives, 
James  Madison,  I,  465-478,  chs.  xviii-xx,  II,  ch.  xxv;  Gaillard  Hunt, 
James  Madison,  ch.  ix ;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  ch.  v;  Kate  M.  Row 
land,  George  Mason,  II,  ch.  iii,  and  Charles  Carroll,  II,  ch.  iii ;  C.  J. 
Stille,  John  Dickinson,  223-252;  W.  V.  Wells,  Samuel  Adams,  III,  ch. 
lix ;  T.  C.  Amory,  James  Sullivan,  I,  ch.  ix ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  III,  chs.  xli,  xlii,  xliv;  Wm.  Sullivan,  Familiar  Letters,  letters 
i-iv. 

Special.  —  A.  S.  Bolles,  Pennsylvania,  70-116;  F.  B.  Lee,  New  Jersey, 

II,  ch.  xxiii ;  Memorial  History  of  the  City  of  New  York,  III,  ch.  i ;   S.  G. 
Arnold,  Rhode  Island,  II,  489-539 ;  Hiland  Hall,  Vermont,  chs.  xxi-xxxix; 


338  CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION       [§172 

Jeremy  Belknap,  New  Hampshire,  II,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii.  —  BOUNDARIES  : 
Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  (ad  ed.) ;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Making  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  292-317,  349-354;  Chas.  Miner,  Wyoming,  letters  xxii-xxviii; 
C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  II,  chs.  vii-ix,  xii.  —  NEW  STATE 
MOVEMENTS  :  G.  H.  Alden,  New  States  West  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  State 
of  Franklin  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VIII,  271) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  W estern  State- 
Making  (ibid.,  I,  70,  251) ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  chs. 
iv,  v  (Sagamore  ed.,  IV,  chs.  iv,  v) ;  J.  W.  Caldwell,  Constitutional  His 
tory  of  Tennessee,  ch.  iii;  J.  G.  M.  Ramsey,  Tennessee,  ch.  iv;  E.  D. 
Warfield,  Kentucky's  Struggle  for  Autonomy  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV, 
349).  —  MAPS  :  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  402 ;  F.  J.  Turner  and  G.  H. 
Alden  (above).  —  ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS:  Henry  Phillips,  Jr.,  Paper 
Currency,  I;  C.  J.  Bullock,  Financial  History  of  Massachusetts,  ch.  ii, 
and  Monetary  History,  184-204,  260-273 ;  F.  G.  Bates,  Rhode  Island  and 
the  Union,  chs.  iii,  iv;  Wm.  Findley,  Insurrection  in  Pennsylvania,  chs. 
i,  ii.  —  SHAYS  REBELLION:  J.  P.  Warren,  Confederation  and  the  Shays 
Rebellion  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XI,  42) ;  A.  M.  Davis,  Shays  Rebellion  (Am. 
Antiq.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  n.s.,  XXI,  57) ;  J.  S.  Barry,  Massachusetts, 
III,  ch.  vi ;  A.  E.  Morse,  Federalist  Party  in  Massachusetts,  ch.  iii,  Apps. 
A-D;  S.  B.  Harding,  Ratification  in  Massachusetts,  ch.  i.  —  STATE  GOV 
ERNMENTAL  CONDITIONS:  W.  P.  Trent,  Constitution-Making  in  the 
Churches  (in  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Constitutional  History,  186),  and 
Case  of  Josiah  Phillips  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  I,  444) ;  Brinton  Coxe,  Judi 
cial  Power  and  Unconstitutional  Legislation,  chs.  xxiii-xxviii ;  J.  M. 
Varnum,  Trevett  against  Weeden;  Austin  Scott,  Holmes  vs.  Walton  (Am. 
Hist.  Review,  IV,  456) ;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  31-51 ; 
W.  W.  Henry  and  C.  J.  Stille,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  II,  23,  III, 

205,  455- 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and  Charters; 
E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  IV,  531-1034 
(Vermont) ;  published  state  documents  and  records  (§  43),  especially 
Rhode  Island,  Colonial  Records,  X ;  Vermont,  Governor  and  Council,  II, 
III;  Pennsylvania,  Colonial  Records,  XI-XIII  (Virginia  boundary),  and 
Archives,  ist  ser.,  VIII-X,  2d  ser.,  XVIII  (Wyoming) ;  North  Carolina, 
State  Records,  XXII,  637-731  (Franklin) ;  Jas.  Duane,  Territorial  Rights 
of  New  York  (N.Y.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publication  Fund  Series,  III,  i) ;  Collection 
of  Evidence  concerning  New  Hampshire  Grants  (ibid.,  I,  281) ;  Constitu 
tion  of  the  State  of  Franklin  (Am.  Hist.  Mag.,  Oct.,  1904).  —  CONTEMPO 
RARY  WRITINGS  :  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  IX,  (Ford  ed.), X, 
340-507,  XI,  1-135  (see  Contents) ;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.), 
66-284  (see  Contents),  (Hunt  ed.),  II,  3°~333  (see  Contents);  C.  R. 
King,  Rufus  King,  I,  chs.  v,  viii ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III,  261- 


§173]  FEDERAL   CONVENTION  339 

377J  G.  J.  McRee,  James  Iredell,  II,  chs.  xvii-xix;  Brissot  de  Warville, 
New  Travels.  —  SHAYS  REBELLION  :  G.  R.  Minot,  Insurrection  in  Massa 
chusetts;  Documents  relating  to  Shays  Rebellion  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  II, 
693) ;  Bowdoin  Papers  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  yth  ser.,  VI),  108- 
187;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  II,  91-97;  John  Noble,  Notes  on  the  Shays 
Rebellion  (Am.  Antiq.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  n.s.,  XV,  200). 

Bibliography.  —  (See  §§  164-171.) — A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confedera 
tion  and  Constitution,  ch.  xix,  especially  331,  332;  E.  M.  Avery,  History, 
VI,  471-473;  J-  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  35I-356- 

§  173.  The  Federal  Convention  of  1787 

Summary.  —  Proposed  amendments  of  the  Confederation : 
1781,  five  per  cent  (§  169);  1783,  revenue  (§  169);  1784,  com 
merce  (§  171);  1785-1786,  minor  schemes.  —  Call:  1785,  Mas 
sachusetts  proposition;  1786,  Annapolis  Convention;  1787, 
Feb.  21,  call  by  Congress.  —  Choice  of  delegates :  principal  mem 
bers. —  Convention:  place;  1787,  May  25,  organizes;  plans 
submitted;  May  30  to  June  13,  first  general  debate;  June  19  to 
July  26,  second  general  debate ;  Aug.  7  to  Sept.  8,  debate  on  detail ; 
Sept.  12  to  15,  committee  on  style;  Sept.  17,  signatures. — 
Difficulties:  authority;  sources;  first  compromise  (representa 
tion  in  Congress) ;  second  compromise  (slave  representation) ; 
third  compromise  (slave  trade). 

General.  —  (See  §§  158,  166-176.)  —NARRATIVES  :  R.  Hildreth,  His 
tory,  III,  ch.  xlvii;  G.  T'.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  234-256  ;  His 
tory  of  the  Constitution,  I,  347-379;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII, 
ch.  viii;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  82-104;  J.  Davis,  Confederate 
Government,  I,  86-103 ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  ch.  i,  §  ii;  Woodrow  Wil 
son,  American  People,  III,  60-76;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  ch.  xx; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII,  685;  J.  S.  Landon,  Con 
stitutional  History  (rev.  ed.),  76-110;  F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation, 
chs.  ii,  iii;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch.  iv;  McLaughlin  and  Hart, 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  article  Convention,  Federal. 

BIOGRAPHIES  :  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  ch.  vi,  and  Ben 
jamin  Franklin,  ch.  xv;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances,  II, 
ch.  xxviii;  Kate  M.  Rowland,  George  Mason,  II,  chs.  iv,  v;  Wm.  Jay, 
John  Jay,  I,  254-270;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  ch.  i;  S.  H. 
Gay,  James  Madison,  chs.  iv-viii ;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs. 
x-xiv;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  116-170;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouver- 


340         CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION       [§173 

neur  Morris,  ch.  vi;    Geo.  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  179-195,  252- 
262 ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  II,  ch.  xxxv. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  TREATISES  :  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions; 
John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation,  ch.  ii ;  J.  I.  C.  Hare,  American 
Constitutional  Law,  I,  lects.  i,  ii;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Laws, 
§§  79-81 ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  80,  81 ; 
J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  98-108. 

Special.  —  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  chs. 
xi-xvi ;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Growth  of  the  Constitution;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Evolution 
of  the  Constitution;  J.  A.  Kasson,  Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  chs.  iv-ix; 
H.  L.  Carson,  One  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Constitution;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries,  §§  272-276;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  III, 
chs.  xlv-xlviii ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  chs.  xi-xiv ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Con 
stitutional  History,  I,  chs.  xv-xxxii  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  328- 
488,  II,  1-488) ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  II,  chs.  xxv-xxxii ;  J.  H. 
Robinson,  Original  and  Derived  Features  of  the  Constitution  (Am.  Acad. 
of  Polit.  and  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  I,  203) ;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.), 
VI,  177-276,  292-367  (History  of  the  Constitution,  I,  242-278,  II,  1-97, 
119-222) ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  ch.  iv,  and  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Federal  Constitution,  ch.  viii ;  J.  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  chs.  v,  vi ;  J.  T. 
Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  ch.  i ;  C.  E.  Stevens,  Sources  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  chs.  ii-iv,  vi ;  Max  Farrand,  Compromises  of  the  Constitution  (Am. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1903,  I,  73) ;  H.  S.  Maine,  Popular  Government, 
No.  iv;  Chas.  Ingersoll,  Fears  for  Democracy,  ch.  ii ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Use 
of  History  made  by  the  Framers  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Reports,  1896,  1,  223). 

Sources.  —  Max  Farrand,  Records  of  the  Federal  Convention  (includes 
all  the  available  records  and  much  supplementary  material) ;  Journal 
of  the  Convention,  in  several  editions,  also  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates  (2d  ed.), 
I,  120-318,  official  reprint  in  Documentary  History  of  the  Constitution, 
I.  —  NOTES  BY  MEMBERS  :  Madison's  notes,  in  Documentary  History  of 
the  Constitution,  III,  also  in  Madison  Papers,  II,  685-1242,  and  in 
Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  Ill,  IV  (also  issued  separately  as  Journal  of  Hie 
Debates) ;  Yates's  notes,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates  (2d  ed.),  I,  389-479;  King's 
notes,  in  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  587-621 ;  notes  and  papers  of  Wm. 
Pierce,  Charles  Pinckney,  Wm.  Paterson,  A.  Hamilton,  and  Jas. 
McHenry,  in  American  Historical  Review,  III,  310,  VIII,  509,  IX,  310, 
X,  97,  XI,  595.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Documentary  History  of 
the  Constitution,  IV,  1-291,  V,  401-466;  J.  Madison,  Letters  and  other 
Writings,  I,  278-342  passim;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.), 
IX,  219-265,  510-558;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  I,  393-456, 
(Lodge  ed.),  I,  319-409;  J.  Jay,  Correspondence  and  Public  Papers,  III, 
221-259;  B.  Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  ed.),  IX,  395-484;  T.Jefferson, 


§174]       RATIFICATION   OF   THE   CONSTITUTION         341 

Writings  (Washington  ed.),  I,  78-82;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Consti 
tution,  II,  App.  —  TEXT  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  :  original  engrossed  copy, 
in  Department  of  State ;  verbatim  reprints  from  the  MS.,  in  Documentary 
History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  3-18,  and  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  8. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliography  and  Reference  List  of  the 
Constitution  (also  in  Pamphlets  on  the  Constitution,  381-441) ;  J.  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  226,  256-263 ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Con 
stitution,  ch.  xix ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  29 ;  Documentary 
History  of  ihe  Constitution,  V,  571-603;  J.  F.  Jameson,  in  Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1902,  I,  89-160;  A.  R.  Hasse,  Books  relating  to  Political 
Rights  (N.  Y.  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  VIII,  103-111) ;  W.  E.  Foster, 
References  to  the  Constitution,  13-21;  J.  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  351-356; 
Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library,  Bulletins  (calendars  of  Jefferson  and 
Madison  Papers) ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Introduction  to  Federal  Government,  §§  38, 
469,  and  Manual,  §§  30,  136. 

§  174.  Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  1787-1790 

Summary. — Action  of  Congress:  Sept.  18,  1787,  Constitu 
tion  transmitted.  —  Popular  feeling :  objections ;  arguments  in 
favor;  arguments  against;  Federalists  organize;  Anti-Federal 
ists  organize;  the  "Fcederalist." —  Stages  of  ratification:  (i) 
calling  conventions;  (2)  choosing  delegates;  (3)  debates  in  con 
ventions  ;  (4)  acts  of  ratification.  —  Progress  of  ratification : 
1787,  Dec.  7,  to  1788,  Jan.  9,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Georgia,  Connecticut  (five  states) ;  1788,  Feb.  7  to  June  21,  Mas 
sachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  New  Hampshire  (nine 
states) ;  June  26,  Virginia  (tenth) ;  July  26,  New  York  (eleventh) ; 
1789,  Nov.  21,  North  Carolina  (twelfth);  1790,  May  29,  Rhode 
Island  (thirteenth) . —  Proposed  amendments :  1 787-1 789,  proposed 
by  states;  1789,  submitted  by  Congress. 

General.  —  (See  §§  158, 173,  175, 176.) —NARRATIVES:  E.  M.  Avery, 
History,  VII,  ch.  i ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  chs. 
xvii,  xviii ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  ch.  i,  §  iii ;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional 
History  (rev.  ed.),  ch.  vii;  Emlin  McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  ii; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  105-121,  170-174,  and  Men  who  Made  the 
Nation,  172-180;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  76-98;  R. 
Hildreth,  History,  III,  ch.  xlviii;  S.  F.  Miller,  Constitution,  lect.  i; 
J.  I.  C.  Hare,  American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  lect.  iii;  J.  A.  Kasson, 
Evolution  of  the  Constitution,  ch.  x;  F.  A.  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation, 


342          CONFEDERATION   AND   CONSTITUTION       [§174 

ch.  iv;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government, 
article  Bills  of  Rights.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  M.  C.  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry, 
chs.  xviii,  xix;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  ch.  ix;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  238-275 ;  Geo.  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  I, 
37-50,  195-198,  262-264. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  chs. 
xxxii-xxxvi  (History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  491-604);  G.  Bancroft, 
History  (last  rev.),  VI,  371-462  (History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  225-350) ; 
C.  E.  Merriam,  American  Political  Theories,  100-122;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  I,  ch.  v;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  277-279;  Chas.  Borgeaud, 
Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions,  15-20,  131-136,  175-191; 
J.  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  ch.  vii;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Repub 
lics,  74-156;  J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions;  J.  F.  Jameson, 
Essays  in  Constitutional  History,  No.  2 ;  O.  G.  Libby,  Geographical  Dis 
tribution  of  the  Vote.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamil 
ton,  III,  chs.  xlix-liv;  C.  J.  Stille,  John  Dickinson,  ch.  vii;  Gaillard 
Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs.  xv-xvii ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  II, 
chs.  xxxiii-xxxvi ;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  II,  chs.  xxxvi-xxxix; 
Kate  M.  Rowland,  George  Mason,  II,  chs.  vi-viii;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Cabot,  24-33 ;  W.  V.  Wells,  Samuel  Adams,  III,  248-282 ;  J.  T.  Austin, 
Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  chs.  ii,  iii.  —  PARTICULAR  STATES  :  J.  Elliot,  Debates, 
II-IV;  A.  W.  Clason,  Seven  Conventions;  J.  B.  McMaster  and  F.  D. 
Stone,  Pennsylvania  and  the  Federal  Constitution;  J.  B.  Walker,  New 
Hampshire  Convention;  D.  K.  Peirce  and  C.  Hale,  Debates  in  the  Conven 
tion  of  Massachusetts  (1856) ;  S.  B.  Harding,  Ratification  by  Massachu 
setts;  A.  E.  Morse,  Federalist  Party  in  Massachusetts,  ch.  iv,  Apps. 
E,  F;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  53-60;  H.  B.  Grigsby, 
Virginia  Federal  Convention  (Va.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  n.  s.,  IX,  X) ; 
G.  H.  Hollister,  Connecticut,  II,  ch.  xix;  J.  D.  Hammond,  Political 
Parties  in  New  York,  I,  ch.  i ;  D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New 
York,  I,  29-36 ;  B.  C.  Steiner,  Maryland's  Adoption  of  the  Federal  Consti 
tution  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  V,  22,  207) ;  C.  L.  Raper,  Why  North  Carolina 
Refused  to  Ratify  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  I,  99) ;  H.  V.  Ames, 
State  Documents,  1-4  (R.  I.) ;  F.  G.  Bates,  Rhode  Island  and  the  Union, 
chs.  v,  vi;  W.  R.  Staples,  Rhode  Island  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
584-692. — MAPS:  O.  G.  Libby,  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  Vote; 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  278,  300. 

Sources.  —  TEXT  OF  RATIFICATION  ORDINANCES  :  originals,  in  Depart 
ment  of  State ;  official  reprint,  in  Documentary  History  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  II;  unofficial  reprints,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  I,  319-339;  Niks' 
Weekly  Register,  XLIII,  Sup.,  p.  44;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of 
Republics,  App.  C,  No.  2 ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional 


§175]  THEORIES   OF   THE   CONSTITUTION  343 

Law,  §§  85,  86.  —  DEBATES  AND  WRITINGS  :  see  special  authorities  above, 
and  Federalist  (eds.,  with  introds.,  by  Dawson,  Ford,  Hamilton,  Lodge, 
Scott,  G.  Smith) ;  P.  L.  Ford,  Essays,  and  Pamphlets;  Documentary  His 
tory  of  the  Constitution,  IV,  291-828,  V,  1-246  ;  G.  Washington,  Writings 
(Sparks  ed.),  IX,  265-492;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  I,  342- 
411,  (Hunt  ed.),  V,  1-254,  and  Papers,  II,  615-682;  Federal  Constitution 
in  Virginia  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  26.  ser.,  XVIII,  450) ;  J.  Jay, 
Correspondence  and  Public  Papers,  III,  260,  362;  A.  Hamilton,  Works 
(Hamilton  ed.),  1, 428-491,  (Lodge  ed.),  I,  413-535 ;  J.  Monroe,  Writings, 
I,  175-192,  307-399;  G.  Bancroft,  History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  App. ; 
W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III,  432-600;  Correspondence  of  Moustier 
with  Montmorin  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VIII,  709,  IX,  86) ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus 
King,  I,  259-267,  311-338;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics, 
Apps.  A,  C;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  I;  Niles' 
Weekly  Register,  XLIII,  Sup.;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  xi; 
Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  I,  39  (Hamilton), 
53  (Madison) ;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  99. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliography  and  Reference  List,  and 
Pamphlets,  381-441 ;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  257-260;  A.  C.  McLaugh- 
lin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  ch.  xix;  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Teachers' 
Assoc.,  Historical  Sources  in  Schools,  §  79;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  59 
(lect.  9) ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VI,  476-478,  VII,  429-431 ;  J.  F.  Jame 
son,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1902,  I,  161-167;  A.  R.  Hasse,  Books 
relating  to  Political  Rights  (N.Y.  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  VIII, 
111-123) ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  278,  279. 

§  175.  Theories  of  the  Constitution 

Summary. — Theories  of  origin:  is  the  Union  older  than  the 
states?  (§§  153,  158,  159);  were  the  states  sovereign  under  the 
Confederation?  (§§  159,  166) ;  did  the  states  surrender  sover 
eignty  in  ratification?  (§  174).  — Theories  of  ratification:  (i)  by 
states;  (2)  by  the  people  in  independent  communities;  (3)  by 
the  people  in  each  of  the  states;  (4)  by  the  people  of  the  United 
States;  (5)  by  general  assent;  (6)  by  the  people  in  their  consti 
tution-making  capacity.  —  Theories  of  federal  relations :  (i)  a 
league;  (2)  a  compact;  (3)  an  instrument  of  government;  (4) 
an  indissoluble  league  of  indestructible  states. — Theories  of  dis 
solution  :  (i)  interposition  (§  184) ;  (2)  nullification  (§  206) ; 
(3)  secession  (§  231);  (4)  revolution  (§§  235,  236).  —  Theories 
of  reconstruction  (§  241).  —  Imperialism  (§  266). 


344          CONFEDERATION    AND   CONSTITUTION        [§175 

General.  —  (See  §§  173,  174,  176,  178,  184,  192,  206,  231,  241,  266.)  — 
T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  ii,  and  Constitutional  Limitations, 
ch.  ii;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  47-63,  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  1-5; 
Joel  Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government,  ch.  vi ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional 
History,  II,  chs.  i,  ii;  A.  B.  Hart,  National  Ideals,  chs.  vi,  viii;  Emlin 
McClain.  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  iii ;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  American  Republic, 
54-93 ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  chs.  iii-ix,  and  American 
Constitutional  System,  chs.  ii,  iv,  vi,  vii;  H.  C.  Black,  American  Con 
stitutional  Law  (2d  ed.),  ch.  ii;  B.  B.  Munford,  Virginia's  Attitude  toward 
Secession,  chs.  i,  xlii ;  F.  J.  Stimson,  Law  of  Federal  and  State  Constitu 
tions,  bk.  i,  ch.  x,  bk.  ii,  ch.  iii,  and  American  Constitution;  C.  E.  Mer- 
riam,  American  Political  Theories,  ch.  vii,  and  Theory  of  Sovereignty,  ch.  ix ; 
J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xv;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.), 
VI,  441-451  (History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  321-335) ;  J.  Bryce,  American 
Commonwealth  (1910  ed.),  I,  chs.  ii-iv;  Emile  Boutmy,  Studies  in  Con 
stitutional  Law,  pt.  ii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science,  I,  49-89,  98-108, 
142-154,  II,  17-21;  Jas.  Bayard,  Brief  Exposition  of  the  Constitution, 
159-165;  Henry  Baldwin,  General  View,  passim  ;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Politi 
cal  and  Constitutional  Law,  §§  90-153;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nullification,  Se 
cession,  chs.  ii,  iii ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  93-95 ;  Mc- 
Laughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  articles  Con 
stitutional  Law,  Construction,  Prohibitions,  State  Sovereignty,  United 
States  as  a  Federal  State;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV, 
442-448. 

Special. — J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  306-372,  463;  J.  I.  C.  Hare, 
American  Constitutional  Law,  I,  lects.  iv-vii;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Theory  of  our 
National  Existence,  ch.  iv;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Jubilee  of  the  Constitution,  1-70, 
116-120;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  pt.  ii;  A.  H.  Stephens, 
War  between  the  States,  I,  colloquies  iii-ix;  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic 
of  Republics,  41-69,  159-270.  —  "STATE"  THEORY  OF  RATIFICATION: 
P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  137-156;  J.  R.  Tucker, 
Constitution,  §§  139-166,  171;  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitu 
tional  Law,  §§  860,  102-114,  134;  Henry  Baldwin,  General  View,  18-26.  — 
"PEOPLE"  THEORY:  Federalist  (Dawson  ed.),  No.  38;  J.  Story,  Com 
mentaries,  §§  479, 1849  5  W.  O.  Bateman,  Political  and  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  81-86 ;  H.  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  Law,  §  4. — LEAGUE  AND  COMPACT 
THEORIES:  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  321-330,349-372;  P.  C.  Centz 
(pseud.),  Republic  of  Republics,  59-69,  561-571;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War 
between  the  States,  I, -116-120,  477-485 ;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government, 
I,  134-140;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Social  Compact  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  V, 
467).  —  INSTRUMENT  OF  GOVERNMENT  THEORY  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries, 
§§  339>  34° ;  J-  Kent,  Commentaries,  I,  201 ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between 


§175]  THEORIES    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION  345 

the  States,  I,  17-21;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  285,  286.  —  STATE 
SOVEREIGNTY  THEORY:  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.)  Republic  of  Republics, 
325-339;  St.  George  Tucker,  Blackstone's  Commentaries,  App.,  note  D; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  116-147,  465-496,  II,  21-24; 
J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  141-156;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Theory  of  our 
National  Existence,  116-141 ;  Henry  Baldwin,  General  View.  —  NATIONAL 
SOVEREIGNTY  THEORY  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  350-363,  380-383 ; 
J.  A.  Jameson,  National  Sovereignty  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  V,  193) ;  D.  H. 
Chamberlain,  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  2d  ser.,  XVI,  151,  XX, 

477- 

Sources.  —  Illustrative  cases,  in  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases  on  Constitutional 
Law,  I,  especially  ch.  iii ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  passim  ;  lists  of  cases,  in 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  136,  138,  141,  149,  151,  156,  160,  199,  200.  — 
Discussions,  in  J.  C.  Calhoun.  Works,  II,  262-309;  D.  Webster,  in  Works, 
III,  270-347,  464-505,  in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  496-509,  516-519,  and  in 
Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  I,  248 ;  R.  Y.  Hayne, 
in  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  509-516;  extracts  in  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  30,  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  106  (Calhoun),  and  P.  C.  Centz  (pseud.), 
Republic  of  Republics,  524-527. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  261-266;  Emlin  McClain, 
Constitutional  Law,  §  15;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Consti 
tution,  336 ;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List  of  Books  on  the  Constitution; 
A.  H.  Hasse,  Books  on  Political  Rights  (N.Y.  City  Public  Library,  Bulle 
tin,  VIII,  123-131);  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  30  (lect.  5),  34  (lect.  19), 
36  (lect.  26),  40  (lect.  44),  48  (lect.  65),  98  (lect.  6),  136, 138, 141,  149,  151, 
156,  160,  200. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

ORGANIZATION  OF    THE   GOVERNMENT,    1789-1801 

§  176.  Organization  of  the  Three  Departments  of  Govern 
ment,  1789-1793 

Summary.  —  Precedents :  English  (§  163) ;  colonial  govern 
ments  (§  164) ;  state  governments  (§  159) ;  Continental  Congress 
(§153);  Confederation  (§  166) ;  writers  on  political  theory.— 
Preliminaries:  1788,  expiration  of  the  Confederation;  1788-1789, 
first  national  elections ;  place  of  meeting.  — Legislative  department : 
1789,  April  i,  6,  the  two  houses  organized;  June  i,  first  statute; 
question  of  instructions;  salaries;  relations  with  the  president; 
relations  with  the  cabinet ;  speaker ;  committees ;  leaders.  — 
Executive  department:  1789,  April  30,  inauguration  of  Washing 
ton  ;  novelty  of  the  office ;  question  of  title ;  ceremonies ;  salary ; 
appointments;  question  of  removal  of  officers;  1792,  April  5, 
first  veto;  1796,  question  of  submitting  papers.  —  Executive 
heads :  practice  of  the  confederation  ;  creation  of  heads  of  depart 
ments;  the  cabinet;  questions  of  patronage;  opinions  and 
discussions  —  Judiciary  department :  previous  federal  courts 
(§  1 66);  1789,  Sept.  24,  judiciary  act;  supreme  court;  inferior 
courts;  attorney  general ;  appointments  of  judges ;  salaries;  ques 
tion  of  appeal  jurisdiction;  extra-judicial  opinions;  1791,  first 
decision;  1793,  Chisholm  v.  Georgia. 

General.  —  (See  §§  186,  203,  204,  239.)  —  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Wash 
ington,  II,  41-81;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  525-568;  J.  S.  Bassett, 
Federalist  System,  eh.  i;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  ch.  vii,  and 
Men  who  Made  the  Nation,  ch.  vi;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People, 
III,  98^08,  116-126;  E.  W.  Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  ii ;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Constitutional  History,  II,  chs.  iii-vi;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  chs.  i,  ii, 

(346) 


§176]  THREE   DEPARTMENTS-  347 

iv,  vi;  J.  Schouler,  Thomas  Je/erson,  ch.  x,  .and  History  (rev.  ed.),  I, 
84-144;  G.  Bancroft,  History  (last  rev.),  VI,  463-474  (History  of  the 
Constitution,  II,  351-367) ;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  177-202,  238- 
264;  Emlin  McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  chs.  iv-vii;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Alexander  Hamilton,  I,  ch.  vii,  and  John  Adams,  ch.  x ;  J.  Sparks,  George 
Washington,  I,  chs.  xv,  xvi;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  xviii; 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Jubilee  of  the  Constitution;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclo 
pedia  of  American  Government,  articles  Cabinet,  Committee  System, 
Congress,  Congressional  Government,  Courts  (Federal),  Executive  and 
Congress,  Executive  and  Judiciary,  Judiciary  and  Congress,  President. 

Special.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS  :  F.  F.  Stephens,  Transitional  Period; 
H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  W.  C.  Rives,  James 
Madison,  III,  chs.  xxxvii,  xxxviii;  Wm.  Whitelock,  John  Jay,  chs.  xv- 
xvii;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  IV,  chs.  Ivi-lviii;  C.  W.  Up- 
ham,  Timothy  Pickering,  II,  ch.  vii,  III,  chs.  i,  ii;  J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge 
Gerry,  II,  ch.  iv ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  ch.  xix ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George 
Cabot,  chs.  iii,  iv.  —  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT  :  Samuel  Oppenheim, 
Early  Congressional  Debates  and  Reporters;  J.  W.  Moore,  American  Con 
gress,  chs.  viii-x ;  A.  L.  Lowell,  Essays  on  Government,  No.  i ;  Mary  P. 
Follett,  Speaker;  Clara  H.  Kerr,  United  States  Senate;  P.  S.  Reinsch, 
American  Legislatures,  chs.  i-iii.  —  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT  :  lives  of 
Washington,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Edmund  Randolph,  Knox  (see  §  39) ; 
R.  W.  Griswold,  Republican  Court;  J.  M.  Foster,  Century  of  American 
Diplomacy,  ch.  iv ;  M.  L.  Hinsdale,  President's  Cabinet,  1-27,  283-328  ;  H. 
B.  Learned,  President's  Cabinet;  J.  F.  Jameson,  Essays  in  Constitutional 
History,  No.  3  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  With  the  Fathers,  150-181  (inaugura 
tion)  ;  Gaillard  Hunt,  Office-Seeking  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  I,  270) ;  Lucy  W. 
Salmon,  Appointing  Power  of  the  President,  chs.  i-iii  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Papers,  I) ;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  ch.  i.  —JUDICIARY 
DEPARTMENT  :  Henry  Flanders, Chief  Justices,!,  (Jay)  ch.  xiv,  (Rutledge) 
chs.  xv,  xvi ;  Geo.  Van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices  (Jay) ;  H.  L.  Carson, 
Supreme  Court,  I,  chs.  xi,  xii ;  E.  P.  Wheeler,  Supreme  Court;  Wm.  Jay, 
John  Jay,  I,  ch.  viii ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Supreme  Court;  S.  E.  Baldwin, 
American  Judiciary,  ch.  ix.  —  MAPS  :  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System, 
4  (U.S.,  1790),  168  (settlement). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  (House)  :  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Abridgment,  I;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  343-443;  Thos.  Lloyd, 
Congressional  Register  of  Debates  of  the  House  (1789-1790) ;  Wm.  Maclay, 
Journal  (early  Senate) ;  J.  Adams,  Works  (diary),  III,  407-414.  —  OFFI 
CIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III,  Apps., 
American  State  Papers,  Miscellaneous,  I;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages 
and  Papers,  I,  42-59,  64-70,  81-87,  103-110.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT- 


348         ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT       [§177 

INGS:  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  X,  XII,  (Ford  ed.),  XI, 
XII;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  Ill,  (Ford  ed.),  V;  A. 
Hamilton,  Works  (Lodge  ed.),  II;  J.  Marshall,  George  Washington,  V. 
ch.  iii;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  I,  416-501,  (Hunt  ed.), 
V,  248-436;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I,  and  Speeches  in  Congress;  C.  R. 
King,  Rnfus  King,  I,  chs.  xix,  xx ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouvcrncur  Morris,  III,  363- 
4345  J-  Jay>  Correspondence,  III,  363-489;  B.  C.  Steiner,  James  Ale- 
Henry,  chs.  viii-x;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  77,  79,  81. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  299-309,  323-333;  indexes 
to  the  Journals  of  Congress,  1789-1805  (see  §  26) ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History, 
VII,  431-433;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  ch.  xx;  Emlin  McClain, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  23,  31,  37,  42;  H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  List  of  Works 
relative  to  the  Supreme  Court;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §  69,  and 
Manual,  §§  31,  32  (lects.  10-12),  137,  212  ;  M.  L.  Hinsdale,  President's 
Cabinet,  329-339. 

§  177.  Organization  of  a  Financial  System,  1789-1791 

Summary.  —  Financial  situation  in  1789  (§§  169,  171,172): 
revenue ;  expenditure  ;  loans ;  deficit ;  currency ;  lost  credit.  — 
Revenue:  1789,  July  4,  first  tariff  act;  question  of  protection; 
system  of  collection ;  tonnage  duties ;  proceeds  of  lands  and  post- 
office  ;  amount  of  revenue ;  1790-1800,  slight  increases  in  tariff.  — 
Debt :  1790,  Jan.  14,  Hamilton's  report  on  public  credit ;  question 
of  funding ;  foreign  debt ;  domestic  debt ;  original  holders ;  fund 
ing  system.  —  Assumption  of  state  debts:  reasons  for;  1790, 
March  and  April,  Congress  uncertain ;  question  of  site  of  national 
seat  of  government;  July,  Jefferson's  compromise;  violent  pro 
tests  ;  amounts  assumed.  —  Expenditure  :  ordinary  expenses ; 
interest ;  military  and  naval.  —  Bank  of  the  United  States :  Bank 
of  North  America  (§  169);  1790,  Dec.  14,  Hamilton's  report; 
draft  of  a  bill;  1791,  Feb.,  question  of  constitutionality  (§  178); 
cabinet  opinions;  Feb.  21,  act  approved;  successful  operation 
of  the  bank;  1811,  expires  by  limitation ;  1816,  revived  (§  194).  — 
Financial  progress  (§§  182,  185,  186,  194). 

General.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  80-107;  J.  B.  McMaster,  His 
tory,  I,  542-561,  568-593,  II,  25-41,  57-82;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV, 
chs.  i-v,  vii ;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  96-117,  144-156,  173-180; 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  ch.  ii ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  iii ; 
G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  ch.  vii;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial 


§177]  FINANCIAL    SYSTEM  349 

History,  chs.  iv,  v;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  146-168,  174-183 
217-219;  J.  Sparks,  George  Washington,  ch.  xvii;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King, 
I,  chs.  xix-xxii ;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs.  xix,  xx. 

Special.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS:  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamil 
ton,  I,  chs.  vii,  ix,  xii,  II,  ch.  i ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  chs.  v, 
vi;  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  book  ii;  Geo.  Gibbs,  Administrations 
of  Washington  and  Adams,  I,  chs.  ii,  iii,  vii,  x,  xiii ;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  IV,  V;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  chs.  xiii-xvi; 
H.  C.  Adams,  Taxation,  5-45 ;  J.  W.  Kearny,  American  Finances,  chs.  i, 
ii.  —  TARIFF:  Edward  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation  (Cong.  Docs., 
Serial  No.  1512),  pp.  iii-xxxi ;  Wm.  Hill,  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy, 
ch.  iv;  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  I,  chs.  iii,  iv;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
Financier  and  Finances,  II,  chs.  xxxi,  xxxii.  —  DEBT  :  Jon.  Elliot, 
Funding  System,  3-410  ;  H.  C.  Adams,  Public  Debts,  pt.  ii,  chs.  iii,  v,  pt.  iii, 
ch.  ii.  —  BANK  :  Holdsworth  and  Dewey,  First  and  Second  Banks,  9-72, 
126-144  >  J-  J-  Knox,  Banking  in  the  United  States,  35-41 ;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
American  Currency,  55-61,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  chs.  x,  xi;  R.  Hil- 
dreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper  Currencies,  ch.  xv ;  Clarke  and  Hall, 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  ch.  ii;  Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking, 
book  iii,  ch.  vi. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  I;  Thos.  Lloyd,  Congressional  Register;  Wm.  Maclay, 
Journal.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  I;  Annals  of  Con 
gress,  II,  III,  Apps. ;  American  State  Papers,  Finance,  I,  Post  Office,  I, 
Claims,  I,  Commerce,  I;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (see  below).  —  COLLEC 
TIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  4-7  ;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  6,  8-n  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III, 
§§  76,  78,  80,  82  ;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  7-48 ;  National 
Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  3-24,  269-277.  —  CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  Ill,  IV,  VI, 
632-651,  (Lodge  ed.),  II,  III;  A.  Gatlatin,  Writings,  III  (Sketch  of  the 
Finances') ;  Wm.  Maclay,  Journal,  chs.  ii,  v-xi,  xiv ;  J.  Madison,  Writings 
(Congress  ed.),  I,  464-574,  (Hunt  ed.),  V,  339-461,  VI,  1-44  n. ;  T.  Jeffer 
son,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  Ill  (letters),  VII  (official  papers),  IX 
(Anas),  (Ford  ed.),  V,  150-320;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.), 
X,  XII,  (Ford  ed.),  XI,  XIII;  J.  Marshall,  George  Washington,  V,  chs. 
iii-v. 

Bibliography.  —  P.  L.  Ford,  Bibliotheca  Hamiltoniana;  J.  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  308,  328 ;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  Banks; 
D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  33,  42 ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII, 
433-434;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  32  (lects.  13,  14) ;  J.  N.  Larned,  Litera 
ture  of  American  History,  319-331- 


350        ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT       [§178 

§  178.  Doctrine  of  Implied  Powers,  1789T1911 

Summary. — Before  1789:  under  the  Continental  Congress, 
all  implied  (§  153) ;  under  the  Confederation,  none  implied  (§§  158, 
166).  —  The  Constitution  (§§  173-175) :  general  clauses;  "neces 
sary  and  proper"  clause;  "general  welfare"  clause.  —  Bank  ques 
tion:  1791,  Feb.,  question  of  constitutionality;  discussion:  opin 
ions  of  the  cabinet.  —  Doctrines  of  powers  of  Congress :  "implied 
powers";  "resulting  powers";  "sovereignty  of  Congress."  — 
Applications:  1789,  protection  (§  177) ;  1791,  bank  (§  177) ;  1798, 
alien  and  sedition  acts  (§  184) ;  1803,  annexation  of  Louisiana 
(§  187) ;  1807,  embargo  (§  190) ;  1816,  bank  and  internal  improve 
ments  (§  194) ;  1846-1854,  territorial  slavery  (§§  197,  221,  222, 
225);  1861,  secession  and  war  (§§  231,  236,  240);  1863-1883, 
legal  tenders  (§§  237,  243) ;  1890,  trusts  (§  269) ;  labor,  including 
child  labor  (§  270) ;  aid  to  the  distressed. 

General. — T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  iv,  §  15;  Emlin 
McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xviii;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitu 
tional  Law,  §§  29-41 ,  and  American  Constitutional  System,  140-150 ;  H.  C. 
Black,  American  Constitutional  Law,  §  105;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  I,  ch.  xii;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  xxi;  A.  V. 
Dicey,  Law  of  the  Constitution,  lect.  iii;  John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional 
Legislation,  537-561;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth  (1910  ed.),  I? 
chs.  xxxiii-xxxv ;  W.  A.  Duer,  Constitutional  Jurisprudence,  309-401 ; 
Jas.  Bayard,  Brief  Exposition  of  the  Constitution,  39-44. 

Special.  —  CONSTITUTIONAL  DISCUSSIONS  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries, 
§§  430,  497-506,  637-660,  907-930,  1236-1279,  1329;  J.  Kent,  Commen 
taries,  I,  lect.  xii;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§  179-183,  222-234,  248, 
249,  294 ;  S.  F.  Miller,  Constitution,  notes  to  lect.  ii ;  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  259-269 ;  C.  S.  Patterson,  United  States  and  the 
States,  ch.  ii ;  G.  Bancroft,  Plea  for  the  Constitution  ;  McLaughlin  and 
Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  articles  Concurrent  Powers, 
Constitutional  Law,  Construction  and  Interpretation,  Implied  Powers, 
Judiciary  and  Congress. 

Sources.  —  NOTABLE  CASES  (see  also  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  138)  :  — 
Anderson  v.  Dunn  (1821) :  6  Wheaton,  204;  5  Curtis,  61 ;  J.  Marshall, 
Writings,  603.  —  M'Culloch  v.  Maryland  (1819):  4  Wheaton,  316;  4 
Curtis,  415 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  271 ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  160.  — 
Martin  v.  Hunter's  Lessee  (1816) :  i  Wheaton,  304;  3  Curtis,  562; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cashes,  123;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  525.  —  Gibbons  v. 


§179]  IMPLIED    POWERS  351 

Ogden  (1824):  9  Wheaton,  i;  6  Curtis,  i;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1799; 
J.  Marshall,  Writings,  287. —  Legal  Tender  cases  (1871):  12  Wallace, 
457;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2237.  —  United  States  v.  Fisher  (1804):  2 
Cranch,  358;  i  Curtis,  496.  —  Osborn  v.  Bank  (1824):  9  Wheaton, 
738;  6  C«r/w,  251;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1346 «. ;  J.  Marshall,  WV«7- 
ings,  315.  —  Logan  v.  United  States  (1892):  144  United  States,  263; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  343.  — In  re  Neagle  (1890) :  135  United  States,  i ; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  335. — Juilliard  v.  Greenman  (1884):  no  United 
States,  421;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2255.  —  Kansas  v.  Colorado  (1907): 
206  United  States,  46.  (See  also  §  195.) —CONTEMPORARY  DISCUSSIONS:. 
A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  IV,  103-138,  (Lodge  ed.),  Ill,  179- 
227;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  VII,  555-561,  (Ford  ed.), 
V,  284;  J.  Marshall,  Writings  (especially  164-178,  295-307,  313,  314), 
and  George  Washington^,  ch.  iv;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  IX, 
411-431  n. ;  Clarke  and  Hall,  Bank  of  the  United  States,  85-114. 

Bibliography.  —  Emlin  McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  §  Ti6;  notes  to 
the  commentaries,  especially  Story;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  38  (lect.  29), 
138. 

§  179.  Political  Parties,  1789-1793 

Summary.  —  Origin  of  parties :  colonial  (§  164) ;  pre-revolution- 
ary;  revolutionary  patriots  and  tories  (§152);  1783-1788,  fac 
tions  in  Congress  (§  166) ;  1787-1789,  Federalists  and  Anti-Feder 
alists  (§  174) ;  state  parties.  —  1788-1789,  First  national  elections; 
1789-1792,  genesis  of  parties  in  Congress;  in  the  cabinet;  on 
financial  measures  (§  169).  —  1793,  Republican  and  Federal  parties 
formed;  leaders;  Jefferson  and  Hamilton;  1792,  second  election 
of  Washington ;  effect  of  the  French  Revolution  (§  181) ;  "Demo 
crats";  "British  party";  "monarchical  faction";  "corrupt 
treasury  squadron"  (§  182). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  47-58,  85-88;  J.  S.  Bassett, 
Federalist  System,  ch.  iii;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  I,  ch.  xi;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  ch.  ii;  H.  J.  Ford, 
American  Politics,  chs.  vi,  vii ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  67-77 ;  Ency 
clopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  X,  235  ;  Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  Ameri 
can  Life,  ch.  ii;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  39-46,  287-301,  331-373,  3^9- 
409;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  180-196,  216-237,  and  Thomas 
Jefferson,  chs.  x,  xi;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  ch.  v,  and 
Alexander  Hamilton,  80-83,  136-152,  (rev.  ed.)  79-82,  134-150;  J. 
Sparks,  George  Washington,  ch.  xviii;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamil 
ton^  chs.  ix,  xii;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  chs.  viii-x;  J.  T. 


352        ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT 

Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  ch.  iv;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  223- 
237;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs.  xxii,  xxiv;  S.  H.  Gay,  James 
Madison,  ch.  xii;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  chs.  i-iii;  J.  Parton,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  chs.  xliv,  xlvi-xlviii;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Government,  articles  Democratic-Republican  Party,  Federalist 
Party. 

Special.  —  PARTY  HISTORIES  :  M.  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political 
Parties,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv;  D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New  York,  I, 
chs.  v,  vi ;  M.  Ostrogorski,  Democracy  and  Political  Parties,  II,  3-13 ;  C.  E. 
.Merriam,  American  Political  Theories,  122-175;  A-  E.  Morse,  Federalist 
Party  in  Massachusetts,  ch.  v ;  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy,  I,  chs.  x-xiii ; 
A.  D.  Morse,  Democratic  Party  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  VI,  593).  —  DETAILED 
ACCOUNTS  :  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  ch.  i ;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Je/erson,  I,  ch.  xv,  II,  chs.  i-iii ;  Geo.  Gibbs,  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams,  I,  chs.  i-iv;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  III; 
H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  chs.  ix-xv;  M.  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr, 
I,  ch.  xvi,  II,  chs.  ii,  iii;  S.  F.  Forman,  Political  Activities  of  Freneau,  ch. 
iii;  G.  D.  Leutscher,  Early  Political  Machinery;  U.  B.  Phillips,  South 
Carolina  Federalists  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XIV,  529,  731)  ;  C.  D.  Hazen,  Con 
temporary  American  Opinion  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Sources.  — DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  I-III ;  T.H.  Renton,  Abridg 
ment,  I.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton 
ed.)  IV,  V,  VII  ("  An  American  Catullus"),  (Lodge  ed.),  VI,  VIII;  T.Jef 
ferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  Ill,  especially  359-365,  IX,  87-185, 
(Ford  ed.),  I,  154-272  (Anas),  V,  328-507,  VI;  J.  Adams,  Works,  VI 
("Discourses  on  Davila"),  XII;  G.  Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.), 
X,  and  especially  Apps.  to  XII,  XIII,  XVI,  (Ford  ed.),  XII,  XIII;  J. 
Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  I,  535-654,  (Hunt  ed.),  VI,  46  ^.-123  ; 
W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henry,  III,  387-428;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I, 
chs.  xxiii,  xxiv;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  IV,  chs.  Ix,  Ixxi- 
Ixxvi,  especially  525 ;  South  Carolina  Federalist  Correspondence  (Am.  Hist. 
Review,  XIV,  776)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  xiii. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  294-335;  J.  S.  Bassett, 
Federalist  System,  310;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  Political 
Parties;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  434-435;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  32  (lect.  16),  139;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  His 
tory,  233,  234;  A.  E.  Morse,  Federalist  Party,  189-205. 

§  180.  Territorial  and  Slavery  Questions,  1789-1802 

Summary.  —  New  states  and  territories  (§  193) ;  questions  under 
the  Confederation  (§§  167,  168).  —  Land  questions :  1790,  North 


§180]  PARTIES    AND   SLAVERY  353 

Carolina  cession;  1795,  Yazoo  grants  (§  193);  1800,  Western 
Reserve  ceded ;  1802,  Georgia  cession.  —  Slavery  under  the 
Confederation  (§  170).  —  Slavery  question  revived:  1789,  ques 
tion  of  a  tax  on  the  trade;  1790,  memorials;  1793,  fugitive  slave 
act;  1794,  regulation  of  the  trade.  —  1793,  The  cotton  gin. — 
Seat  of  government:  1790,  site  fixed  by  compromise  (§  177);  se 
lected  by  Washington;  1800,  first  occupied;  laws  of  the  District 
of  Columbia.  —  Progress  of  territorial  questions  (§§  187,  193,  197). 
—  Progress  of  slavery  questions  (§§  197,  209). 

General.  —  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  E.  L.  Bogart, 
Economic  History,  §§  109-115;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History 
(rev.  ed.),  207-222;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  156-163,  198-201, 
214-216,  287  ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  15-22,  284-286,  476-489,  III, 
ch.  xvi;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  174-206,  225-240,  267-272,  326-330, 
384-387,  622-644;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  159-171,  (rev.  ed.)  152- 
163;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xvi;  St.  George  Tucker,  Black- 
stone's  Commentaries,  II,  note  E. 

Special.  —  SLAVERY  :  Wm.  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti-Slavery,  chs.  xix, 
xxii ;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  ch.  x ;  M.  G.  McDougall, 
Fugitive  Slaves,  §§  16-35 ;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race,  I,  ch.  xxxi,  II, 
ch.  i;  M.  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery,  §§  93-123,  149-157,  171-173,  177-204; 
Mary  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois, 
Slave-Trade,  ch.  vii ;  F.  V.  Emerson,  Geographical  Influences  in  the  Distri 
bution  of  Slavery  (Am.  Geog.  Soc.  Bulletin,  XLTII,  13,  106,  170).  For 
slavery  in  the  states,  see  §  170.  —  LANDS:  P.J.  Treat,  National  Land 
System,  66-101,  162-168,  179-210,  263-272,  319-369;  J.  Winsor,  West 
ward  Movement,  ch.  xvii.  —  MAPS  :  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System  ,  184 
(emancipation). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  I-XI;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  I,  II.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I;  Annals 
of  Congress,  I-XI,  Apps. ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  94, 
100,  102;  Thos.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain;  American  State  Papers, 
Public  Lands,  I,  Miscellaneous,  I ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
No.  7;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  22.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  : 
Correspondence  of  Eli  Whitney  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  III,  90) ;  Jedidiah 
Morse,  American  Geography;  John  Pope,  Tour;  La  Rochefoucauld, 
-Travels.  For  other  travels,  see  §  38. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §  1916,  note  i; 
M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  E;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist 
System,  307-310;  M.  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery,  199-231;  Mary  Tremain, 


354        ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT       [§181 

Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  98-100;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave- 
Trade,  App.  D ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  31  (lect.  48),  32  (lect.  15). 

§  181.  Foreign  and  Indian  Relations,  1789-1798 

Summary.  —  France:  1778,  treaties  (§  155);  1788,  consular 
convention  (§  171);  1789,  revolution;  1793,  neutrality  declared; 
Genet  episode;  capture  of  American  vessels;  1794,  Monroe  epi 
sode;  1796,  Monroe's  recall;  Pinckney  episode.  —  Spain:  1786, 
Mississippi  question  (§  171) ;  1789,  Yazoo  grants  (§  193) ;  Indian 
intrigues;  1795,  Oct.  27,  treaty  of  the  Escurial.  —  England: 

1789,  outstanding  questions  under  the  treaty  of  1783   (§   171); 

1790,  Nootka  Sound;    1792,   discovery  of  the  Columbia  River 
(§  187) ;   1793,  outbreak  of  war  with  France ;   1794,  aggressions  on 
neutral  trade;    impressments;    war  threatened;    Nov.   19,  Jay's 
treaty;    1795,  Jay's  treaty  opposed;    "Dispatch  No.  10";    1796, 
treaty  accepted  by  the  House ;   posts  surrendered;    1797,  Blount 
conspiracy;    1798,  negotiations  on  claims  and  boundaries.  —  Bar- 
bary    powers:    treaties  of  tribute   (§   186).  —  Indians:     western 
settlements  (§§  168,  193);    British  and  Spanish  influence;   1789, 
Jan.  9,  Fort  Harmar  treaty;   1790,  Aug.  7,  Creek  treaty;  Miami 
expedition;    1791,  St.  Clair's  defeat;    1793-1794,  Wayne's  cam 
paign;   1795,  Aug.  3,  Greenville  treaty;    1792-1793,  defeat  of  the 
Cherokees ;  1795,  Georgia's  protest.  —  Later  controversies  (§§  183, 
187,  189-191). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  I,  593-604,  II,  43~47,  67-72,  89- 
144,  165-188,  212-289,  III,  118;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  chs.  iv- 
vi,  viii;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  ch.  viii; 
E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  chs.  v-viii;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  132- 
147,  224-249,  281-287,  304-306,  310-312,  377-384,  4H-446,  451-497, 
516-522,  539-615,  622-624,  643;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  165- 
173,  208-215,  233,  ch.  iii;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  81-103 
(rev.  ed.,  83-105),  ch.  iv,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  153-180,  188-194, 
(rev.  ed.)  151-177,  185-191  ;  Geo.  Pellew,  John  Jay,  ch.  x  ;  J.  Sparks, 
George  Washington,  chs.  xviii,  xix;  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  151-189; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur  Morris,  chs.  vii-x ;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James 
Madison,  ch.  xxiii;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  211-222;  J.  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  ch.  vii;  J.  Parton,  Thomas  Je/erson,  chs.  xlv,  xlvi,  xlix,  1. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  under 
Washington  and  Adams,  chs.  ii-iv;  Theo.  Lyman,  Diplomacy,  I,  chs.  vi, 


§181]  FOREIGN   AND   INDIAN    RELATIONS  355 

vii ;  Geo.  Gibbs,  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  I,  chs.  iv,  v, 
viii-xii;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  136-176;  W.  F. 
Johnson,  Century  of  Expansion,  61-73;  J-  B.  Moore,  American  Diplo 
macy,  34-57,  and  Arbitrations,  I,  chs.  ix,  x,  II,  ch.  xix,  V,  4399-4420 ;  A.  E. 
Morse,  Federalist  Party  in  Massachusetts,  chs.  vi-ix,  Apps.  G-J.  —  WEST  : 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  chs.  xvii,  xix-xxv ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning 
of  the  West,  III,  chs.  vii,  viii,  IV,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv  (Sagamore  ed.,  V,  chs.  ii-v, 
VI,  ch.  ii) ;  F.  A.  Ogg,  Opening  of  the  Mississippi,  441-459,  and  Jay's 
Treaty  and  Slavery  Interests  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  I,  275) ; 
I.  J.  Cox,  Indian  as  a  Diplomatic  Factor  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Quart., 
XVIII,  542) ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Western  Posts  and  British  Debts  (Am. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1894,  413).  —  GREAT  BRITAIN  :  Montagu  Burrows, 
Foreign  Policy  of  Great  Britain,  ch.  viii ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  and 
War  of  1812,  I,  42-99;  W.  R.  Manning,  Nootka  Sound  Controversy 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1904,  279).  —  FRANCE  :  F.  J.  Turner,  Genet's 
Projected  Attack  on  Louisiana  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  III,  650),  and  Policy 
of  France  towards  the  Mississippi  Valley  (ibid.,  X,  249),  and  Diplomatic 
Contest  for  the  Mississippi  Valley  (Atlantic  Monthly,  XCIII,  676,  807) ; 
C.  D.  Hazen,  Contemporary  American  Opinion  of  the  French  Revolution.  — 
SPAIN  :  W.  S.  Robertson,  Francisco  de  Miranda,  ch.  v  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Report,  1907,  I,  266) ;  B.  W.  Bond,  Jr.,  Monroe's  Mission  to  France; 
G.  L.  Rives,  Spain  and  United  States  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  IV,  62) ;  H.  B. 
Fuller,  Purchase  of  Florida,  48-75 ;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  United  States  and 
Spain,  I,  ch.  ii ;  F.  L.  Riley,  Transition  from  Spanish  Rule  (Miss.  Hist. 
Soc.,  Publications,  III,  261),  and  Spanish  Policy  in  Mississippi  (ibid., 

I,  50;  also  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1897,  175)  ;  B.  W.  Bond,  Monroe's 
Efforts  to  secure  Free  Navigation  (Miss.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  IX,  255). 

BIOGRAPHIES:  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  I,  chs.  xvii-xxi;  Wm. 
Whitelock,  John  Jay,  chs.  xviii-xx;  Wm.  Jay,  John  Jay,  I,  chs.  viii-x, 

II,  197-281 ;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  chs.  iii,  v;   C.  F. 
Adams,  John  Adams,  II,  ch.  ix ;   C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  III, 
chs.  v-vii;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  iii-vi;   M.  D.  Con- 
way,  Edmund  Randolph,  chs.  xxi-xxxv;    M.  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  I, 
ch.  xviii. 

MAPS:  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  58  (frontier),  70  (Ga.  and 
Span,  claims) ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  96  (western  grants  and  Indian 
relations). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  I- VI;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,!.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at-  Large,  I;  Annals  of 
Congress,  I-VI,  Apps.;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  I,  Indian,  I, 
Military,  I ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  59-62,  70,  72,  76- 
82,  89-98,  113,  118-122,  125-127,  137-141,  145-148,  152-158,  167,  176- 


356        ORGANIZATION    OF   THE   GOVERNMENT       [§182 

180,  182,  185,  189,  193-196,  199-204,  210;  Correspondence  of  French 
Ministers  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1903,  [II),  43-968];  W.  M.  Malloy, 
Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements;  C.  J.  Kappler,  Indian  A/airs, 
Laws  and  Treaties,  II,  18-50.  —  COLLECTIONS  or  DOCUMENTS:  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  13,  14;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries. 
Ill,  §§  92-97;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  43,  783,  821, 
826,  827,  883,  1295  ;  Mathew  Carey,  American  Remembrancer. 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  G.Washington,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.), 
X-XII,  (Ford  ed.),  XII,  XIII;  B.  C.  Steiner,  James  McHenry,  ch.  xi; 
Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I,  II,  and  Speeches  in  Congress;  G.  Morris,  Diary  and 
Letters,  I,  chs.  xxiii-xxvi,  II,  chs.  xxvii-xxx;  J.  Jay,  Correspondence,  IV; 
A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  IV,  especially  355-406,  V,  VII 
("Pacificus"  and  "  Camillus'.'),  (Lodge  ed.),  IV;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings 
(Washington  ed.),  Ill,  IV,  IX,  (Ford  ed.),  I,  179-272  (Anas),  V,  198-515, 
VI,  VII,  1-84;  J.  Monroe,  Writings,  I,  250-303,  II,  III,  1-94,  383-457 
(View),  VII,  277-298,  and  View  of  the  Conduct  of  the  Executive;  J.  Trum- 
bull,  Autobiography,  chs.  xii-xiv;  Wm.  Cobbett,  Porcupine's  Works,  II; 
C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  I,  chs.  xxiv-xxxi,  II,  chs.  ii-xi;  J.  Marshall, 
George  Washington,  V,  272-342,  373,  chs.  vi-viii;  J.  Madison,  Writings 
(Congress  ed.),  I,  493-654  ("Helvidius,"  607),  II,  1-105,  IV,  485-505, 
(Hunt  ed.),  VI,  125-302  ("Helvidius,"  151);  J.  Sparks,  Goiiverneur 
Morris,  II,  III;  Edmund  Randolph,  Vindication;  Letters  of  Phineas 
Bond  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  1896,  I,  595,  659,  and  1897,  454) ; 
Letters  of  Stephen  Higginson  (ibid.,  1896,  765-797);  Correspondence  of 
Clark  and  Genet  (ibid.,  930) ;  Mangourit  Correspondence  (ibid.,  1897, 
569);  W.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers,  II;  Documents  on  the  Bloimt 
Conspiracy  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  X,  574) ;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J.  Dallas,  160- 

210. 

Bibliography. — J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  417,  446-453,  467-471,  514- 
517;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  305,  306;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  33>  34  (lect.  17),  73,  74  (lects.  26-31),  175,  176;  Johnston  and  Wood- 
burn,  American  Political  History,  I,  160,  161 ;  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of 
American  History,  152-167;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  113, 
114;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  435-439. 

§  182.  Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1792-1797 
Summary.  —  Commerce:  registry  of  shipping;  bounties; 
coasting  trade;-  lighthouses;  entry  and  clearance;  oriental 
trade ;  consuls.  —  Business :  coinage ;  copyright ;  patents ; 
report  on  manufactures;  establishment  of  textile  manufactures; 
state  corporations ;  toll  roads ;  post-office.  —  Criticism  of  the 


§182]  FINANCIAL  AND   COMMERCIAL  357 

Treasury:  funding;  1793,  Giles  resolutions;  1795,  Jan.  31,  Hamilton 
retires;  Albert  Gallatin.  —  Whiskey  Rebellion:  1791,  March  3, 
first  excise;  1792,  May  8,  revision;  violence;  May  2,  act  for 
summoning  militia;  1794,  July,  armed  outbreak;  Aug.  7,  presi 
dent's  proclamation;  Oct.,  military  expedition;  1795,  Feb.  28, 
second  act  for  summoning  militia ;  treason  trials ;  pardons ;  Wash 
ington  on  "self-constituted  societies";  later  taxation  troubles 
(§  185)- 

General.  —  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  181,  197-204,  232-237, 
274,  287,  290-295,  301-303;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  42,  43,  58-63, 
189-206;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  373-376,  498-516,  523-531;  J.  S. 
Bassett,  Federalist  System,  ch.  vii;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  ch.  x; 
E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  ix ;  Geo.  Gibbs,  Administrations  of  Wash 
ington  and  Adams,  I,  ch.  vi;  J.  T.  Moore,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  I, 
chs.  x,  xi,  II,  chs.  ii,  iv ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Washington,  110-128, 
(rev.  ed.)  112-130;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  49-57,  69-99,  (rev. 
ed.)  48-53,  67-96;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton,  chs.  xi-xiii; 
Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  132-156;  E.  L.  Bogart, 
Economic  History,  §§  122-130,  169-171;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  His- 
tory,  §§44-46,  51. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  86-150;  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  V,  chs.  Ixxxi,  Ixxxiii,  Ixxxvii,  xcviii,  cvi,  VI,  chs.  cvii, 
cviii,  cx-cxii ;  W.  C.  Rives,  James  Madison,  III,  447-461.  —  COMMERCE  : 
Clive  Day,  Commerce,  ch.  xiv;  W.  L.  Marvin,  American  Merchant  Ma 
rine,  chs.  iv-vi;  W.  W.  Bates,  American  Navigation,  chs.  iv-x,  xxiii ; 
D.  A.  Wells,  Our  Merchant  Marine,  ch.  iv.  —  MANUFACTURES  :  J.  D.  Goss, 
Tariff  Administration,  ch.  ii;  J.  L.  Bishop,  American  Manufactures,  II, 
ch.  i;  Patent  Centennial  Celebration,  43-49,  145-148;  F.  C.  Howe, 
Internal  Revenue  System,  ch.  i;  G.  S.  White,  Samuel  Slater,  chs.  i-iv.  — 
CURRENCY:  A.  B.  Hepburn,  Coinage  and  Currency,  ch.  ii,  App.  463- 
470 ;  J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimetallism,  ch.  ii.  —  WHISKEY  REBELLION  :  H.  M. 
Brackenridge,  Western  Insurrection;  N.  B.  Craig,  Exposure  of  Mis  state 
ments;  W.  H.  Egle,  Pennsylvania,  ch.  xiv ;  Townsend  Ward,  Insurrec 
tion  of  1794  (Pa.  Hist.  Soc.,  Memoirs,  VI,  117). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  11I-VI;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  I.  —  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I;  National  Monetary 
Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  24-50,  474-489;  American  Stale 
Papers,  Finance,  I,  Miscellaneous,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  III-VT,  Apps. ; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  124,  158-172,179-181. — 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  12,  15;  F.  W.  Taussig,  State 
Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  1-107.  — CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS; 


358        ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT       [§183 

A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  Ill,  IV,  especially  575-604,  V, 
especially  1-55,  (Lodge  ed.),  II,  III,  V,  471-524,  VI,  3-68;  G.Washing 
ton,  Writings  (Sparks  ed.),  X-XII;  J.  Marshall,  George  Washington,  V, 
287-293,  342-352,  360-366,  373-387,  550-554,  574-6i2;  A.  Gallatin, 
Writings,  I,  1-12,  III,  1-206;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  2d  ser.,  IV;  Wm. 
Findley,  Insurrection  in  Western  Pennsylvania;  H.  H.  Brackenridge, 
Insurrection  in  Western  Pennsylvania;  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  102- 
184;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J .  Dallas,  29-48,  149-159. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  330;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federal 
ist  System,  308,  311;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  439;  Johnston  and 
Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  130;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§32  (lect.  14),  34  (lect.  18),  140;  List  of  References  on  Whisky  Insur 
rection  (Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh,  Monthly  Bulletin,  July,  1906, 
344-352). 

§  183.  Breach  with  France,  1797-1800 

Summary.  —  Previous  relations  (§  181).  —  Change  of  adminis 
tration:  1796,  Washington's  farewell  address;  election  of  John 
Adams;  trouble  with  the  cabinet. — X.  Y.  Z.  episode;  1796, 
French  grievances  (§  181) ;  Pinckney  not  received  (§  181) ;  1797, 
demand  for  a  bribe;-  1798,  June  21,  Adams  on  the  crisis.  —  War 
with  France:  1798,  July  9,  authorization  to  capture  French  ves 
sels;  1798-1799,  naval  battles;  captures  by  privateers.  —  1798, 
The. Miranda  project.  —  Internal  troubles :  question  of  Hamilton's 
command;  1798,  July  14,  direct  tax.  —  Peace:  1799,  French 
overtures;  1800,  Sept.  30,  convention  negotiated;  "French  spoli 
ation  claims."  —  Effect  on  Adams  (§  185).  —  Subsequent  relations 
(§§  187,  189,  190,  204,  238,  244). 

General. — J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  265-287,  (rev.  ed.)  261-283, 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  173-193,  (rev.  ed.)  154-171 ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Feder 
alist  System,  chs.  ix,  xiv-xvi;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Po 
litical  History,  I,  ch.  ix ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  219-221,  229-236, 
250-254;  Woodrovv  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  143-152;  E.  M. 
Avery,  History,  VII,  171-216;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  IV,  685-704,  V, 
chs.  x,  xi,  xiii,  xiv;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  209-416,  429-476; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  I,  ch.  iv;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  iv;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  George  Washington,  II,  ch.  vi,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  194-221, 
(rev.  ed.)  191-218;-  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  134-144,  152-162, 
(rev.  ed.)  130-139,  147-157;  W.  G.  Brown,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  264-320; 
G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  i-iii. 

Special.  —  C.  F.  Adams,  John  Adams,  II,  ch.  x ;  H.  A.  Garland,  John 


§183]  BREACH   WITH    FRANCE  359 

Randolph,  I,  chs.  xviii-xxiii ;  Geo.  Gibbs,  Administrations  of  Washington 
and  Adams,  I,  chs.  xiii-xv,  II,  chs.  i-vi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Je/erson, 
II,  chs.  vi-x;  Henry  Flanders',  Chief  Justices,  II,  (Marshall)  ch.  viii; 
A.  E.  Morse,  Federalist  Party  in  Massachusetts,  chs.  x,  xi,  Apps.  K-O; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  VI,  chs.  cxxxii-cxxxv,  VII,  chs. 
cxxxvi-cxlvii ;  J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  chs.  v-viii ;  C.  W.  Up- 
ham,  Timothy  Pickering,  III,  chs.  viii-xii.  —  DIPLOMACY  :  J.  W.  Foster, 
Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  176-184,  226-228;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbi 
trations,  V,  4421-4433 ;  W.  H.  Trescot,  Diplomatic  History  under  Wash 
ington  and  Adams,  ch.  iii ;  W.  S.  Robertson,  Francisco  de  Miranda,  ch.  vii 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  I,  309).  —  NAVAL  :  G.  W.  Allen,  Naval 
War  with  France;  D.  D.  Porter,  Commodore  David  Porter,  chs.  ii,  iii; 
E.  S.  Maclay,  United  States  Navy,  I,  155-213 ;  J.  R.  Spears,  Our  Navy,  I, 
ch.  xii ;  G.  R.  Clark,  United  States  Navy,  ch.  iii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals. of  Congress,  VII-X;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  II.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I;  American 
State  Papers,  Foreign,  II,  Military,  I,  Naval,  I,  Commerce,  I;  Annals  of 
Congress,  IX,  X,  Apps.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  213- 
224,  228-258,  264,  266-286,  288,  306;  Correspondence  of  the  French 
Ministers  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1903,  II),  968-1098.  —  COLLECTIONS 
OF  DOCUMENTS  :  Ames  and  McMaster,  X.  F.  Z.  Letters;  National  Mon 
etary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  50-57,  282;  Mabel  Hill, 
Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xviii;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No. 
16;  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  4,  103;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International 
Law,  V,  593-6i3- 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Adams,  Works  VIII,  520-691,  IX, 
3-311  ;  J.  Marshall,  George  Washington,  V,  ch.  ix;  G.  Washington, 
Works  (Sparks  ed.'),  XI,  XII,  (Ford  ed.),  XIII,  XIV;  A.  Hamilton, 
Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  VI;  B.  C.  Steiner,  James  McHenry,  chs.  xii- 
xiv;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  II,  106-169,  (Hunted.), 
VI,  296-330  n. ;  J.  Monroe,  Writings,  III,  98-168,  249-253 ;  Lewis  Gold 
smith,  Exposition  of  the  Conduct  of  France  toward  America;  C.  R. 
King,  Rufus  King,  II,  chs.  xii-xxxiv,  III,  chs.  i-xxviii,  Apps.  ii,  iii; 
Letters  of  Stephen  Higginson  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1896, 1,  797-835)  ; 
T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  IV,  (Ford  ed.),  I,  272-288 
(Anas),  VII,  89-376;  C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  III,  chs.  ix-xi; 
W.  C.  Ford,  Some  Letters  of  Elbridge  Gerry,  9-20. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  332-337,  417,418,  475,  518, 
519 ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  440-442 ;  G.  W.  Allen,  Naval  War  with 
France,  283-290;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  306;  Johnston  and 
Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  179,  180;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§34(lect.  i8),74(lects.32,33)- 


360         ORGANIZATION    OF   THE   GOVERNMENT      [§184 

§  184.  Alien  and  Sedition  Acts,  and  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
Resolutions,  179871800 

Summary.  —  The  states  previous  to  1798  (§§  159,  172,  180).  — 
The  statutes:  1798,  June  18,  naturalization  act;  June  25,  alien 
act;  June  27,  bank  fraud  act;  July  6,  alien  enemies  act;  July  14, 
sedition  act.  —  Principles  involved :  status  of  aliens ;  status  of  the 
bank;  freedom  of  speech  and  the  press;  common-law  jurisdic 
tion;  federal  criminal  law;  truth  a  defense;  personal  liberty; 
the  president's  powers ;  rightful  powers  of  the  states.  —  State 
resolutions:  1798,  Nov.  19,  first  Kentucky  resolutions;  1798, 
Dec.  21,  Virginia  resolutions;  1799,  Nov.  22,  second  Kentucky 
resolutions;  1799,  replies  of  other  states;  1800,  Madison's  re 
port.  —  Principles  involved  :  powers  of  Congress ;  implied  powers ; 
supremacy  of  the  Constitution;  arbiter  in  disputes;  "interposi 
tion"  ;  "nullification"  ;  ultimate  use  of  force.  —  Cases  under  the 
acts :  no  aliens  expelled ;  1798-1800,  Cooper,  Callender,  Lyon,  and 
other  sedition  cases.  — 1800-1801,  Expiration  of  the  acts. — 
Subsequent  controversies  (§§  192,  195,  206,  232,  241,  242). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  389-403,  417-427,  464-474, 
495 ;  J-  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  I,  404-438;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist 
System,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  I,  ch.  x ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  222-229,  236-250;  E.  M. 
Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  xiii;  H.  J.  Ford,  American  Politics,  ch.  viii; 
C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  66-78 ;  R.  Hijdreth,  History,  V, 
ch.  xii;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  ch.  xv;  H.  Adams,  John  Randolph, 
ch.  ii;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  185-192;  McLaughlin  and 
Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  article  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
.  Resolutions ;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  451-454. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  ch.  iv ;  E.  D.  War- 
field,  Kentucky  Resolutions ;  F.  M.  Anderson,  Contemporary  Opinion  of 
Resolutions  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  V,  45,  225) ;  F.  T.  Hill,  Decisive  Battles 
of  the  Law,  ch.  i  (Callender) ;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  158,  1288,  1289, 
1885,  1886;  N.  S.  Shaler,  Kentucky,  ch.  x,  App.  A;  R.  R.  Howison,  Vir 
ginia,  II,  ch.  vi;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nullification,  Secession,  ch.  iv.  —  BIOG 
RAPHIES  :  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  VII,  chs.  cxlvii,  cxlviii; 
H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  189-228 ;  G.  J.  McRee,  James  Iredell,  II,  551- 
571 ;  J.  F.  McLaughlin,  Matthew  Lyon,  chs.  v,  vi;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  II,  chs.  ii,  iii;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  ix,  x; 
Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii. 


§185]  FALL   OF   THE   FEDERALISTS  361 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  VIII,  IX;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  II.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  I ;  Annals  of 
Congress,  IX,  App.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  15  ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  17-23 ;  H.  V. 
Ames,  State  Documents,  15-26;  J.  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  528-582;  J.  N. 
Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  3316-3323.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS  :  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  IX,  especially  464, 
496,  (Ford  ed.),  VII,  244-389;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.), 
II,  142-156,  IV,  506-555,  (Hunt  ed.),  VI,  320-406  (see  §  206) ;  A.  Hamil 
ton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  VI;  A.  Johnston,  American  Orations 
(Woodburn  ed.),  I,  131  (Nicholas);  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  322-344, 
659-721. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  319-334;  J.  Story ,  Commen 
taries,  §§  1288,  1289,  1886;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  34  (lect.  19),  141  ; 
E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  442,  443 ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  309 ; 
Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  201,  202. 

§  185.  Fall  of  the  Federalists,  1799-1801 

Summary. — Earlier  party  relations  (§§  179,  183,  184).  —  Un 
popularity:  French  war;  taxes;  1799,  Robbins's  case;  1799, 
Fries's  insurrection;  1800,  judiciary  act;  1801,  judicial  appoint 
ments. —  Internal  quarrels:  1799,  cabinet  breaks  up;  1800, 
Hamilton's  attack  on  Adams ;  Oliver  Wolcott.  —  Election  of 
1800 :  Adams  and  Jefferson  candidates ;  May,  New  York  Republi 
can;  Hamilton's  intrigues;  no  electoral  choice.  —  Election  of  1801 : 
Burr  and  Jefferson;  deadlock;  Feb.  17,  Jefferson  elected. — • 
Subsequent  history  of  the  Federalists  (§§  187,  188,  192,  196). 

General.  —  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Adams,  287-330,  (rev.  ed.)  283-325, 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  193-208,  (rev.  ed.)  171-185;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Feder 
alist  System,  ch.  xix;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  xiv;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  I,  254-263 ;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  158- 
163;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History^  II,  489-537;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev. 
ed.),  I,  456-514;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton,  ch.  xvi;  J.  A. 
Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  160-175,  (rev.  ed.)  154-169;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidency,  ch.  v;  F.  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office,  §  6; 
H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  ch.  xxvi. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES  :  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  7-48;  Geo.  Gibbs, 
Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  II,  chs.  vi,  vii ;  D.  S.  Alexan 
der,  Political  History  of  New  York,  I,  ch.  ix;  A.  D.  Morse,  Party  Revolu 
tion  of  1800  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1894,  531) ;  Max  Farrand,  Judi- 


362         ORGANIZATION   OF   THE  GOVERNMENT       [§185 

clary  Act  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  V,  682)  ;  J.  C.  Welling  on  Connecticut  Fed 
eralism  in  Addresses  and  Lectures,  ch.  ix.  —  BIOGRAPHIES':  C.  F.  Adams, 
John  Adams,  ch.  x;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Alexander  Hamilton,  II,  ch.  vii ; 
J.  F.  McLaughlin,  Matthew  Lyon,  ch.  vii;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
II,  ch.  iii;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Je/erson,  II,  chs.  xi,  xii;  Henry  Flan 
ders,  Chief  Justices,  II,  (Ellsworth)  chs.  xii-xiv,  (Marshall)  chs.  ix,  x ; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  VII,  chs.  cxlix-clvii;  Theo.  Ly- 
man,  Diplomacy,  ch.  viii ;  Wm.  Whitelock,  John  Jay,  ch.  xxii.  —  MAPS  : 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  168,  176,  290. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  IX,  X;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  II.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  II;  Ameri 
can  State  Papers,  Foreign,  II,  Finance,  I,  Naval,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  X, 
App. ;  J.  R.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  286,  303 ;  W.  M.  Mal- 
loy,  Treaties, Conventions, and  Agreements.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
J.  Adams,  Works,  VIII,  IX;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.), 
IV,  (Ford  ed.),  VII,  376-501;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  V, 
VII  (especially  "  Public  Conduct  of  John  Adams  ")  ;  J.  Madison,  Writings 
(Congress  ed.),  II,  157-172,  (Hunt  ed.),  VI,  406-419;  J.  Monroe,  Writ 
ings,  III,  219,  244-261;  B.  C.  Steiner,  James  McHenry,  chs.  xv,  xvi; 
H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Cabot,  chs.  v-viii;  M.  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  II, 
chs.  iv,  v;  DeWitt  Clinton,  Vindication  of  Thomas  Jefferson;  J.  Jay, 
Correspondence,  IV;  F.  Wharton,  State  Trials,  392-648;  J.  Sparks, 
Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  115-361;  Fisher  Ames,  Works,  I;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  102-105;  Wm.  Linn,  Serious  Considerations; 
R.  H.  and  J.  A.  Bayard,  Documents  relating  to  the  Presidential  Election 
of  1801. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  335-337;  E.  M.  Avery, 
History,  VII,  443,  444;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  34  (lect.  20). 


CHAPTER   XXIII 

FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS,   1801-1815 

§  186.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  his  Party,  1801-1805 

Summary. — Jefferson's  history:  early  life;  1775-1776,  in  the 
Continental  Congress  (§  153)  ;  1776-1779,  reformer  in  Virginia; 
1779-1781,  governor  of  Virginia;  1783-1784,  in  Congress  (§  167)  ; 
1784-1790,  as  a  diplomat  (§  171);  1790-1793,  secretary  of 
state  (§§  176-182);  1797-1801,  vice-president.  — Personality: 
education ;  intellectual  interests ;  reserve ;  confidence  in  human 
nature. — Jefferson's  principles:  "Republican  simplicity";  re 
duction  of  expenses ;  reduction  of  the  debt ;  opposition  to  coer 
cion;  faith  in  popular  government;  reduction  of  national  func 
tions  ;  conciliation  of  the  Federalists.  —  Civil  service :  cabinet ; 
Gallatin;  "midnight  appointments"  disavowed;  removals; 
Goodrich-Bishop  episode ;  principle  of  equalization.  —  Contest 
with  the  judges:  1802,  March  8,  judiciary  act  repealed;  1803, 
case  of  Marbury  v.  Madison;  1804,  Judge  Pickering  impeached; 
1805,  impeachment  of  Judge  Chase  fails;  Jefferson's  judicial 
appointments.  —  Foreign  policy  :  question  of  withdrawing  minis 
ters;  1802,  Aug.  n,  Spanish  convention;  1801-1805,  Tripolitan 
war ;  gunboat  system.  —  Broad  spirit :  Jefferson  on  internal 
improvements;  education  and  colonization;  effect  of  a  surplus. 
-Federalist  opposition:  on  Louisiana  (§  187);  1804,  reelection 
of  Jefferson ;  intrigue  for  separation.  —  Subsequent  public  career 
(§§  187-190). 

General.  — J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  25-37,  57-68,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,  chs.  xiii,  xv;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  ch.  v;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  History,  II,  583-620,  III,  146-215,  and  With  the  Fathers,  71- 
86 ;  E.  Channing,  Jejfersonian  System,  chs.  i-iii,  ix ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United 
States,  I,  263-283,  and  Men  who  Made  the  Nation,  218-241 ;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  A merican  People,  III,  163-180,  185;  Encyclopedia  Britannica 

(363) 


364  FOREIGN   COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815  [§186 

(nth  ed.),  VIII,  2 ;  H.  J.  Ford,  American  Politics,  chs.  x,  xi ;  E.  M.  Avery, 
History,  VII,  chs.  xvi,  xvii,  xx ;  H.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  chs.  iii,  v-vii ; 
R.  Hildreth,  History,  V,  chs.  xvi-xviii;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  ch.  v; 
J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin,  176-200,  289-299,  (rev.  ed.)  170-193,  279- 
289;  T.  Roosevelt,  Gouverneur  Morris,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  Gaillard  Hunt, 
James  Madison,  ch.  xxviii;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Nathaniel  Macon,chs>.  xii,  xiii. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  chs.  i-xii,  II,  chs.  vii,  ix-xviii, 
III,  chs.  i-ix,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  book  iii.  —  JEFFERSON  AND  HIS  FRIENDS  : 
H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  chs.  xxvii-xxxi ;  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  II,  chs.  xii,  xiii,  III,  chs.  i-iii;  Cornelis  De  Witt,  Jefferson  and 
the  American  Democracy ;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  iv,  v; 
J.  T.  Austin,  Elbridge  Gerry,  II,  chs.  ix,  x ;  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy 
Adams,  ch.  ii ;  Wm.  Plumer,  Jr.,  William  Plumer,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  Edmund 
Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  ch.  v.  —  POLITICAL  ORGANIZATION  :  J.  C.  Hamil 
ton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  VII,  chs.  clviii-clxvii ;  E.  P.  Powell,  Nullifica 
tion  and  Secession,  ch.  iii;  H.  C.  Hackett,  Federalism  and  the  West 
(Turner  Essays,  113) ;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  54-57 ;  H.  C. 
Adams,  Taxation;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  205- 
220;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  vi;  C.  E.  Merriam,  American  Po 
litical  Theories,  ch.  iv;  M.  Van  Buren,  Inquiry  into  Political  Parties,  ch. 
vi ;  C.  A.  O'Neil,  American  Electoral  System,  chs.  ix,  x.  —  CIVIL  SERVICE  : 
Gaillard  Hunt,  Office-Seeking  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  III,  270) ;  J.  M.  Mer 
riam  on  removals,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  11,47-52;  LucyM.  Sal 
mon,  Appointing  Power  of  the- President  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc. ,  Papers,  I,  No.  5) , 
33-42 ;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  ch.  ii.  —  BARBARY  WARS  : 
G.  W.  Allen,  Navy  and  Barbary  Corsairs;  C.  O.  Paullin,  John  Rodger s, 
chs.  v-vii;  E.  S.  Maclay,  United  States  Navy,  I,  214-302;  J.  R.  Spears, 
Our  Navy,  I,  chs.  xiii-xv;  G.  R.  Clark,  United  States  Navy,  chs.  iv,  v. — • 
MAPS:  E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  6  (North  America,  1800),  38 
(Barbary  States). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  XI-XV;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  II,  III.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  II; 
Annals  of  Congress,  XI-XIV,  Apps. ;  American  State  Papers,  Finance,  II ; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  321-332,  342-346,  364,  365, 
368,  370-372,  378-382,  386,  391-394,  4io,  419-421;  C.  F.  Dunbar, 
Laws  relating  to  Finance,  49-59 ;  National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws 
concerning  Money,  56-71,  283-288.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q- 
Adams,  Memoirs,  I;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  IV,  VII 
(inaugural  addresses  and  messages),  (Ford  ed.),  I,  272-314  (Anas),  VIII, 
1-188;  J.  Monroe,  Writings,  III,  261-302  ;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I;  H. 
Adams,  New  England  Federalism;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Cabot,  317-35°; 
M.  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  II,  chs.  v-xvii;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  IV, 


§187]  JEFFERSON  365 

chs.  xxiii,  xxvii,  xxviii;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  VI  (corre 
spondence),  VII  ("Examination  of  Jefferson's  Message");  Letters  oj 
Nathaniel  Macon  (James  Sprunt  Hist.  Monographs,  No.  3) ;  Macon  Cor 
respondence  (John  P.  Branch  Hist.  Papers,  III),  33-39;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  106-108,  no;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  104; 
E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  II,  76-370,  IV,  261-373.  — 
PERSONAL  AND  REMINISCENCE  :  S.  N.  Randolph,  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas 
Jefferson;  T.  D wight,  Character  of  Thomas  Je/erson;  S.  G.  Goodrich, 
Recollections,  I,  letters,  9,  10,  17,  19;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  III, 
115-361 ;  Gouverneur  Morris,  Diary  and  Letters,  II,  chs.  xli-xlv;  Gail- 
lard  Hunt,  Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society,  5-57,  65-81,  383-412. — 
TRAVELS  :  John  Bradbury,  Travels;  John  Davis,  Travels;  Isaac  Weld, 
Travels;  T.  Dwight,  Travels;  Rich!  Parkinson,  Tour  of  America.  For 
other  travels,  see  §  38.  —  STATISTICAL  :  Adam  Seybert,  Statistical  Annals; 
Timothy  Pitkin,  Statistical  View. 

Bibliography.  —  H.  B.  Tompkins,  Bibliotheca  Jeffersoniana;  E.  M. 
Avery,  History,  VII,  447,  448,  451 ;  E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  ch. 
xxi;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  300-307,  337,  338,  418;  G.  W.  Allen, 
N aiiy  and  Barbary  Corsairs,  305-311;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  36  (lects. 
21,  24),  74  (lect.  37),  142  ;  R.  H.  Johnston,  Bibliography  of  Thomas  Jeffer 
son  (in  Lipscomb's  ed.  of  Jefferson's  Writings,  XX). 


§  187.  Annexation  of  Louisiana,  West  Florida,  and  Oregon, 
1800-1812 

Summary.  —  Previous  territorial  history  (§§  no,  157, 171, 181) : 
1512-1541,  Spanish  claims;  1699,  French  settlement;  1712,  Cro- 
zat's  grant ;  1762,  west  side  to  Spain ;  1763,  east  side  to  England ; 
1800,  Oct.,  transfer  to  France.  —  A-merican  negotiations:  1802, 
Oct.,  "deposit"  withdrawn;  1803,  Monroe  sent  out;  Napoleon's 
offer  of  the  whole. — The  treaty:  1803,  April  10,  treaty  dated; 
Oct.  9,  ratified;  boundaries;  payment;  claims;  expediency; 
objection  of  New  England  (§  186).  —  Constitutional  questions: 
implied  powers  (§  178) ;  Federalist  partnership  theory;  Jefferson's 
amendment.  —  Boundary  questions :  West  Florida ;  Texas ; 
northern;  western;  later  adjustments  (§  196).  —  Organization: 
1803,  Dec.  20,  the  territory  transferred ;  1804,  territory  of  Orleans ; 
1805,  representative  territorial  government;  1812,  state  of  Louisi 
ana.  —  West  Florida  question :  French  refuse  a  definition ;  diffi 
culties  with  Spain ;  1808,  revolution ;  1810,  western  part  annexed ; 


366  FOREIGN   COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815  [§187 

1812,  remainder  annexed ;  1814,  Mobile  occupied.  —  Oregon  ques 
tion:  1792,  discovery  of  Columbia  River  (§  181) ;  1803-1806, 
Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition;  1811,  Astoria  founded;  1812, 
taken  by  the  British. — 'Later  boundary  adjustment  (§  217).— 
Later  exploration  and  settlement  (§§-215,  216). 

General.  — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  II,  620-633;  R.  Hildreth,  His 
tory,  V,  448,  478-498,  506,  536,  546,  568-576,  VI,  143-148,  223-228; 
J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  II,  40-59,  81-83,  111-114,  132,  147;  E. 
Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  chs.  iv-vii,  xi;  E.  M.  Avery,  History, 
VII,  chs.  xviii,  xix;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations  of  Foreign  Policy,  §§  15,  46, 
62-67;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XVII,  62;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  I,  283-295 ;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  180- 
187;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  ch.  xiv;  D.  C.  Oilman,  James 
Monroe,  74-93,  (rev.  ed.)  77-96;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch. 
xxix ;  H.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  ch.  iv ;  F.  S.  Dellenbaugh,  Breaking  the 
Wilderness,  chs.  viii-xi. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  chs.  xiii-xvii,  II,  chs.  v-vii,  ix, 
III,  chs.  i,  v-vii,  V,  ch.  xv,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  book  iii;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  ch.  ii;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  ch.  vi; 
Theo.  Lyman,  Diplomacy,  ch.  ix;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American 
Diplomacy,  185;  W.  F.  Johnson,  Century  of  Expansion,  73-127;  J.  B. 
Moore,  Arbitrations,  V,  4433-4446;  E.  C.  Semple,  American  History 
and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  ch.  vi;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1277- 
1283,  1317-1321;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xxii,  and 
American  Constitutional  System,  ch.  xi;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the 
West,  IV,  chs.  vi,  vii;  F.  A.  Ogg,  Opening  of  the  Mississippi,  chs.  x-xiv; 
J.  K.  Hosmer ,  Louisiana  Purchase  ;  W.  M.  Sloane,  World  Aspects  of  Louisi 
ana  Purchase  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  IX,  507) ;  C.  F.  Robertson,  Louisiana 
Purchase  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  I,  253) ;  W.  Monette,  Valley  of  the 
Mississippi;  Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  (3d  ed.),  19-22;  I.  J.  Cox, 
Exploration  of  Louisiana  Frontier  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1904,  151), 
and  Early  Explorations  of  Louisiana,  and  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier 
(Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  X,  i).  —  FLORIDA  QUESTION:  H.  E 
Chambers,  West  Florida;  H.  B.  Fuller,  Purchase  of  Florida,  chs.  iii-v; 
F.  E.  Chadwick,  United  States  and  Spain,  1, 42-1 16.  —  OREGON  QUESTION  : 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Northwest  Coast;  F.  J.  Teggart,  Notes  Supplementary 
to  Lewis  and  Clark  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1908,  I,  183):  R.  G. 
Thwaites,  Journal's  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  I,  Introd. ;  histories  of  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  Missouri,  Oregon,  Washington  (see  §  37).  —  MAPS  :  E.  Chan 
ning,  Jeffersonian  System,  70,  94,  142 ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  348 ; 
W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  198. 


§188]         LOUISIANA,   WEST   FLORIDA,   OREGON          367 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XII,  XIII ;  T.  H.  Ben  ton, 
Abridgment,  II,  III. — OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  American  State  Papers, 
Foreign,  II,  Public  Lands,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  XII,  App. ;  J.  R.  Rich 
ardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  346-351,  357-360,  367-372,  384,  389, 
398,  408,  480,  484,  488 ;  W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agree 
ments;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  24;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest 
of  International  Law,  I,  §  101,  V,  pp.  613-615  ;  Thos.  Donaldson,  Public 
Domain,  89-105.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  T.  Jefferson,  Writings 
(Washington  ed.),  IV,  VIII  (inaugural  addresses  and  messages),  (Ford 
ed.),  VIII,  144,  172,  188-319;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.), 
II,  177-220  passim,  447,  488,  (Hunt  ed.),  VI,  448-464,  VII,  1-156; 
J.  Monroe,  Writings,  IV,  2-52,  499-509;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I  pas 
sim;  Documentary  History  of  the  Constitution,  V,  260-288 ;  F.  de  Barbe- 
Marbois,  Louisiane,  and  Louisiana  Cession;  J.  A.  Robertson,  Louisiana; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  111-115,  123;  Old  South  Leaflets, 
Nos.  105,  128.  —  EXPLORATION:  Elliott  Coues,  Expedition  of  Lewis 
and  Clark,  and  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike;  R.  G.  Thwaites, 
Journals  of  Lewis  and  Clark;  Papers  of  Zebulon  M.  Pike  (Am.  Hist. 
Review,  XIII,  798) ;  Documents  relating  to  the  Purchase  and  Exploration 
of  Louisiana. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  546-562 ;  E.  Channing, 
Jejfersonian  System,  279-282 ;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  448-451 ;  D.  C. 
Gilman,  James  Monroe,  262-264,  (rev.  ed.)  270-272;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  36  (lect.  22),  74  (lects.  34-36),  76  (lect.  43),  153,  178,  218,  219;  J.  A. 
Robertson,  Louisiana,  1, 19-26. 


§  188.  The  Burr  Conspiracy,  1803-1807 

Summary.  —  Burr  :  previous  history  (§  179) ;  1801,  vice-presi 
dent  (§  185) ;  1804,  read  out  of  the  party ;  candidate  in  New  York ; 
murder  of  Hamilton.  —  Plans:  1805,  trip  to  the  west;  intrigues 
in  Washington.  —  The  expedition :  1806,  Dec.,  descent  of  the 
Ohio  ;  in  Kentucky ;  connection  with  Jackson  and  Clay ;  Wilkin 
son  at  New  Orleans ;  Pike's  expedition  (§  187) ;  Jefferson's  proc 
lamation;  1807,  Jan.,  Burr  captured.  —  Treason  trial:  1806, 
Dec.,  arrest  of  Bollman  and  Swartwout;  habeas  corpus  denied; 
1807,  Jan.,  Jefferson  asks  suspension  of  habeas  corpus;  1807, 
Feb.,  Bollman  and  Swartwout  released ;•  Oct.,  Burr's  trial; 
definition  of  legal  proof  of  treason ;  Jefferson's  part  in  the  trial ; 
Burr  released ;  Burr's  later  life.  —  Effect  on  the  Federalists  (§  192). 


368  FOREIGN   COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815          [§189 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  ch.  xv;  R.  Hildreth,  His 
tory,  V,  517-529,  594-627,  668-674;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II  (rev.  ed.), 
67-74,  133-139;  E.  Charming,  Jeffersonian  System,  ch.  xii;  J.  T.  Morse, 
Jr.,  Thomas  Jefferson,  ch.  xvi;  A.  B.  Magruder,  John  Marshall,  ch.  xi; 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  ch.  i;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I, 
ch.  iv;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton,  237-271,  (rev.  ed.)  234-268. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES:  W.  F.  McCaleb,  Aaron  Burr  Conspiracy; 
H.  Adams,  United  States,  II,  chs.  viii-xvii,  III,  chs.  x-xiv,  xix;  D.  S. 
Alexander,  Political  History  of  New  York,  I,  ch.  xii;  F.  T.  Hill,  Decisive 
Battles  of  the  Law,  ch.  ii.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son,  III,  chs.  iv,  v;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  ix,  x;  J.  C. 
Hamilton,  Alexander  Hamilton,  VII,  chs.  clxvii,  clxviii;  W.  G.  Sumner, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  ch.  xvii;  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices,  II,  (Mar 
shall)  ch.  xi;  W.  H.  Safford,  Harman  Blennerhassett;  J.  Parton,  Andrew 
Jackson,  I,  chs.  xxviii-xxx,  and  Aaron  Burr,  chs.  xviii-xxvi.  —  MAPS: 
E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  160.  * 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  American  State  Papers,  Miscellane 
ous,  I ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  404-407,  412-418,  429, 
435~437;  Annals  of  Congress ,  XVI,  XVII,  Apps. ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings, 
33-111.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  W.  H.  Safford,  Blennerhassett 
Papers;  Wm.  Wirt,  Two  Principal  Arguments  in  the  Trial  of  A.  Burr ; 
T.  Carpenter,  Trial  of  Aaron  Burr ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
No.  25;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  IV,  384-441. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  M.  L.  Davis,  Aaron  Burr,  II,  chs.  xviii, 
xix;  T.  Jefferson,  Y/ritings  (Washington  ed.),  IV,  V,  (Ford  ed.),  I,  318- 
321,  VIII,  481-504,  IX,  1-67,  141-144;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress 
ed.),  II,  393-401 ;  Wm.  Coleman,  Facts  and  Documents  relative  to  the 
Death  of  General  Hamilton;  A.  Hamilton,  Works  (Hamilton  ed.),  VI,  VII, 
851-853 ;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  IV,  ch.  xxv ;  Jas.  Wilkinson,  Memoirs, 
II,  chs.  viii,  ix. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  220,  338-340;  W.  F.  Mc 
Caleb,  Aaron  Burr  Conspiracy,  Preface;  E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  Sys 
tem,  282 ;  H.  B.  Tompkins,  Burr  Bibliography. 

§  189.  Neutral  Trade,  1789-1807 

Summary.  —  Previous  difficulties  (§§  181,  183).  —  Four  limita 
tions  on  neutral  trade,  viz.,  "blockade,"  "contraband,"  "free 
ships  and  free  goods"  ;  "rule  of  1756."  -—  Early  difficulties :  1793, 
English  and  French 'aggression  (§  181) ;  1794,  Jay  treaty  (§  181) ; 
1800-1802,  King's  negotiations;  1800,  1803,  treaties  with  France 
(§§  J83,  187) ;  value  of  the  neutral  trade;  impressments.  —  Com- 


§189]  BURR   AND   NEUTRAL   TRADE  369 

plaints  against  the  United  States:  harboring  deserters;  false 
papers ;  continuous  voyages ;  coasting.  —  Aggressions  renewed ; 
1803,  war  between  England  and  France;  partisan  decisions  of 
English  admiralty  courts;  1807,  Jay  treaty  expires.  —  British 
Orders  in  Council  and  French  Decrees:  Napoleon's  "continental 
system";  1805,  Trafalgar;  1806,  May  16,  British  blockade  order; 
Nov.  21,  Berlin  Decree;  1807,  Jan.,  March,  both  sides  prohibit 
coasting  trade;  Nov.  n,  general  blockade  order;  Dec.  17,  Milan 
Decree. — Jefferson's  policy:  1803-1807,  "gunboat  system" 
(§  186);  1806,  April  18,  conditional  non-importation  act;  1806, 
Monroe-Pinkney  treaty  with  England;  1807,  treaty  withheld; 
1807,  June,  Leopard-Chesapeake  affair;  negotiations  for  West 
Florida  (§  187).  —  Damage  done  to  the  United  States :  number  of 
impressments ;  English  captures ;  French  captures.  —  Subsequent 
difficulties  (§  190). 

General. — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  215-278;  E.  Channing, 
Jeffersonian  System,  chs.  xiii-xv;  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  ch.  xxi; 
E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  §§  101-107;  Clive  Day,  Commerce,  ch. 
xlvii;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  V,  546-548,  562-594,  645-665,  674-686; 
J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  II,  108-176;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  ch.  vii. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  III,  chs.  xv-xviii,  IV,  chs.  i-vi ; 
H.  S.  Randall,  Thomas  Je/erson,  III,  chs.  iv,  v ;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Je/er- 
son,  II,  chs.  viii-x;  C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  IV,  ch.  iii;  Theo. 
Lyman,  Diplomacy,  I,  ch.  x;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,^,  4447-4451; 
Montagu  Burrows,  Foreign  Policy  of  Great  Britain,  chs.  ix-xi;  A.  T. 
Mahan,  Sea  Power  and  War  of  1812, 1,  99-182,  and  Sea  Power  and  French 
Revolution,  II,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  E.  B.  Elliott,  Doctrine  of  Continuous 
Voyages,  and  L.  H.  Woolsey,  Early  Cases  on  Doctrine  (Am.  Journal  of 
Internal.  Law,  I,  61,  IV,  823) ;  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  239- 
260. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XIV-XVI ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  II,  III. — OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  II; 
American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  II,  III,  especially  147-151,  262-294 
(orders  and  decrees),  Commerce,!;  Annals  of  Congress,  ~KV,  XVI,  Apps. ; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  361,  383-385,  388-390,  395, 
402-404,  422-430;  Embargo  Laws  (1809).  — COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  : 
Tench  Coxe,  Examination  of  the  Conduct  of  Great  Britain;  Theo.  D  wight, 
Hartford  Convention,  44-86;  Mathew  Carey,  Olive  Branch;  J.  B.  Moore, 
Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  317,  318,  828,  1179, 1180, 1195-1200,  1270, 


3/0  FOREIGN   COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815  [§190 

i336-  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington 
ed.),  IV  (see  index),  (Ford  ed.),  I,  307~339  (Anas),  VIII,  319-504,  IX, 
1-167;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.), 
II,  189-410,  (Hunt  ed.),  VI,  423-448,  VII,  79-469;  J.  Monroe,  Writings, 
IV,  52-495,  V,  1-22;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  III,  chs.  xxix-xxxv,  IV, 
chs.  i-x,  xiv,  xvii,  xxix,  xxxi ;  J.  Sparks,  Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  n  7-247 ; 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I;  Jas.  Stephen,  War  in  Disguise;  Basil  Hall, 
Voyages  and  Travels,  ch.  xi;  G.  L.  Rives,  Correspondence  of  Thomas 
Barclay,  chs.  iv,  v;  A.'B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  116-120. 

Bibliography. — J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  457,  519,  520;  E.  Channing, 
Jeffersonian  System,  283-285  ;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  791-796; 
E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  451 ,  452  ;  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American 
History,  152-167;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  35,  36  (lect.  23),  74  (lect.  38), 
177,  179;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  235;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James 
Monroe,  264-267,  (rev.  ed.)  272-275. 

§  190.  The  Embargo  and  Non-Intercourse,  1807-1811 

Summary. — Previous  difficulties  (§§  181,  183,  189).  —  Embargo 
act :  1807,  Dec.,  Jefferson's  recommendation ;  Dec.  22,  act  passed ; 
1808,  supplementary  acts;  question  of  constitutionality;  1808, 
presidential  election.  —  Enforcement :  evasions  by  New  England 
shipowners;  overland  trade;  collisions  with  troops;  treason 
trials;  1809,  Jan.,  Giles's  enforcement  acts.  —  Repeal  of  the  em 
bargo:  ruinous  effects;  1809,  Henry's  mission ;  question  of  New 
England  loyalty ;  1809,  Feb.  3,  repeal  act.  —  Non-intercourse  :  1809, 
Feb.  26,  first  act ;  March  4,  Madison  becomes  president ;  April  19, 
Erskine  agreement  (disavowed  by  England) ;  June  10,  inter 
course  with  England  renewed  (soon  withdrawn) ;  1810,  March  23, 
French  decree  of  Rambouillet,  Aug.  5,  of  Trianon,  and  1811,  April 
28,  of  St.  Cloud;  May  i,  "Macon  Bill  No.  2";  unsuccessful  mis 
sions  of  Jackson  and  Rose;  1811,  March  2,  non-intercourse  re 
newed.  —  Pinkney  mission  to  England :  question  whether  the 
French  decrees  were  withdrawn;  1811,  Feb.,  Pinkney  demands 
passports ;  July,  Foster's  mission  to  Washington. 

General.  —  J,  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  chs.  xix,  xx;  H.  von  Hoist, 
History,  I,  200-224;  E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  chs.  xvi-xx; 
K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  chs.  i-iii;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  I,  301-312,  and  Men  who  Made  the  Nation,  243-254 ;  Wood- 
row  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  187-210;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  chs. 


§191]  EMBARGO   AND   WAR  371 

xx-xxiii;  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
John  Quincy  Adams,  37-57 ;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  II,  176-353 ; 
Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  ch.  iv. 

Special.  — H.  Adams,  United  States,  IV,  chs.  vii-xx,  V,  chs.  i-xix,  and 
Albert  Gallatin,  355-443;  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  516,  1064,  1075, 
1289-1292;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  V,  4451-4456;  H.  S.  Randall, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs.  vi-ix;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas  Jefferson,  II,  chs. 
x-xiii;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  xxx;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Nathaniel 
Macon,  chs.  xiv,  xv ;  Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  chs.  vi-viii ;  H.  A. 
Garland,  John  Randolph,  I,  chs.  xxxiii,  xxxiv;  C.  W.  Upham,  Timothy 
Pickering,  IV,  chs.  iv,  v ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  and  War  of  1812,  I, 
182-259;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  vii;  C.  O.  Paullin,  John  Rodgers, 
ch.  ix. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XVII-XXII;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Abridgment,  III,  IV.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  II; 
American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  III  (especially  296,  297,  302,  364,  384, 
392,  432),  Commerce,  I;  Annals  of  Congress,  XVIII-XXII,  Apps. ;  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  433,  444-447,  450-456,  459,  466-476, 
481-487,  491-496.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS:  Wm.  MacDonald, 
Select  Documents,  Nos.  27,  28;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  26-44;  M. 
Carey,  Olive  Branch.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Wm.  Sullivan, 
Familiar  Letters,  letters  li-lix;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.), 
V,  VIII  (inaugural  addresses  and  messages),  (Ford  ed.),  IX,  167-327; 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  I,  491-535  ;  G.  L.  Rives,  Correspondence  of  Thomas 
Barclay,  ch.  vi ;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I,  II,  198  (Trianon  decree) ;  C.  R. 
King,  Rufus  King,  V,  chs.  iii-xiii,  App.  i ;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress 
ed.),  II,  410-523,  (Hunt  ed.),  VIII,  1-172;  J.  Monroe,  Writings,  V,  22- 
2OI>  353~364;  Secret  Reports  of  John  Howe  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVII,  70, 
332) ;  W.  W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  ch.  vi ;  Letters  of  John  Taylor  (John 
P.  Branch.  Hist.  Papers,  II,  290-339) ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III, 

§§  121,  122. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  340-342,  520-522;  H.  V. 
Ames,  State  Documents,  26-43  passim;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Docu 
ments,  176,  177;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  36  (lect.  23),  74  (lect.  39);  see 
bibliography  of  §  189. 

§  191.  The  War  of  1812,  1812-1816 

Summary.  —  Causes :  neutral  trade  (§  189) ;  impressments 
(§189);  supposed  intrigues  with  Indians;  1811,  Indian  war; 
party  advantage ,-  hope  of  conquest  of  Canada;  "young  republi 
cans"  ;  Henry  Clay. — 1812,  June  23,  British  "Orders"  withdrawn ; 


3/2  FOREIGN    COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815          [§191 

war  continues  on  impressments.  —  Strength  of  parties :  popula 
tion;  military  strength ;  naval  strength ;  unity  (§  192) ;  finances; 
theater  of  war.  —  Land  war:  1812,  Aug.  16,  Detroit  taken; 
Aug.-Nov.,  fiasco  at  Niagara;  Dec.,  Astoria,  Oregon,  taken; 
1813,  Sept.  10,  success  on  Lake  Erie;  Oct.  5,  Thames  River;  invasion 
of  Canada  fails;  1814,  July,  Brown  at  Niagara;  Sept.  n,  Plattsburg ; 
Aug.  24,  Washington  burned;  July-Sept.,  Eastern  Maine  taken; 
1815,  Jan.  8,  New  Orleans.  —  War  at  sea :  1812,  capture  of  Guer- 
riere,  Macedonian,  Java;  1813,  capture  of  Peacock,  Argus,  Boxer; 
Chesapeake  taken;  Essex  in  the  Pacific;  blockade;  prowess  of 
the  privateers.  —  Peace:  1812,  Russian  mediation;  1813,  com 
missioners  sent;  1814,  meeting  at  Ghent;  conquered  territory; 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence ;  Indians ;  impress 
ment  question  not  pressed ;  Dec.  24,  treaty  signed.  —  Later  di 
plomacy  (§§  194,  198,  199,  212,  217,  224). 

General.  — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  III,  chs.  xxi,  xxiii,  IV,  chs.  xxiv- 
xxvii,  xxix ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  v,  vi ;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay, 
ch.  iii;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  chs.  iv-viii,  x,  xi ; 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  ch.  x;  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  His 
tory  and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  ch.  viii ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States, 
I»  SJS^SSSj  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  III,  210-229;  R.  Hil- 
dreth,  History,  VI,  chs.  xxiv-xxix;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  ch.  viii,  §  ii, 
ch.  ix;  Wm.  Kingsford,  Canada,  VIII;  F.  B.  Tracy,  Canada,  II,  chs. 
xxxix-xli,  III,  773-778;  Geo.  Bryce,  Canadian  People,  ch.  viii,  §  v; 
C.  P.  Lucas,  Canadian  War;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  I,  847 ; 
S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison,  chs.  xix,  xx;  J.  A.  Stevens,  Albert  Gallatin, 
212-224,  238-245,  260-274,  312-337,  (rev.  ed.)  205-218,  230-237,  252- 
264,  301-325;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  68-101,  (rev.  ed.) 
68-100;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  ch.  iii;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Nathaniel 
Macon,  ch.  xvi ;  J.  Par  ton,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  II ;  D.  B.  Read,  Sir  Isaac 
Brock. 

Special.  —  DETAILED  ACCOUNTS  :  H.  Adams,  United  States,  VI,  chs. 
vi-xvii,  VII,  VIII,  IX,  chs.  i-iii,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  443-555 ;  Gaillard 
Hunt,  James  Madison,  chs.  xxxi,  xxxii,  xxxiv ;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch. 
.vi;  J.  Q.  Adams,  James  Madison;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I, 
chs.  vi-xiii ;  John  Armstrong,  War  of  1812.  —  MILITARY  HISTORY  :  B.  J 
Lossing,  Empire  State,  chs.  xxvii-xxxi,  and  Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the 
War  of  1812;  P.  M.  Davis,  Authentic  History  of  the  Late  War;  C.  J. 
Ingersoll',  Second  War;  Wm.  James,  Full  and  Correct  Account  of  the  Mili 
tary  Occurrences.  —  NAVAL  HISTORY  :  A.  T.  Marian,  Sea  Power  and  War 


§191]  THE   WAR   OF   1812  373 

of  1812;  T.  Roosevelt,  Naval  War  0/1812;  E.  S.  Maclay,  United  States 
Navy  (2d  ed.),  I,  305-658,  and  American  Privateers,  pt.  ii ;  J.  R.  Spears, 
Our  Navy,  II,  III,  chs.  i-xiv;  G.  R.  Clark,  United  States  Navy,  chs. 
vi-xii ;  F.  S.  Hill,  Historic  Ships;  Geo.  Coggeshall,  American  Privateers; 
Wm.  James,  Naval  History  of  Great  Britain,  VI,  and  Full  and  Correct 
Account  of  the  Naval  Occurrences;  C.  O.  Paullin,  John  Rodgers,  chs.  x,  xi ; 
Gomer  Williams,  Liverpool  Privateers,  ch.  vi ;  I.  N.  Hollis,  Frigate  Con 
stitution.  —  FINANCES  :  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  59-64;  F.  C. 
Howe,  Internal  Revenue  System,  ch.  ii ;  H.  C.  Adams,  Public  Debts,  pt.  ii, 
ch.  i,  and  Taxation;  J.  W.  Kearny,  American  Finances,  ch.  iii.  —  PEACE  : 
Theo.  Lyman,  Diplomacy,  II,  chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  ch.  xi ; 
Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams,  chs.  iii,  iv;  W.  H.  Seward,  John 
Qiiincy  Adams,  ch.  v ;  J.  C.  Hildt,  United  States  and  Russia,  chs.  iii,  iv.  — 
MAPS  :  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  6,  88,  136,  276;  H. 
Adams,  United  States,  VI-VIII  passim;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical 
Atlas,  200. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIII-XXVIII ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment,  IV,  V.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large, 
II,  III;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  III,  Finance,  II,  Commerce.  I, 
Military,  I,  Naval,  I ;  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIV-XXVIII,  Apps. ;  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  499-505,  512-554,  558-561 ;  W.  M. 
Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements,  I,  612;  John  Brannan, 
Official  Letters  during  the  War.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  C.  F. 
Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  62-80;  National  Monetary  Commis 
sion,  Laws  concerning  Money,  71-95,  491 ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select 
Documents,  Nos.  29-31 ;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  319- 
320,  829,  1167,  1217,  1219;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  124-128; 
T.  H.  Palmer,  Historical  Register;  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  I-VIII.  — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  II,  III  (on  the  Peace) ; 
A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  VI, 
(Ford  ed.),  IX,  337-513;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  II,  523, 
612,  III,  373-426,  (Hunt  ed.),  VIII,  173-334;  J.' Monroe,  Writings,  V, 
205-328,  364-377,  VII,  96-112;  D.  B.  Tompkins,  Public  Papers,  Mili 
tary;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.J.  Dallas,  234-400;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.), 
,  I,  ch.  iv,  IV,  ch.  i ;  D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  I ;  Alex.  Johnston,  American 
Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  I,  205  (Clay);  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of 
the  United  States,  II ;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  V,  1-7 ;  M.  Carey,  Olive 
Branch;  Gaillard  Hunt,  Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society,  89-126; 
Macon  Correspondence  (John  P.  Branch  Hist.  Papers,  III,  49-65). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  420-437,457-459,  485,  486, 
521-524;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  309-332;  Cam 
bridge  Modern  History,  VII,  797-799 ;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History, 


374  FOREIGN    COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815          [§192 

§  S3  >  J-  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  167-172  ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Formation  of  the  Union,  §  106,  and  Manual,  §§  36  (lect.  25),  74  (lects.  40, 
41). 

§  192.  Opposition  to  the  War,  1811-1815 

Summary.  —  Party  opposition  (§§  179,  185,  190):  John  Ran 
dolph  (§  187);  Federalists;  New  England;  peace  Republicans; 
election  of  1812  ;  DeWitt  Clinton  bolts.  —  Militia  question  :  1812, 
detachment  refused  ;  service  out  of  the  United  States  forbidden  ; 
dispute  as  to  who  decides  the  exigency.  —  Trade  :  New  England 
trade  favored;  West  India  trade  cut  off;  blockade;  overland 
•  trade  from  North  to  South  ;  dealings  with  the  enemy.  —  Hartford 
convention:  1814,  Oct.,  called  by  Massachusetts;  delegates; 
Dec.  15,  assembles;  1815,  Jan.  5,  "Report"  of  the  convention; 
demand  to  retain  federal  taxes.  —  Collapse  on  news  of  the  peace 
(§ 


General.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  235-272  ;  R.  Hildreth,  History, 
VI,  467-477,  544-554;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality, 
ch.  ix;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  ch.  xxviii;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 
Webster,  45-64,  (rev,  ed.)  44-62;  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  II, 
461-476;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  308- 
317  ;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  viii. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  VI,  chs.  vii,  xviii-xx,  VII,  chs. 
viii-xi;  Gaillard  Hunt,  James  Madison,  ch.  xxxiii;  D.  S.  Alexander, 
Political  History  of  New  York,  I,  ch.  xviii  ;  H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph, 
I,  chs.  xxxv-xxxvii;  Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  chs.  ix-xiv;  C.  W. 
Upham,  Timothy  Pickering,  IV,  ch.  vi;  H.  C.  Lodge,  George  Cabot,  chs. 
x-xiii  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  chs.  iv-vi  ;  J.  S.  Barry,  Massa 
chusetts,  III,  ch.  ix;  G.  H.  Hollister,  Connecticut,  II,  ch.  xxi.  For  other 
histories  of  New  England  states,  see  §  37. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIV,  XXV, 
XXVIII,  Apps.  ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  516,  II,  226- 
230.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  54- 
88;  Win.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  32  ;  Niles'  Weekly  Register, 
II-VIII;  Theo.  Dwight,  Hartford  Convention;  H.  Adams,  Documents 
relating  to  New  England  Federalism;  M.  Carey,  Olive  Branch;  American 
History  Leaflets,  No.  35.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Sparks, 
Gouverneur  Morris,  III,  273-333  \  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  V,  chs.  xiv-xxv, 
Apps.  ii-iv;  B.  C.  Steiner,  James  McHenry,  ch.  xix;  Wm.  Sullivan, 
Familiar  Letters,  letters  Ix-lxx  ;  S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections,  I,  letters 


§193]  OPPOSITION  375 

xxvii-xxx,  II,  letter  xxxi ;  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn 
ed.),  I,  164  (Randolph),  180  (Quincy). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  320-322,  343,  522;  H.  V. 
Ames,  State  Documents,  54-86  passim;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  36  (lect. 
26). 

§  193.  Settlement  of  the  West,  1789-1820 

Summary.  —  Frontier  in  1790  (§  168). — Influence  of  Indian 
wars  and  foreign  relations  (§  181);  1795,  Greenville  treaty; 
1796,  Cleaveland  and  Western  Reserve;  Virginia  Military  Tract.— 
Yazoo  lands.  —  Indian  cessions  under  Jefferson ;  Louisiana  Pur 
chase  (§  187);  Missouri  settlements;  Burr  conspiracy  (§  188). — 
Western  settlements  and  frontier  in  1810. — Influence  of  steam 
navigation  and  extinction  of  Indian  title  after  War  of  1812. — 
Western  settlements  and  frontier  in  1820.  —  Stages  of  pioneer 
society ;  pioneer  ideals.  —  Pioneer  agriculture ;  rise  of  a  trans- 
Alleghany  agricultural  surplus;  effects:  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
river  trade ;  demand  for  internal  improvements  (§§  194,  199) ; 
home-market  tariff  argument.  —  Influence  of  Ohio  Valley  settle 
ments. —  Public  lands  (§§  194,  208). — Admission  of  states: 
1791,  March  4,  Vermont;  1792,  June  i,  Kentucky;  1796,  June  i, 
Tennessee;  1803,  Ohio;  1812,  April  30,  Louisiana  (§  187);  1816, 
Dec.  ii,  Indiana;  1817,  Dec.  10,  Mississippi;  1818,  Dec.  3, 
Illinois;  1819,  Dec.  14,  Alabama  (22d).  —  Territories  formed :  1789, 
Aug.  7,  Northwest  confirmed;  1790,  May  26,  South  of  the  Ohio; 
1798,  April  7,  Mississippi;  1800,  May  7,  Indiana;  1804,  May  26, 
Orleans  (§  187);  1805,  Jan.  n,  Michigan;  March  3,  Louisiana; 
1809,  Feb.  3,  Illinois;  1812,  June  4,  Missouri;  1817,  March  3, 
Alabama;  1819,  March  2,  Arkansas  (§  197). — Later  frontier 
history  and  settlements  (§§  215,  216). — Later  states  and  terri 
tories  (§  203). 

General.  —  J.  Schouler,  History  (rev.  ed.),  1, 108-113,  163,  164,  240- 
246,  330,  471,  II,  48,  84,  85,  221,  270-280,  506,  507;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  II,  33-35,  144-158,  479-482,  572-582,  III,  116-142,  459-486, 
IV,  381-403;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  ch.  xv; 
F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  chs.  v-vii ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  IV, 
chs.  iii,  v  (Sagamore  ed.,  VI,  chs.  i,  iii),  and  Thomas  H.  Benton,  chs.  i,  ii; 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  chs.  xviii,  xxii;  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old 
Northwest,  295-328,  368-392  ;  Lois  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  Eng- 


3/6  FOREIGN    COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815          [§193 

land,  178-224;  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  313-320,  597-610, 
617-641,  666-673;  A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  E.  L. 
Bogart,  Economic  History,  §§  157-168;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass, 
chs.  i,  iv;  D.  G.  McCarty,  Territorial  Governors  of  the  Old  Northwest, 
chs.  iv-ix ;  K.  W.  Colgrove,  Congress  and  Pioneers  of  the  West  (Iowa  Jour, 
of  Hist,  and  Politics,  VIII,  3). 

Special.  —  GEOGRAPHY  (§  162)  :  Jed.  Morse,  Universal  Geography 
(ed.  1802),  566-579,  719-727;  J.  M.  Peck,  New  Guide  to  the  West;  Jas. 
Hall,  Statistics  of  the  West;  Tim.  Flint,  Geography  and  History  of  ths 
Western  States;  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic 
Conditions,  ch.  ix;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  ch.  v;  J.  W. 
Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  82-84;  G.  D.  Hubbard,  Case  of  Geo- 
graphic  Influence  (Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bulletin,  XXXVI,  145);  H.  H.  Bar 
rows,  Geography  of  the  Middle  Illinois  Valley. 

SPECIAL  REGIONS  :  R.  E.  Chaddock,  Ohio  before  1850;  F.  P.  Goodwin, 
Growth  of  Ohio,  and  Development  oftheMiami  Country  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist. 
Pubs.,  XVIII,  484) ;  Harvey  Rice,  Pioneers  of  Western  Reserve;  Alfred 
Mathews,  Ohio  and  her  Western  Reserve;  Henry  Howe,  Historical  Collec 
tions  of  Ohio;  D.  M.  Massie,  Nathaniel  Massie  (Va.  Milit.  Tract) ;  W.  H. 
Smith,  Indiana,  I,  chs.  vi,  viii-xi;  J.  S.  Stickney,  Pioneer  Indianapolis; 
J.  B.  Dillon,  Indiana;  H.  J.  Webster,  Harrison's  Administration  of 
Indiana  Territory;  A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois;  Thos.  Ford, 
Illinois,  ch.  i;  N.  W.  Edwards,  Illinois;  John  Reynolds,  Pioneer  History 
of  Illinois,  chs.  vi-ix;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan,  chs.  viii,  x;  R.  G. 
Thwaites,  Wisconsin,  ch.  viii;  Jonas  Viles,  Missouri  before  1804  (Mo. 
Hist.  Review,  V,  189)  ;  E.  M.  Violette,  Early  Settlements  in  Missouri 
(ibid.,  I,  38) ;  Louis  Houck,  Missouri;  J.  W.  Caldwell,  Constitutional 
History  of  Tennessee,  ch.  iv;  A.  J.  Pickett,  Alabama,  II,  chs.  xxvii, 
xxviii,  xli-xliii;  W.  G.  Brown,  Alabama,  chs.  x-xvi;  Jos.  Hodgson, 
Cradle  of  the  Confederacy,  ch.  i ;  J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi.  For 
other  state  histories  and  historical  society  publications,  see  §§  37,  45. 

LAND  AND  TRANSPORTATION  :  P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  chs. 
iv-xiv;  T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain;  S.  Sato,  Land  Question,  141-150; 
C.  F.  Emerick,  Credit  System  and  Public  Domain  (Vanderbilt  Hist. 
Soc.,  Pubs.,  No.  3) ;  C.  H.  Haskins,  Yazoo  Land  Companies  (Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Papers,  V,  393);  Margaret  C.  Klingelsmith,  James  Wilson  and 
Yazoo  Frauds  (U.  of  Pa.  Law  Review,  LVI,  i) ;  U.  B.  Phillips,  Georgia  and 
State  Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II),  29-38;  W.  F.  Gephart, 
Transportation  and  Industrial  Development,  chs.  ii-vi,  viii;  J.  F.  H.  Clai 
borne,  Mississippi,  537-545;  J.  W.  Monette,  Progress  of  Navigation 
(Miss.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  VII,  479) ;  J.  P.  Bretz,  Postal  Extension 
into  the  West  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1909,  143) ;  A.  B.  Hulbert, 


§193]  SETTLEMENT    OF    THE    WEST  377 

Historic  Highways,  VIII-XII ;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  How  Clark  won  the  North 
west,  No.  2. 

GOVERNMENTS  AND  INDIANS  :  H.  Gannett,  Boundaries  ^d  ed.) ;  Max 
Farrand,  Legislation  for  Organized  Territories,  14-37;  G.  E.  Howard, 
Local  Constitutional  History,  chs.  iv,  x ;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional 
History  of  the  American  People,  I,  chs.  viii,  ix;  Annie  H.  Abel,  Indian 
Consolidation  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1906,  I,  235),  chs.  i-iv. 

PIONEER  FARMING  :  C.  L.  Flint,  Hundred  Years'  Progress  (Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  Report,  1872) ;  Isaac  Lippincott,  Pioneer  Industry  (Jour. 
Polit.  Econ.,  X.V1II,  269);  American  Pioneer,  11,442;  Tim.  Pitkin, 
Statistical  View,  ch.  iv ;  Wm.  Kingdom,  Jr.,  America  and  the  British  Colo 
nies,  1-83  ;  G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

PIONEER  LIFE  AND  IDEALS  :  F.  J.  Turner,  Pioneer  Ideals  (Indiana 
Univ.,  Bulletin,  VIII,  6);  H.  Adams,  United  States,  I,  52-59,  156-184; 
Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  1-18;  F.  M.  Davenport, 
Primitive  Traits  in  Religious  Revivals;  Ed.  Eggleston,  Circuit  Rider 
(fiction) ;  Meredith  Nicholson,  The  Hoosiers  ;  W.  Speer,  Great  Revival  of 
1800;  W.  P.  Strickland,  Francis  Asbury ;  Robt.  Davidson,  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Kentucky;  J.  E.  Cutler,  Lynch  Law,  76-89;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Southern  South,  ch.  iii;  W.  G.  Frost,  Our  Contemporary  Ancestors  (Atlan 
tic,  LXXXIII,  311) ;  S.  T.Wilson,  Southern  Mountaineer;  Ida  M.  Tar- 
bell,  Abraham  Lincoln,  chs.  i-v. 

MAPS  :  E.  M.  Avery,  History,  VII,  264  (U.  S.  before  La.  Purchase) ; 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  58  (frontier) ;  E.  Channing,  Jejfersonian 
System,  258  (Indian  cessions) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  310  (Indian  ces 
sions)  ;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  202,  203  (states  and  territories) ; 
Twelfth  Census,  Statistical  Atlas,  plates  2-5  (settlement) ;  L.  K.  Mathews, 
Expansion  of  New  England,  174,  178,  182,  206  (settlements)  ;  Bureau  of 
Ethnology,  i8th  Annual  Report  (Indian  cessions). 

Sources.  —  TRAVELS  (§  38)  :  S.  S.  Forman,  Narrative  of  a  Journey; 
Jas.  Smith,  Tours  into  Kentucky  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Pubs.,  XVI,  348) ; 
Brissot  de  Warville,  New  Travels,  I,  letters  xviii,  xxvi,  xliv;  Francis 
Baily,  Journals  of  a  Tour;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  III 
(Michaux,  Harris),  IV  (Cuming),  V  (Bradbury),  VIII  (Buttrick,  Evans), 
IX  (Flint),  X  (Hulme,  Flower,  Woods),  XI,  XII  (Faux,  Welby) ;  T. 
Dwight,  Travels. 

REMINISCENCES  :  H.  St.  John  de  Crevecceur,  American  Farmer,  letters 
ii,  xii;  American  Husbandry ;  David  Zeisberger,  Diary;  Thurlow  Weed, 
Autobiography,  ch.  ii;  W.  C.  Howells,  Recollections;  J.  M.  Peck,  Forty 
Years  of  Pioneer  Life;  Morris  Birkbeck,  Letters  from  Illinois ;  E.  B. 
Washburne,  Edwards  Papers;  W.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers,  II;  T.  M. 
Owen,  John  Owen's  Journal  of  Removal  to  Alabama  (1818) ;  Autobiography 


378  FOREIGN    COMPLICATIONS,  1801-1815          [§193 

of  Gideon  Lincecum  (Miss.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  VIII,  443) ;  Mary  J. 
Welsh,  Recollections  of  Pioneer  Life  in  Mississippi  (ibid.,  IV,  343) ;  E.  S. 
Tipple,  Heart  of  Asbury's  Jottrnal;  Peter  Cartwright,  Autobiography; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  II,  §  137,  III,  ch.'xxi ;  U.  B.  Phillips  in  J.  R. 
Commons,  Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  II,  165- 
299  ;  E.  D.  Mansfield,  Personal  Memories,  chs.  i-iii. 

DOCUMENTS  :  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and  Charters;  Organic  Acts 
for  the  Territories;  American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  I-III,  Indian,  I, 
II;  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  II ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages 
and  Papers,  I,  II  passim  (see  index  under  Indian,  Lands,  Territories, 
and  states  and  territories  by  name) ;  T.  H.  Benton  on  effect  of  Jackson's 
campaigns,  in  Congressional  Globe,  25  Cong.  3  sess.  App.,  52,  53.  For 
references  to  Congressional  debates,  see  K.  W.  Colgrove,  Congress  and 
Pioneers  (above). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  172- 
181 ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  309,  310;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West, 
S36,  341-344;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  329  (travel);  L.  K. 
Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  194,  195,  219,  220;  A.  H.  Abel, 
Indian  Consolidation,  413-438;  J.  P.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  391- 
394;  A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  213-256. 


CHAPTER   XXIV 

REORGANIZATION,   1815-1829 

§  194.  Financial  and  Commercial  Organization,  1816-1820 

Summary.  —  Condition  of  the  country :  territory ;  finances ; 
state  banking;  roads;  shipping;  foreign  trade;  manufactures; 
parties  dissolving;  Supreme  Court  emancipated;  the  West 
(§  193);  national  spirit. — The  United  States  Bank:  1811, 
Feb.  20,  recharter  lost  (§  177) ;  1814,  Dallas's  bill;  Calhoun's  bill; 
1815,  Jan.  30,  Madison's  veto;  1816,  April  10,  bank  chartered; 
1817,  specie  payment  restored;  1819,  commercial  crisis;  later 
history  (§  205).  —  The  tariff :  early  bills  (§§  171,  177) ;  1812,  July 
i,  tariff  rates  doubled;  manufactures  spring  up;  1815,  deluge 
of  British  goods;  Dec.  5,  Madison's  recommendation;  1816, 
April  27,  protective  tariff  act;  1818,  April  20,  iron  act;  1820, 
May  4,  tariff  bill  fails;  later  history  (§  199).  — Internal  improve 
ments:  1806,  March  29,  Cumberland  Road  authorized;  1811, 
begun;  1818,  open  to  the  Ohio;  1807,  Coast  Survey;  1807-1812, 
steam  navigation;  1808,  Galla tin's  report;  1817,  March  3,  Madi 
son's  veto  of  the  Bonus  bill;  1817-1818,  House  claims  the  consti 
tutional  power ;  1822,  May  4,  Monroe's  veto ;  later  history  (§  199). 
—  Clay:  American  system ;  speakership. — Public  lands:  credit 
system  of  1800;  amount  of  sales ;«  unpaid  installments;  relief 
bills ;  1820,  April  24,  cash  system  adopted  (§  199) ;  effect  on  the 
West  (§  193).  —  Foreign  commerce:  1815,  Algerine  war;  1816, 
peace;  1815,  July  3,  commercial  convention  with  England;  1818, 
Oct.  20,  fishery  convention ;  question  of  West  India  trade ;  retalia 
tory  legislation;  later  relations  (§§  198,  199,  212,  217,  224). 

General.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  ch.  x,  and  John  C.  Calhoun,ch.  ii; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  chs.  xxx,  xxxi;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of 
American  Nationality,  chs.  xii-xiv;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  ch.  xiii; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  295-301,  312-315,  345~357,  365,  401-411  ; 
R.  Hildreth,  History,  VI,  ch.  xxx ;  J.  Schouler,  History,  II,  ch.  ix,  §  ii,  III, 

(379) 


380  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§194 

ch.  x,  §  i ;  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  387-401,  432-471,  487-498 ; 
Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  164-203;  E.  L.  Bogart, 
Economic  History,  §§  120,  121,  131-141,  172;  J.  B.  Moore,  American 
Diplomacy,  105-119;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  126-146;  T.  H.  Ben- 
ton,  Thirty  Years1  View,  I,  chs.  i-xiv;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Nathaniel  Macon, 
291-310;  T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  106-113;  D.  Mallory,  Henry 
Clay,  87-105  ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  ch.  vii. 

Special.  —  H.  Adams,  United  States,  IX,  chs.  iv-x;  N.  M.  Butler, 
Influence  of  the  War  of  1812;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  56,  84,  85  ; 
M.  P.  Follett,  Speaker,  §§  41-46.  —  FINANCE:  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial 
History,  ch.  vii;  J.  W.  Kearny,  American  Finances,  ch.  iv;  E.  M. 
Roberts,  Government  Revenue.  —  TARIFF  :  Ed.  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Leg 
islation  (Cong.  Docs.,  Serial  No.  1512),  pp.  xxxi-xli ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff 
History,  17-67;  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  I,  chs.  v,  vi;  J.  L. 
Bishop,  American  Manufactures,  II,  117-298;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton 
ed.),  II,  ch.  vi.  —  BANK  :  Holdsworth  and  Dewey,  First  and  Second  Banks, 
72-125,  147-247,  267-295,  308-311;  J.  J.  Knox,  Banking  in  the  United 
States,  41-62 ;  R.  C.  H.  Catterall,  Second  Bank,  chs.  i-iv ;  Horace  White, 
Money  and  Banking,  bk.  iii,  ch.  vii;  R.  Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and 
Paper  Currencies,  chs.  xvi-xix;  W.  G.  Sumner,  American  Currency, 
61-94. — INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS:  J.  S.  Young,  Cumberland  Road; 
A.  B.  Hulbert,  Cumberland  Road;  P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System, 
101-161,  169-178,  210-262,  272-285.  —  FOREIGN  RELATIONS:  Chas. 
Isham,  Fishery  Question;  J.  B.  Henderson,  Jr.,  American  Diplomatic 
Questions,  451-497;  G.  W.  Allen,  Navy  and  Barbary  Corsairs,  chs.  xvi, 
xvii;  J.  R.  Spears,  Our  Navy,  III,  ch.  xvi;  E.  S.  Maclay,  United  States 
Navy  (2d  ed.),  II,  3-22. — MAPS:  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American- 
Nationality,  238  (vote  on  tariff). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIX-XXXVI;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment,  V,  VI.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large, 
III ;  American  State  Papers,  Finance,  III,  Commerce,  II,  Naval,  I,  Public 
Lands,  II,  III;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  554,  562-569, 
573-58o,  583,  584,  II,  11-20,  27,  39,  59-61,  98-103,  106-109,  142-186., 
190-192,  501-504;  Annals  of  Congress,  XXIX-XXXVI,  Apps.  —  COL 
LECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  52-54,89-92; 
C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  79-107;  National  Monetary 
Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  95-112,  288-312;  Wm.  MacDon- 
ald,  Select  Documents,  No.  33;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law, 
§§  164,  830-832  ;  Clarke  and  Hall,  Bank  of  the  United  States,  chs.  iii-vi ; 
Niles'  Weekly  Register,  I-X.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  E.  B.  Willis- 
ton,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  III;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I, 
ch.  xix,  IV,  ch.  ii;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II;  A.  Gallatin,  Writings,  I, 


§195]          FINANCIAL   AND    CONSTITUTIONAL  381 

690,  II;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  Ill,  1-56,  (Hunt  ed.), 
VIII,  335-407;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  V,  ch.  xxvii,  App.  vi;  D.  Mai- 
lory,  Henry  Clay,  I ;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  I,  17-56.  — 
ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS:  Adam  Seybert,  Statistical  Annals ;  John  Bristed, 
Resources  of  the  United  States;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  130- 
132,  234;  [W.  N.  Blane],  Excursion  through  the  United  States;  Wm. 
Cobbett,  Year's  Residence  in  the  United  States. 

Bibliography.  —J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  278 ;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of 
American  Nationality,  323;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  65;  New 
York  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  XII,  348-350 ;  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature 
of  American  History,  319-331 ;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relatingto  the 
Banks ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Unions,  §  118,  and  Manual,  §§  37,  38 
(lects.  27,  28),  75,  76  (lects.  42,  45),  143,  180,  181. 

§  195.  The  Great  Constitutional  Decisions,  1792-1824 

Summary.  —  The  Supreme  Court :  under  Washington  and 
Adams  (§  176) ;  under  Jefferson  (§  186) ;  federalization  of  the  new 
judges.  —  Declaring  acts  of  Congress  void :  1780-1788,  early  state 
decisions  (§  172);  1792,  Hayburn's  case;  1794,  Yale  Todd  case; 
1803,  Marbury  v.  Madison.  —  Limiting  the  states:  1793,  Chis- 
holm  v.  Georgia  (suit  against  a  state) ;  1794,  eleventh  amendment 
forbids  such  suits;  1809,  United  States  v.  Judge  Peters  (inferior 
authority  of  states) ;  1810,  Fletcher  v.  Peck  (Yazoo  land  case) ; 
1816,  Martin  v.  Hunter's  Lessee  (state  act  unconstitutional) ;  1819, 
Sturges  v.  Crowninshield  and  Dartmouth  College  case  (impair 
ment  of  contracts) ;  1821,  Cohens  v.  Virginia  (appeals  from  state 
courts  sustained) ;  1827,  Brown  v.  Maryland  (foreign  commerce) ; 
1832,  Worcester  v.  Georgia  (jurisdiction  over  Indians:  §  208).— 
Implied  powers  of  Congress  asserted  (§  178) :  1796,  Hylton  v. 
United  States  (carriage  tax) ;  1819,  M'Culloch  v.  Maryland  (bank) ; 
1820,  Houston  v.  Moore  (militia) ;  1821,  Anderson  v.  Dunn  (judicial 
authority  of  Congress) ;  1824,  Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (commerce) ; 
1824,  Osborn  v.  Bank  of  the  United  States  (bank) ;  1827,  Martin 
i).  Mott  (militia). — Later  cases  (§§  204,  228,  239,  241-243,  250, 
262,  266,  269). 

General.  —  H.  W.  Rogers,  Constitutional  History,  lects.  i,  ii ;  K.  C. 
Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  ch.  xviii;  A.  B.  Magruder, 
John  Marshall,  ch.  x;  J.  B.  Thayer,  John  Marshall;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Thomas  Je/erson,  ch.  xviii ;  Geo.  Pellew,  John  Jay,  ch.  x ;  H.  C.  Lodge, 


382  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§195 

Daniel  Webster,  ch.  iii;  M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  ch.  vi;  W.  W. 
Willoughby,  Supreme  Court;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History  (rev. 
ed.),  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  ch.  vi;  McLaughlin 
and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  article  Courts  and  Unconsti 
tutional  Legislation ;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  463-466. 

Special.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  OF  JUSTICES  :  Henry  Flanders,  Chief  Justices, 
I,  (Jay)  ch-  xiv>  (Rutledge)  chs.  xv,  xvi,  II,  (Ellsworth)  ch.  xi,  (Marshall) 
ch.  xi;  Geo.  van  Santvoord,  Chief  Justices,  3-520;  H.  L.  Carson,  Su 
preme  Court,  I,  chs.  xii-xiv,  II ;  G.  J.  McRee,  James  Iredell,  II,  chs.  xxvi- 
xxix ;  J.  F.  Dillon,  John  Marshall;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Marshall  and  Virginia 
(Am.  Hist.  Review,  XII,  776) ;  W.  W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  chs.  vii-xv.— 
DISCUSSIONS  IN  TREATISES  :  J.  Story,  Commentaries,  §§  1033-1044,  1259- 
1281,  1374-1397?  1685-1688;  Emlin  McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  chs. 
xii,  xiv,  xxv-xxvii,  xxix ;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  1-28, 
45,  46,  62-64,  278,  303,  304,  332, 488-500, 577-587, 600-621,  760-766,  and 
American  Constitutional  System,  34-54;  H.  C.  Black,  American  Consti 
tutional  Law,  §§  30-49,  55,  90,  102-105,  !59>  269-284;^.  G.  Haines, 
Conflict  over  Judicial  Powers,  chs.  ii-iv ;  John  Taylor,  Construction  con 
strued;  Thos.  Sergeant,  Constitutional  Law,  chs.  i-xi;  U.  B.  Phillips, 
Georgia  and  State  Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II),  24-28  (Chis- 
holm  v.  Ga.).  —  BIOGRAPHIES  OF  CONTEMPORARIES  :  J.  P.  Kennedy, 
William  Wirt,  II,  chs.  v,  ix,  xv;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  ch.  viii; 
H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  ch.  xxiv;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiog 
raphy,  ch.  vii. 

Sources.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  462- 
501,  VI;  G.  M.  Dallas,  A.  J.  Dallas,  59-146;  Randolph-Macon  College, 
John  P.  Branch  Historical  Papers,  I,  325-373,  II,  78-183;  J.  Madison, 
Writings  (Hunt  ed.),  VIII,  447-453,  IX,  55-68;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings 
(Ford  ed.),  X,  140-143,  188,  189.  —  DOCUMENTS:  H.  V.  Ames,  State 
Documents,  7-15,  45-52,  93;  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xix.  — 
CASES  :  Most  of  these  decisions  can  also  be  found  in  the  collections  of 
C.  E.  Boyd,  Emlin  McClain,  and  J.  P.  Hall,  and  in  Marshall's  decisions 
(edited  by  J.  P.  Cotton  and  by  J.  M.  Dillon).  —  Hayburn's  case  (1792)  : 
2  Dallas,  409.  —  Chisholm  v.  Georgia  (1793)  :  2  Dallas,  419 ;  i  Curt\s,  16. 
—  Yale  Todd  case  (1794),  note  to  13  Howard,  52.  —  Marbury  v.  Madison 
(1803)  :  i  Cranch,  137;  i  Curtis,  368;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  107-114; 
J.  Marshall,  Writings,  1-28.  —  United  States  v.  Judge  Peters  (1809): 
5  Cranch,  115;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  119-125.  —  Fletcher  v.  Peck 
(1810)  :  6  Cranch,  87;  2  Curtis,  328;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  114-123; 
J.  Marshall,  Writings,  126-141.  —  Martin  v.  Hunter's  Lessee  (1816)  : 
i  Wheaton,  304 ;  3  Curtis,  562 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  123-132  ;  J.  Marshall, 
Writings,  525-555.  —  Sturges  v.  Crowninshield  (1819)  :  4  Wheaton,  122; 


§196]  ERA    OF    GOOD    FEELING  383 

4  Curtis ,  362;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  147-159.  —  Dartmouth  College  v. 
Woodward  (1819)  :  4  Wheaton,  518;  4  Curtis,  463;  J.  Marshall,  Writ 
ings,  188-210.  —  M'Culloch  v.  Maryland  (1819):  4  Wheaton,  316;  4 
Curtis,  415;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  271-285,  1340-1346;  J.  Marshall, 
Writings,  160-187.  —  Cohens  v.  Virginia  (1821):  6  Wheaton,  264;  5 
Curtis,  82;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  285-292;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  221- 
261.  —  Anderson  v.  Dunn  (1821):  6  Wheaton,  204;  5  Curtis,  61 ;  J. 
Marshall,  Writings,  603-610.  —  Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (1824)  :  9  Wheaton,  i ; 
6  Curtis,  i ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1799-1819 ;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  287- 
314.  —  Osborn  ».  Bank  (1824)  :  9  Wheaton,  738;  6  Curtis,  251 ;  J.  Mar 
shall,  Writings,  315-342.  —  Martin  v.  Mott  (1827)  :  12  Wheaton,  19;  7 
Curtis,  10 ;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2290-2294;  J.  Marshall,  Writings,  611- 
623. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  R.  Hasse,  Books  on  Political  Rights  (N.  Y.  City 
Public  Library,  Bulletin,  VIII,  131,  132) ;  H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  List  of  Works 
relating  to  the  Supreme  Court;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  38  (lect.  29),  138, 
144,  217;  Emlin  McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  68,  83,  141,  144,  155, 
167. 

§  196.  Era  of  Good  Feeling  in  Politics,  1817-1826 

Summary.  —  Previous  political  conditions  (§§  186, 192,  194). — • 
Monroe's  presidency:  election  of  1816;  cabinet;  civil  service; 
opposition  of  Clay;  disappearance  of  Federalists;  1820,  unopposed 
reelection;  1820,  May  15,  four  years'  tenure  act.  —  East  Florida 
question:  1810,  1812,  annexation  of  West  Florida  (§  187);  1814, 
Jackson  in  Pensacola;  1816,  Seminole  war;  1818,  Jackson  in 
St.  Marks  and  Pensacola ;  Arbuthnot  affair ;  Rhea  letter ;  Jack 
son  exonerated.  —  Negotiations  with  Spain:  1802,  unratified 
convention ;  West  Florida  (§  187) ;  East  Florida ;  Texas.  —  Treaty 
with  Spain:  1819,  Feb.  22,  treaty  signed;  line  to  the  Pacific; 
Oregon  question  (§  217);  Floridas  ceded;  1821,  Feb.  22,  ratifi 
cation  ;  Jackson  governor  of  Florida.  —  Further  relations  with 
Spain  (§§  198,  224,  244,  265).  ' 

General. — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  chs.  xxxii-xxxviii ;  K.  C. 
Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  chs.  xv-xviii;  J.  Schouler,  His 
tory,  III,  1-133,  189-270;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  I,  ch.  xii ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  358-365 ;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  American  People,  III,  234-261 ;  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe, 
ch.  vi,  App.  iii;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  102-164,  (rev.  ed.) 
101-163 ;  R.  Hildreth,  History,  VI,  ch.  xxxi ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I, 


384  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§197 

146-171 ;  H.  von  Hoist,  John  C.  Calhoun,  ch.  iii;  H.  Adams,  John  Ran 
dolph,  ch.  xi ;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  ch.  iii ;  D.  Mallory,  Henry 
Clay,  93-128 ;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  ch.  Ivii,  II,  391-642. 

Special.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams,  chs.  v, 
vi;  W.  H.  Seward,  John  Quincy  Adams,  ch.  vi;  G.  Tucker,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  II,  chs.  xvi-xxi ;  H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  chs.  xxii- 
xxv ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  chs.  xiv-xvi.  —  FOREIGN  RELA 
TIONS  :  Theo.  Lyman,  Diplomacy,  I,  ch.  ix,  II,  chs.  i-viii;  F.  E.  Chad- 
wick,  United  States  and  Spain,  I,  116-147;  H.  B.  Fuller,  Purchase  of 
Florida,  chs.  vi-xi;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  249- 
264;  W.  F.  Johnson,  Century  of  Expansion,  ch.  v ;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitra 
tions,  V,  4487-4500,  4519-4524.  —  EXECUTIVE  :  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service 
and  Patronage,  52-70;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  chs.  ix,  x.  —  MAPS  :  K. 
C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  272  (treaty  with  Spain)  276 
(Jackson  in  Fla.) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  6  (U.  S.,  1821),  70  (settlement). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXXI-XLII;  Register  of 
Debates,  I;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  VI.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS: 
Statutes  at  Large,  III,  IV ;  American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  IV  ,V,  Military, 

I,  Miscellaneous,  II;   Annals  of  Congress,  XXXII,  XXXIV,  XXXVI, 
XXXVII,  Apps. ;   W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions ,  and  Agreements, 

II,  1651-1658;   J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  I,  505-510,  II, 
4-10,  13,  23-25,  31-33,  39-43,  54-58,  69-72,  75,  86-94,  103-105,  113-- 
COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  Niles*  Weekly  Register,  XII-XXVII ;  Old 
South  Leaflets,  No.  129 ;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  34,  42 ; 
J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  102,  215,  216,  884;    H.  B. 
Fuller,   Purchase   of  Florida,   Apps.  —  CONTEMPORARY   WRITINGS  :    J. 
Monroe,  Writings,  V,  341-352,  VI,  VII,  1-59,  173,  209-236;    Luis  de 
Onis,   Memoir;    J.    Q.    Adams,   Memoirs,   IV- VI,    and    James    Mon 
roe;   H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I,  ch.  xii,  IV,  ch.  ii;    T.  Jefferson, 
Writings  (Washington  ed.),  VII;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  V,  VI,  349-445, 
and  Correspondence  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1899,  II),  136-201,  251- 
295,  314,  343 ;  S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections,  II,  letter  Iv;  Gaillard  Hunt, 
Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society,  128-162 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 

III,  ch.  xxxi,  §§  143,  144. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  344,  438;  H.  B.  Fuller, 
Purchase  of  Florida,  App.  F;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  38  (lects.  34,  36), 
78  (lect.  47) ;  J.  F.  Jameson,  App.  to  D.  C.  Gilman,  James  Monroe. 

§  197.  The  Missouri  Compromise 

Summary.  —  Questions  before  1800  (§  180).  —  Slavery  since 
1800 :  1803,  slavery  in  Louisiana ;  1807,  March  2,  slave  trade  pro- 


§197]  THE    MISSOURI    COMPROMISE  385 

hibited;  1814,  clause  in  treaty  of  Ghent;  1815,  slaves  carried 
away  by  the  British ;  1818,  movement  for  new  fugitive  act;  1819, 
March  3,  act  for  returning  slaves;  1820,  May  15,  piracy  act.  — 
Antislavery :  southern  and  middle  state  societies ;  American 
Convention;  propaganda;  press;  churches;  slave  insurrections; 
cotton.  —  Colonization:  1816,  American  Society;  1819,  govern 
ment  aid;  1820,  Liberia;  failure.  —  First  Missouri  debate: 
1805-1818,  status  of  Missouri  Territory;  1818,  March,  Missouri 
applies  for  admission;  1819,  Feb.,  Tallmadge  amendment;  dead 
lock;  March  2,  Arkansas  territorial  act.  —  Second  Missouri 
debate:  1819,  Dec.  30,  House  Maine  bill;  1820,  Feb.  i,  Senate 
couples  with  Missouri ;  March  i,  House  votes  for  free  Missouri ; 
March  3,  great  compromise;  cabinet  discussion;  March  15, 
enabling  act  approved.  —  Third  Missouri  debate:  1820,  state 
constitution;  Dec.,  House  refuses  to  accept  it;  1821,  Feb.  10,  Clay 
compromise  submitted;  March  2,  enacted.  —  Questions  raised: 
character  of  slavery ;  sectional  predominance ;  constitutionality 
of  restriction ;  expediency ;  danger  to  the  Union ;  1836,  extension 
of  Missouri  boundary;  unchallenged  operation  till  1854  (§  225). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  ch.  xxxix ;  J.  Schouler,  His 
tory  (rev.  ed.),  II,  62-66,  142-147,  259-270,  III,  133-189;  R.  Hildreth, 
History,  V,  498-506,  627-644,  VI,  613-686;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West, 
chs.  ix,  x;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  324-381 ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and 
Abolition,  ch.  xi ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  200-221 ;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  United  Stales,  II,  366-382 ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  ch.  viii ; 
T.  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay,  ch.  v ;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  chs.  i,  ii ; 
W.  H.  Meigs,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  ch.  ix ;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Nathaniel  Macon, 
310-330;  T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  98-105,  202-210;  J.  W.  Draper, 
American  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xix;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race,  II, 
ch.  i;  B.  B.  Munford,  Virginia's  Attitude  toward  Slavery,  chs.  x,  xi,  xiii, 
xiv;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  J.  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  120-124,  (rev.  ed.)  119-123;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  ch.  iv. 

Special.  —  Alice  D.  Adams,  Neglected  Period  of  Anti-Slavery;  Mary  S. 
Locke,  Anti-Slavery,  §§  158-167,  174-176;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Historical 
Significance  of  Missouri  Compromise  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1893,  249) ; 
F.  H.  Hodder,  Side  Lights  on  the  Missouri  Compromise  (ibid.,  1909,  151) ; 
N.  D.  Harris,  Negro  Servitude  in  Illinois,  chs.  i-v;  John  Taylor,  Con 
struction  Construed,  §  15 ;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  collo- 


386  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§198 

quy  15;  J-  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §§  1318-1321,  1917;  H.  A. 
Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  chs.  xi-xiii ;  Wm.  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writ 
ings,  11-124;  J.  H.  T.  McPherson,  Liberia;  state  histories  of  Maine  and 
Missouri  (see  §  37). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Annals  of  Congress,  XXXVI,  XXXVII ;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment,  VI;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States, 
III.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  III ;  Annals  of  Congress, 
XXXVI,  XXXVII,  Apps. ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II, 
63-65,  95.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS  :  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select 
Documents,  Nos.  26,  34-41;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  193-213; 
Niks'  Weekly  Register;  American  Convention,  Minutes;  American 
Colonization  Society,  Reports.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  V,  VI,  XII  (see  index) ;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I,  chs.  x, 
xiii;  T.  Jefferson,  Writings  (Washington  ed.),  VII,  (Ford  ed.),  IX,  151- 
192;  J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  Ill,  121-239,  (Hunt  ed.), 
VIII,  425,  439,  IX,  1-26;  C.  R.  King,  Rufits  King,  VI,  ch.  xv,  App.  iv; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  135,  136;  Alex.  Johnston,  American 
Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  II,  33  (King),  63  (Pinkney). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),§  1917;  J.  Winsor, 
America,  VII,  325 ;  A.  D.  Adams,  Neglected  Period  of  Anti-Slavery,  App. 
D ;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  344,  345 ;  New  York  City  Public  Library, 
Bulletin,  VI,  265-269  (Colonization  Soc.) ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  38 
(lects.  31,  32). 

§  198.  The  Monroe  Doctrine 

Summary.  —  The  Spanish  colonies:  previous  status  (§§  171, 
181,  196);  1806,  Miranda;  1806,  British  attack  on  La  Plata; 
1809,  first  revolts;  1814,  Bourbons  restored;  1817,  San  Martin 
crosses  the  Andes ;  1818,  second  series  of  revolts ;  Clay's  interest; 
commercial  interest;  1822,  American  recognition.  —  "European 
system":  tradition  of  noninterference  in  Europe  by  the  United 
States;  1815,  Holy  Alliance;  1818,  Congress  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  ; 
1822,  Nov.,  Congress  of  Verona.  —  "Intervention":  1820,  Bour 
bons  in  Naples;  1821,  revolt  of  Greece;  1823,  French  in  Spain; 
Spain  asks  for  aid  against  the  colonies ;  Oct.  16,  Russian  dispatch 
on  political  system  ;  1823,  Spain  asks  for  a  congress;  Aug.,  Sept., 
Canning's  proposition  for  a  joint  declaration;  Oct.  9,  pacific 
declaration  of  Polignac.  —  "Colonization":  1790,  Nootka  Sound 
convention  (§171);  1821,  Russia's  ukase  on  the  Northwest  coast 
and  sea;  1823,  July  17,  J.  Q.  Adams's  protest.  —  Preparation  of  a 
message :  Adams  and  Monroe ;  cabinet  discussion ;  effect  of  previous 


§198]  THE    MONROE   DOCTRINE  387 

recognition.  — 1823,  Dec.  2,  Monroe's  message:  new  states; 
recognition ;  status ;  ambition  of  France ;  colonization ;  interven 
tion  ;  political  system.  —  Effects  on  Europe :  intervention  aban 
doned  ;  European  recognition ;  1824,  April  17,  American  boundary 
treaty  with  Russia;  1825,  Feb.  28,  English  boundary  treaty  with 
Russia.  —  Later  applications :  1826,  Panama  Congress  (§  199) ; 
1845,  Oregon  (§  217);  1850,  the  Isthmus  (§  224);  1854,  Cuba 
(§  224) ;  1865,  Mexico  (§§  238,  244) ;  1881,  Peru  (§  244) ;  1895, 
Venezuela  (§  263) ;  1903,  the  Canal  (§  267) ;  collection  of  debts 
(§  267). 

General.  —  D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe,  ch.  vii ;  J.  Schouler,  His 
tory,  III,  277-293;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  ch.  xli;  F.  J.  Turner, 
New  West,  ch.  xii;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XVIII,  738;  J. 
Winsor,  America,  VII,  ch.  vii,  VIII,  ch.  v  (Spanish  colonies) ;  Theo. 
Lyman,  Diplomacy,  II,  chs.  ix-xiv ;  F.  L.  Paxson,  Independence  of  South 
American  Republics ;  A.  C.  Coolidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power, 
ch.  v;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  438-451;  J.  B. 
Moore,  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  vi ;  R.  H.  Dana,  Wheaton's  International 
Law,  notes  to  §§  67,  76;  F.  Wharton,  Commentaries,  §§  174,  175. 

Special.  —  G.  F.  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine,  chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  B.  Henderson, 
Jr.,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  289-342;  W.  F.  Reddaway,  Monroe 
Doctrine;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  United  States  and  Spain,  I,  chs.  viii-x;  J.  H. 
Latane,  United  States  and  Spanish  America,  9-103;  W.  S.  Robertson, 
Francisco  de  Miranda  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  I,  309),  chs.  viii- 
xiv,  and  Spanish- American  Diplomacy  (Turner  Essay s ,  231) ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Foundations  of  Foreign  Policy,  ch.  vii,  and  Monroe  Doctrine  (U.  S.  Naval 
Institute,  Proceedings,  XXXII,  753) ;  J.  B.  McMaster,  With  the  Fathers, 
1-54;  J.  C.  Hildt,  United  States  and  Russia,  chs.  vii,  ix;  H.  W.  V. 
Temperley,  George  Canning,  chs.  viii-x,  and  Latin  American  Policy  of 
Canning  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XI,  779) ;  Inter  oceanic  Canal  and.  the  Mon 
roe  Doctrine.  —  MAPS  :  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  286 
(Latin-Am,  states) ;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  208  (Russian  claims). 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  American  State  Papers,  Foreign, 
IV,  V;  Annals  of  Congress,  XXXII,  XXXIX,  Apps. ;  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages  and  Papers,  II,  13,  14,  43,  44,  58,  59,  77,  88,  89,  105,  116-118, 
192,  193,  209,  217-219,  260;  W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and 
Agreements.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS:  American  History  Leaflets, 
No.  4  ;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  28-36,  61 ;  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  43;  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  XIV- 
XXV;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  142,  145-147;  Mabel  Hill, 


388  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§199 

Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xx.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  IV-VI  (see  index);  J.  Monroe,  Writings,  VI,  31,  92-102,  151, 
207-215, 304-444;  C.  R.  King,  Rufus  King,  IV,  ch.  xxxii,  App.,  577-586 ; 
W.  C.  Ford  /.  Q.  Adams  and  Monroe  Doctrine  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VII, 
676,  VIII,  28,  and  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  26.  ser.,  XV,  373) ; 
Rich.  Rush,  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London;  D.  Webster,  Works,  III; 
[Palacio],  Outline  of  the  Revolution  in  Spanish  America. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe  (rev.  ed.),  277-294; 
Dana's  Wheaton,  note  36;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  351 ;  W.  S.  Robert 
son,  Miranda,  491-511 ;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  524,  525 ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Manual,  §  38  (lects.  30,  33),  77,  78,  145,  182,  183;  F.  L.  Paxson,  Inde 
pendence,  253-264;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  References  on  Recognition. 

§  199.  Administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams 

Summary.  —  Previous  personal  history  (§§  186,  191,  196,  198). 

—  1824:    Presidential  election:    candidates;   personal  folio  wings; 
no  electoral  choice.  —  Election  of  1825  :  Feb.  9,  Adams  chosen  by 
the  House  over  Jackson;    charges  of    a  "corrupt   bargain." 
Adams's   presidency:    personal  character;    cabinet;    civil  service 
opposition  in  Congress ;  Jackson's  opposition.  —  Panama  Congress 
(§  198):    1825,  invitation;    1825,  Dec.  26,  special  envoys  nomi 
nated;    1826,  opposition  in  the  House;   June,  the  Congress  fails. 

—  Internal  improvements :    previous  attempts  (§  194) ;    Adams's 
policy;    1824,  April  30,  survey  act;    1825,  subscription  to  canal 
stock ;  extension  of  Cumberland  Road  (§  194) ;  harbors ;  later  devel 
opments  (§  191).  —  Indian  question:  previous  status  (§§  181,  191, 
193);   1821-1825,  policy  and  cessions;   1825,  Feb.  12,  fraudulent 
treaty  of  Indian  Springs ;   July,  conflict  of  authority  between  the 
United  States  and  Georgia;    1826,  Jan.  24,  new  Indian  treaty; 
1827,  Georgia  defies  the  United  States;  Adams  obliged  to  yield; 
1829,  Jackson   sides  with   Georgia   (§    208).  —  Tariff:    previous 
status  (§  194) ;    1824,  May  22,  revised  act;    1827,  Jan.,  Mallary's 
woolens  bill;   July  30,  Harrisburg   convention;    1828,  tariff  bill; 
southern   opposition;    "tariff  of   abominations";    May   20,   act 
passes.  —  Foreign  policy :   commercial  treaties ;   controversy  over 
West  Indian  trade ;   1824,  March  13,  draft  slave-trade  convention ; 
spoliation  claims;  boundaries  (§  217). 

General.— J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  chs.  xlii,  xliv,  xlvi,  li,  Hi,  and 
Daniel  Webster,  112-151 ;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  chs.  xiv-xix;  H.  von 


§199]  JOHN    QUINCY    ADAMS  389 

Hoist,  History,  I,  421-458,  II,  i-io,  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  ch.  iii ;  J. 
Schoulcr,  History,  III,  293-450;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  I,  411-425, 
and  Men  who  Made  the  Nation,  ch.  viii;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American 
People,  III,  266-291 ;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xviii; 
J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III,  chs.  i-viii ;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian 
Epoch,  88-1 13  ;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  ix-xi ;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry 
Clay,  chs.  vi,  vii ;  D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  1 28-154 ;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 
Webster,  129-171,  (rev.  ed.)  125-166;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson, 
chs.  iv,  v;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  164-225,  (rev.  ed.) 
163-224;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  ch.  iii. 

Special.  —  BIOGRAPHIES  :  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams,  ch. 
vii ;  W.  H.  Seward,  John  Quincy  Adams,  chs.  vii-x ;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel 
Webster,  I,  chs.  x-xiv,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  ii-v;  C.  H.  Hunt, 
Edward  Livingston,  ch.  xiv ;  H.  A.  Garland,  John  Randolph,  II,  chs.  xxvii, 
xxix.  —  EXECUTIVE  :  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  xi ;  J.  A.  Woodburn, 
Political  Parties,  ch.  iii ;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  70-78.  — 
FOKEIGN  RELATIONS  :  G.  F.  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine,  ch.  iii ;  F.  E.  Chad- 
wick,  United  States  and  Spain,  I,  ch.  xi;  J.  B.  Henderson,  Jr.,  American 
Diplomatic  Questions,  342-359 ;  Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics, 
294-312.  —  ECONOMIC  QUESTIONS:  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History, 
§§  78,  79;  G.  W.  Ward,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  Project;  F.  W. 
Taussig,  Tariff  History,  68-108 ;  C.  W  Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the 
Tariff,  ch.  iii ;  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  I,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  Ed. 
Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  xli-lxviii. — INDIANS  :  U.  B.  Phillips 
Georgia  and  State  Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II),  39-73; 
Annie  H.  Abel,  Indian  Consolidation  (ibid.,  1906, 1),  chs.  v-vii.  —  MAPS  : 
F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  232  (vote  on  survey  bill),  242  (vote  on  tariff), 
260  (presidential  election). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  :  Register  of  Debates,  I-V ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridg 
ment,  VIII,  IX.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  IV;  Ameri 
can  State  Papers,  especially  Foreign,  VI  (Panama),  Finance,  V  (tariff  of 
1828),  Indian,  II;  Register  of  Debates,  I-V,  Apps. ;  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages  and  Papers,  II,  216,  234-237,  255,  256,  280-283,  292-431; 
W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF 
DOCUMENTS  :  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  113-152  ;  International  Ameri 
can  Conference  (1890),  Report  of  Committees,  IV,  19-201  (Panama); 
N iles'  Weekly  Register,  XXV-XXXV.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VI,  VII ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I, 
chs.  xvii-xxxvii;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I,  chs.  xiv-xviii,  IV,  chs. 
iii-v;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Correspondence,  202-268;  Jas.  Buchanan,  Works, 
I,  217-220,  237,  260-271;  H.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin,  586-634;  F.  W. 
Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  252-385  (Clay  and  Web- 


390  REORGANIZATION,  1815-1829  [§199 

ster) ;  E.  B.  Williston,  Eloquence  of  the  United  States,  IV ;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne, 
Letters  of  Daniel  Webster,  89-141 ;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I;  A.  Gal- 
latin,  Writings,  II ;  D.  Webster,  Works,  III,  and  Private  Correspondence,  1 
345-457.  —  REMINISCENCES:  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,' I, 
chs.  i-v;  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  188-301;  Gaillard  Hunt, 
Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society,  162-213,  238-281;  Basil  Hall,  Travels. 
Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  346-348,  503,  525;  F.  J. 
Turner,  New  West,  ch.  xx ;  H.  Ames,  State  Documents,  113-131  passim; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  §  130,  and  Manual,  §  39  (lect.  36), 
78  (lect.  50). 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

JACKSON'S  ADMINISTRATION,    1829-1837 
§  200.  Development  of  American  Society,  1820-1860 

Summary.  —  People :  population  at  each  census ;  westward 
and  interstate  movement,  lines  of  transportation;  immigration, 
amount,  causes,  races,  social  condition,  distribution,  crime;  dis 
tribution"  of  population,  rural,  old  states,  frontier  (§  193),  villages, 
towns,  county  seats,  railroad  towns;  cities,  development,  new 
centers,  government  (§  203),  conveniences  and  safety  (§  203). 

—  Intellectual  organization :  learned  societies ;  historical  societies ; 
national  scientific  institutions;    lyceums;    libraries;    publishing 
houses.  —  Education :    public,   common  schools,   Horace   Mann, 
high  schools,  normals,  state  universities,  land  grants;    private 
schools  and  academies;    endowed  colleges  and  universities;    pro 
fessional  and  technical  schools ;  beginning  of  coeducation.  —  Liter 
ature  :  New  England  school ;  New  York  school ;  Southern  writers ; 
Western  writers ;  historians,  novelists,  essayists,  poets ;  periodicals, 
literary,  commercial    and    political;    newspapers,   metropolitan, 
editors,  price,  telegraph,  country  papers,  postal  facilities  (§  201). 

—  Social  life :    foreign  observers,   American   critics ;    prosperity 
and  expansion ;   immigration  and  democracy ;   culture ;   fashions ; 
societies,  benevolent,  social,  secret  orders ;  amusements,  art,  music, 
theater,  out-of-door  life,  watering  places ;  health,  life  insurance.  — 
Religion:    sects;    national  organization;    Unitarian  movement; 
Catholics;    immigrant  sects;    split  on  slavery;    church  building; 
church  music ;    pulpit   oratory ;    revivals ;    status  of   clergy.  — 
Charity  and  reform  :  intemperance,  Maine  law ;  dueling ;  women's 
rights ;      philanthropic    movement ;      organizations  ;      hospitals ; 
imprisonment  for  debt ;   care  of  insane  and  defectives,  Dorothea 
Dix ;  public  charity ;  punishment,  solitary  and  industrial  systems ; 
reform  schools.  —  Slavery  (§  209). — Later  development   (§§  239, 
250,  258). 

(390 


392          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§200 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  IV,  552-555,  V,  chs.  xlvii- 
xlix,  VI,  79-101,  421-429,  VII,  73-99,  134-162,  185-208,  221-227; 
H.  Adams,  History,  IV,  chs.  viii-x;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  16-31, 
40,  106-110;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  ch.  i;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  chs.  i,  ii,  and  National  Ideals,  chs.  iii, 
x-xii;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  263-279;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  I,  393-39?,  H,  1-14,  26>  l8l>  234-236,  and  Expansion, 
290-309,  402-428;  J.  Schouler,  History,  III,  ch.  xiii,  §  ii;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  III,  59-113;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation, 
V,  595-655,  VII,  chs.  i,  xiii,  xiv,  xx-xxii,  VIII,  pp.  xi-xlvii,  X,  pt. 
ii,  ch.  ii ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  i-iii ;  J.  T. 
Morse,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  i-iii;  J.  Bryce,  Predictions  of 
Hamilton  and  De  Tocqueville.  —  HISTORIES  or  CITIES  (§  37) :  especially, 
J.  Winsor,  Boston,  III,  IV ;  J.  G.  Wilson,  New  York,  III,  IV;  Scharf 
and  Westcott,  Philadelphia,  I,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv,  II,  III;  C.  T.  Greve, 
Cincinnati,  I,  chs.  xxx-xxxv,  xxxvii-xlii;  A.  T.  Andreas,  Chicago,  I; 
J.  T.  Scharf,  St.  Louis.  —  STATE  HISTORIES  (§  37):  especially,  E.  H. 
Roberts,  New  York,  II,  chs.  xxxi,  xxxiv;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan, 
chs.  xii,  xvi. 

Special. — PEOPLE  (§§  161,  258)  :  Census  Bureau,  Century  of  Popula 
tion  Growth;  H.  Gannett,  Building  of  a  Nation,  51-77;  A.  F.  Weber, 
Growth  of  Cities,  20-40;  J.  R.  Commons,  Races  and  Immigrants, 
63-68;  J.  P.  Sanderson,  Republican  Landmarks,  chs.  ii-x;  A.  B. 
Faust,  German  Element,  I,  435-511;  J.  F.  Maguire,  7mA  in  America, 
chs.  x-xxiv;  Stephen  Byrne,  7mA  Emigration;  R.  B.  Anderson, 
Norwegian  Immigration,  1821-1840;  G.  T.  Flom,  Norwegian  Immi 
gration  to  1848;  W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  chs.  i,  iii,  xi,  xv. 

INTELLECTUAL  ORGANIZATION:  G.  B.  Goode,  Smithsonian  Institu 
tion,  and  National  Scientific  and  Educational  Institutions  (Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1889,  53,  and  Papers,  IV,  95);  Carnegie  Insti 
tution,  Handbook  of  Learned  Societies;  C.  M.  Blackford,  Smithso 
nian  Institution  (N.  Am.  Review,  CLXXXIX,  93,  also  in  Senate 
Docs.,  60  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  717);  F.  W.  True,  United  States  National 
Museum  (U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Report,  1896,  287);  Harriet  K.  Smith, 
Lowell  Institute;  Edward  Edwards,  Free  Town  Libraries,  bk.  iii, 
chs.  i-v;  Bureau  of  Education,  Public  Libraries,  I,  especially 
ch.  xxxviii;  A.  A.  Wright,  Who's  Who  in  the  Lyceum,  15-28;  Con 
cord  Lyceum,  Proceedings  of  the  Fiftieth  Anniversary. 

EDUCATIONAL  PROGRESS:  R.  G.  Boone,  Education  in  the  United 
States,  pt.  iii;  F.  T.  Carlton,  Economic  Influences  upon  Educa 
tional  Progress;  E.  E.  Brown,  Making  of  our  Middle  Schools,  chs.  xi- 
xv;  G.  H.  Martin,  Massachusetts  Public  School  System,  lects. 


§200]       DEVELOPMENT   OF   AMERICAN    SOCIETY       393 

iii-v;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  ch.  ix;  H.  B.  Adams, 
ed.,  Contributions  to  American  Educational  History  (monographs  on 
education  or  higher  education  in  twenty-eight  of  the  states);  A.  D. 
Mayo,  Common  Schools  (1830-1860:  in  Commissioner  of  Education, 
Reports,  1895-1901  passim)  ;  Mary  L.  Hinsdale,  Legislative  His 
tory  of  Public  School  System  in  Ohio  (ibid.,  1900-1901,  I,  ch.  ii); 
S.  B.  Weeks,  Beginning  of  Common  Schools  System  in  the  South 
(ibid.,  1896-1897,  II,  ch.  xxix)  ;  F.  H.  Swift,  Public  Permanent 
Common  School  Funds. —  PHASES  OF  EDUCATION:  M.  A.  Newell, 
Normal  Schools  (Commissioner  of  Education,  Reports,  1898- 
1899,  II,  ch.  xlviii);  G.  W.  A.  Luckey,  Professional  Training  of 
Secondary  Teachers,  ch.  ii;  J.  P.  Gordy,  Rise  and  Growth  of  the 
Normal  School  Idea;  C.  F.  Thwing,  Higher  Education,  chs.  x-xv; 
E.  E.  Brown,  Origin  of  State  Universities;  L.  F.  Snow,  College  Curricu 
lum,  chs.  iv,  v;  H.  D.  Sheldon,  Student  Life  and  Customs,  ch.  iv; 
J.  A.  Burns,  Catholic  School  System,  chs.  vii-ix;  Jos.  Schafer,  Land 
Grants  for  Education;  G.  W.  Knight,  Land  Grants  for  Education  in 
Northwest  Territory  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  I,  79);  F.  W.  Black- 
mar,  Federal  and  State  Aid  to  Higher  Education.  —  EDUCATIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS  AND  LEADERS:  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Horace  Mann;  Ezra 
Brainerd,  Emma  Willard;  L.  W.  Spring,  Mark  Hopkins ;  W.  S. 
Monroe,  Henry  Barnard;  •  Cornelius  Van  Santvoord,  Eliphalet  Nott; 
J.  O.  Murray,  Francis  Wayland;  Beth  B.  Gilchrist,  Mary  Lyon; 
Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  A.  P.  Peabody, 
Harvard  Reminiscences,  and  Harvard  Graduates;  histories  of  col 
leges,  especially  G.  G.  Bush,  Higher  Education  in  Massachusetts 
(Harvard);  B.  C.  Steiner,  Higher  Education  in  Connecticut  (Yale); 
Calvin  Durfee,  Williams  College,  chs.  x-xv;  J.  S.  Patton,  Je/erson 
and  University  of  Virginia;  J.  H.  Fairchild,  Oberlin;  Andrew  Ten 
Brook,  American  State  Universities  (Michigan),  chs.  iv-xi;  T.  F. 
Harrington,  Harvard  Medical  School,  chs.  xvii-xxvii;  Jos.  Carson, 
Medical  Department  of  University  of  Pennsylvania,  chs.  xii-xvii; 
Chas.  Warren,  Harvard  Law  School,  chs.  xv-xl. 

LITERATURE:  Barrett  Wendell,  Literary  History  of  America, 
bks.  iii-v;  C.  F.  Richardson,  American  Literature,  I,  211-528,  IT, 
rhs.  ii-xi;  W.  P.  Trent,  American  Literature,  pts.  iii,  iv;  John 
Nichol,  American  Literature,  chs.  iv-x;  E.  C.  Stedman,  Poets  of 
America;  M.  A.  D.  W.  Howe,  American  Bookmen;  W.  B.  Cairns, 
A  merican  Literature  from  1815  to  1833  (periodicals) ;  Semi-  Centenary 
of  the  North  American  Review  (N.  Am.  Revieiv,  C,  315);  Fifty  Years 
of  Harper's  Magazine  (Harper's,  C,  947);  A.  H.  Smyth,  Philadel 
phia  Magazines,  86-239;  E.  R.  Rogers,  Four  Southern  Magazines; 


394         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837       [§200 

B.  B.  Minor,  Southern  Literary  Messenger;    W.  H.  Venable,  Early 
Periodical  Literature  of  Ohio    Valley  (also  in  Mag.  of  Western  Hist., 
VIII,  IX  passim) ;  H.  E.  Fleming,  Magazines  oj  a  Market  Metropolis 
(Chitago),  ch.  i;    S.  N.  D.  North,    History  of  the    Newspaper  and 
Periodical  Press  (Tenth  Census,  VIII);  Frederic  Hudson,  Journalism; 

C.  H.    Levermore,    Rise   of   Metropolitan   Journalism     (Am.    Hist. 
Review,  VI,  446).  —  Biographies  of  Washington  Irving,  J.  F.  Cooper, 
W.  C.  Bryant,  E.  A.  Poe,  R.  W.  Emerson,  H.  W.  Longfellow,  J.  G. 
Whittier,   Margaret   Fuller,   O.   W.   Holmes,   J.   R.   Lowell,   H.   D. 
Thoreau,  Geo.  Ticknor,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  Bayard  Taylor,  W. 
G.  Simms,  G.  Bancroft,  W.  H.  Prescott,  Jared  Sparks,  J.  L.  Motley, 
Francis   Parkman;     W.   A.   Linn,    Horace   Greeley,   chs.   i-vii;   Jas. 
Parton,  Horace  Greeley  (1872  ed.),  chs.  i-xxvi;   Augustus  Maverick, 
Henry  J.  Raymond,  chs.  iii-xvi;    J.  H.  Wilson,   Charles  A.  Dana, 
chs.  iv,  vi-x;   G.  S.  Merriam,  Samuel  Bowles,  chs.  iv-xxv;  J.  C.  Pray, 
James  Gordon  Bennett. 

RELIGIOUS  MOVEMENT  :  American  Church  History  Series;  G.  W. 
Cooke,  Unitarianism  in  America,  chs.  v-vii;  J.  G.  Shea,  Catholic 
Church,  III,  IV;  J.  H.  Trumbull,  Historical  Notes  (overthrow  of 
establishment  in  Conn.);  S.  J.  Baird,  New  School;  W.  H.  Channing, 
William  Ellery  Channing;  H.  A.  Brann,  John  Hughes;  G.  F.  Wright, 
Charles  Grandison  Finney;  M.  A.  D.  W.  Howe,  Alonzo  Potter; 
Lyman  Abbott,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  chs.  i-vi;  Heralds  of  a  Liberal 
Faith,  II;  D.  L.  Leonard,  Missionary  Annals ;  E.  M.  Bliss,  Missions. 

SOCIAL  LIFE:  H.  T.  Tuckerman,  America  and  her  Commentators; 
J.  G.  Brooks,  As  Others  See  Us;  Samuel  Isham,  American  Painting, 
chs.  vi-xv ;  Lorado  Taft,  American  Sculpture,  chs.  i-xi ;  L.  C.  Elson, 
American  Music;  J.  N.  Ireland,  Records  of  the  New  York  Stage; 
Lawrence  Barrett,  Edwin  Forrest;  A.  B.  Clarke,  Elder  and  Younger 
Booth;  Wm.  Winter,  The  Jc/ersons;  Clara  E.  Clement,  Charlotte 
Cushman;  Auguste  Carlier,  Marriage  in  the  United  States;  S.  W. 
Abbott,  Public  Hygiene,  passim;  W.  S.  Nichols,  Insurance  Blue 
Book,  Centennial  Issue,  chs.  iii,  viii,  ix. 

CHARITY  AND  REFORM  :  A.  F.  Fehlandt,  Century  of  Drink  Reform, 
chs.  i-iii ;  J.  G.  Wooley  and  W.  E.  Johnson,  Temperance  Progress, 
chs.  iv-viii ;  D.  E.  Clark,  Liquor  Legislation  in  Iowa  (Iowa  Jour,  of 
Hist,  and  Politics,  V,  193,  VI,  551) ;  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Woman 
Suffrage,  I;  F.  B.  Sanborn,  Public  Charities  of  Massachusetts  during 
the  Century;  John  "Cummings,  Poor  Laws  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
York,  34-52,  91-113;  E.  W.  Capen,  Poor  Laws  of  Connecticut, 
chs.  iii,  iv ;  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  .Reports 
(indexed  to  1908  by  a  special  Guide}  ;  W.  W.  Barr,  Mental  Defectives, 


§200]       DEVELOPMENT   OF   AMERICAN   SOCIETY       395 

61-71;  Holmer  Folks,  Care  of  Destitute  Children,  chs.'ii,  iii;  N.  I. 
Bowditch,  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  (ed.  1872);  T.  G.  Morton, 
Pennsylvania  Hospital;  D.  H.  Agnew,  Philadelphia  Almshouse  and 
Philadelphia  Hospital;  Morrill  Wyman,  McLean  Asylum  for  the 
Insane  (also  in  Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal,  Dec.  12,  1877); 
E.  E.  Allen,  Education  of  Defectives  (N.  M.  Butler,  Education  in 
U.  S.,  No.  15);  E.  A.  Fay,  American  Schools  for  the  Deaf;  E.  C. 
Wines,  State  of  Prisons  and  of  Child  Saving  Institutions,  22-27,  80, 
81;  F.  H.  Wines,  Punishment  and  Reformation,  141-161;  David 
Dyer,  Albany  Penitentiary;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III, 
ch.  xxxi;  E.  M.  Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins  Gallaudet;  Maud  Howe, 
Laura  Bridgman;  Francis  Tiffany,  Dorothea  Lynde  Dix ;  Lewis 
Tappan,  Arthur  Tap  pan,  chs.  v-viii. 

MAPS:  Twelfth  Census,  Statistical  Atlas,  plates  5-9,  14,  J6-23, 
42,  57-59;  American  Nation,  XIV- XIX  passim;  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  passim. 

Sources.  —  GENERAL:  Contemporary  newspapers  and  periodicals 
(§§  40,  41),  especially  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  North  American  Re 
view,  National  Intelligencer,  and  New  York  Tribune.  Travels  (§  38), 
especially  those  of  Ampere,  Bremer,  Buckingham,  Chambers,  Che 
valier,  Cooper,  Dickens,  Finch,  Basil  Hall,  Kemble,  Lyell,  Martineau, 
Murat,  Stuart,  Mrs.  Trollope.  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in 
America;  Hugh  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures,  chs.  i-xiii.  State  and 
city  documents  (§  43)  to  be  reached  in  the  case  of  states  through  A. 
R.  Hasse,  Index,  and  R.  R.  Bowker,  State  Publications  (§  24). 

PEOPLE:  Census  (1820-1860);  Friedrich  Kapp,  Immigration  and 
the  Commissioners  of  Emigration  (1870);  Jesse  Chickering,  Immigra 
tion  into  the  United  States  (1848);  E.  E.  Hale,  Letters  on  Irish 
Emigration  (1852);  Franz  von  Loher,  Geschichte  und  Zustdnde  der 
Deutschen  in  Amerika  (1855);  German  Emigration  (N.  Am.  Review, 
LXXXII,  248);  annual  reports  on  immigration  (1820-1860,  in 
Congressional  Documents};  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  33  Cong.,  i  sess., 
Nos.  58,  73;  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  26;  Statutes  at  Large,  III,  488,  IX, 
220,  X,  715;  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Arrivals  of  Alien  Passengers  and 
Immigrants,  1820-1892;  Wm.  Cobbett,  Emigrant's  Guide  (1829); 
Annual  Reports  of  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration  of  New  York 
from  1847  to  1860;  W.  J.  Bromwell,  History  of  Immigration  (1856). 

INTELLECTUAL  ORGANIZATION:  W.  J.  Rhees,  Smithsonian  Insti 
tution,  Documents,  I,  5-627;  National  Institute  (Hunt's  Mer 
chants'  Mag.,  XXXV,  531);  E.  P.  Peabody,  Public  Benefactions, 
Policy  of  State  Endowments  (ibid.,  XXXVI,  659);  C.  C.  Jewett, 
Notices  of  Public  Libraries  (also  in  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  31  Cong., 


396         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§200 

1  sess.,  No.  120);   Carl  Schurz,  Reminiscences,  II,  157-159  (lyceums); 
Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  139  (lyceums).    Publications  of  historical  and 
other  societies  can  be  reached  through  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Bibliography 
of  Historical  Societies   (§  24),  and  Carnegie  Institution,    Handbook; 
reports   on    public   libraries   in   publications   of    city   governments 

(§  43). 

EDUCATION:  Horace  Mann,  Life  and  Works  (extracts  in  Old  South 
Leaflets,  Nos.  109,  144);  C.  S.  Randall,  Common  School  System  of 
New  York  (1851);  Noah  Porter,  American  Colleges  and  the  Ameri 
can  Public;  Quarterly  Register  of  the  American  Educational  Society 
(1827-1843);  American  Journal  of  Education  (Barnard's,  1855- 
1860;  a  general  index  has  been  issued);  Henry  Barnard,  Normal 
Schools;  Francis  Lieber,  Life  and  Letters,  chs.  vi-xii;  reports  on 
public  schools  and  state  universities,  in  state  and  local  documents 
(§  43).  For  federal  grants  for  education  see  Cong.  Docs.,  15  Cong., 

2  sess.,  No.  97;  Sen.  Docs.,  16  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  85;  22  Cong.,  i  sess., 
No.  142;  House  Reports,  21  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  312;  35  Cong.,  i  sess.j 
No.  261;     House  Exec.  Docs.,  25  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  136;  33  Cong., 
i  sess.,  No.  52;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  30  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  18;  American 
State  Papers,  Public  Lands;  Statutes  at  Large,  acts  admitting  states 
and  forming  territories. 

LITERATURE:  Passages  from  the  Correspondence  of  Rufus  W. 
Griswold;  S.  G.  Goodrich,  Recollections,  II,  letters  xlv-liv;  O.  W. 
Holmes,  The  New  Portfolio  (Atlantic,  LV,  105);  Horace  Greeley, 
Recollections,  chs.  xi,  xii,  xvi-xviii,  xxxi;  Stedman  and  Hutchinson, 
Library  of  American  Literature,  V-VIII;  writings,  letters,  and  diaries 
of  authors  named  under  "  Special." 

SOCIAL  LIFE:  G.  W.  Curtis,  Editor's  Easy  Chair  (Harper's 
Mag.,  Ill- XXI),  and  Lotus  Eating,  and  Potiphar  Papers;  C.  A. 
Bristed,  Upper  Ten  Thousand;  N.  P.  Willis,  Hurry-Graphs;  A.  B. 
Longstreet,  Georgia  Scenes;  J.  G.  Baldwin,  Flush  Times  in  Alabama; 
W.  H.  Venable,  A  Buckeye  Boyhood;  E.  D.  Mansfield,  Personal 
Memories;  W.  D.  Ho  wells,  A  Boy's  Town;  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of 
the  Past;  Lucy  Larcom,  New  England  Girlhood;  G.  F.  Hoar,  A  Boy 
Sixty  Years  Ago,  and  Autobiography,  I,  chs.  iv,  vi,  vii;  Lucian 
Minor,  Virginian  in  New  England  (Atlantic,  XXVI,  162,  333,  482, 
739,  XXVII,  673);  John  Trumbull,  Autobiography,  chs.  xix-xxi; 
Jos.  Jefferson,  Autobiography,  chs.  i-viii;  Godey's  Lady's  Book; 
T.  R.  Jencks,  Life  Insurance  (Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  VIII,  109, 
227);  A.  B.  Johnson,  Life  Insurance  and  Savings  Banks  (ibid., 
XXV,  670). 

RELIGIOUS   MOVEMENT;     Life   and    Letters   of    Horace    Bushnell; 


§200]       DEVELOPMENT   OF   AMERICAN   SOCIETY       397 

W.  E.  Channing,  Works;  Lyman  Beecher,  Autobiography;  C.  G. 
Finney,  Memoirs;  Peter  Cartwright,  Autobiography;  Levi  Wood- 
bury,  Writings,  I,  486-490,  495~5°6  (rights  of  Catholics) ;  Documents 
relating  to  the  Ursuline  Convent;  Mrs.  L.  G.  Whitney,  Burning  of 
the  -Convent;  J.  H.  Lee,  American  Party  (anti-Catholic  riots  in 
Philadelphia);  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  Reports  (1827- 
);  American  Board  for  Foreign  Missions,  Annual  Reports 
(1810-  );  Home  Missionary  (1828-  ). 

CHARITY  AND  REFORM:  Neal  Dow,  Maine  Law  (Hunt's  Merchants' 
Mag.,  XXX,  703);  National  Temperance  Convention,  Proceedings, 
state  and  local  conventions;  Documentary  History  of  the  Maine  Law; 
Catharine  E.  Beecher,  True  Remedy  for  Wrongs  of  Woman;  Eliza 
beth  C.  Stanton,  Address  to  the  Legislature  of  New  York  (1854); 
Horace  Bushnell,  Women's,  Suffrage  (opposed);  G.  W.  Curtis, 
Works,  I,  179-213  (favors  suffrage);  National  Woman's  Rights 
Conventions,  Proceedings  (1850-  )  ;  Pliny  Earle,  Bloomingdale 
Asylum  for  the  Insane;  American  Journal  of  Insanity  (1844-  ); 
Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind,  Annual  Reports  (1833-  );  S. 
G.  Howe,  Letters  and  Journals,  II;  C.  G.  Haines,  Report  on  the 
Penitentiary  System  (1821);  E.  C.  Wines  and  T.  W.  Dwight,  Report 
on  Prisons  and  Reformatories  (1867);  Georgiana  B.  Kirby,  Years  of 
Experience,  ch.  x;  Horace  Greeley,  Hints  toward  Reforms,  and 
Recollections,  ch.  xiii,  pp.  571-618;  Joseph  Tucker  man  and  the 
Elevation  of  the  Poor;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  148  (Miss  Dix's 
memorial);  C.  F.  Darnels,,  Imprisonment  for  Debt  (Hunt's  Merchants' 
Mag.,  IV,  538);  state  and  local  reports  (§  43). 

Bibliography.  —  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  334~336,  341-344 ;  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  322,  323;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery 
and  Abolition,  329-334;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  308,  322, 
323;  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  331-357;  Cam 
bridge  Modern  History,  VII,  830-834;  South  in  the  Building  of  the 
Nation,  V,  606,  619,  624,  637;  E.  C.  Lunt,  Key  to  the  Census  (Am. 
Statis.  Assoc.,  Publications,  n.  s.,  I,  63);  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of 
Books  on  Immigration;  Boston  Public  Library,  Bibliography  of 
Higher  Education  of  Women,  and  Supplement  (Bibls.  of  Special 
Subjects,  Nos.  8,  9);  F.  W.  Ashley,  in  H.  B.  Adams,  Public  Libraries, 
239;  E.  E.  Brown,  Middle  Schools,  App.  C.;  W.  S.  Monroe,  Bibli 
ography  of  Education,  12-20;  H.  D.  Sheldon,  Student  Life,  324-351; 
Barrett  Wendell,  Literary  History,  533-554;  Samuel  Isham,  Ameri 
can  Paintings,  565-568;  Lorado  Taft,  American  Sculpture,  539- 
542;  L.  C.  Elson,  American  Music,  366,  367;  American  Church 
History  Series  (one  or  more  bibliographies  in  each  vol.);  E.  M.  Bliss, 


398          JACKSON'S    ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1887        [§201 

Missions,  313-318;    Harvard  University,  Guide  to  Reading  in  Social 
Ethics;   N.  M.  Butler,  Education  (1900  ed.),  II,  811-815  (defectives). 

§  201.  Development  of  Industry  and  Transportation, 

1820-1860 

% 

Summary.  —  Agriculture :  westward  movement,  abandoned 
farms;  methods,  pioneer  (§  193),  rotation  of  crops,  fertilization; 
crops,  wheat,  corn,  hay,  tobacco,  cotton;  hog  products;  stock 
raising,  cattle  drives,  horses,  sheep  and  wool,  improved  breeds ; 
new  products;  vegetables  and  fruits;  farm  machinery,  McCor- 
mick;  influence  of  transportation;  influence  of  farming  class; 
labor  (§  202);  special  Southern  conditions  (§209).  —  Mining: 
coal;  iron  ore,  beginning  of  Lake  Superior  ore;  copper;  lead; 
gold  (§§  216,  222) ;  other  minerals ;  quarries;  beginning  of  petro 
leum  industry ;  methods  of  mining ;  labor  (§  202) ;  improved  ma 
chinery.  —  Lumbering :  supply,  destructive  clearings,  diminution 
in  Northeast,  Great  Lakes  pineries,  Southern  naval  stories,  interior 
hardwood,  Pacific  coast  forests;  demand,  wooden  cities,  prairie 
farmers.  —  Manufacturing  conditions:  earlier  (§§  182,  194); 
effect  of  tariff  (§§  177,  194,  199,  200,  229) ;  factory  system;  fall- 
line  water  power.  —  Fabrics :  cotton  and  woolen ;  local  market 
for  farm  products ;  improvements  in  machinery,  inventions,  dyes ; 
localities,  New  England,  Middle  States,  attempts  in  the  South, 
beginning  in  the  West.  —  Metal  and  machinery:  Pennyslvania 
iron  and  steel;  anthracite,  coke,  and  bituminous  smelting;  Ohio 
plants;  small  Southern  output ;  railroad  supplies,  engines  and  loco 
motives,  rails.  —  Wood  and  lumber:  building  materials,  furniture, 
implements, power  planers.  —  Fisheries:  Canadian  coast  (§§  194), 
224) ;  Grand  Banks ;  Great  Lakes ;  whale.  —  Foreign  commerce : 
extent,  statistics  by  periods ;  character  of  exports  and  imports.  — 
Shipping :  ship-building,  sailing  ships,  clippers ;  trade  with  Orient ; 
Atlantic  ocean  steamers,  liners,  Collins ;  Pacific  steamers ;  subsidy; 
facilities,  harbors,  safety,  lighthouses,  coast  survey.  —  Coast 
wise  trade:  American  monopoly;  ferries;  packets;  steamers; 
coal  trade;  California;  Isthmian  transit  (§224).  —  Internal 
improvements:  federal  policy  (§§  194,  199,  208,  220);  improve 
ment  of  rivers ;  state  policy  and  results.  —  River  and  lake 
trade:  Great  Lakes;  Mississippi  River  and  tributaries;  river  rafts 


§201]  INDUSTRY   AND    TRANSPORTATION  399 

and  forges;  river  steamboat  life.  —  Canals:  development,  Erie, 
other  Middle  States  systems,  Southern,  Western;  passenger  and 
freight  service;  decay.  —  Roads:  National  (§§  194,  199);  state  and 
local;  corporate  tollroads  and  bridges;  upkeep,  condition  and 
improvements  in  making ;  stage  travel.  —  Rise  of  railroads :  state 
activity  in  internal  improvements;  rivalry  for  western  trade; 
political  significance,  Calhoun's  plans;  1836,  Nashville  conven 
tion;  system  in  1840;  1840-1850,  progress  of  building;  sectional 
rivalry;  eastern  capital  in  western  enterprises;  1845,  Memphis 
convention;  1847,  Chicago  convention;  1850,  map  of  the  railway 
system;  1850-1860,  extension  of  trunk  lines;  transappalachian 
construction ;  Mississippi .  Valley  lines ;  opening  the  prairies ; 
1850,  beginning  of  land  grants;  agitation  for  a  Pacific  railway 
(§  246) ;  1860,  map  of  transportation  systems.  —  Railroad  service : 
crude  beginnings;  improvements  in  equipment,  rails,  engines, 
coaches ;  use  of  coal ;  heating ;  express  and  sleeping  cars ;  speed ; 
safety ;  variety  of  gauges ;  freight  service ;  rates ;  labor  (§  202) ; 
control ;  influence  on  road,  canal,  and  river  trade ;  and  develop 
ment  of  cities.  —  Transportation  in  cities :  pavements ;  omni 
buses  ;  horse-cars ;  franchises  and  corruption.  —  Movement  of 
intelligence :  postofnce,  development,  legislation  on  routes,  rail 
road  mail,  postage,  newspaper  mail ;  telegraph,  beginning,  devel 
opment,  companies,  monopoly,  first  Atlantic  cable ;  pony  express 
(§  246).  —  Currency  and  banking  (§§  194,  205,  207,  213,  214,  220). 
-Later  development  (§§  245,  246,  248,  253,  259-261,  264,  273). 

General.  — J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  ch.  xliv,  VI,  86-95, 
VII,  99-134;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  3-27;  F.  J.  Turner,  New 
West,  10-16,  31-40,  96-106,  224-228,  288-298;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery 
and  Abolition,  ch.  in,  and  National  Ideals,  ch.  xiii,  xvi;  T.  C.  Smith, 
Parties  and  Slavery,  ch.  v,  pp.  185-189;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States, 
II,  7-10,  70-84,  218-225,  233,  234,  and  Expansion,  chs.  xxi-xxiii; 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  687-696;  South  in  the  Building  of 
the  Nation,  IV,  163-193,  V,  40-592;  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American 
History  and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  246-273,  337-39°;  J°hn 
MacGregor,  Progress  of  America,  II;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic 
History,  §§  143-154,  173-190,  202-211;  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial 
History  (rev.  ed.),  207-268;  C.  M.  Depew,  One  Hundred  Years  of 
American  Commerce;  Eighty  Years'  Progress;  Clive  Day,  History 
of  Commerce,  chs.  xlviii-1;  W.  C.  Webster,  General  History  of 


400          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§201 

Commerce,  355-387;  J.  L.  Ringwalt,  Development  of  Transportation 
Systems,  9-173;  W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial 
Development  in  the  Middle  West,  chs.  v-xiv;  chapters  in  state  his 
tories  (§  37). 

Special.  —  AGRICULTURE:  L.  H.  Bailey,  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Agriculture,  especially  IV,  50-64,  363-409;  W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement 
of  Illinois,  ch.  xiv;  W.  C.  Edgar,  Story  of  a  Grain  of  Wheat,  ch.  vii; 
J.  G.  Thompson,  Wheat  Growing  Industry  in  Wisconsin,  13-56; 

B.  H.  Hibbard,   Agriculture    in   'Dane    County,   Wisconsin;    M.    B. 
Hammond,    Cotton  Industry,   67-119,    243-257;     Meyer  Jacobstein, 
Tobacco  Industry,  ch.  ii;    C.  W.  Wright,  Wool  Growing  and  the  Tariff, 
chs.  iii-v;   D.  E.  Salmon,  Sheep  Industry,  pt.  i;  H.  N.  Casson,  Cyrus 
Hall  McCormick;  G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals. 
—  MINING:    W.  J.  Nicolls,  Story  of  American  Coals,  chs.  iv,  xvii- 

xx,  xxiii;  A.  S.  Hewitt,  Century  of  Mining;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early 
Lead  Mining  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  XIII,  271);  S.  F.  Peck- 
ham,  Petroleum  (Tenth  Census,  X),  5-12;  J.  D.  Weeks,  Coke 
(ibid.},  22-27;  g°ld  mining  (§§  216,  222).  —  LUMBERING:  J.  E. 
.  Defebaugh,  Lumber  Industry,  I,  chs.  xxvi,  xxx,  xxxi,  II  passim; 
W.  F.  Fox,  Lumber  Industry  in  New  York  (Bureau  of  Forestry, 
Bulletin,  No.  34)  ;  L.  D.  Watkins,  Destruction  of  Forests  (Mich. 
Pioneer  and  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  XXVIII,  148);  G.  W.  Hotch- 
kiss,  Lumber  and  Forest  Industry  of  the  Northwest,  passim.  —  MANU 
FACTURING:  J.  L.  Bishop,  American  Manufactures,  II,  256-821; 

C.  D.  Wright,  Industrial  Evolution,  chs.  x,  xi,  and  Factory  System 
(Tenth  Census,  II);  W.  C.  Wyckoff,  Silk  Manufacture  (ibid.},  14-19; 
J.   D.   Weeks,   Manufacture  of    Glass   (ibid.},   77-99;   G.   F.   Swain, 
Water- Power  (ibid.,    XVI),    pp.  xviii-xxvii;    J.   R.  Smith,  Story  of 
Iron  and  Steel,  41-56;    J.  M.  Swank,  Iron  in  all  Ages  (2d  ed.),  chs. 
xvii-xxxvi,  xli-xliv,  xlviii;    Benjamin  Butterworth,  Growth  of  Indus 
trial  Art  (House  Misc.  Docs.,  52  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  30).  —  FISHERIES: 
Raymond  McFarland,    New  England  Fisheries,  chs.  ix,  x;    Lorenzo 
Sabine,   Report  on  the   Principal   Fisheries   (Senate   Exec.   Docs.,  32 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  22),  325-388;    G.  B.  Goode,  Fisheries  and  Fishing 
Industries,    Section    V   passim;     Alex.    Starbuck,  American    Whale 
Fishery,  95-167,  230-580;    W.    S.   Tower,  American  Whale   Fishery, 
chs.  iv-viii. 

FOREIGN  COMMERCE:  N.  S.  Shaler,  United  States,  I,  5-38-558; 
A.  H.  Clark,  Clipper  Ship  Era;  W.  W.  Bates,  American  Marine,  chs. 
vii,  viii,  and  American  Navigation,  chs.  xv-xviii,  xxi ;  W.  L.  Marvin, 
American  Merchant  Marine,  chs.  viii-xiii;  J.  R.  Spears,  American  Mer 
chant  Marine,  chs.  ix,  xi-xv;  W.  P.  Sterns,  Foreign  Trade,  1820  to  1840 


§201]  INDUSTRY    AND   TRANSPORTATION  401 

(Jour.  Polil.  Econ.,  VIII,  34,  452);  Royal  Meeker,  Shipping  Subsi 
dies,  150-157;  G.  H.  Preble,  Steam  Navigation,  32-223;  T.  C. 
Purdy,  Steam  Navigation  (Tenth  Census,  IV),  ch.  i;  Henry  Hall, 
Ship-Building  Industry  (ibid.,  VIII),  1-95,  144-159,  166,  167,  174- 
178,  196,  242-249;  C.  H.  Davis,  United  States  Coast  Survey  (N.  Am. 
Review,  XC,  429);  A.  B.  Johnson,  Modern  Light  House  Service, 
ch.  iii;  A.  C.  Sutcliffe,  Robert  Fulton  and  the  Clermont. 

COASTWISE  AND  INTERNAL  TRADE:  Reports  on  Internal  Commerce 
(House Exec.  Docs.,  49  Cong.,  2  sess.,  XVII,  50  Cong.,  i  sess.,  XX,  51 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  XXIII,  2  sess.,  XXIV)  ;  contain  much  historical 
matter  of  value) ;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Surplus  Revenue,  chs.  vi-xii;  G.  S.  Cal- 
lender,  Early  Transportation  and  Banking  Enterprises  (Quart.  Jour. 
Econ.,  XVII,  112);  A.  B.  Hulbert,  Great  American  Canals;  T.  C. 
Purdy,  Canals  (Tenth  Census,  IV);  E.  H.  Roberts,  New  York,  II, 
ch.  xxx;  David  Hosack,  De  Witt  Clinton,  82-120,  207-504;  N.  E. 
Whitford,  Canal  System  of  New  York;  A.  L.  Bishop,  State  Works  of 
Pennsylvania  (Conn.  Acad.  of  Arts  and  Sci.,  Transactions,  XIII, 
149);  Lois  K.  Mathews,  Erie  Canal  and  Settlement  of  the  West 
(Buffalo  Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  XIV,  187);  C.  P.  McClelland  and 
C.  C.  Huntington,  Ohio  Canals;  G.  W.  Ward,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal  Project;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  110-127, 
174-185,  239-243;  C.  C.  Weaver,  Internal  Improvements  in  North 
Carolina;  W.  E.  Martin,  Internal  Improvements  in  Alabama;  C.  N. 
Morris,  Internal  Improvements  in  Ohio  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers, 
III,  351)  ;  E.  J.  Benton,  W  abash  Trade  Route,  chs.  ii,  iii;  Margaret 
Duden,  Internal  Improvements  in  Indiana  (Ind.  Quart.  Mag.  of 
Hist.,  V,  160);  C.  M.  Thompson,  Administration  of  Thomas  Ford 
(111.  State  Hist.  Library,  Collections,  VII),  chs.  iv,  v;  J.  W.  Putnam, 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  (Jour,  of  Polit.  Econ.,  XVII,  272,  337, 
413);  John  Moses,  Illinois,  chs.  xxvii-xxxiv  passim;  Hannah  E. 
Keith,  Internal  Improvements  in  Michigan  (Mich.  Polit.  Sci.  Assoc., 
Publications,  IV,  No.  i);  T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan,  ch.  xiv;  O.  G. 
Libby,  Lead  and  Shot  Trade  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  XIII,  293); 
Jacob  Van  der  Zee,  Roads  and  Highways  of  Territorial  Iowa  (Iowa 
Jour,  of  Hist,  and  Politics,  III,  175);  D.  L.  Buckman,  Old  Steamboat 
Days  on  the  Hudson  River;  J.  W.  Monette,  Navigation  and  Commerce 
on  the  Mississippi  (Miss.  Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  VII,  479);  J-  C. 
Mills,  Our  Inland  Seas,  chs.  vi-xii;  Charles  Moore,  Saint  Marys 
Falls  Canal,  91-137. 

RAILROADS:  E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Railway  Transportation, 
13-27,  34-49,  215-217,  308-312,  349-353;  H.  S.  Haines,  Problems 
in  Railway  Regulation,  ch.  ii;  H.  V.  Poor,  Sketch  of  Internal  Improve- 


402          JACKSON'S    ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§201 

ments  (Poor's  Railroad  Manual,  1881,  p.  i);  C.  F.  Adams,  Railroads, 
36-79;  A.  E.  Shuman,  Railroads  (Tenth  Census,  IV),  295-374; 
J.  E.  Watkins,  American  Rail  and  Track  (Nat.  Museum,  Report, 
1889),  651-679;  M.  M.  Kirkman,  Motive  Power,  the  Locomotive, 
ch.  i,  and  Building  and  Repairing  Railways,  ch.  i,  and  Cars,  ch.  i; 
History  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  7-57;  W.  B.  Wilson, 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  I,  chs.  i-iii;  Milton  Reizenstein, 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad;  H.  G.  Pearson,  An  American  Railroad 
Builder  (J.  M.  Forbes),  chs.  i-iii;  E.  H.  Mott,  Between  the  Ocean 
and  the  Lakes:  the  Story  of  Erie,  chs.  i-xii,  pp.  295-436;  W.  K. 
Ackerman,  Illinois- Central  Railroad,  5-91,  and  Early  Illinois  Rail 
roads;  F.  A.  Cleveland  and  F.  W.  Powell,  Railroad  Promotion;  L.  H. 
Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways,  I,  bks.  i,  ii,  II,  chs.  i-v; 
J.  B.  Sanborn,  Congressional  Grants  of  Land  in  Aid  of  Railways, 
chs.  i-iv;  B.  H.  Meyer,  Early  Railroad  Legislation  in  Wisconsin 
(Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  XIV,  206);  U.  B.  Phillips,  Transporta 
tion  in  the  Eastern  Cotton  Belt,  and  An  American  State-Owned  Rail 
road  (Yale  Review,  XV,  259),  and  Transportation  in  the  Ante-Bellum 
South  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  XIX,  434);  T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Y. 
Hayne,  114-124,  383-533.  —  TRANSPORTATION  IN  CITIES:  F.  W. 
Speirs,  Street  Railway  System  of  Philadelphia,  ch.  i;  Frank  G. 
Johnson,  Nicholson  Pavement  and  Pavements  Generally  (1867); 
histories  of  cities,  especially  those  listed  in  §  200.  —  TRANSPORTA 
TION  OF  INTELLIGENCE:  History  of  Railway  Mail  Service  (Senate 
Exec.  Docs. ,48  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  40),  5-60,  128-141;  G.  G.  Tunell, 
Railway  Mail  Service  :  an  Historical  Sketch  (also  in  H.  R.  Hatfield, 
Lectures  on  Commerce,  57);  Alex.  Jones,  Electric  Telegraph;  J.  D- 
Reid,  Telegraph  in  America;  S.  I.  Prime,  S.  F.  B.  Morse;  John 
Trowbridge,  Morse;  E.  L.  Morse,  Dot-and-Dash  Alphabet  (Century, 
LXXXIII,  695)  ;  W.  B.  Taylor,  Henry's  Contribution  to  the  Electro- 
Magnetic  Telegraph;  H.  M.  Field,  Atlantic  Telegraph,  chs.  i-xii. 

MAPS:  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  219,  224, 
251  (roads,  canals,  and  railroads);  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  226 
(highways  and  waterways,  1830);  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian 
Democracy,  4  (canals,  1830);  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension, 
4  (trade  routes,  1840-1850);  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  62 
(railroads,  1860);  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  8  (man 
ufactures,  1860). 

Sources.  —  GENERAL:  Valuable  contemporary  articles  on  phases 
of  this  section  are  in  almost  every  number  of  Hunt's  Merchants' 
Magazine,  I-XLIII  (1839-1860);  De  Bow's  Review,  I- XXIX  (1846- 
1860);  De  Bow's  Industrial  Resources;  Niles'  Weekly  Register, 


v 

Jte 


§201]  INDUSTRY   AND   TRANSPORTATION  403 

XVII-LXXVI  (1820-1849);  Hazard's  United  States  Commercial 
and  Statistical  Register  (1839-1842).  State  documents  through 
Bowker's  State  Publications,  and  Basse's  Index  (§  24);  some  of  the 
most  important  documents  are  listed  below.  Gazetteers  (§  35)  of 
the  period  are  useful.  Travels  (§38  and  particularly  §200),  a 
few  additional  titles  below:  Michel  Chevalier,  Society  in  the  United 
States,  letters  vii,  xi,  xii,  xx,  xxi,  xxiii,  xxiv;  F.  J.  Grund,  The  Ameri 
cans,  chs.  viii-x;  G.  T.  Poussin,  United  States,  pt.  ii,  chs.  xviii-xx; 
reprints  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  xxv. 

AGRICULTURE:  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Annual  Reports  (on 
agriculture,  1837-1861;  general  index  by  Dept.  of  Agriculture); 
Eighth  Census  (1860),  Agriculture,  especially  Introd.;  periodicals 
listed  in  G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals,  especially 
American  Agriculturist  (1842-  ,  long  edited  by  Orange  Judd), 
Prairie  Farmer  (1840-  ),  The  Cultivator  (Albany,  1834-  ); 
Jas.  Caird,  Prairie  Farmer  (1859);  J.  H.  Klippart,  Wheat  Plant 
(1859);  Chas.  Fox,  American  Text  Book  of  Agriculture  (1857); 
J.  J.  Thomas,  American  Fruit  Culturist  (c.  1855);  observations  of 
travelers,  especially  Patrick  Shirreff,  Tour  through  North  America 
(1838);  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Notes  on  North  America  (1851).— 
MINING:  Caleb  Gushing,  Anthracite  Coal  Trade  (N.  Am.  Review, 
XLII,  241);  Committee  of  Senate  of  Pennsylvania,  Report  upon  the 
Coal  Trade  (1834);  Foster  and  Whitney,  Report  on  Lake  Superior 
Copper  Lands  (House  Exec.  Docs.,  31  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  69),  chs.  iv, 
vii  (1850);  J.  D.  Whitney,  Metallic  Wealth  of  the  United  States 
(1854);  R.  C.  Taylor,  Statistics  of  Coal  (26.  ed.,  1855);  J.  H.  A. 
Bone,  Petroleum  and  Petroleum  Wells  (1865).  —  MANUFACTURING: 
Eighth  Census,  Manufactures,  especially  Introd.;  Nathan  Appleton, 
Correspondence  with  J.  A.  Lowell,  and  Introduction  of  the  Power 
Loom;  H.  A.  Miles,  Lowell  as  it  was  and  as  it  is  (1845);  C.  E.  Potter, 
Manchester,  ch.  xxiii;  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Annual  Reports 
(1837-  );  patent  laws  in  Statutes  at  Large,  V,  117,  191,  543. 

FOREIGN  COMMERCE:  Commerce  and  Navigation  (annual  reports, 
1821-  );  Coast  Survey,  Annual  Reports  (1834-  );  Chief  of 
Engineers,  Annual  Reports  (1826-  )  in  reports  of  Secretary  of 
War;  Statutes  at  Large,  IV,  570,  V,  640  (coast  survey),  304,  626^ 
X,  6 1  (steamboat  inspection),  119  (lighthouse  board),  597  (life 
saving);  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  49  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  91  (laws  relating 
to  river  and  harbor  improvements);  Report  on  Light  Houses 
(Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  32  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  28:  1851);  Lighthouse 
Board,t  Annual  Reports  (1852-  );  J.  R.  McCulloch,  Dictionary 
of  Commerce  (various  eds.  from  1832  to  1856,  contains  much  contem- 


404         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§201 

porary  information);  J.  S.  Homans,  Foreign  Commerce  (1820-1856, 
statistics);  T.  Pitkins,  Statistical  View  (1835  ed.);  Boston  Board 
of  Trade,  Annual  Reports  (1854-  );  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Charter,  with  a  History  (1855),  and  Annual  Reports, 
(1858-  );  R.  H.  Dana,  Two  Years  before  the  Mast;  J.  M. 
Forbes,  Letters  and  Recollections,  I,  chs.  iii-vi;  R.  B.  Forbes, 
Personal  Reminiscences  (2d  ed.);  F.  T.  Bullen,  Men  of  the 
Merchant  Service  (1900);  A.  B.  Lubbock,  Round  the  Horn  (1902). 

COASTWISE  AND  INTERNAL  TRADE:  Geo.  Armroyd,  View  of  the 
whole  Internal  Navigation  (1830)  ;  H.  S.  Tanner,  Canals  and  Rail 
roads  (1840);  Michel  Chevalier,  Voles  de  Communication;  W.  W. 
Campbell,  De  Witt  Clinton,  21-204;  C.  Z.  Lincoln,  Messages  from  the 
Governors  of  New  York,  II-V  (see  general  index  under  Canal,  Erie 
Canal,  Highways,  Railroads,  Roads);  New  York  Canal  Commis 
sioners,  Annual  Reports  (1816-  );  Buffalo  Historical  Society, 
Publications,  XIII,  XIV  (various  material  on  Erie  Canal)  ;  Penn 
sylvania  Board  of  Canal  Commissioners,  Annual  Reports  (1825- 
1859);  James  Hall,  Statistics  of  the  West  (1836),  and  The  West,  its 
Commerce  and  Navigation  (1848);  Ohio  Canal  Commission,  Annual 
Reports  (1822-1837);  Ohio  Board  of  Public  Works,  Annual  Reports 
(1836-  );  Illinois  Governors1  Letter  Books  (1818-1853,  111. 
State  Hist.  Library,  Collections,  IV,  VII ;  see  indexes  under  Canal, 
Internal  Improvements,  Railroads);  Thomas  Ford,  Illinois,  espe 
cially  chs.  vi,  xii;  E.  W.  Gould,  Fifty  Years  on  the  Mississippi; 
Mark  Twain,  Life  on  the  Mississippi;  G.  B.  Merrick,  Old  Times  on 
the  Upper  Mississippi;  Senate  Docs.,  31  Cong.,  special  sess.,  No.  4 
(explosions  and  protection  of  passengers);  W.  W.  Gillespie,  Manual 
of  Road  Making  (1847-1850)  ;  W.  Kingsford,  Plank  Roads  (1851). 

RAILROADS:  Dionysius  Lardner,  Railroad  Economy,  ch.  xvi 
(1850);  J.  B.  Jervis,  Railroad  Property  (1860);  W.  H.  Brown,  First 
Locomotives  in  America;  G.  T.  Poussin,  Chemins  dc  Fer  Americains 
(1836);  Douglas  Galton,  Report  on  the  Railways  of  the  United  States 
(Parl.  Papers,  1857,  i  sess.,  XVI,  [2181],  1857-1858,  LI,  [2399]); 
W.  P.  Smith,  Book  of  the  Great  Railway  Celebrations  of  1857  (line 
between  Baltimore  and  St.  Louis);  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the 
Past,  338-351;  E.  B.  Grant,  Boston  Railways  (1856);  New  York 
State  Engineer,  Annual  Reports  (1849-1854,  1857-  );  New  York 
Railroad  Commissioners,  Annual  Reports  (1855,  1856);  annual 
reports  of  railroad  companies,  especially  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
(1847-  )>  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  (1827-  );  J.  C.  Calhoun, 
Correspondence,  346,  349~355>  362-367,  381,  385,  411-419,  701, 
704-706,  1060-1063,  and  Works,  V,  246-311;  De  Bow's  Review,  I, 

V 


§202]  LABOR    AND    OCCUPATIONS  405 

10-21  (Memphis  convention);  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  LXIX,  196, 
212-214  (Memphis  convention);  Robt.  Fergus,  Chicago  River  and 
Harbor  Convention  (1847);  A.  L.  Stimson,  Express  Companies 
(2d  ed.,  1858);  Alex.  Eaton,  Street  or  Horse- Power  Railways  (1859). 
—  MOVEMENT  OF  INTELLIGENCE:  Postmaster-General,  Annual 
Reports  (1823-  );  Post  Office  Laws  and  Regulations  (various 
eds.,  1832-1859);  J.  Holbrook,  Ten  Years  Among  the  Mail  Bags 
(1855);  Thos.  Rainey,  Ocean  Steam  Navigation  and  the  Ocean  Post 
(1858);  House  Exec.  Docs.,  25  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  No.  15  (telegraph 
beginnings),  27  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  161,  and  30  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  35 
(foreign  mail);  House  Reports,  25  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  753,  and  27  Cong., 
3  sess.,  No.  17  (telegraphs);  51  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  1210,  pp.  xviii- 
xxxvi  (mail  subsidies)  ;  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  227, 
245,  and  Senate  Reports,  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  313  (telegraph 
monopoly). 

Bibliography.  —  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  346-351;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  322,  323;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and 
Slavery,  317-319;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  193,  194, 
V  passim;  ].  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  319-331; 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  825-829;  Harvard  University,  List 
of  References  in  History  17,  48-58,  and  Economics  6,  55-63;  C.  W. 
Wright,  Wool  Growing,  329-334;  Raymond  McFarland,  New  Eng 
land  Fisheries,  ch.  xx;  W.  S.  Tower,  American  Whale  Fishery, 
App.  ii;  New  Bedford  Public  Library,  Collection  of  Books  illustrat 
ing  the  Whale  Fishery;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Merchant 
Marine  Subsidies,  and  List  of  Books  relating  to  Railroads;  A.  L. 
Bishop,  State  Works  of  Pennsylvania,  289-292;  Boston  Public  Li 
brary,  Bulletin,  XIII,  No.  4  (roads) ;  Cleveland  and  Powell,  Railroad 
Promotion,  ch.  xviii. 

§  202.  Development  of  Labor  and  Occupations,  1820-1860 

Summary.  —  Labor :  sources,  native  and  immigrant ;  condi 
tions,  hours,  wages,  relations  with  employers,  apprentices,  child 
labor,  woman  labor,  legislation ;  beginning  of  organization,  Loco- 
foco  movement  (§  213) ;  strikes  ;  application  of  labor,  farms,  mines, 
manufacturing  (factory  and  domestic  systems),  fisheries,  transpor 
tation,  sailors,  skilled  labor,  clerks,  domestic  service,  army  and 
navy;  opportunity  to  rise;  social  conditions  (§  200).  —  Social 
communities :  relation  to  democracy,  to  immigration,  to  intellectual 
unrest;  types,  Shakers,  Brook  Farm,  Hopedale,  Fourierism  and 


406         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837       [§202 

Phalanxes,  New  Harmony,  Zoar,  Amana,  Mormons,  Icaria, 
Oneida ;  effect.  —  Occupations :  cityward  drift ;  freedom  of 
choice ;  professions,  clergy  (§  200),  professors  and  teachers  (§  200), 
lawyers,  doctors,  artists,  musicians,  scientific  men,  engineers, 
literary  men  (§  200) ;  status  of  professional  men,  social  considera 
tion;  foreign  and  domestic  training  (§  200).  —  Commercial  or 
ganization:  individuals,  firms,  corporations;  banks;  railroads; 
insurance;  credit;  bankruptcy;  panics  (§§  213,  229),  capitalists, 
Astor,  Girard.  —  Commercial  methods :  wholesale  trade ;  middle 
men  ;  retail  trade,  A.  T.  Stewart ;  payment  in  kind,  barter,  one 
price ;  country  stores  and  politics ;  irregular  currency ;  purchases 
in  Eastern  cities.  —  Later  development  (§§  250,  253,  256,  269, 
270). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  chs.  xliii,  VI,  100-107, 
249,  250,  454-458,  VII,  142-145,  208-221;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Expansion, 
376-401,  410-417;  A.  B.  Hart,  National  Ideals,  ch.  xiii;  F.  T. 
Carlton,  Organized  Labor,  ch.  iii;  R.  T.  Ely,  Labor  Movement,  7-60; 
C.  D.  Wright,  Industrial  Evolution,  202-205,  215-244,  264-269. 

Special.  —  LABOR:  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  ch.  xiv; 
J.  R.  Commons,  Labor  Organizations  and  Labor  Politics  (Quart. 
Jour.  Econ.,  XXI,  323),  and  Horace  Greeley  and  Working  Class 
Origins  of  Republican  Party  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXIV,  468),  and 
Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  V,  VII,  Introds.; 
F.  T.  Carlton,  Workingmen's  Party  of  New  York  City,  1829-1831 
(Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXII,  401);  G.  E.  McNeil,  Labor  Movement, 
ch.  iv;  A.  M.  Simons,  Social  Forces  in  American  History,  ch.  xvii; 
Evans  Woollen,  Labor  Troubles,  1834-1837  (Yale  Review,  I,  87); 
Commissioner  of  Labor,  Strikes  and  Lockouts  (i6th  Annual  Report], 
724-739;  J.  M.  Motley,  Apprenticeship,  chs.  i-iii;  Edith  Abbott, 
Women  in  Industry,  .chs.  iv-xii,  App.  A,  and  Wages  of  Unskilled 
Labor,  1850-1900  (Jour,  of  Polit.  Econ.,  XIII,  321);  Lucy  M. 
Salmon,  Domestic  Service,  ch.  iv.  —  COMMUNITIES:  Morris  Hill- 
quit,  Socialism  in  the  United  States,  pts.  i,  ii,  ch.  i;  W.  A.  Hinds, 
American  Communities  (2d  rev.);  Chas.  Nordhoff,  Communistic 
Societies;  F.  ^.  Bushee,  Communistic  Societies  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 
XX,  625);  F.  T.  Carlton,  Humanitarianism  (Internal.  Jour,  of 
Ethics,  XVII,  48),  and  An  American  Utopia  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ., 
XXIV,  428);  Anna  White,  Shakerism,  chs.  i-ix;  C.  E.  Robinson, 
Shakers ;  J.  P.  MacLean,  Society  of  Shakers  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist. 
Pubs.,  IX,  32);  Lindsay  Swift,  Brook  Farm;  J.  A.  Bole,  Harmony 


§202]  LABOR   AND   OCCUPATIONS  407 

Society;  G.  B.  Lock  wood,  New  Harmony  Movement;  Frank  Pod- 
more,  Robert  Owen;  Wm.  Bailie,  Josiah  Warren;  E.  O.  Randall, 
Zoar  Society  (Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Pubs.,  VIII,  i);  D.  G.  McCarty, 
Early  Social  and  Religious  Experiments  in  Iowa  (Iowa  Hist.  Record, 
XVIII,  407);  Bertha  M.  H.  Shambaugh,  Amana;  C.  F.  Noe,  Amana 
Society  (Iowa  Jour,  of  Hist,  and  Politics,  II,  162);  W.  V.  Pooley, 
Settlement  of  Illinois,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  I  .W.  Riley,  Founder  of  Mormon- 
ism;  W.  A.  Linn,  Mormons,  bks.  i-iv;  M.  A.  Mikkelsen,  Bishop 
Hill  Colony  ;  M.  E.  Mclntosh,  Cooperative  Communities  in  Wiscon 
sin  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  1903,  p.  99);  S.  M.  Pedrick,  Wis 
consin  Phalanx  at  Ceresco  (ibid.,  1902,  p.  190);  Albert  Shaw,  Icaria. 
—  OCCUPATIONS:  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  VII,  ch.  xvi; 
Freeman  Hunt,  American  Merchants;  W.  O.  Stoddard,  Men  of 
Business;  J.  A.  Scoville,  Old  Merchants  of  New  York  City;  J.  D. 
McCabe,  Great  Fortunes;  Charles  Warren,  American  Bar;  W.  D. 
Lewis,  Great  American  Lawyers,  II- VI;  S.  D.  Gross,  Eminent 
American  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  For  educators  and  clergy  see 
the  titles  listed  in  §  200,  and  F.  O.  Vaille  and  H.  A.  Clark,  Harvard 
Book,  I;  Henry  Barnard,  Educational  Biography;  W.  B.  Sprague, 
Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit.  The  histories  of  cities  listed  in 
§  200  contain  chapters  on  development  during  this  period  of  the 
various  occupations  and  professions.  — COMMERCIAL  ORGANIZATION: 
F.  E.  Horack,  Corporate  Regulation  in  Iowa  (Iowa  Jour,  of  Hist,  and 
Politics,  II,  381,  485);  Gustavus  Myers,  Great  American  Fortunes, 
I,  II;  Anna  Youngman,  Economic  Causes  of  Great  American  For 
tunes,  chs.  i,  ii ;  J.  C.  Brown,  Merchant  Banking. 

Sources.  —  Many  of  the  titles  in  "  Sources  "  of  §§  200,  201  are 
applicable  here.  —  J.  R.  Commons,  Documentary  History  of  Ameri 
can  Industrial  Society,  III-VIII ;  periodicals  (§  40),  especially 
Bankers'  Magazine  (1846-  ),  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine 
(1839-1870),  Journal  of  Commerce  (1827-  ). —  LABOR:  Nathan 
Appleton,  Labor  in  United  States  and  Europe  (Hunt's  Merchants' 
Mag.,  XI,  217  :  1844);  G.  T.  Poussin,  United  States,  pt.  ii,  ch.  xxi; 
W.  E.  Channing,  Lectures  on  the  Elevation  of  the  Labouring  Portion 
(reviewed  in  Democratic  Review,  VII,  529,  VIII,  51),  and  Labor 
Associations;  Henry  Barnard,  Education  and  Labor  (Conn.  Common 
School  Journal,  IV,  141;  also  as  a  report  of  the  Conn.  Board  of 
Commissioners  of  Common  Schools,  1842,  laws  on  child  labor  and 
education);  Wm.  Scoresby,  American  Factories  and  their  Female 
Operatives  (1845);  Harriet  H.  Robinson,  Loom  and  Spindle;  Cather 
ine  E.  Beecher,  Domestic  Economy,  ch.  xviii.  Most  of  the  books  of 
travel  listed  in  §  200,  especially  Martineau,  treat  of  conditions  of 


408          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837       [§203 

labor,  professions,  and  occupations.  —  COMMUNITIES:  Thos.  Skid- 
more,  Rights  of  Man  to  Property  (1829);  A.  G.  Mace,  Aletheia 
(Shaker  doctrine);  Brief  Exposition  of  Principles  of  Shakers;  J.  T. 
Codman,  Brook  Farm;  Amelia  E.  Russell,  Home  Life  of  Brook 
Farm;  G.  W.  Curtis,  Early  Letters  to  J.  S.  Dwight;  Georgiana  B. 
Kirby;  Years  of  Experience,  chs.  v-ix  (Brook  Farm);  Adin  Ballou, 
Hopedale  Community;  Horace  Greeley,  Recollections,  chs.  xix,  xx, 
and  Reforms  and  Reformers;  Parke  Godwin,  Doctrines  of  Charles 
Fourier;  Robert  Owen,  Life,  written  by  himself;  Book  of  Mormon; 
History  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints,  I,  II 
(issued  by  the  Reorganized  Church,  Lamoni,  Iowa,  1897;  a  somewhat 
different  version  by  the  Utah  Mormons,  I-V,  Salt  Lake  City,  1905- 
1909);  Millennial  Star  (1840-  ).  —  OCCUPATIONS:  R.  W. 
Pomeroy,  The  Young  Merchant  (1841);  American  Merchant  (Hunt's 
Merchants'  Mag.,  II,  502  :  1839);  G.  W.  Burnap,  Social  Influence  of 
Trade  (ibid.,  IV,  415:  1841);  Amos  Lawrence,  Diary  and  Corre 
spondence.  —  COMMERCIAL  ORGANIZATION^  Theophilus  Parsons,  Law 
of  Business  (1857  ed.);  B.  F.  Foster,  Merchant's  Manual  (1838); 
S.  H.  Terry,  Retailer's  Manual  (1869);  R.  G.  Hazard,  Railroad 
Corporations  and  the  Public  (Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  XXI,  622: 
1849);  A-  B.  Johnson,  Private  Corporations  (ibid.,  XXIII,  626: 
1850);  B.  V.  Abbott,  General  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Corporations, 
1869). 

Bibliography.  —  Most  of  the  titles  in  the  Bibliography  of  §  201 
are  applicable  here.  —  Helen  Marot,  Handbook  of  Labor  Literature; 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List  of  Books  on  Labor;  Edith  Abbott,  Women 
in  Industry,  App.  F;  New  York  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  VIII, 
550-559  (Shakers),  XIII,  183-239  (Mormons);  J.  P.  MacLean, 
Bibliography  of  Shaker  Literature;  Lindsay  Swift,  Brook  Farm,  283- 
292;  I.  W.  Riley,  Founder  of  Mormonism,  430-446;  J.  R.  Commons, 
Documentary  History,  X,  131-145  (newspapers  and  other  sources 
on  industrial  society). 


§  203.  Development  of  Government  and  Administration, 
1820-1860 

Summary.  —  (See  §§  150-153,  158,  159,  163,  164,  166,  172-175, 
178,  184,  192,  195,  206,  231.)  —  Political  conceptions:  individ 
ualism;  democracy;  equality;  free  speech;  freedom  of  labor; 
perfectibility  of  mankind  ;  separation  of  powers ;  checks  and  bal 
ances;  balance  of  sections;  religious  toleration;  general  educa- 


§203]        GOVERNMENT   AND   ADMINISTRATION          409 

tion ;  peace ;  manifest  destiny.  —  Popular  government :  citizen 
ship,  expatriation,  naturalization,  ease  of  movement  from  state 
to  state ;  suffrage  and  office-holding,  exclusions  reduced,  manhood 
suffrage,  votes  of  aliens ;  parties,  two  normal,  third  parties,  local 
parties,  factions,  political  committees,  national  issues ;  nomination 
methods,  primaries,  caucuses,  mass  meetings,  tours  of  candidates ; 
elections,  viva  voce,  written  ballot,  disturbances,  count,  contests. 
-  Federal  government :  increase  in  federal  powers ;  enlarge 
ment  of  presidency ;  activity  of  Congress ;  courts  and  legislation, 
power  over  state  statutes,  national  statutes;  state  rights  (§§175, 
184,  192,  206,  231) ;  strict  and  loose  construction  (§§  178, 195) ;  pro 
posed  constitutional  amendments;  civil  service  (§§  176,  186,  204). 
—  New  territories  (§  193) :  1836,  July  3,  Wisconsin  Territory;  1838, 
July  3,  Iowa  Territory;  1848,  Aug.  14,  Oregon  Territory  (§  221) ; 
1849,  Mar.  3,  Minnesota  Territory;  1850,  Sept.  9,  Utah  Terri 
tory  (§  222) ;  1850,  Dec.  13,  New  Mexico  Territory  (§  222) ;  1853, 
Mar.  2,  Washington  Territory ;  1854,  May  30,  Nebraska  and  Kan 
sas  territories  (§225).  —  New  states  (§  193) :  1820,  Mar.  15,  Maine, 
23d  (§  197) ;  1821,  Aug.  10,  Missouri,  24th  (§  197) ;  1836,  June  15, 
Arkansas,  25th;  1837,  Jan.  26,  Michigan,  26th;  1845,  Mar.  3, 
Florida,  27th;  1845,  Dec.  29,'  Texas,  28th  (§  218);  1846,  Dec. 
28,  Iowa,  29th;  1848,  May  29,  Wisconsin,  3oth;  1850,  Sept.  9, 
California,  3ist  (§  222);  1858,  May  n,  Minnesota,  32d;  1859, 
Feb.  14,  Oregon,  33d.  —  State  governments :  controversies  over 
boundaries;  constitutions,  amendments,  democratization;  legis 
latures,  character,  influence  of  speakers,  crude  laws,  corruption, 
lobby ;  administration,  character  and  powers  of  governors,  unre 
lated  lesser  officials,  boards,  state  civil  service;  courts,  elected 
judiciaries,  decisions  and  reports,  procedure,  appeals  to  federal 
courts ;  interstate  comity,  extradition,  fugitive  slaves  (§§  212,  223), 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  of  other  states,  private  inter 
national  law ;  territorial  governments.  —  State  finances :  taxes ; 
loans;  public  works  (§  201) ;  repudiation  (§  213). — Local  govern 
ment:  cities,  charters,  administration  by  councils,  powers  of 
mayors,  internal  divisions,  police,  water,  fire  protection,  sewers, 
gas,  subsidies  for  transportation  (§  201),  mobs  and  riots;  town 
government ;  county  government ;  mixed  systems.  —  Later  devel 
opment  (§§  241,  242,  249,  254,  255,  266,  272). 


410          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§203 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  ch.  1,  VII,  162-185; 
F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  41-44;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian 
Democracy,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  A.  B.  Hart,  National  Ideals,  chs. 
v-ix;  D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New  York,  I,  II, 
especially  I,  chs.  xxvii,  II,  ch.  ix;  C.  A.  Beard,  Readings  in 
American  Government,  chs.  v-vii;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclo 
pedia  of  American  Government  (numerous  articles  on  federal,  state, 
local,  and  municipal  government);  R.  L.  Ashley,  American  Federal 
State,  chs.  vii,  viii. 

Special.  —  POLITICAL  CONCEPTIONS:  C.  E.  Merriam,  American 
Political  Theory,  chs.  v-vii;  F.  J.  Stimson,  Law  of  the  Federal  and 
State  Constitutions,  bk.  i;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I,  ch.  xxi; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  Acquisition  of  Political,  Social  and  Industrial 
Rights,  61-123;  H.  J.  Ford,  Rise  and  Growth  of  American  Politics,  chs. 
xvi,  xvii.  —  POPULAR  GOVERNMENT:  M.  Ostrogorski,  Democracy 
and  Party  System,  chs.  i-iii;  Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties,  chs.  i-vi, 
xii;  Chas.  McCarthy,  Anti-Masonic  Party  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report, 
1902,  I,  365);  F.  Byrdsall,  Loco-Foco  Party;  H.  J.  Desmond,  Know- 
Nothing  Party;  F.  W.  Dallinger,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office, 
ch.  i ;  J.  A.  C.  Chandler,  Suffrage  in  Virginia,  chs.  ii-v,  and  Represen 
tation  in  Virginia,  chs.  iii-vi ;  F.  G.  Franklin,  Naturalization,  chs.  vii- 
xiv;  E.  C.  Griffith,  Gerrymander. 

FEDERAL:  L.  G.  Tyler,  Parties  and  Patronage;  H.  V.  Ames, 
Proposed  Amendments;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Constitutional  History  of 
the  United  States,  lect.  iii.  —  STATES:  State  histories  (§37),  especially 
E.  H.  Roberts,  New  York,  II,  ch.  xxxii;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan, 
ch.  xi ;  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin,  chs.  x-xii ;  W.  W.  Folwell,  Minnesota, 
chs.  vi,  vii ;  J.  Schouler,  Constitutional  Studies,  pt.  iii;  J.  A.  Jameson, 
Constitutional  Conventions;  Chas.  Borgeaud,  Adoption  and  Amend 
ment  of  Constitutions,  146-191;  Henry  Hitchcock,  American  State 
Constitutions;  C.  S.  Lobingier,  People's  Law,  chs.  xiii-xviii  (refer 
endum);  W.  F.  Dodd,  Revision  and  Amendment  of  State  Constitu 
tions,  especially  ch.  ii,  and  Government  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
ch.  ii;  R.  H.  Whitten,  Public  Administration  in  Massachusetts,  chs.  i- 
vii  passim;  A.  M.  Mo  wry,  Dorr  War;  J.  D.  Hammond,  Political 
History  of  New  York,  II,  ch.  xxvii;  J.  W.  Harry,  Maryland  Consti 
tution  of  1851;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  93-96,  137- 
174,  251-272;  B.  H.  Wise,  Henry  A.  Wise,  ch.  x;  Jesse  Macy, 
Institutional  Beginnings  of  a  Western  State;  J.  A.  James,  Constitu 
tion  and  Admission  of  Iowa;  B.  F.  Shambaugh,  History  of  the  Con 
stitutions  of  Iowa;  S.  T.  Spear,  Law  of  Extradition,  pt.  ii;  Max 
Farrand,  Legislation  for  the  Government  of  Organized  Territories; 


§203]         GOVERNMENT   AND   ADMINISTRATION          411 

Chas.  Meyerholz,  Federal  Supervision  over  the  Territories;  R.  C.  Kurd, 
Personal  Liberty,  bk.  iii  (extradition).  —  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT: 
Local  histories  (§37),  especially  the  city  histories  listed  in  §200; 
F.  J.  Goodnow,  City  Government,  ch.  iii,  and  Municipal  Problems, 
ch.  i;  J.  A.  Fairlie,  Municipal  Administration,  77-92;  G.  E.  Howard, 
Local  Constitutional  History,  chs.  iv,  x;  D.  E.  Spencer,  Local  Govern 
ment  in  Wisconsin;  J.  M.  Bugbee,  City  Government  of  Boston,  17-30; 
Edmund  Quincy,  Josiah  Quincy,  ch.  xvi;  Gustavus  Myers,  Tammany 
Hall,  chs.  vii-xxi;  D.  D.  Durand,  Finance  of  New  York  City, 
chs.  iii,  iv;  T.  P.  Thomas,  City  Government  of  Baltimore,  ch.  ii;  S.  E. 
Sparling,  Municipal  History  of  Chicago,  chs.  i-v;  L.  M.  Larson, 
Financial  and  Administrative  History  of  Milwaukee,  chs.  i-iii. 

Sources.  —  Contemporary  constitutional  treatises,  especially 
John  Taylor,  Construction  Construed  (1820),  and  New  Views  of  the 
Constitution  (1823);  Thos.  Sergeant,  Constitutional  Law  (1822); 
Wm.  Rawle,  Constitution  (1825);  J.  Kent,  Commentaries  (1826- 
I83o);  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (1833),  and  Conflict  of  Laws  (3d 
ed.,  1846);  A.  P.  Upshur,  Brief  Inquiry  into  our  Federal  Government 
(1840;  a  review  of  Story);  Jas.  Bayard,  Exposition  (1833);  W.  A. 
Duer,  Outlines  of  Constitutional  Jurisprudence  (1833),  and  Lectures 
on  Constitutional  Jurisprudence  (26.  ed.,  1856);  Henry  Baldwin, 
General  View  (1837);  Timothy  Walker,  Introduction  to  American 
Law  (1837);  H.  St.  G.  Tucker,  Lectures  on  Constitutional  Law 
(1843);  E.  F.  Smith,  Commentaries  (1848);  Theo.  Sedgwick,  Trea 
tise  (1857).  A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America;  G.  T.  Poussin, 
Principe  Democratique  qui  regit  V Union  Americaine;  Achille  Murat, 
Principes  du  Gouvernement  Republicain;  Francis  Lieber,  On  Civil 
Liberty,  especially  ch.  xxii;  N.  W.  Senior,  Historical  and  Political 
Essays,  I,  18-34,  93-98;  L.  J.  Jennings,  Eighty  Years  of  Republican 
Government;  Jas.  Spence,  American  Union,  ch.  ii;  Harper's  Maga 
zine,  VIII,  125-128  (political  corruption);  F.  C.  Brightly,  Cases 
on  the  Law  of  Elections.  Travels  (§  38),  especially  Chevalier, 
Grund,  Martineau,  and  Raumer.  Periodicals  (§  40),  especially 
•Niles'  Weekly  Register.  Contemporary  discussions  in  legal  periodi 
cals  can  be  reached  through  Jones's  Index  to  Legal  Periodical  Litera 
ture,  I.  State  constitutions  in  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutions  and 
Charters  (poorly  edited).  Constitutional  conventions  (list  of  docu 
ments  in  Thorpe,  I,  pp.  xv-xxxv).  Other  state  documents  (§  43)  can 
be  reached  through  Bowker's  State  Publication,  and  Hasse's/mfe:*;  (§  24), 
especially  C.  Z.  Lincoln,  Messages  from  the  Governors  of  New  York, 
II-V;  E.  B.  Greene,  [Illinois]  Governors'  Letter  Books  (111.  State  Hist. 
Library,  Collections,  IV,  VII);  B.  F.  Shambaugh,  Messages  of  the 


412          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§204 

Governors  of  Iowa,  I,  II,  and  Executive  Journal  of  Iowa,  1834-1841, 
and  Documentary  Material  relating  to  Iowa,  I,  76-260,  II.  Statutes  at 
Large,  III,  545,  IX,  56,  XI,  166  (enabling  acts);  C.  R.  King,  Rtiftts 
King,  VI,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv  (N.  Y.  convention  of  1821);  T.  P.  Kettell, 
Debts  and  Finances  of  the  States  (Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  XVII- 
XXXIX  passim);  Organic  Acts  for  the  Territories  (Senate  Docs., 
56  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  148),  50-136.  City  documents  (§  43)  ;  G.  B. 
Butler,  Sewerage  for  Cities  (Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  XII,  53). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History, 
302-319;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Political  Parties;  F.  G. 
Franklin,  Naturalization,  301-305;  R.  C.  Brooks,  Bibliography  of 
Municipal  Administration  (Municipal  A  fairs,  I);  McLaughlin  and 
Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government  (select  bibliographies  at  the 
end  of  many  articles). 

§  204.  Andrew  Jackson  and  his  Policy 

Summary. — Life:  1767,  Mar.  15,  birth;  1790-1804,  offices ;  1797- 
1798,  U.  S.  senator;  1804-1814,  Indian  fighter ;  1815,  Jan.  8,  New 
Orleans  (§  191) ;  1818,  Seminole  War  (§  196) ;  1824-1825,  defeated 
for  presidency  (§  199) ;  1828,  elected.  —  Character :  self-confidence ; 
belligerency ;  insubordination  ;  uprightness  ;  hatred  of  opponents ; 
"  task  of  reform  " ;  "  retrenchment " ;  sense  of  danger  from  corpora 
tions  ;  public  spirit.  —  Friends :  Lewis ;  Van  Buren ;  Benton ; 
Kendall;  Blair;  cabinet,  "kitchen  cabinet";  Eaton  episode; 
popularity,  Eastern  journey.  —  Enemies :  Clay,  Adams,  Cal- 
houn,  Webster,  coalition. — 'Civil  service:  inaugural,  "task  of 
reform,"  condition  of  the  service  (§§  186,  199) ;  changes,  dismis 
sals,  appointments,  number  of  changes.  —  Foreign  policy:  French 
spoliation  claims;  countervailing  policy;  Maine  and  Oregon 
boundaries  (§217);  Texas  (§218);  Isthmian  canal  (§224).— 
Judiciary:  previous  status  (§  195);  1831,  Peck  impeachment; 
1832,  Worcester  v.  Georgia;  new  appointments,  1834,  Taney, 
chief  justice;  1837,  Briscoe  v.  Kentucky.  —  Parties:  Jackson 
men ;  "  Democratic  " ;  "  Whig  "  ;  "  Anti-Masonic." 

General. —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  513-536,  VI,  ch.  Ivii; 
J.  Schouler,  Histofy,  III,  ch.  xiii,  §  i;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian 
Democracy,  chs.  ii-iv,  xii,  xiv,  xviii;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  who  Made 
the  Nation,  ch.  ix;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  1-21; 
H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  11-31,  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  ch.  v; 


§204]  ANDREW   JACKSON  413 

H.  J.  Ford,  American  Politics,  chs.  xiii-xv;  Jesse  Macy*  Political 
Parties,  ch.  iv;  Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  ch.  iii; 
E.  M.  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Bur  en,  chs.  vi,  vii;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel 
Webster,  ch.  vii;  Josiah  Quincy,  /.  Q.  Adams,  chs.  viii,  ix;  W.  M. 
Meigs,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  73-82,  141-146,  183,  254-258;  T. 
Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  ch.  iv;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis 
Cass,  chs.  v,  vi;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Government,  articles  Anti-Masonic  Party,  Democratic  Party,  Jackson, 
Spoils  System,  Whig  Party. 

Special.  —  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  chs.  i-iii,  v,  II, 
chs.  xix-xxii,  xxiv,  xxv,  xxx,  xxxii;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  chs.  vii,  viii,  xv,  xvi ;  W.  G.  Brown,  Andrew  Jackson; 
C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  1-9,  113-158,  246-267,  328-341; 
Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel 
Webster,  I,  chs.  xv-xvii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  v,  vi,  ix,  xii; 
H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  II,  chs.  vii-x;  E.  Stanwood,  Presi 
dency,  ch.  xii;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  ch.  iv;  Chas. 
McCarthy,  Anti-Masonic  Party  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1902, 
I,  365);  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Papers,  I),  ch.  v;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  chs.  iv, 
v,  viii;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson;  A.  D.  Morse,  Political  Influ 
ence  of  Andrew  Jackson  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  I,  153);  J.  D.  Hammond, 
Political  Parties  in  New  York,  II;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  V, 
4456-4485  (claims).  —  MAPS:  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democ 
racy,  4,  258. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  VI- XIII;  Congres 
sional  Globe,  I-III  (1833-1837);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  X- 
XIII.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  IV,  V;  Register  of  Debates, 
Apps.  to  VI- XIII;  Congressional  Documents  (1829-1837);  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II,  265-276,  436-438,  444,  447- 
449,  455,  459,  506,  518,  519,  548,  III,  3-5,  20-22,  100-107,  129-145, 
152-160,  178-185,  188-222,  292-308.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  especially  VIII,  IX ;  J.  A.  Hamilton,  Remi 
niscences,  chs.  iv-viii;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  chs.  xxxviii- 
Ixviii;  D.  Webster,  Works,  IV,  148,  179;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Letters 
of  Daniel  Webster,  141-205;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  III,  V,  and 
Correspondence,  271-273,  290-294,  793-816;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton 
ed.),  I,  II,  IV,  chs.  vii-xi;  M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  ch.  vii; 
Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography,  chs.  x-xiv;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  chs.  vi,  vii,  x-xiii;  C.  A.  Davis,  Letters  of  Major  Jack 
Downing;  Josiah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  352-375;  A-  B-  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  III,  §§  158,  160;  Michel  Chevalier,  Society  in  the 


414         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION    1829-1837        [§205 

United  States,  letter  xvi ;  Calendar  of  the  Papers  of  Martin  Van  Buren, 
94-280. 

Bibliography.  —  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  ch.  xix; 
J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  Introd.;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
287-289,  348-351;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  387-392, 
(rev.  ed.)  461-468;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  39,  40  (lects.  38,  39), 
80  (lect.  51),  147,  213;  J.  M.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History, 
181-204;  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical  Sources  in 
Schools,  §  84. 

§  205.  Jackson's  War  on  the  Bank,  1829-1832 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  bank:  previous  history  (§194); 
President  Biddle;  amount  of  government  deposits;  relations  to 
Treasury;  branches. — Jackson's  prejudice:  1829,  June,  Ports 
mouth  Branch  affair ;  Hill's  influence ;  Ingham's  correspondence ; 
Dec.,  Jackson's  attack.  —  Recharter  controversy:  1829-1830, 
report;  1832,  Jan.,  petition  of  the  bank;  July  2,  recharter  bill 
passes.  —  Jackson's  veto:  1832,  July  10,  message;  question  of 
constitutionality;  expediency;  soundness;  race-horse  drafts; 
management.  —  Election  of  1832  :  1831,  Dec.,  Clay  nominated; 
1832,  May,  first  national  convention  (Jackson);  bank  an  issue; 
Nov.,  Jackson  reelected.  —  Doctrine  of  a  popular  mandate. 

General.  —  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV,  ch.  xiii,  §3;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  chs.  vii,  xi;  Johnston  and  Wood- 
burn,  American  Political  History,  I,  393-403;  Woodrow  Wilson, 
American  People,  IV,  41-52;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  31-52; 
C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  167-193;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Thomas 
Hart  Benton,  183-224,  271-275;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
ch.  vi;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  vii;  Samuel  Tyler,  Roger  B. 
Taney,  I,  ch.  iii. 

Special.  — -  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  86,  87;  Holdsworth 
and  Dewey,  First  and  Second  Banks,  248-265,  296-307;  J.  J.  Knox, 
Banking  in  the  United  States,  62-70;  R.  C.  H.  Catterall,  Second 
Bank,  chs.  iv-xi,  xvi-xix;  Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking, 
bk.  iii,  ch.  viii;  W.  L.  Royall,  Andrew  Jackson  and  the  Bank; 
W.  M.  Gouge,  Paper  Money  and  Banking  (2d  ed.),  chs.  xiv-xxiv; 
T.  A.  Goddard,  General  History  of  Banks,  98-181;  J.  S.  Bassett, 
Andrew  Jackson,  II,  chs.  xxvii,  xxviii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster, 
I,  ch.  xviii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  x,  xi;  W.  G.  Sumner, 


§206]  BANK   AND   NULLIFICATION  415 

Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  xi-xiii;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I.  ch.  xiii; 
H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  II,  ch.  i;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson, 
III,  chs.  xxix-xxxi ;  C.  H.  Hunt,  Edward  Livingston,  ch.  xvi ; 
E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  xiii;  E.  C.  Mason,  VetoPower,  §§  55-59; 
W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §  767;  J.  Story,  Commen 
taries,  §§  1374-1399.  —  MAPS:  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  De 
mocracy,  130. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  VI-IX;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  X,  XI.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Register  of  Debates,  Apps.  to 
VI,  VIII,  IX;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  46,  50-52, 
54;  Niles1  Weekly  Register,  XXXV- XLIV  passim;  Congressional 
Documents,  especially  House  Reports,  22  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  460; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  23  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  523;  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages  and  Papers,  II,  462,  528,  529,  576-591,  599;  Clarke  and 
Hall,  United  States  Bank,  ch.  vi;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  24. 

—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:    J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII;    T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty    Years'    View,  I,  chs.  xl,  xli,  Ixvi-lxviii;    D.  Mallory, 
Henry  Clay,  II;    H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  IV,  chs.  vii,  viii,  VI, 
94-105;    D.  Webster,   Works,  III,   391-447;    J.  A.  Hamilton,  Remi 
niscences,  chs.  vi-viii;    M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  311-362. 

Bibliography.  —  New  York  City  Public  .  Library,  Bulletin,  XII, 
351-356;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Banks  of  the 
United  States;  R.  C.  H.  Catterall,  Second  Bank,  513-526;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Manual,  §§40  (lect.  43);  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democ 
racy,  324;  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  348-351;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist. 

§  206.  Tariff  and  Nullification,  1828-1833 

Summary.  —  Previous  status:  tariff  of  1824  (§199). — Early 
threats  of  nullification  (§§  171,  184,  199) ;  1825-1828,  South  Caro 
lina  protests.  —  Nullification  stated :  1828,  tariff  act  (§  199) ;  1828, 
Calhoun's  "  Exposition  "  ;  Madison's  opposition ;  1828,  1829,  act 
declared  unconstitutional  by  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  — 
Nullification  developed:  1830,  Jan.,  Webster-Hayne  debate; 
April  13,  Jackson's  Union  toast;  May,  breach  with  Calhoun.  — 
1831,  July,  "  Address  "  of  South  Carolina  legislature.  —  Tariff  of 
1832:  June,  Gallatin's  memorial;  debates;  July  14,  act  passed. 

—  Nullification  accomplished:    1832,  Oct.,  convention  summoned 
in  South  Carolina ;  Nov.  24,  Ordinance  of  Nullification  ;  "  Exposi 
tion"  and  "Address"  ;   Dec.,  Calhoun  resigns  vice  presidency.  — 
Coercion:   1832,  Dec.  n,  Jackson's  proclamation;  Dec.  20,  South 


416          JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837       [§206 

Carolina  statutes  :  military  preparation  ;  1833,  Jan.  6,  nullification 
message ;  Jan.,  Feb.,  force  bill ;  Webster-Calhoun  debate.  — 
Compromise  of  1833:  Feb.  12,  Clay's  proposition;  March  2, 
force  act  passed  and  compromise  tariff  passed ;  March  16,  Nulli 
fication  Ordinance  repealed.  —  Later  development:  fate  of  the  tariff 
(§§  214,  220) ;  secession  (§  232). 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  ch.  xiv;  T.  H.  Clay, 
Henry  Clay,  ch.  viii;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass,  139-149, 
(rev.  ed.)  142-153;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  246-254; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  ch.  v;  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV, 
ch.  xiii,  §  iii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VI,  chs.  liv,  Iviii;  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  chs.  v,  vi,  ix;  Woodrow  Wilson, 
American  People,  IV,  21-38;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  158- 
161,  193-214;  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  ch.  x;  Johnston 
and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  I,  ch.  xix;  J.  S.  Landon, 
Constitutional  History  (rev.  ed),  183^-198;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United 
States,  II,  ch.  iv,  and  Men  who  made  the  Nation,  ch.  x;  J.  W.  Draper, 
Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xxi;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  vi;  McLaughlin 
and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  article  Nullification; 
The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  II,  66-71,  IV,  454-456. 

Special.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  I,  ch.  xii,  and  John  C.  Calhoun, 
ch.  iv;  Gaillard  Hunt,  John  C.  Calhoun,  60-197;  H.  C.  Lodge, 
Daniel  Webster,  chs.  vi,  vii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  Daniel  Webster,  151- 
225;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nullification,  Secession;  D.  F.  Houston,  Critical 
Study  of  Nullification;  U.  B.  Phillips,  Georgia  and  State  Rights 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II),  117-138;  T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert 
Y.  Hayne,  32-45,  93-98,  230-377;  W.  P.  Trent,  Southern  Statesmen, 
IS3~I93  (Calhoun);  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  chs.  xvi-xix, 
and  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  ix;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson, 
chs.  x,  xiii;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  II,  ch.  xxvi;  H.  Clay, 
Works  (Colton  ed.),  II,  chs.  vi-xii;  M.  J.  Wright,  General  Scott, 
ch.  iv;  C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  202-218;  C.  H.  Hunt, 
Edward  Livingston,  ch.  xvi;  J.  Parton,  Andrew  Jackson,  III,  chs. 
xxxii-xxxiv;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  Between  the  States,  I,  colloquies, 
vii-x;  J.  L.  Bishop,  American  Manufactures,  II,  298-381;  D.  R. 
Dewey,  Financial  History,  ch.  viii;  Edward  Young,  Customs  Tariff 
Legislation,  pp.  Ixviii-lxxxviii;  J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administration, 
ch.  iii;  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  I,  chs.  ix,  x;  F.  W.  Taussig, 
Tariff  History,  68-112.  —  MAPS:  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian 
Democracy,  130. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL    DEBATES    AND    DOCUMENTS:      Register    of 


§207]  REMOVAL   OF   THE    DEPOSITS  417 

Debates,  VI-IX  (especially  IX,  pt.  ii,  App.);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridg 
ment,  XI,  XII;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II,  449, 
450,  523-525,  597-599,  610-632,  640-656;  Niles'  Weekly  Register, 
XXXV-XLIV  passim;  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate 
Docs.,  22  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I;  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  State 
Papers  on  'Nullification.  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS:  Alex. 
Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  I,  233  (Hayne),  248 
(Webster),  303  (Calhoun);  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  152-189; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  44,  45,  47-49,  53,  55,  56; 
American  History  Leaflets,  No.  30;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
§§  159,  161;  A.  Gallatin,  Memorial,  also  in  F.  W.  Taussig,  State 
Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  108-213;  P-  C.  Centz,  Republic 
of  Republics  App.  F.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  VIII;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  VI, , and  Correspondence, 
219-223,  269-328;  Calhoun  by  his  Political  Friends  (Southern  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Publications,  VII),  164-169,  269-285;  D.  Webster,  Works, 
III,  248-355,  448-505,  and  Private  Correspondence,  I,  483-535; 
H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  IV,  chs.  viii,  ix,  V,  640-680,  VI,  5-140; 
T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  chs.  xlvi,  Ixix,  Ixxviii;  Levi 
Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  85-125;  D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  I,  II; 
J.  Madison,  Writings  (Congress  ed.),  Ill,  635-664,  IV,  3-425,  (Hunt 
ed.),  IX,  314-607  passim,  and  Private  Correspondence;  Letters  on 
Nullification  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VI,  736,  VII,  92);  B.  P.  Poore, 
Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  chs.  vii-ix. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  F.  Houston,  Nullification,  App.  G;  A.  R. 
Hasse,  Books  on  Political  Rights  (N.  Y.  City  Public  Library,  Bulle 
tin,  VIII,  132-136);  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  133-189  passim; 
D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  77;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jack- 
sonian  Democracy,  325,  326;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  40  (lects.  42, 
44),  148,  149;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History, 
I,  436,  437;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist. 

§  207.  Removal  of  the  Deposits,  1833-1837 

Summary.  —  Status :  1816,  clause  in  the  Bank  Act  (§  194) ; 
1832,  bank  recharter  vetoed  (§  205) ;  House  resolution  affirming 
safety. — Removal  accomplished:  1833,  controversy  over  draft 
on  France  ;  July,  plan  for  deposit  in  state  banks ;  Sept.  18,  "  paper 
read  to  the  cabinet  "  ;  Sept.  23,  Secretary  Duane  removed;  Sept. 
26,  Secretary  Taney  gives  the  order.  —  The  issue :  question  of  a 
contract ;  secretary's  discretion ;  presidential  responsibility.  — 


418          JACKSON'S    ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§207 

Controversy  with  the  Senate:  1833,  Dec.  3,  Jackson's  defense; 
Dec.  10,  26,  Clay's  resolution  of  censure ;  1834,  March  28,  modified 
resolution  passed;  April  15,  Jackson's  protest;  May  12,  Senate's 
counter  protest;  1837,  Jan-  T6,  expunging  resolutions.  —  Fate  of 
the  bank:  1836,  charter  expires;  Pennsylvania  charter;  1837, 
1839,  failure  (§  213).  —  Currency  questions:  state  banks;  gov 
ernment  deposits  in  pet  banks;  1834,  June  28,  16  to  i  ratio  act; 
"  hard  money  "  ;  locofoco  faction  (§  213) ;  1836,  July  n,  "  Specie 
Circular." 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  chs.  xv,  xviii;  T.  H. 
Clay,  Henry  Clay,  ch.  ix;  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV,  ch.  xiv,  §  i; 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VI,  ch.  lix;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian 
Democracy,  ch.  xiii;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  52-62; 
C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  215-244,  317,  328;  W.  M.  Meigs, 
Thomas  Hart  Benton,  225-245,  258-264;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  ch.  vi;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  vii. 

Special.  —  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  J.  S. 
Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  II,  ch.  xxix;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster, 

I,  chs.  xx-xxiii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiii;   H.  von  Hoist, 
History,  II,   52-79;    H.   Clay,   Works   (Colton  ed.),  II,   chs.   iii-v; 
J.  Parton,   Andrew  Jackson,  III,  chs.  xxxvi-xxxix;    Samuel  Tyler, 
Roger  B.  Taney,  191-249;   R.  C.  H.  Catterall,  Second  Bank,  chs.  xii- 
xv>  J-  J-  Knox,  Banking  in  the  United  States,  70-84;   A.  B.  Hepburn, 
Coinage  and  Currency,  ch.  iii,  App.,  479-486;   J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimet 
allism,  ch.  iv;    D.  R.  £)ewey,  Financial  History,  §§  88-90;    R.  Hil- 
dreth,  Banks,  Banking,  and  Paper  Currencies,  ch.  xxi. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  X-XIII;  Congres 
sional  Globe,  I-IV;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XII,  XIII.  — 
DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs., 
23  Cong.,  i  sess.,  V;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II,  600, 
III,  5-19,  30-32,  36,  39-48,  69-94,  108-112,  163-168,  246-253,  282- 
288,  301-306;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  108-110, 
116-118;  National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money, 
314-323,  630,  631;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  24;  Alex.  John 
ston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  I,  320  (Benton);  Niles' 
Weekly  Register,  XLVI-L;  Register  of  Debates,  Apps.  to  X-XIII. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  chs.  xcii-cxi;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 

II,  III,  and  Correspondence,  329-349,  368;    H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton 
ed.),  IV,  chs.  ix,  x,  VI,  145-203,  264-278;    D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay, 


§208]  TERRITORIAL   QUESTIONS  419 

II;  D.  Webster,  Works,  III,  506-551,  IV,  3-147,  200,  235,  297-300; 
Wm.  Leggett,  Political  Writings,  I  passim,  II,  181;  Jas.  Buchanan, 
Works,  III,  114-126;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography,  ch.  xiv;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §  162. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  40  (lect.  43);  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  289-329  passim;  see  also  bibliography  of 
§  205. 

§  208.  Territorial  Questions  and  Surplus  Revenue,  1829-1841 

Summary.  —  Indians :  Creek  conflict  (§  199) ;  1826-1829, 
Cherokee  conflict ;  1830,  Dec.,  Tassel's  case ;  1831,  March,  Chero 
kee  Nation  v.  Georgia;  1832,  Worcester  D.  Georgia  (§  204) ;  1832, 
Black  Hawk  war ;  1834,  Indian  Territory  created ;  1835,  removal ; 
Seminole  war  begins.  —  Internal  improvements :  previous  status 
(§  199) ;  1830,  May  27,  Jackson's  Maysville  Road  veto ;  east  and 
west;  1831-1832,  increased  expenditure.  —  Territorial  boundaries: 
1836,  Arkansas  admitted  (§  203) ;  1836,  Texas  (§  218).  —  Public 
lands:  previous  status  (§194);  1820-1831,  normal  sales;  1830, 
Foot  resolution  (§  206) ;  1832-1836,  speculative  sales;  connection 
with  wild-cat  banks;  1836,  specie  circular  (§  207);  1834-1841, 
land  grants;  1837,  panic  (§  213);  1841,  Sept.  4,  preemption  act. 
—  Surplus:  of  1806  (§  186)  ;  of  1819  (§  194) ;  of  1836-1837  ;  con 
nection  with  the  tariff  (§206). —  Distribution:  Clay's  policy; 
Calhoun's  attitude;  1833,  pocket  veto  of  Clay's  act;  1836,  June 
23,  "  deposit  act  ";  1837,  Calhoun's  bill;  payment  of  three  in 
stallments;  effects  of  financial  crisis  (§213);  fate  of  remaining 
"  deposit." 

General.  —  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  ch.  vii;  W.  M. 
Meigs,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  164-182;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster, 

I,  ch.  xxiv;    J.  Schouler,    History,  IV,  ch.  xiv,   §  ii;    C.  H.  Peck, 
Jacksonian   Epoch,    161-166,   244-246,   250-256,   260-265,   292-306; 
J.  B.  McMaster,   History,  VI,  chs.  Iv,  Ixii,  Ixiii;    Wm.  MacDonald, 
Jacksonian  Democracy,  chs.  viii,  x,  xv,  xvi;    E.  E.  Sparks,    United 
States,  II,  chs.  ii,  iii,  v;    M.  J.  Wright,  General  Scott,  5O-59,  chs-  v~ 
vii;    O.  O.  Howard,  General' Taylor,  ch.  v. 

Special.  —  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  II,  chs.  xxiii,  xxxi; 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  ix,  xiv;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,. 

II,  177-194;  J.  W.  Kearny,  American  Finances,  ch.  iv;  E.  G.  Bourne, 


420         JACKSON'S   ADMINISTRATION,  1829-1837        [§208 

Surplus  Re-venue  of  1837;  W.  G.  Sumner,  American  Currency,  115- 
131;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  91-94;  G.  S.  Callender, 
Economic  History,  ch.  xiii;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  I,  chs.  xix, 
xx;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  137-142;  E.  R. 
Johnson,  River  and  Harbor  Bills  (Am.  Acad.  of  Polit.  and  Soc.  Sci., 
Annals,  II,  782);  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  §§  83-94;  Shosuke 
Sato,  Land  Question,  148-165;  F.  E.  Stevens,  Black  Hawk  War; 
U.  B.  Phillips,  Georgia  and  State  Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report, 
1901,  II),  73-86;  Annie  H.  Abel,  Indian  Consolidation  (ibid.,  1906, 
I),  ch.  viii;  C.  C.  Royce,  Cherokee  Nation  (Bureau  of  Am.  Ethnol 
ogy,  Fifth  Report),  229-298;  K.  W.  Colgrove,  Attitude  of  Congress 
toward  the  Pioneers,  1820-1850  (loiva  Jour,  of  History  and  Politics,  IX, 
196).  —  MAPS:  Win.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  178,  182. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  VI,  XIV  (1829-1837); 
Congressional  Globe,  I-I X  (1833-1841);  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridg 
ment,  X-XIV.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Statutes  at  Large,  IV,  V,  VII; 
American  State  Papers,  Indian,  II,  Public  Lands,  VI- VIII;  Con 
gressional  Documents;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II, 
451,  452,  457-459,  478,  483-494,  508-523,  536-541,  565,  596,  597, 
600-604,  638,  III,  27-29,  32,  55-69,  107,  108,  113,  118-123,  160- 
163,  171-173,  239-246,  253,  254,  260,  391,  392,  496-502,  616-618; 
Niles'  Weekly  Register;  Register  of  Debates,  Apps.  to  VI- XIV; 

C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to    Finance,  110-116;   National  Mone 
tary  Commission,  Laws  concerning   Money,  496-508;    J.  B.   Moore, 
Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  15-17.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
T.   H.  Benton,  Thirty   Years'    View,   I,   chs.   xliv,   li,   Ixx,   Ixxi,   xc, 
cxxii-cxxviii,   cxxxvi-cxliii,    cxlvi,   cliv-clxi;   J.  C.    Calhoun,  Works, 
II,  III,  V,  and   Correspondence,   349-362;    H.   Clay,  Works   (Colton 
ed.),  IV,  VI;   D.  Webster,  Works,  IV,  238-258;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Mem 
oirs,    VIII-X;     D.    Mallory,    Henry   Clay,    II;    Michel     Chevalier, 
Society  in  the  United  States,  letters  iii-vi,   viii,   xiii,  xiv. 

Bibliography.  —  A.     H.     Abel,    Indian     Consolidation,    413-438; 

D.  R.   Dewey,   Financial    History,    §  85;    Wm.   MacDonald,  Jack 
sonian  Democracy,  323,  328;    J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  322;    E.  G. 
Bourne,    Surplus    Revenue,    151-161;      A.    B.    Hart,    Manual,    §  39 
(lects.  40,  41,  45);    J.  N.  Lamed,   Literature  of  Amet4e.an   History, 
3I9-33I- 


CHAPTER  XXVI 
SLAVERY  AND   TEXAS,    1830-1848 

§  209.  Negro  Slavery  from  1830  to  1860 

Summary.  —  The  master  race :  slaveholders,  large,  small ; 
non-slaveholders,  independent  farmers,  poor  whites,  immigrants; 
social  and  political  leadership.  —  The  Negro:  races;  conditions, 
physical,  intellectual,  religious;  character;  associations;  race 
admixture.  —  Free  Negroes :  status  in  the  North ;  status  in  the 
South ;  political  and  social  discriminations.  —  Slave  life :  appear 
ance;  clothing;  houses;  food;  cost  of  maintenance;  families; 
recreations ;  old  age ;  sickness  and  death ;  education ;  slave  codes. 
—  Slaves  at  work:  variety  of  employment;  hiring  out;  supervision ; 
tasks;  punishments;  privileges;  degree  of  efficiency.  —  Sale:  pri 
vate;  auction;  hardships;  reenslavement  for  jail  fees;  market 
value;  dealers.  —  Freedom:  laws  regulating  manumission;  by 
will;  buying  freedom;  free  papers.  —  Fugitives  (§§  212,  223). 
-Trade  (§212).  —  Insurrections:  colonial  (§165);  1800, 
Gabriel's;  1822,  Denmark  Vesey's;  1831,  Nat  Turner's;  1859, 
John  Brown  (§  228) ;  fear  of  insurrections. 

General.  —  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  76-89;  J.  E.  Cairnes, 
Slave  Power,  chs.  ii-vi;  G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History,  ch.  xv; 
B.  T.  Washington,  Story  of  the  Negro,  I,  chs.  viii-x;  E.  L.  Bogart, 
Economic  History,  ch.  xix;  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History 
(rev.  ed.),  234-243;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War,  ch.  xiv;  G.  S.  Mer- 
riam,  Negro  and  the  Nation,  ch.  xii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VII} 
228-248;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xvi,  xxv;  J.  Davis,  Con 
federate  Government,  I,  ch.  i;  Adam  Gurowski,  America  and  Europe, 
ch.  v;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution,  ch.  iv;  Friedrich 
Kapp,  Sklavenfrage  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten;  Jas.  Spence,  Ameri 
can  Union,  ch.  iv;  J.  F.  Scharf,  Maryland,  III,  ch.  xli;  T.  D.  Jervey, 
Robert  Y.  Hayne,  130-137;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of 

(421) 


422  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§209 

American  Government,  article  Slavery  as  a  Labor  System.  See  also 
§§  230,  240. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  ch.  iv;  The  South  in  the 
Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  198-210,  226-240,  V,  73-85,  108-143, 
152-274,  398-404;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  chs.  iv-ix; 
M.  B.  Hammond,  Cotton  Industry,  bk.  i,  chs.  i-iii;  U.  B.  Phillips, 
Economic  Cost  of  Slaveholding  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XX,  257),  and 
Southern  Black  Belt  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XI,  798),  and  Economics 
of  the  Plantation  (S.  Atlantic  Quart.,  II,  231),  and  Plantation  as  a 
Civilizing  Factor  (Sewanee  Review,  XII,  257);  W.  G.  Brown,  Lower 
South,  3-82;  B.  T.  Washington,  Frederick  Douglass,  chs.  i-iii; 
Samuel  Seabury,  American  Slavery  Justified;  Wm.  Jay,  Miscellaneous 
Writings,  7-206,  371-395;  Wm.  Goodell,  American  Slave  Code; 
R.  Hildreth,  Despotism  in  America;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Inquiry  into  the 
Law  of  Negro  Slavery,  I;  B.  B.  Munford,  Virginia's  Attitude, 
chs.  xix-xxv;  Henry  Sherman,  Slavery  in  the  United  States;  J.  R. 
Brackett,  Negro  in  Maryland,  chs.  iii-v;  J.  C.  Ballagh,  Slavery  in 
Virginia;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Slavery  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina; 
A.  T.  Bledsoe,  Essay  on  Liberty  and  Slavery;  Wm.  Chambers, 
American  Slavery  and  Colour,  115-181,  App.  I;  Albert  Barnes, 
Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery;  G.  B.  Cheever,  Guilt  of  Slavery;  Lydia 
M.  Child,  Oasis;  Augustus  Cochin,  Results  of  Slavery;  Geo.  Fitz- 
hugh,  Cannibals  All;  D.  R.  Goodwin,  Southern  Slavery  in  its  Present 
Aspects;  J.  H.  Hopkins,  Views  of  Slavery;  L.  R.  Marsh,  Writings 
and  Speeches  of  Alvan  Stewart;  Samuel  Nott,  Slavery  and  the  Remedy; 
W.  S.  Drewry,  Southampton  Insurrection;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Travel 
lers  and  Outlaws,  185-326;  Joshua  Coffin,  Some  of  the  Principal 
Slave  Insurrections.  —  MAPS:  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas, 
204  (slavery  and  products). 

Sources.  —  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  xxvi,  IV,  ch.  iv. 
—  SOUTHERN  VIEW:  U.  B.  Philips  in  J.  R.  Commons,  Documentary 
History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  I,  II;  H.  R.  Helper,  Impend 
ing  Crisis;  F.  L.  Riley,  Diary  of  a  Mississippi  Planter  (Miss.  Hist. 
Soc.,  Publications,  X,  305);  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  ch. 
xxxii;  Susan  D.  Smedes,  Memorials  of  a  Southern  Planter  (Dabney); 
J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  II-VI;  Wm.  Harper  and  others,  Pro-Slavery 
Argument.  —  NORTHERN  VIEW:  F.  L.  Olmsted,  Journey  in  the 
Seaboard  Slave  States,  and  Texas  Journey,  and  Back  Country  (ex 
tracts  from  the  above  three  books  republished  as  Cotton  Kingdom); 
Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  pt.  i;  Frances  A.  Kemble, 
Journal  of  a  Residence  on  a  Georgia  Plantation;  Wm.  Birney,  James 
G.  Birney,  chs.  i-xi;  Nehemiah  Adams,  South  Side  View  of  Slavery; 


§210]  SLAVERY   AND   ABOLITION  423 

F.  C.  Adams,  Uncle  Tom  at  Home;  W.  L.  Garrison,  Selections  from 
Writings  and  Speeches;  Jas.  Stuart,  Three  Years  in  North  America, 
II,  chs.  iii-ix;  Mrs.  K.  E.  R.  Pickard,  Kidnapped  and  the  Ransomed 
(Peter  Still);  Solomon  Northup,  Twelve  Years  a  Slave;  E.  H.  Botume, 
First  Days  among  the  Contrabands. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Select  Bibliography  of  Negro 
American;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  240,  V,  80- 
404  passim;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  footnotes  to  ch.  iv;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  xxii,  and  Manual,  §  42  (lects.  46, 
47);  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  E;  J.  C.  Ballagh, 
Slavery  in  Virginia,  149-154;  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc., 
Historical  Sources  in  Schools,  §  85;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  Ameri 
can  Political  History,  II,  40,  41. 

§  210.  The  Abolition  Movement,  1830-1850 

Summary.  —  Argument  for  slavery :  scripture ;  ancient  prece 
dents  ;  inferiority  of  the  Negro ;  good  of  the  Negro ;  good  of  the 
whites ;  basis  of  democracy ;  economic  advantages  ;  impossibility 
of  freedom.  —  Argument  against  slavery :  unproductive ;  un 
christian;  limited  to  agriculture;  exhausted  lands;  against 
improvements ;  degrading ;  demoralizing  to  the  masters ;  inhuman ; 
contrary  to  rights  of  man;  encourages  political  oligarchies; 
sectional.  —  Rise  of  abolitionists :  colonial  (§  165) ;  before  1808 
(§  1 80) ;  after  1808  (§  197) ;  1816,  American  Colonization  Society 
(§197).  —  Foreign  movement:  1830,  1837,  British  abolition ;  1848, 
French  abolition.  —  Eastern  movement :  Benjamin  Lundy ;  1831, 
Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison,  Liberator;  1837,  Wendell  Phillips;  Gerrit 
Smith;  J.  G.  Whittier;  1845,  Theodore  Parker;  J.  R.  Lowell.  - 
Western  movement:  societies;  1826,  Western  Reserve  College; 
1832,  Lane  Seminary;  1833,  Oberlin  College;  S.  P.  Chase;  early 
fugitive  cases.  —  Southern  abolitionists :  1834,  James  G.  Birney ; 
Grimke  sisters ;  C.  M.  Clay.  —  Organization :  1832,  state  and  local 
societies;  English  agitators;  George  Thompson;  1833,  American 
Anti-Slavery  Society ;  1840,  separation  of  national  society ;  1840, 
American  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Society ;  1840,  "  Liberty 
Party."  —  Northern  opposition:  1831-1834,  negro  schools  des 
troyed;  1834-1838,  riots,  especially  1835,  Garrison  mob,  1837, 
Love  joy,  1838,  Pennsylvania  Hall;  public  meetings.  —  Southern 
sentiment:  legislation;  demands  on  the  North  for  restrictions; 


424  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§210 

slave  codes ;  disappearance  of  anti-slavery  sentiment ;  pro-slavery 
propaganda. 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,!,  38-75;  H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  chs.  ix-xi;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xvii;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  231-253;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United 
States,  II,  89-96;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  ch.  v;  J.  C. 
Reed,  Brothers'  War,  ch.  vi;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Negro  and  the  Nation, 
chs.  iv-vii;  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XI,  477;  The 
South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  397-404. 

Special.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  80-120,  219-235;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Slavery  •  and  Abolition,  chs.  x,  xii-xvii,  and  Salmon  Portland 
Chase,  28-71,  83-94;  T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and  Free-Soil  Parties, 
chs.  ii-v;  C.  E.  Merriam,  American  Political  Theories,  ch.  vi;  C.  H. 
Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  185-202;  B.  B.  Munford,  Vir 
ginia's  Attitude,  chs.  viii,  ix,  xv-xvii,  xxx,  xxxi;  N.  D.  Harris,  Negro 
Servitude  in  Illinois,  68-156;  J.  E.  Cutler,  Lynch-Law,  ch.  iv;  B.  T. 
Washington,  Frederick  Douglass,  chs.  iv-viii;  C.  W.  Chesnutt, 
Frederick  Douglass;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Inquiry  into  the  Law  of  Negro 
Slavery,  and  Historical  Sketch  of  Slavery,  chs.  xv,  xvii;  R.  Toombs, 
in  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  1,636-647;  Wm.  Birney 
James  G,  Birney,  chs.  xii-xviii;  G.  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings, 
chs.  i-iii;  Lewis  Tappan,  Arthur  Tappan,  chs.  viii-xx;  Oliver  John 
son,  William  Lloyd  Garrison;  Wm.  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti- 
Slavery;  Augustus  Cochin,  Results  of  Emancipation;  J.  W.  Massie, 
America;  H.  A.  Herbert,  Abolition  Crusade;  John  Weiss,  Theodore 
Parker,  II,  ch.  xviii;  O.  B.  Frothingham,  Theodore  Parker,  and 
Gerrit  Smith;  W.  W.  Story,  Joseph  Story,  I,  ch.  xi. 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Liberator;  Anti-Slavery  Standard;  Eman 
cipator;  Annual  Reports  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society, 
American  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Society,  and  the  state  societies ; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  63;  T.  W.  Owen,  Alabama 
Protest  Against  Abolitionism  (Gulf  State  Hist.  Mag.,  II,  26).  —  CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS  :  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison;  Catherine 
H.  Birney,  Grimke  Sisters;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X;  F.  B. 
Sanborn,  John  Brown,  chs.  i-vi;  D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  II; 
Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Report,  1902,  II),  107-116,  459-467;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Correspondence, 
665-673,  1045-1049,  1167-1169,  1177-1179;  J.  R.  Giddings,  Speeches 
in  Congress;  Lydia  M.  Child,  Isaac  T.  Hopper;  Anna  D.  Hallowell, 
James  and  Lucretia  M ott;  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Wood- 
burn  ed.),  II,  102  (Phillips);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch. 


§211]      PUBLIC    CONTROVERSY   AS    TO    SLAVERY      425 

xxviii;  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  78,  79,  81.  —  REMINISCENCES:  B. 
P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  ch.  xv;  Geo.  Thompson,  Prison 
Life  and  Reflections;  Levi  Coffin,  Reminiscences;  J.  F.  Clarke, 
Anti-Slavery  Days;  S.  J.  May,  Recollections  of  Our  Anti-Slavery 
Conflict;  Parker  Pillsbury,  Acts  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Apostles;  C.  M. 
Clay,  Life  written  by  himself,  I,  chs.  i-iv. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  325,  and  Boston,  III, 
395;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  xxii,  and  Manual,  §§  41, 
42  (lect.  48),  150;  Samuel  May,  Jr.,  Catalogue  of  Anti-Slavery 
Publications;  Library  of  Cornell  University,  Bulletins,  I,  229-231. 

§  211.  Public  Controversy  as  to  Slavery,  1835-1844 

Summary.  —  Abolition  movement  (§  210).  — Anti-slavery  men 
jn  Congress :  Miner,  Slade,  J.  Q.  Adams,  Giddings.  —  District  of 
Columbia:  status  of  slavery;  1801-1825,  movements  for  emanci 
pation;  fugitives  (§212);  sales  for  jail  fees  (§209);  interstate 
trade  (§  212) ;  focus  for  attack.  —  Question  of  the  mails :  "  incen 
diary  publications";  1835,  Aug.,  Postmaster-General  Kendall's 
letter;  1836,  Calhoun's  bill;  "  freedom  of  the  press." — Abolition 
petitions :  earlier  objections  (§  180) ;  1820-1830,  on  District  of 
Columbia;  J.  Q.  Adams's  attitude;  1836,  Calhoun's  proposition; 
Buchanan's  compromise.  —  "  Gag  resolutions  "  in  the  House :  1836, 
May,  Pinckney's  (ist) ;  1837,  Jan.,  Hawes's  (2d) ;  1837,  Dec., 
Patton's  (3d) ;  1838,  Dec.,  Atherton's  (4th) ;  1840,  Jan.,  Johnson's 
(5th);  1844,  repeal.  —  Attempted  censures:  1837,  Feb.,  John 
Quincy  Adams;  1842,  Jan.,  Adams;  1842,  March,  Giddings. 

General.  —  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  chs.  xvii,  xxi;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  History,  VI,  chs.  Ixi,  Ixvii,  and  Daniel  Webster,  ch.  xi; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  xviii;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
IV,  ch.  xiv,  §  ii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  253-257; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  96-100;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian 
Epoch,  267-282,  313-316,  373-391,  410-418;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Tylers, 
I,  570-582;  Gaillard  Hunt,  John  C.  Calhoun,  229-238;  W.  M.  Meigs, 
Thomas  Hart  Benton,  ch.  xvii;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton, 
ch.  viii;  Wm.  Whiting,  War  Powers,  ch.  viii;  Alex.  Harris,  Political 
Conflict  in  America,  chs.  v-vii;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the 
Nation,  IV,  404-410. 

Special.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  120-146;  Mary  Tremain, 
Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  Wm.  Goodell,  Slavery  and  Anti- 


426  SLAVERY   AND    TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§212 

Slavery,  chs.  x-xviii,  xxii-xxxvi,  and  Views  of  American  Constitu 
tional  Law;  Win.  Jay,  Miscellaneous  Writings,  217,  369,  397-400; 
W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  392,  450,  452;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  I,  ch.  xxii,  and  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xiii; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  John  Quincy  Adams,  ch.  iii;  W.  H.  Seward,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  chs.  xii-xiv;  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
chs.  ix-xii;  B.  H.  Wise,  Henry  A.  Wise,  ch.  iv;  Adam  Gurowski, 
Slavery  in  History;  Chas.  Elliot,  Sinfulness  of  American  Slavery; 
E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III,  ch.  xxx. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  XII-XIV  (1835-1837); 
Congressional  Globe,  especially  II- XII  (1835-1844),  XXI  (1849- 
1850),  LIV-LVI  (1860-1861);  T;  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIII- 
XVI  (1835-1850).  — DOCUMENTS:  Register  of  Debates,  Apps.  to 
XII-XIV;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  III,  175;  H. 
V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  214-223;  newspapers  of  the  day  (§41), 
especially  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  XLIII-LXVI,  National  Era, 
New  York  Tribune,  Liberator,  Richmond  Whig,  Charleston  Mercury. 
—  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X;  T. 
H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  chs.  cxxix-cxxxi,  II,  chs.  xxxiii, 
xxxvi,  xxxvii;  W.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties;  J.  C.  Calhoun* 
Works,  II- VI,  and  Correspondence,  357,  361,  368,  386-391,  423,  424, 
444;  D.  Webster,  Works,  IV,  230;  J.  Buchanan,  Mr.  Buchanan's 
Administration,  ch.  i;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  IV,  VI,  355- 
375,  595-600;  Jos.  Hodgson,  Cradle  of  the  Confederacy,  chs.  ix,  x; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§  180,  181,  184;  Alex.  Johnston, 
American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  II,  115  (Adams). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  322-324;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §§1915-1923;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §42 
(lect.  49);  J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  181-204. 

§  212.  International  and  Interstate  Status  of  Slavery, 
1830-1850 

Summary.  —  National  government  involved:  District  of  Co 
lumbia  (§  211) ;  .territories  (§§221,  222,  225,  228);  fugitives; 
extradition;  domestic  trade;  rights  of  colored  citizens;  foreign 
relations.  —  Fugitives  (§  209) :  usual  methods ;  advertisements ; 
return  in  slave  "states;  northward  nights;  "  underground  rail 
road,"  early  "  personal  liberty"  bills.  —  Important  cases:  1837, 
Matilda;  1840,  Van  Zandt;  1842,  Prigg;  1842,  Latimer;  1847, 
Kennedy.  — Interstate  extradition:  1835,  Williams;  1837,  Maine- 


§212]  INTERSTATE    STATUS  427 

Georgia;  1839,  New  York- Virginia ;  1859,  Kentucky  v.  Dennison. 

-Free  negroes:  1822,  1835,  South  Carolina  negro  seaman  acts; 
1844,  Hoar's  mission;  question  of  temporary  sojourn;  question 
of  transit  of  slaves  over  free  states  (§228).  —  Foreign  relations: 
Hayti;  Liberia  (§  197) ;  negroes  carried  away  by  troops  (§  191); 
fugitives  to  Mexico  and  Canada;  slave-trade  regulations;  1841, 
Quintuple  treaty ;  1842,  Ashburton  treaty  on  joint  cruising  (§217). 

-  Slave  vessel  cases  :  1830,  Comet;  1834,  Encomium  and  Enter 
prise;  1839,  L'Amistad;  1840,  British  indemnity ;  1841,  Creole. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VII,  248-270;  Emlin 
McClain,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xxxiii;  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Historical 
Sketch  of  Slavery,  ch.  x;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  101-107; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xiii;  Lawrence's  Wheaton, 
note  42. 

Special.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  312-329;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  xix,  and  Salmon  Portland  Chase,  71-83; 
The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  217-226,  410-413,  V, 
124-129;  Frederic  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward,  I,  101-107;  J.  C. 
Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage,  chs.  ii,  vii-xiii;  E.  L.  Pierce, 
Charles  Sumner,  II,  ch.  xxiv;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  408-412; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquy  xiv;  Wm.  Jay, 
Miscellaneous  Writings,  207-363;  G.  W.  Julian,  Joshua  R.  Giddings, 
chs.  iv-vi;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  ch.  ii;  W.  H. 
Collins,  Domestic  Slave  Trade;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad; 
W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave  Trade,  chs.  ix-xi;  H.  C.  Carey,  Slave  Trade. 
—  MAPS:  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  126,  230  (trade  and 
underground  routes);  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad,  113 
(routes);  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  206  (trade  and  under 
ground  routes). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  XII- XIV  (1835- 
1837);  Congressional  Globe  (especially  1835-1837,  1841-1843, 
1847-1850,  1859-1860).  —  DOCUMENTS:  Register  of  Debates,  Apps. 
to  XII- XIV;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  208,  310; 
Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  27  Cong.,  3  sess.,  I; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  27  Cong.,  2  sess.,  II,  No.  116,  V,  No.  242;  28 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  IV,  No.  83;  Senate  Reports,  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  36; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  II,  204,  243-247,  250,  IV> 
232;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  69;  H.  V.  Ames,  State 
Documents,  232-240;  Niles'  Weekly  Register;  contemporary  news 
papers  (§41);  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys-General,  I,  659,  II,  426.— 


428  SLAVERY    AND    TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§213 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  VIII- X;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  chs.  xlix,  xcviii;  J.  C.  Calhoun, 
Works,  III-V;  D.  Webster,  Works,  VI,  290,  303-318,  391-405; 
Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  II,  400-413;  Wm.  Still,  Underground 
Railroad;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  §§179,  183;  Old  South 
Leaflets,  No.  140. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  494;  H.  V.  Ames,  State 
Documents,  232,  233,  237-239;  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Slave  Trade, 
App.  C;  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  D;  W.  H.  Collins, 
Domestic  Slave  Trade,  140-154;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  42  (lect.  50), 
§  80  (lect.  52);  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  V,  129. 

§  213.  Van  Buren's  Administration,  1837-1841 

Summary.  —  Election  of  1836 :  no  Whig  nomination ;  Jackson's 
influence ;  Van  Buren  elected.  —  Parties :  Whig  opposition ; 
Locofocos;  Conservatives;  1839,  Nov.,  New  Jersey  contested 
elections.  —  Foreign  policy:  1836,  question  of  Texas  (§218); 
1837,  Caroline  affair;  1838-1839,  Aroostook  War  (§  217) ;  1841, 
McLeod  incident.  —  Finances:  1837,  panic;  1837,  Oct.  2,  "deposit 
act  "  suspended  (§  208) ;  1839,  second  crisis;  1840,  July  4,  Inde 
pendent  Treasury  established;  1841,  Aug.  13,  repealed;  1846, 
reestablished  (§  220).  —  Slavery  questions  (§§  210-212). —  State 
finances:  internal  improvements  (§  201) ;  repudiations.  —  Sectional 
contest  for  the  west:  railroad  plans  (§  201) ;  land  politics  (§  201). 
—  Labor  and  politics  (§  202). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VI,  chs.  Ixiv-lxvi,  Ixviii ; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  ch.  xvii;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  xx;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People, 
IV,  62-72,  82-85;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  289-291,  342-373, 
392-410,  430-442;  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  viii;  Carl  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  II,  chs.  xix,  xx;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay,  244-261  ; 
E.  Stan  wood,  Presidency,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  H.  von  Hoist,  John  C.  Cal 
houn,  ch.  vii;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  264-271;  T. 
Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  chs.  ix,  x;  F.  Bancroft,  William  H. 
Seward,  I,  m-ii6;  J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  II,  722-730. 

Special.  —  E.  M.-  Shepard,  Martin  Van  Buren,  chs.  viii-x;  H. 
von  Hoist,  History,  II,  146-177,  194-217;  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV, 
ch.  xv ;  J.  C.  Dent,  Last  Forty  Years  of  Canada,  I,  ch.  viii;  G.  S. 
Callender,  Economic  History,  ch.  xi;  Katharine  Coman,  Industrial 


§213]  VAN   BUREN'S   ADMINISTRATION  429 

History  (rev.  ed.),  227-231;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History, 
§§  96-101,  104,  and  State  Banking  before  the  Civil  War;  J.  J.  Knox, 
Banking  in  the  United  States,  84-87;  David  Kinley,  Independent 
Treasury,  16-30;  W.  G.  Sumner,  American  Currency,  131-161;  R. 
Hildreth,  Banks,  Banking ?and  Paper  Currency,  chs.  xxii-xxv;  Finan 
cial  Revulsions  of  1837  and  1857  (Bankers'  Magazine,  XII,  390); 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  Ill,  346;  W.  A.  Scott,  Repudiation 
of  State  Debts,  33-50;  G.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  xiii-xv; 
W.  L.  MacKenzie,  Martin  Van  Buren;  Gustavus  Myers,  Tammany 
Hall,  chs.  xii-xiv;  J.  D.  Hammond,  Political  Parties  in  New  York, 

II,  chs.  xl,  xli;    D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New    York,  II, 
ch.  ii;    B.  A.  Konkle,  Thomas  Williams,  I,  chs.  viii,  ix;    C.  R.  Fish, 
Civil  Service  and    Patronage,  131-142;    O.  E.  Tiffany,  United  States 
and   Canadian   Rebellion  of  1837   (Buffalo  Hist.   Soc.,    Publications, 
VIII,  i). —  MAPS:    A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  8  (settlement, 
1840),  52  (U.  S.,  1840),  300  (presidential  election);    G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  4  (N.  America,  1840). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  25 
Cong.,  26  Cong.;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIII,  XIV;  Statutes 
at  Large,  V;  Congressional  Documents  (Indexes,  §26);  J.  D.  Richard 
son,  Messages  and  Papers,  III,  313-624;  N  lies'  Weekly  Register, 
LI-LVIII;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  118-131; 
National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  117-127, 
323-327,  633;  contemporary  newspapers  (§  41).  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  X;  M.  Van  Buren,  Political 
Parties,  ch.  ix;  Calendar  of  the  Papers  of  Martin  Van  Buren;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  chs.  i-lix;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works, 

III,  and  Correspondence,  371-462;    Calhoun  by  his  Political  Friends, 
Southern  Hist.   Assoc.,    Publications,   VII,    285-291,  353,  354;    Nancy 
N.  Scott,  Memoir  of  Hugh  Lawson  White,  chs.  xiii-xvii;  Wm.  Leggett, 
Political  Writings;    H.  Clay,  Works  .(Colton  ed.),  IV,  chs.  x,  xi,  VI, 
279-436;    D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  II;    D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  3- 
54;    Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  126-182,  425-453;    J.  Buchanan, 
Works,  III,  127-130,  252-258,  324,  337,  IV,  116-123;    B.  P.  Poore, 
Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  chs.  xiv-xvi;    J.  A.  Hamilton,   Reminis 
cences,   ch.    viii;     F.    Byrdsall,    Loco-Foco   Party;     Horace    Greeley, 
Recollections,  ch-.  xvi. 

Bibliography.  —  New  York  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  XII, 
356-361  (money  and  banking);  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History, 
§95;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  44  (lect.  51);  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII, 
35 2>  3535  O.  E.  Tiffany,  United  States  and  Canadian  Rebellion, 
115-118. 


430  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§214 


§  214.  The  Whigs  and  Tyler,  1840-1844 

Summary.  —  Election  of  1840:  VanBuren;  Harrison;  "  Tip- 
pecanoe  and  Tyler  too"  campaign;  Harrison  elected.  —  1841, 
President  Harrison:  cabinet;  policy  foreshadowed;  April  4, 
death.  —  1841,  Tyler's  breach  with  the  Whigs:  Clay's  schemes; 
Aug.  17,  subtreasury  repeal  (§213);  Aug.  16,  "Fiscal  Bank" 
veto;  Sept.  9,  "Fiscal  Corporation"  veto;  resignation  of  the 
cabinet ;  Webster  remains.  —  Tyler's  policy :  cabinet  changes ; 
1843,  May  8,  Webster  retires ;  "  corporal's  guard."  —  Tariff  of 
1842  :  1833-1841,  effect  of  the  Compromise  of  1^33  (§  206) ;  lack 
of  revenue;  1841,  Sept.  n,  temporary  tariff;  1842,  June  29, 
first  tariff  veto ;  Aug.  9,  second  veto ;  Aug.  20,  tariff  act  passed ; 
effect  (§  220).  —  Slavery  questions  (§§  210-212).  —  Foreign  affairs 
(§  217).  —  State  questions :  1842,  Dorr  rebellion  in  Rhode  Island ; 
1839-1846,  anti-rent  agitation  in  New  York. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VI,  chs.  Ixix,  Ixx,  VII, 
chs.  Ixxi,  Ixxii,  and  Daniel  Webster,  253-263,  276;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  chs.  iii,  iv,  xii;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American 
People,  IV,  85-100;  C.  H.  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  410-430,  442- 
472;  T.  Roosevelt,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  ch.  xi;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry 
Clay,  262-287;  G.  T.  Curtis,  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xvi. 

Special.  —  H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  chs.  viii-xii;  L.  G.  Tyler, 
Tylers,  I.  ch.  xx,  II,  chs.  i-vi,  III,  84-114;  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay, 
II,  chs.  xxii,  xxiii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Webster,  II,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii ; 
H.  von  Hoist,  History,  II,  chs.  v,  vi;  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV,  chs. 
xvi,  xvii;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  xvi,  and  Tariff  Controversies, 
II,  ch.  xi;  Ed.  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  Ixxxviii-xcii 
(Cong.  Docs.,  Serial  No.  1512);  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  II, 
chs.  xiv-xvi;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  102,  103;  J.  J. 
Knox,  Banking  in  the  United  States,  87-90;  David  Kinley,  Inde 
pendent  Treasury,  30-35;  M.  Ostrogorski,  Democracy  and  Political 
Parties,  II,  71-79;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  142-157; 
W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  78,  79,  729,  730,  and  Ameri 
can  Constitutional  System,  ch.  vi;  J.  S.  Jenkins,  Silas  Wright,  179- 
226;  A.  M.  Mowry,  Dorr  War;  Dan  King,  Thomas  W.  Dorr;  E.  R. 
Potter,  Considerations  on  Questions  on  Rhode  Island;  E.  P.  Cheyney, 
Anti-Rent  Agitation  in  New  York;  Jay  Gould,  Delaware  County.  — 
MAPS:  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  300  (presidential  election). 


§215]  WHIGS   AND   TYLER  431 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  26- 
28  Congs. ;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XIV,  XV;  Statutes  at  Large, 
V;  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  27  Cong.,  i 
sess.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  IV,  5-72,  80-89,  99> 
102-in,  152-154,  180-193,  199-209,  220-227,  233,  255,  264-268, 
283-307,  330-333,  346-348;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance, 
131-143;  National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning 
Money,  127-134;  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  LVIII-LXIII ;  Luther  v. 
Borden  (7  Howard,  i);  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law, 
§217  (Caroline).  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  D.  Webster, 
Works,  II,  VI,  247-269,  and  Private  Correspondence,  II,  76-117,  140— 
152,  170-189;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  IV,  ch.  xi,  VI,  406-561; 
D.  Mallory,  Henry  Clay,  II,  384-436,  482-562;  J.  C.  Calhoun, 
Works,  III,  IV,  and  Correspondence,  448-514,  816-829,  844;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  chs.  Iviii-cxxxiv;  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  X,  XI;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  212-353;  Mrs. 
Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  chs.  xii-xvii;  B.  P.  Poore, 
Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  chs.  xvii-xxiii;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public 
Men  and  Events,  II,  chs.  v,  vi;  Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences  of 
Webster,  160-163. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  353-355;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  ch.  xxi;  New  York  City  Public  Library, 
Bulletin,  XII,  361,  362  (money  and  banking);  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§  44  (lect.  51);  A.  M.  Mowry,  Dorr  War,  App.  F. 

§  215.  Exploration  of  the  Far  West  to  1850 

Summary.  —  Geographic  provinces :  prairies  and  the  Great 
Plains ;  Rocky  Mountains ;  Columbia  Plateau  ("  Inland  Em 
pire  ") ;  Colorado  Plateau ;  Interior  Basin  (the  Desert) ;  Pacific 
Coast.  —  Western  Indians.  —  Exploration  by  sea  (§§105,  112, 
187):  1542-1543,  Cabrillo  and  Ferrelo;  1579,  Drake;  1602-1603, 
Vizcaino  and  Aguilar;  1741,  Bering;  1769,  Perez;  1778,  Cook; 
1792,  Gray,  the  Columbia;  1792,  Vancouver.  —  Exploration  by 
land :  French  and  the  Sea  of  the  West  (§  109) ;  1714,  Saint  Denis ; 
1724,  Bourgmont;  1740,  Mallet  brothers;  1731-1743,  Verendrye 
family.  —  Spanish  forts  and  missions  in  California:  1769,  Portola 
and  Father  Junipero  Serra;  1776,  foundation  of  the  presidio  and 
mission  of  San  Francisco.  —  American  explorations:  1803-1806, 
Lewis  and  Clark  (§  187) ;  1806-1807,  Pike  (§  187) ;  1811-1812,  the 
Astorians  (§  187);  1820,  Long;  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  the 


432  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§215 

Oregon    country;    Rocky    Mountain     fur     traders;    1823-1824, 
Ashley's  men ;   1826-1829,  Jedediah  Smith;    1842-1846,  Fremont. 

General.  —  J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  30-32,  193-217;  F. 
Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xv,  II,  ch.  xvi;  Livingston 
Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  chs.  iv,  viii,  ix,  xii;  F.  J. 
Turner,  New  West,  ch.  viii;  Jos.  Schafer,  Pacific  Northwest,  chs.  i- 
viii,  and  Acquisition  of  Oregon,  Discovery  (Univ.  of  Oregon,  Bulletin, 
n.  s.,  VI);  E.  S.  Meany,  Washington,  chs.  i-xiv;  Caleb  Gushing, 
Nautical  Discovery  (N.  Am.  Review,  XLVIII,  109),  and  Discovery 
beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains  (ibid.,  L,  75);  G.  R.  Hebard,  Path- 
breakers;  Randall  Parrish,  Great  Plains,  pt.  i;  F.  W.  Hodge, 
Handbook  of  American  Indians;  R.  I.  Dodge,  Our  Wild  Indians; 
A.  C.  Laut,  Story  of  the  Trapper,  chs.  i-viii,  and  Conquest  of  the 
Great  Northwest,  I,  ch.  xx,  II;  Geo.  Bryce,  Hudson's  Bay  Com 
pany,  chs.  xxxix,  xl;  C.  M.  Harvey,  Fur  Traders  (Atlantic,  CIII, 

297,  523)- 

Special.  —  GEOGRAPHY:  J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions, 
85-100;  Ellen  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic 
Conditions,  chs.  x,  xi;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  chs.  viii- 
x;  N.  S.  Shaler,  United  States,  I,  ch.  iii;  Isaiah  Bowman,  Forest 
Physiography,  chs.  ix-xxiii;  R.  T.  Hill,  Physical  Geography  of  the  Texas 
Region  (Topog.  Atlas  of  U.  S.);  W.  D.  Johnson,  High  Plains  (U.  S. 
Geolog.  Survey,  Report,  XXI,  pt.  iv);  W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of 
Arid  America;  T.  M.  Prudden,  On  the  Great  American  Plateau; 
J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  The  Desert;  W.  H.  Ha\\,  Physical  Data  and  Statis 
tics  of  California;  A.  G.  McAdie,  Climatology  of  California;  D.  S. 
Jordan,  California  and  Calif ornians;  Josiah  Royce,  Race  Questions, 
No.  4;  P.  T.  Tyson,  Geology  and  Natural  Resources  of  California; 
J.  D.  Whitney,  Geology  of  California  (N.  Am.  Review,  LXXV,  277)  ; 
W.  T.  Hornaday,  Bison  (Smithsonian  Inst.,  Report,  1887,  II,  367). 
-EXPLORERS:  R.  C.  Clark,  Beginnings  of  Texas  (Univ.  of  Texas, 
Bulletin,  No.  98);  Warren  Upham,  Explorations  of  Verendrye 
(Miss.  Valley  Hist.  Assoc.,  Proceedings,  I,  43);  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
California,  I,  chs.  iii,  vi,  and  Northwest  Coast,  and  Nevada,  ch.  ii, 
and  Colorado,  ch.  ii,  and  Utah,  ch.  ii;  H.  M.  Chittenden,  American 
Fur  Trade,  and  Early  Steamboat  Navigation  on  the  Missouri;  Wash 
ington  Irving,  Captain  Bonneville,  and  Astoria;  I.  B.  Richman, 
California,  chs.  i-vi.  —  MAPS:  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  114;  G.  P. 
Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  18,  36,  230;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  His 
torical  Atlas,  210;  Bond  and  Beathrong,  Map  showing  Routes  of 
Principal  Explorers  (General  Land  Office);  I.  B.  Richman,  Call- 


§210]  EXPLORATION   AND    SETTLEMENT  433 

fornia  passim.      Most  of   the  accounts   of   exploration   contain  val 
uable  maps. 

Sources.  —  Journals  of  Verendrye,  in  Report  of  Canadian  Archives, 
1889,  1-29,  and  in  Pierre  Margry,  Decouvertes,  VI,  ch.  xvi;  Portola 
Expedition  (Acad.  of  Pacific  Coast  Hist.,  Publications,  I,  15-159, 
II,  1-119,  161-327);  R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  XIV- 
XXX,  especially  XIV- XVII  (Long);  Elliott  Coues,  New  Lighten 
the  Greater  Northwest,  and  Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  (Larpenteur) ; 
T.  H.  Benton  and  others  on  the  fur  trade,  in  Annals  of  Congress, 
XXXVIII,  416-424,  XLI,  450-461;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  19  Cong., 

1  sess.,  No.   117  (Atkinson's  Missouri  River  expedition,  1825);   24 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  181  (Dodge's  Rocky  Mountain  expedition,  1835)  ; 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i    sess.,  No.  438    (Abert's   Arkansas 
River  expedition,  1845);    F.  Parkman,  Oregon  Trail;   J.  C.  Fremont, 
Memoirs,  and  reports  of  explorations,  in  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  28  Cong., 

2  Sess.,  No.  174*  W.  H.  Emory,   Notes  on  a  Military  Reconnaissance 
to  San  Diego  (1846);    J.  H.  Simpson,   Explorations  across  the  Great 
Basin  (1859);    P.  St.  G.  Cooke,  Scenes  and  Adventures  in  the  Army; 
R.  B.  Marcy,  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life  on  the  Border;  Jas.  Hildreth, 
Dragoon  Campaigns  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  (1833);    Samuel  Parker, 
Journal  of  an   Exploring   Tour   (1835);    Eugene  Duflot  de  Mofras, 
Exploration    de  VOregon,  des     Californies,   et  de  la   Mer    Vermeille 
(1840-1842). 

Bibliography.  —  Harvard  University,  List  of  References  in  History 
J7>  67-75;  F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  337;  Livingston  Farrand, 
Basis  of  American  History,  279-286  ;  F.  W.  Hodge,  Handbook  of 
American  Indians,  II,  1179-1221;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  I,  and 
Nevada,  ch.  ii,  notes,  and  Northwest  Coast,  I,  pp.  xvii-xxxiii;  I.  B. 
Richman,  California,  361-425;  Adelaide  R.  Hasse,  Reports  of  Ex 
plorations  printed  in  Documents  of  the  Government;  W  .T.  Davenport, 
Bibliography  of  Hall  J.  Kelley  (Oregon  Hist.  Soc.,  Quarterly,  VIII, 
375).  See  also  the  "  Bibliography  "  of  §  216. 


§  216.  Trade  and  Settlement  in  the  Far  West  to  1850 

Summary.  —  The  Rocky  Mountain  fur  trade  (§215). — The 
Santa  Fe  trail.  —  Texas :  the  Spanish  settlements ;  French  claims 
(§§  no,  187);  1819,  1828,  boundary  treaties;  American  invasions 
1800,  Nolan,  1806,  Burr's  project  (§  188),  1812,  Gutierrez  and 
Magee,  1819,  Long;  the  empresarios,  1821,  Stephen  Austin; 
colonization  laws  of  1824,  1825,  1830 ;  1826-1827,  Fredonian  War ; 


434  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§216 

Mexican  revolutions ;  1829,  slavery  abolished  in  Mexico,  relation 
of  the  decree  to  Texas ;  1836,  Texan  war,  Goliad,  siege  of  Alamo, 
March  2 ,  declaration  of  independence,  April  2 1 ,  battle  of  San  Jacinto ; 
effect  in  the  United  States  (§  218).  —  Oregon :  1834-1836,  Wyeth 
and  missionaries,  Lee,  Whitman ;  1842,  Whitman's  ride,  contro 
versy  over  "  saving  Oregon  " ;  question  of  the  occupation  of 
Oregon  (§  217),  1838-1843,  Linn's  territorial  bills;  1842-1843, 
overland  migrations.  —  Utah:  1823,  Joseph  Smith  and  the  Mor 
mons  in  Palmyra,  N.Y.,  1830,  in  Kirtland,  Ohio,  1831-1846,  in 
Missouri,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan  (§  202) ;  1839,  Nauvoo  ; 
1843,  "  revelation "  on  polygamy ;  1844,  killing  of  Smith, 
succession  of  Brigham  Young  (§  202) ;  1846-1847,  migration  to 
Great  Salt  Lake ;  1846-1848,  Mormons  in  the  Mexican  War ;  1848, 
cession  of  Utah  (§  219) ;  1849,  State  of  Deseret;  the  church  and 
irrigation.  —  California  (§§  219,  221,  222) :  Spanish  and  Mexican 
regime,  missions,  land  grants,  ranches,  Yankee  trade,  remoteness 
of  central  government;  1841,  Bidwell,  and  the  first  immigrant 
train;  diplomatic  relations,  1842,  temporary  seizure  of  Monterey, 
1846,  Fremont  and  the  Bear  Flag  republic;  1846-1848,  conquest 
and  cession  (§  219) ;  1848,  discovery  of  gold;  1849,  rusn  to  Cali 
fornia  ;  effect  of  California  gold ;  mining  camp  traits.  —  Signifi 
cance  of  American  colonization  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  3-13,  VI,  250-260, 
VII,  216-220,  422-429,  585-609;  J.  Schouler,  History,  IV,  250-253, 
445-447,  510,  528-535,  V,  130-142;  F.  L.  Pax'son,  Last  American 
Frontier,  chs.  i-vii;  C.  M.  Harvey,  Santa  Fe  Trail  (Atlantic,  CIV, 
775),  and  Salt  Lake  Trail  (ibid.,  CVI,  112);  Henry  Inman,  Old 
Santa  Fe  Trail;  K.  W.  Colgrove,  Congress  and  the  Pioneers,  1820- 
1850  (Iowa  Jour,  of  Hist,  and  Politics,  IX,  196);  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  23-34,  and  Texas,  chs.  vi-xviii;  A.  M.  Wil 
liams,  Sam  Houston,  chs.  v-xi;  S.  B.  Elliott,  Sam  Houston;  Joseph 
Schafer,  Pacific  Northwest,  chs.  x-xv;  F.  T.  Holman,  Dr.  John 
McLoughlin;  W.  A.  Linn,  Mormons,  bks.  V,  VI,  chs.  i-ix;  E.  H. 
Anderson,  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints,  100-128; 
Josiah  Royce,  California,  and  Provincialism  (Putnam's  Mag.,  VII, 
232);  H.  C.  Merwin,  Bret  Harte,  chs.  v-xii. 

Special.  —  Annie  H.  Abel,  Indian  Consolidation  (Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1906,  I),  chs.  v-viii.  —  TEXAS:  D.  G.  Wooten, 
Texas,  I,  pt.  i,  chs.  vii-xxix  (Yoakum),  pt.  ii,  chs.  i-xiii;  H.  H. 


§216]  TRADE   AND   SETTLEMENT  435 

Bancroft,  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas,  I,  ch.  xxii,  II,  chs. 
ii-x,  and  Mexico,  V,  ch.  vii;  H.  E.  Bolton,  Spanish  in  East  Texas 
(Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  IX,  67);  W.  F.  McCaleb,  Gutierrez- 
Magee  Expedition  (ibid.,  IV,  218);  I.  J.  Cox,  Louisiana-Texas 
Frontier  (ibid.,  X,  i);  E.  E.  Hale,  Real  Philip  Nolan  (Miss.  Hist. 
Soc.,  Publications,  IV,  281);  L.  G.  Bugbee,  Difficulties  of  a  Texas 
Empresario  (Southern  Hist.  Assoc.,  Publications,  III,  95),  and 
Slavery  in  Early  Texas  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XIII,  389,  648);  E.  C. 
Barker,  Finances  of  the  Texas  Revolution  (ibid.,  XIX,  612),  and 
African  Slave  Trade  in  Texas  (Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  VI, 
145);  Ethel  Z.  Rather,  De  Witt's  Colony  (also  in  ibid.,  VIII,  95); 
A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  490-501;  articles  illustrative  of 
military  history  in  Texas  Historical  Association,  Quarterly,  IV,  237, 
VII,  249,  IX,  227.  —  OREGON:  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Oregon,  I,  II,  chs.  i- 
iii;  H.  S.  Lyman,  Oregon,  I,  II,  chs.  i-iii;  Joseph  Schafer,  Oregon 
Pioneers  (Turner  Essays,  35);  W.  I.  Marshall,  Acquisition  of 
Oregon;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  3-109; 
Myron  Eells,  Marcus  Whitman;  W.  A.  Mowry,  Marcus  Whitman; 
John  Minto,  Antecedents  of  Pioneers  (Oregon  Hist.  Soc.,  Quarterly, 
V,  38);  F.  G.  Young,  Oregon  Trail  (ibid.,  I,  339);  J.  H.  Gilbert, 
Trade  and  Currency  in  Early  Oregon,  chs.  i-iii.  —  UTAH  (for 
Mormons  before  1846  see  §  202)  :  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Utah,  chs.  viii- 
xvii;  S.  M.  Smucker,  Mormons,  chs.  viii-xii;  O.  F.  Whitney,  Utah, 
I,  chs.  xv-xxii;  C.  H.  Brough,  Irrigation  in  Utah,  chs.  i,  ii.  —  CALI 
FORNIA:  H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  I-V,  VI,  chs.  i-xi,  xiv-xvi;  T.  H. 
Hittell,  California,  I,  II ;  J.  S.  Hittell,  San  Francisco,  chs.  i-iv;  I.  B. 
Richman,  California,  chs.  vii-xvi;  Zephyrin  Engelhardt,  Missions 
and  Missionaries  in  California;  J.  S.  Hildrup,  Missions  of  Califor 
nia;  R.  W.  Kelsey,  United  States  Consulate  in  California;  Bernard 
Moses,  Establishment  of  Municipal  Government  in  San  Francisco; 
J.  T.  Davis,  Historical  Sketch  of  Mining  Law;  C.  H.  Shinn,  Mining 
Camp;  W.  S.  Jevons,  Investigations  in  Currency  and  Finance,  ch.  ii; 
J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimetallism,  chs.  v,  viii;  Michel  Chevalier,  On  the 
Probable  Fall  in  the  Value  of  Gold.  —  MAPS:  Twelfth  Census, 
Statistical  Atlas,  plates  5-8  (extent  of  settlement);  J.  B.  McMaster, 
History,  V,  12  (Texas  grants);  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  i8th  Annual 
Report,  II  (Indian  cessions);  I.  B.  Richman,  California,  pocket 
maps.  See  also  the  "  Maps  "  of  §§  215,  217,  218. 

Sources.  —  Josiah  Gregg,  Commerce  of  the  Prairies  (also  in 
Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  XIX,  XX).  — TEXAS:  Concern 
ing  Philip  Nolan  (Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  VII,  308);  Journal 
of  Stephen  F.  Austin  (ibid.,  VII,  286);  reminiscences  of  pioneers 


436  SLAVERY    AND    TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§216 

(ibid.,  VI,  113,  204,  236,  311,  VII,  29);  H.  S.  Foote,  Texas  and  the 
Texans;  Win.  Kennedy,  Texas,  bks.  i,  ii.  —  OREGON:  Alex.  Ross, 
First  Settlers  on  the  Oregon  (also  in  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels, 
VII);  N.  J.  Wyeth,  Correspondence  and  Journals,  and  Memoir 
(House  Reports,  25  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  101,  App.  I);  H.  M.  Chitten- 
den  and  A.  T.  Richardson,  Father  Pierre-Jean  de  Smet;  H.  H. 
Spalding,  Early  Labors  of  Missionaries  (Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  41 
Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  37);  Daniel  Lee  and  J.  H.  Frost,  Ten  Years  in 
Oregon;  J.  Applegate,  Day  with  the  Cow  Column  (Oregon  Hist. 
Soc.,  Quarterly',  I,  371);  O.  Johnson  and  W.  H.  Winter,  Route 
across  the  Rocky  Mountains  (also  in  part  in  ibid.,  VII,  62);  M.  Craw 
ford,  Journal;  P.  H.  Burnett,  Recollections,  chs.  iii-v.  For  a  list 
of  contemporary  narratives,  see  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Quarterly, 
VII,  329.  —  UTAH:  House  Misc.  Docs.,  31  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  18,  43, 
and  House  Reports,  No.  219  (Deseret);  Brigham  Young  and  others, 
in  Journal  of  Discourses;  Millennial  Star;  Deseret  News  (1850-  ). 
See  the  mass  of  material  cited  in  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Utah.  —  CALI 
FORNIA:  R.  H.  Dana,  Two  Years  before  the  Mast;  John  Bid  well 
and  others,  in  the  Century,  XLI,  XLII  passim;  Walter  Colton, 
Three  Years  in  California;  L.  W.  Hastings,  Emigrant's  Guide; 
J.  E.  Ware,  Emigrant's  Guide;  T.  A.  Barry  and  B.  A.  Patten,  Men 
and  Memories  of  San  Francisco  (1850);  J.  T.  Brooks,  Four  Months 
among  the  Gold  Finders;  Wm.  Downie,  Hunting  for  Gold;  P.  H. 
Burnett,  Recollections,  chs.  vi-ix;  Edouard  Auger,  Voyage  en 
Calif ornie.  For  lists  of  miners'  narratives  see  Harvard  University, 
List  of  References  in  History  77,  84,  and  H.  H.  Bancroft,  California, 
I,  59,  60. 

Bibliography.  —  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  338-340; 
J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  206-213;  F.  L. 
Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  387-392;  Harvard  University, 
List  of  References  in  History  17,  76-84;  A.  H.  Abel,  Indian  Con 
solidation,  413-438;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  notes  passim,  and  North 
Mexican  States,  I,  pp.  xix-xlviii,  Oregon,  I,  pp.  xix-xxxix,  Utah, 
pp.  xxi-xlvii,  California,  I,  pp.  xxv-lxxxviii,  ch.  ii;  C.  W.  Raines, 
Bibliography  of  Texas;  C.  W.  Smith,  Check  List  relating  to  the  Pacific 
Northwest;  K.  B.  Judson,  Pacific  Northwest;  New  York  City 
Public  Library,  Bulletin,  XIII,  183  (Mormons);  I.  B.  Richman, 
California,  426-500. 


§217]  BOUNDARY   CONTROVERSIES  437 

§  217.  Northeastern  and  Northwestern  Boundaries, 
1783-1846 

Summary.  —  Northern  boundary:  1783,  in  the  treaty  (§  157), 
"Northwest  angle,"  "  St.  Croix,"  "Source  of  St.  Croix," 
"Highlands,"  "Source  of  Connecticut,"  "  Forty-fifth  Parallel" ; 
1794,  in  the  Jay  treaty  (§  181) ;  1798,  St.  Croix  established ;  1803, 
draft  boundary  treaty;  1814,  boundary  in  the  treaty  (§191); 
1818,  boundary  west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods;  1822,  lower  lake 
boundary  completed;  1827-1831,  arbitration  by  the  King  of  the 
Netherlands;  1831,  decision  ignored;  1838-1839,  hostile  attitude 
on  the  border.  —  Ashburton  treaty :  1842,  special  British  mission ; 
Webster  negotiations,  Nov.  10,  treaty  proclaimed;  boundaries; 
slave-trade ;  extradition ;  impressment ;  "  battle  of  the  maps."  — 
Oregon  controversy:  claims  to  Oregon  (§187);  exploration  and 
settlement  (§§  215,  216) ;  1818,  joint  occupation;  1819,  Spanish 
claims  extinguished;  1824,  Russian  claims  extinguished;  1827, 
joint  occupation  continued;  1842,  question  in  Ashburton  nego 
tiation;  1843,  Linn's  bill  (§  216);  1844,  "fifty-four-forty  or 
fight  "  (§  218) ;  1845,  arbitration  declined;  1846,  June  15,  treaty 
signed;  connection  with  Mexican  war  (§  219). 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  18-27,  463-483,  VI, 
429-434,  513-518,  VII,  271-304,  407-420;  G.  P.  Garrison,  West 
ward  Extension,  chs.  v,  xi;  W.  F.  Johnson,  Century  of  Expansion, 
180-195;  J-  Winsor,  America,  VII,  510,  511,  550-562;  H.  von  Hoist 
History,  III,  chs.  ii,  vi;  Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United 
States  (3d  ed.),  9-19;  J.  S.  Reeves,  American  Diplomacy  under 
Tyler  and  Polk,  chs.  i,  ii,  viii-x;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Webster,  ch.  viii; 
W.  M.  Meigs,  T.  H.  Benton,  ch.  xvi;  T.  Roosevelt,  Benton,  ch.  xii. 

Special.  —  NORTHEASTERN:  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  chs.  i- 
vi;  W.  F.  Ganong,  Boundaries  of  New  Brunswick,  241-361;  A. 
Gallatin,  Northeastern  Boundary;  P.  Preble,  Decisions  of  the  King  of 
the  Netherlands;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Webster,  II,  chs.  xxviii,  xxix,  xxxii, 
and  James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xx;  G.  L.  Tyler,  Tylers,  II,  201-243; 
J.  C.  Dent,  Last  Forty  Years  of  Canada,  I,  ch.  x;  Sir  Francis  Hincks, 
Boundaries  formerly  in  Dispute;  Israel  Washburn,  Northern  Boun 
dary;  histories  of  Maine  (§37).  —  NORTHWESTERN:  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
Northwest  Coast,  II,  chs.  xv-xvii,  and  Oregon,  I,  ch.  xiv;  Robt. 
Greenhow,  Oregon  and  California;  Wyndham  Robertson,  Oregon, 


438  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§217 

Right  and  Title;  W.  H.  Gray,  Oregon;  Travers  Twiss,  Oregon  Terri 
tory;  Thos.  Falconer,  Oregon  Question;  Wm.  Sturgis,  Oregon  Question; 
Jos.  Schafer,  British  Attitude  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  273);  E.  G. 
Bourne,  Aspects  before  1840  (Oregon  Hist.  Soc.,  Quarterly,  VI,  255) ; 
J.  R.  Wilson,  Oregon  Question  (ibid.,  I,  in);  J.  R.  Robertson, 
Genesis  in  Oregon  (ibid.,  I,  i);  Marie  M.  Bradley,  Political  Begin 
nings  (ibid.,  IX,  42);  R.  L.  Schuyler,  Polk  and  the  Oregon  Compro 
mise  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXVI,  443);  histories  of  Oregon  (§37). — • 
MAPS:  A.  Gallatin,  Northeastern  Boundary;  W.  F.Ganong,  Boundaries 
of  New  Brunswick  passim;  Senate  Docs.,  25  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VI,  No. 
502;  Henry  Gannett,  Boundaries  (30!  ed.),  10-18;  E.  M.  A  very, 
History,  VI,  350,  351;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  206; 
Parliamentary  Papers,  1843,  LXI,  [451];  Dominion  Atlas,  plates 
28,  42,  48,  50;  Epoch  Maps,  No.  n;  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward 
Extension,  72;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  VI;  Mitchell's  Map 
(1755)  ;  reprints  in  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  172-183. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Annals  of  Congress,  1817-1823;  Register 
of  Debates,  IV,  V  (1827-1829) ;  Congressional  Globe,  especially  26, 
27,  29  Congs. :  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV. — DOCUMENTS: 
Apps.  to  Annals  of  Congress,  and  Register  of  Debates;  J.  D.  Richard 
son,  Messages  and  Papers,  II,  251,  262,  443,  547,  559,  593,111,347- 
370,  374,  397,  398,  405-428,  431-459,  470-475,  516-527,  530,  568- 
571,574-578,  594-6oo,  603-609,  IV,  72-78,87-103,  112-150,  162-177, 
194-197,  215-220,  229-232,  257-259,  337-339,  362-364,  381,  392-398, 
426,  427,  449,  457  ;  W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions  and  Agree 
ments,  I,  593-659;  Massachusetts,  Documents  relating  to  the  North 
eastern  Boundary;  extracts  in  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
Nos.  70,  74;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  190-192;  J.  B.  Moore, 
Digest  of  International  Law,  II,  pp.  930-941,  V,  §§  834,  835.  — 
CONGRESSIONAL  DOCUMENTS  :  Statutes  at  Large,  VIII ;  Northeastern 
Treaties  and  Controversies;  reprints  in  Nilcs'  Weekly  Register, 
LXIV-LXVI;  Senate  Docs.,  20  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  171;  25  Cong., 
2  sess.,  Nos.  319,  502  ;  26  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  107,  174,  382  ;  26  Cong., 
2  sess.,  No.  173  ;  27  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Nos.  84,  97  ;  27  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  i, 
pp.  34-145  ;  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  274,  489, ;  44  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  41  ; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  17  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  112  ;  19  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  65  ; 
20  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  199;  26  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  189,  223,  245; 
27  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  31;  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  105;  House 
Reports,  25  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  101;  27  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  157; 
American  State  Papers,  Foreign,  I,  91-99,  III,  89,  97,  162,  700-734, 
VI,  643,  676.  —  ENGLISH  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Parliamentary 
Debates,  especially  3d  ser.,  LXVI-LXVIII;  Remarks  upon  the 


§218]  ANNEXATION    OF   TEXAS  439 

Disputed  Points  (1838)  ;  Parliamentary  Papers,  1837-1838,  XXXIX, 
A,  B;  1840,  XXXII,  [257];  1845,  LII,  [664],  [200].  —  SPECIAL  ON 
THE  NORTHWESTERN  BOUNDARY  QUESTION:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  35 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  29;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  42  Cong.,  3  sess., 
V;  Parliamentary  Debates,  3d  ser.,  LXXIX-LXXX VII ;  Parlia 
mentary  Papers,  1846,  LII,  [695],  [722] ;  1873,  LXXIV,  [c.  690]- 
[c.  696],  [c.  735].  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  K.  Polk, 
Diary,  I;  M.  A.  D.  W.  Howe,  G.  Bancraft,  I,  267-273,  279-286; 
J.  Buchanan,  Works,  VI  (see  Contents);  D.  Webster,  Works, 
II,  141-154,  V,  60-150,  VI,  270-390,  and  Private  Correspondence, 
II,  102,  113,  119-164,  171,  179,  190-192,  213-230;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne, 
Letters  of  Webster,  215,  227-330,  361;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years' 
View,  II,  chs.  ci-civ,  cxliii;  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  V,  and. 
Correspondence,  653-698,  1035,  1059,  1065-1083;  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  XII;  Nathan  Sargent,  Public  Men  and  Events,  II,  ch.  vii; 
Rufus  Choate,  Works,  II,  125-172. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  172-182,  525,  555,  562; 
A.  R.  Hasse,  N orth-  Eastern  Boundary,  References  (N.  Y.  City 
Public  Library,  Bulletin,  IV,  391);  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward 
Extension,  343;  C.  W.  Smith,  Check-list  of  Books  on  Pacific  North 
west;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  44  (lect.  52),  76  (lect.  43),  80  (lects.  54, 
56),  184;  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  206-213; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  335,  356;  Magazine  of  Western 
History,  II,  423;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  II,  81;  see  indexes  to  public  documents  (§  26). 

§  218.  Annexation  of  Texas,  1836-1846 

Summary.  —  Territorial  history :  French  claim ;  Spanish  claim ; 
Mexican  boundary ;  northern  boundary ;  effect  of  Louisiana  ces 
sion  (§  187) ;  1819,  treaty  with  Spain  (§  196) ;  1825-1829,  attempts 
to  purchase;  1828,  confirmatory  treaty  with  Mexico.  —  Settle 
ment  and  independence  (§  216);  Texas  asks  admission  into  the 
Union;  1837,  Texas  recognized.  —  Agitation  for  annexation: 
reasons;  1838,  resolutions;  1842,  Oct.,  temporary  occupation  of 
Monterey;  1843,  Mar.,  Adams's  address  of  warning.  —  Annexa 
tion  treaty :  1843,  Oct.,  proposed  to  Texas ;  1844,  promise  of  mili 
tary  aid;  Feb.  28,  explosion  on  Princeton;  Mar.  29,  Calhoun 
secretary  of  state ;  Pakenham  correspondence  on  England's  posi 
tion;  Apr.  12,  treaty  signed;  June  8,  treaty  rejected;  June  10, 
Benton's  bill.  —  Election  of  1844 :  Tyler's  hopes ;  Liberty  party ; 


440  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§218 

Oregon  question  (§  217) ;  annexation  question;  Clay  committed; 
Van  Buren  set  aside.  —  Annexation  resolution :  1844,  Dec.,  Tyler 
plan;  1845,  Mar.  i,  joint  resolution  passes;  Mar.  3,  Tyler  offers 
annexation ;  British  attitude ;  discussion  in  Texas ;  Dec.  3,  annex 
ation  act.  —  Effect  on  Mexicp  (§219). 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  75-87;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  ch.  xxii;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  V,  540-555,  VI,  260-270, 
458-463,  VII,  304-406;  D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New 
York,  II,  chs.  vi,  vii;  T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties, 
ch.  vi;  J.  S.  Reeves,  American  Diplomacy  under  Tyler  and  Polk, 
chs.  iii-vii;  E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  227-242; 
W.  F.  Johnson,  Century  of  Expansion,  160-180;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
II,  ch.  xvii,  §  ii;  R.  S.  Ripley,  War  with  Mexico,  I,  ch.  i;  C.  H, 
Ambler,  Virginia  and  the  Presidential  Succession  (Turner  Essays, 
165) ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  ch.  xiii;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
Webster,  I,  ch.  xxiv,  II,  chs.  xxx-xxxii;  Gaillard  Hunt,  John  C. 
Calhoun,  ch.  xvii;  E.  M.  Shepard,  Van  Buren,  ch.  xi;  J.  S.  Bassett, 
Andrew  Jackson,  II,  734-743;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  ch.  xviii;  T. 
Roosevelt,  Benton,  ch.  xiii;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay,  ch.  xi;  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Cass,  ch.  vii;  G.  W.  Julian,  Giddings,  chs.  vi,  vii. 

Special.  —  J.  H.  Smith,  Annexation  of  T.exas;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  chs.  i.  ii,  vi-x,  and  Texas,  chs.  xix-xxi;  H.  von 
Hoist,  History,  II,  513-714,  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  ch.  viii;  H.  H. 
Bancroft,  Texas,  chs.  i,  xii-xiv;  Henderson  Yoakum,  Texas,  chs. 
xxx-xxxvi;  E.  D.  Adams,  British  Interests  in  Texas;  E.  C.  Barker, 
Jackson  and  Texas  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XII,  788);  C.  E.  Lester, 
Houston  and  His  Republic;  Henry  Bruce,  Houston;  A.  M.  Williams, 
Houston,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  Wm.  Jay,  Review  of  the  Mexican  War,  chs.  i- 
xvi;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Tylers,  II,  250-364,  III,  115-162;  Carl  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  II,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv;  .  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  II, 
chs.  xviii,  xix,  III,  chs.  i,  ii;  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
chs.  xiii,  xiv;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xix;  W.  W. 
Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xxiii;  Ethel  Z.  Rather,  Recogni 
tion  of  Texas  (Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  XIII,  155);  J.  L. 
Worley,  England  and  Texas  (ibid.,  IX,  i);  I.  J.  Cox,  Southwest 
Boundary  of  Texas  (ibid.,  VI,  81),  and  Significance  of  Louisiana- 
Texas  Frontier  (Miss.  Valley  Hist.  Assoc.,  Publications,  III,  198); 
Z.  T.  Fulmore,  Annexation  and  Mexican  War  (Texas  Hist.  Assoc., 
Quarterly,  V,  28);  T.  M.  Marshall,  Southwestern  Boundary  (ibid., 
XIV,  277).  —  MAPS:  Wm.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy, 
214;  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  104,  282. 


§219]  THE   MEXICAN    WAR  441 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Register  of  Debates,  XII-XIV  (1835- 
1837);  Congressional  Globe,  27,  28  Congs.  (1841-1845)  ;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Abridgment,  XIV,  XV;  contemporary  newspapers  (§41). — 
DOCUMENTS:  Register  of  Debates,  App.  to  XIV,  176-250;  Congres 
sional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs,  and  House  Exec.  Docs., 
24  Cong.,  2  sess.,  28  Cong.,  i  sess.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  2;  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  III,  234-238,  254,  265-269,  274- 
276,  281,  IV,  79,  177,  260-262,  307-313,  316-327,  340-345,  353- 
356,  379-383,  386-388;  G.  P.  Garrison,  Diplomatic  Correspondence 
of  Texas  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  II,  1908,  II);  Secret 
Journals  of  the  Senate  of  Texas,  1836-1845  (Texas  Library  and  Hist. 
Com.,  Biennial  Reports,  I);  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
No.  71;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  224-232;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest 
of  International  Law,  §§  10,  62,  103;  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  espe 
cially  LXV-LXIX.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs,  XI,  XII;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,  chs. 
cxliv,  cxlv,  II,  chs.  xxiv,  cxxxv-cxlii,  cxlviii;  J.  C..Calhoun,  Works, 
IV,  V,  and  Correspondence,  497-660,  829-1032;  H.  Clay,  Works 
(Colton  ed.),  IV,  chs.  xi,  xii;  Levi  Woodbury,  Writings,  I,  355-421; 
J.  Buchanan,  Works,  VI,  1-4,  59-74,  118-124,  127,  130,  152,  159, 
165,  VIII,  240—242;  J.  R.  Lowell,  Anti-Slavery  Papers,  I,  3-34; 
B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  ch.  xxiv;  Wm.  Kennedy, 
Texas,  bk.  iii;  Letters  of  Pillow  to  Polk,  1844  (Am.  Hist.  Review, 
XI,  832);  M.  A.  D.  W.  Howe,  George  Bancroft,  I,  248-258;  Van 
Buren-Bancroft  Correspondence  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  XLII, 
391-441);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  ch.  xxix. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  Winsor,  America,  VII,  550-552;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  ch.  xxi;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
344;  C.  W.  Raines,  Bibliography  of  Texas;  ].  H.  Smith,  Annexation, 
471-476;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§40  (lect.  45),  43,44  Qect.  53),  79, 
80  (lects.  53,  55). 

§  219.  The  Mexican  War,  1846-1848 

Summary.  —  Causes:  1826-1844,  claims;  1836-1844,  encour 
agement  to  Texas;  1845,  annexation  of  Texas  (§218);  1846, 
Texan  boundaries;  1846,  designs  on  California;  extension  of 
slave-territory.  —  Outbreak :  1845,  July,  Taylor's  advance  to 
Corpus  Christi ;  Sept.  to  Dec.,  Slidell  mission ;  1846,  Jan.,  Taylor 
ordered  forward;  Mar.,  Slidell  not  recognized;  Polk  determines 
on  war;  Oregon  question  settled  (§217);  April  24,  attack  on 


442  SLAVERY   AND    TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§219 

Taylor;  May  n,  Folk's  war  message;  May  13,  war  declared.  — 
Campaigns:  1846-1847,  Taylor's  northern  campaign;  1846,  New 
Mexico  taken;  1846-1847,  California  taken;  Mar.  to  Aug.,  Scott's 
central  campaign;  Aug.  27,  City  of  Mexico  taken.  —  Treaty  of 
peace:  1846,  Mar.,  "  two  million  bill  ";  1847,  Trist  in  Mexico; 
1848,  Feb.  2,  treaty  of  Guadeloupe  Hidalgo  (Texas,  New  Mexico, 
California,  indemnity  to  Mexico).  —  Boundary  troubles;  1853, 
Gadsden  purchase. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VII,  423-472,  506-525; 
G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  chs.  xiii-xv;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
United  States,  II,  129-151;  J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American 
Diplomacy,  314-323;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  II,  ch.  xxvi;  J.  S. 
Reeves,  Diplomacy  under  Tyler  and  Polk,  chs.  xi-xiii;  R.  C.  Win- 
throp,  Jr.,  R.  C.  Winthrop,  44-64;  Carl  Schurz,  Clay,  II,  ch.  xxv; 
H.  von  Hoist,  Calhoun,  ch.  ix;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  358-368. 

Special.  —  Wm.  Jay,  Mexican  War;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  III, 
chs.  iii-xii;  R.  S.  Ripley,  War  with  Mexico;  H.  O.  Ladd,  War  with 
Mexico;  C.  H.  Owen,  Justice  of  the  Mexican  War;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
IV,  518-550,  V,  ch.  xviii,  §§  ii,  iii;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Mexico,  V; 
T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  II,  435-468;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.), 
Ill,  ch.  iii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  I,  chs.  xx-xxii;  M.  J.  Wright, 
General  Scott,  chs.  viii-xii;  O.  O.  Howard,  General  Taylor,  chs.  vi- 
xx;  J.  R.  Spears,  Our  Navy,  III,  ch.  xviii;  E.  S.  Maclay,  United 
States  Navy  (26  ed.),  II,  72-118;  E.  D.  Adams,  English  Interest 
in  California  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XIV,  744).  —  MAPS:  G.  P.  Garri 
son,  Westward  Extension,  244;  R.  S.  Ripley,  War  with  Mexico 
passim. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  29,  30  Congs.;  T.  H. 
Benton,  Abridgment,  XV,  XVI;  contemporary  newspapers  (§  41). 
—  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Documents,  especially  Senate  Exec. 
Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VII,  Nos.  337,  368,  VIII,  Nos.  388,  392,  395, 
439;  29  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  107;  30  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VII,  Nos.  52, 
60;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VI,  No.  196;  29  Cong., 
2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  19;  30  Cong.,  i  sess.,  II,  No.  8,  VIII,  No.  69; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  III,  278,  377-379,  IV,  197, 
227,  388-392,  410,  427,  437-443,  448,  456,  459,  470-496,  506,  513- 
S1'/,  523-549,  565,  570-575,  587-593,  627,  672,  687;  W.  M.  Malloy, 
Treaties,  Conventions  and  Agreements,  I,  1082-1125;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  72,  73,  76,  84;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of 
International  Law,  §§  21,  857,  858;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  132.— 


§220]        FINANCIAL,   COMMERCIAL   QUESTIONS          443 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  K.  Polk,  Diary  (see  index);  J. 
Buchanan,  Works,  VI,  VII,  VIII,  1-30,  365-368  (see  Contents); 
J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  and  Correspondence,  671-757,  960, 
1067-1069,  1083-1085;  D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  151,  253-301;  E.  L. 
Pierce,  Sumner,  III,  ch.  xxxii;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View, 
II,  chs.  cxlix,  clxi;  J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  XII;  Zachary  Taylor, 
Letters  from  the  Battle- Fields;  John  Sedgwick,  Correspondence,  I; 
U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I,  chs.  iii-xiii;  Mrs.  Chapman  Cole- 
man,  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  chs.  xix-xxii;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  I,  ch.  xxv. 

Bibliography.  —  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  341-343; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  44  (lect.  54),  8<$  (lects.  57,  58),  152,  185,  218; 
J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  204-206. 

§  220.  Financial  and  Commercial  Questions,  1845-1849 

Summary.  —  Conditions  in  1845  (§§  2°8,  214):  revenue;  cur 
rency;  banks;  tariff;  shipping;  waterways  (§201);  public 
lands ;  commercial  prosperity.  —  Treasury :  1846,  Aug.  6,  Inde 
pendent  Treasury  (§  213)  revived.  —  Tariff :  1845,  Dec.  3,  Walker's 
report;  specific  and  ad  valorem  duties;  question  of  revenue; 
1846,  July  31,  act  passed ;  Aug.  6,  warehouse  act.  —  Internal  im 
provements:  earlier  status  (§208);  1837-1845,  poverty  of  the 
Treasury;  land  grants  for  canals;  1841-1845,  Tyler's  vetoes; 
1846-1847,  Folk's  vetoes ;  1847,  Dec.  21,  House  resolutions  affirm 
ing  the  right;  state  internal  improvements  (§  201).  —  State  finances 
(§  203):  taxation;  debts,  repudiations  (§  213);  accounts;  state- 
owned  banks,  state-chartered  banks. 

General.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  107-112;  J. 
Schouler,  History,  IV,  418-420,  515-518,  V,  81,  120-123;  H.  von 
Hoist,  History,  II,  529-535,  III,  277-280.  See  §  184. 

Special.  —  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  HI,  ch.  xi;  Mrs.  Chap 
man  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  ch.  xix;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Ameri 
can  Currency,  I,  161-169;  J.  J.  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  chs.  vi, 
vii;  J.  L.  Bishop,  American  Manufactures,  II,  381-482;  E.  Stanwood, 
Tariff  Controversies,  II,  38-82;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  112- 
154;  J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administration,  47-56;  Edward  Young, 
Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  xciii-cvi;  W.  M.  Grosvenor,  Does 
Protection  Protect?  David  Kinley,  Independent  Treasury;  W.  W 
Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xxvii. 


444  SLAVERY   AND   TEXAS,  1830-1848  [§220 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  29, 
30  Congs.;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XV,  XVI;  Congressional 
Documents,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  II,  Nos.  2,  6, 
III,  No.  5,  VIII,  No.  437,  IX,  No.  444;  29  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  No.  2, 
III,  No.  105,;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  5;  29  Cong., 
2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  25;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  IV, 
33°~333>  378,  402-410,  451,  460-469,  496-504,  55!-558,  610-626, 
646-650,  653-670;  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  LXIX,  233;  F.  W. 
Taussig,  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff,  214  (Walker's 
report);  De  Bow's  Review,  I- VI;  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine, 
XII- XX;  National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning 
Money,  134-148,  508;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  75; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  ch.  ii.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
J.  K.  Polk,  Diary  (see  Index);  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  and 
Correspondence,  673,  700-708,  1049-1051,  1081,  1085-1087;  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Memoirs,  XII;  D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  161-252;  C.  H.  Van 
Tyne,  Letters  of  Webster,  332-342;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography, 
chs.  xv,  xvi;  B.  R.  Curtis,  Works,  II,  93. 

Bibliography. — D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  106;  J.  N. 
Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  319-331;  Wm.  MacDonald, 
Select  Documents,  359.  • 


CHAPTER  XXVII 
THE   SLAVERY   CRISIS,    1846-1860 

§  221.  Territorial  Crisis,  1846-1849 

Summary.  —  Wilmot  proviso:  1846,  Aug.  8,  fails  in  Senate; 
1847,  Feb.  13,  added  to  the  "  three  million  bill  " ;  advocated 
by  Northern  legislatures;  1847,  Dec.,  Robert  C.  Win throp chosen 
Speaker ;  1848,  Feb.  28,  proviso  tabled  by  the  House.  —  Abolition 
activity;  1839,  Giddings  in  the  House  (§211);  1847,  John  P- 
Hale  in  the  Senate;  1848,  resolution  against  slave  trade  in  the 
District  of  Columbia;  1849,  Abraham  Lincoln's  emancipation 
bill;  fugitive-slave  cases  (§223).  —  Election  of  1848:  "Barn 
burner  "  split  in  New  York ;  May,  Cass  nominated ;  June,  Taylor 
nominated ;  Aug.,  Van  Buren  nominated  by  Free  Soilers ;  Nov., 
Taylor  chosen.  —  1848-1849,  Theories  of  control  of  the  territories : 
(i)  complete  power  of  Congress;  (2)  "popular  sovereignty"; 
(3)  application  of  the  constitution ;  (4)  decision  by  the  Supreme 
Court ;  (5)  compromise  line.  —  Specific  questions :  Oregon,  New 
Mexico,  California,  Texan  claims;  1848,  Aug.  14,  Oregon  organ 
ized  as  a  free  territory ;  deadlock  between  Taylor  and  Southern 
Whigs. 

General.  —  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VII,  chs.  Ixxxi,  Ixxxiii, 
Ixxxv;  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  chs.  xvi,  xvii,  xix; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  143-155;  Woodrow  Wilson,  Ameri 
can  People,  IV,  122-141;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War,  ch.  iii;  Johnston 
and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II,  ch.  iv;  H.  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xiv;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Cass,  ch.  viii; 
W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  369-384;  T.  Roosevelt,  Benton,  ch.  xiv; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  94-112;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  I,  156-170;  W.  E. 
Dodd,  Jefferson  Dams,  104-113;  C.  F.  Adams,  C.  F.  Adams,  chs.  iv- 
vi;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  xiv-xvi;  Johnston  and  Browne, 
A.  H.  Stephens,  chs.  xxi,  xxii;  R.  C.  Winthrop,  Jr.,  R.  C.  Winthrop, 
65-93;  G.  H.  Haynes,  Sumner,  103-120;  Allen  Johnson,  Douglas, 

(445) 


446  THE   SLAVERY   CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§221 

ch.  vii;  E.  Stan  wood,  Presidency,  ch.  xviii;  Geo.  Lunt,  Origin  of  the 
Late  War,  ch.  vi;  G.  W.  Julian,  Giddings,  206-270;  N.  D.  Harris, 
Negro  Servitude  in  Illinois,  156-176. 

Special.  —  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  III,  chs.  xi-xiv;  Carl  Schurz, 
Clay,  II,  ch.  xxv;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  ch.  xviii,  §  iii;  G.  T. 
Curtis,  Webster,  II,  chs.  xxxiii-xxxv;  Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties, 
ch.  vii;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  ch.  vi;  W.  W.  Willoughby, 
Constitutional  Law,  ch.  xxix;  T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and  Free  Soil 
Parlies,  ch.  vii;  Mary  P.  Follett,  Speaker,  §§  34,  51;  C.  E.  Magoon, 
Law  of  Civil  Government  in  Territory  Subject  to  Military  Occupation, 
121-171;  D.  Y.  Thomas,  Military  Government,  bk.  ii ;  C.  E.  Persinger, 
Bargain  of  1844  and  Wilmot  Proviso  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVII,  455).  — 
MAPS:  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  282  (election,  1848). 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  29, 
30  Congs.;  T.  H.  Benton,  Abridgment,  XVI;  Congressional  Docu 
ments,  especially  Senate  Docs.,  29  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Ill,  No.  25;  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  30  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VIII,  No.  70;  30  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  No.  i; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  IV,  558,  559,  584,  594-600, 
606-610,  634-642;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  241-252;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§15-18.  —  CONTEMPORARY  NEWS 
PAPERS:  especially  National  Era  (Washington),  New  York  Tribune, 
New  York  Times,  New  York  Evening  Post,  Boston  Whig,  Libera 
tor. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  K.  Polk,  Diary,  II-IV  (see 
Index);  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  303-541,  and  Correspondence, 
709-763,  1036-1197;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Letters  of  Daniel  Webster, 
351-373;  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  (Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1902,  II),  116-188,  467-475;  Millard  Fillmore 
Papers,  II,  276-286;  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  chs. 
clxvi-clxxxiii;  A.  Lincoln,  Works  (2  vol.  ed.),  I,  112,  118,  122,  131- 
149,  (Biog.  ed.),  II,  3,  16,  17,  26,  49-100,  (Fed.  ed.),  II,  60,  66,  83- 
124,  VII,  377;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III,  ch.  xxxiii;  A.  H. 
Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquy  xiv;  Mrs.  Chapman 
Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  chs.  xxi,  xxiv-xxviii;  Wm.  Jay, 
Miscellaneous  Writings,  491-551;  J.  R.  Lowell,  Anti-Slavery  Papers, 
I,  52-223,  II,  3-57,  and  Biglow  Papers;  Calendar  of  the  Papers  of 
Martin  Van  Bureau,  559-611. 

Bibliography.  —  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  241-250  passim; 
J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  181-204;  N.  Eng. 
Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical  Sources  in  Schools,  §  86;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Manual,  §§44  (lect.  55),  153,  178,  219;  Johnston  and  Wood- 
burn.  American  Political  History,  II,  99.  See  §  222. 


§222]  CRISIS   AND   COMPROMISE  447 


§  222.  Compromise  of  1860 

Summary.  —  The  administration :  1849,  Mar.  5,  President 
Taylor ;  1850,  July  10,  President  Fillmore ;  influence  of  Seward, 
Clay,  Webster,  Calhoun.  —  New  anti-slavery  forces  in  Congress : 
1849,  Chase,  Seward ;  1851,  Sumner,  Wade.  —  California  organizes 
itself:  1848,  discovery  of  gold  (§  216);  1849,  Sept.,  constitu 
tional  convention  (anti-slavery) ;  Dec.,  provisional  state  govern 
ment.  —  The  issue :  demands  of  the  South  ;  demands  of  the  North ; 
attempt  to  settle  by  separate  bills  (§221).  —  Compromise  pro 
posed:  1849-1850,  speakership  contest;  1850,  Jan.  29,  Clay's 
plan  and  speech ;  Mar.  4,  Calhoun's  speech;  Mar.  7,  Webster's 
speech;  Mar.  n,  Seward's  speech;  Mar.  13,  Jefferson  Davis's 
demand ;  Mar.  26,  Chase's  speech ;  Feb.  4,  the  House  yields ; 
May  8,  the  "  Omnibus  Bill  "  ;  Taylor  holds  out.  —  Compromise 
accepted :  1850,  July  9,  death  of  Taylor ;  (i)  Aug.  9,  Texas  bill ; 
(2)  Aug.  15,  New  Mexico  bill ;  (3)  Sept.  7,  California  bill ;  (4)  Sept. 
9,  Utah  bill ;  (5)  Sept.  12,  fugitive-slave  bill ;  (6)  Sept.  14,  District 
of  Columbia  slave-trade  bill.  —  Compromise  discussed:  South 
ern  friends;  Northern  friends;  " Cotton  Whigs "  and  "Conscience 
Whigs";  "question  of  sentiment"  and  " question  of  principle "; 
"higher  law."  —  Question  of  danger  to  the  Union:  Calhoun's 
attitude;  Southern  legislatures;  1850,  Nashville  convention; 
threats  in  the  debate;  Northern  apprehensions;  Union  senti 
ment  prevails. 

General.  —  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  ch.  xx;  E.  E., 
•Sparks,  United  States,  II,  156-172;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War,  8-n; 
152-160,  251-260;  Geo.  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  chs.  vii,  viii ; 
J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xxiii;  Encyclopedia  Britannica 
(nth  ed.),  VI,  813;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xv;  H. 
von  Hoist,  Calhoun,  ch.  ix;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Cass,  ch.  ix; 
W.  G.  Brown,  Douglas,  ch.  iii;  Allen  Johnson,  Douglas,  176-198;  W.  M. 
Meigs,  Benton,  ch.  xx;  T.  H.  Clay,  Henry  Clay,  339~375;  W.  E. 
Dodd,  Jefferson  Da-vis,  113-121,  and  Statesmen  of  the  Old  South,  157- 
191;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  112-131;  Johnston  and  Browne,  A.  H. 
Stephens,  chs.  xxiii,  xxiv;  R.  C.  Winthrop,  Jr.,  R.  C.  Winthrop,  96- 
142. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,   History,  I,  ch.  ii;    J.  C.  Kurd,  Law  of 


448  THE   SLAVERY   CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§222 

Freedom  and  Bondage,  I,  ch.  xvi;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  III,  chs.  xv, 
xvi;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  chs.  xix,  xx,  §i;    G.  T.  Curtis,  Webster, 

II,  chs.  xxxvi,   xxxvii;   H.  C.  Lodge,    Webster,  ch.   ix;    F.   Bancroft, 
Seward,    I,    chs.    xiii-xv;     Carl    Schurz,    Clay,    II,    ch.    xvi;    Jesse 
Macy,  Political  Parlies,  chs.  ix,  x;    C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in 
Virginia    244-250  ;    H.  H.  Bancroft,   California,  VI,  chs.  xii,  xiii; 
T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  II,  chs.  viii,  xi,  xiv;    R.  D.  Hunt,  Genesis 
of  California's  First   Constitution;   Marion  G.   McDougall,  Fugitive 
Slaves,  §§  29-32.  —  MAPS:   A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  126; 
G.   P.   Garrison,   Westward  Extension,  328;    T.   C.   Smith,    Parties 
and  Slavery,  6. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  31 
Cong.,  i  sess.;  T.  H.  IJenton,  Abridgment,  XVI;  Senate  Exec.  Docs., 
31  Cong.,  i  Sess.,  IX,  No.  18,  XIII,  Nos.  55,  56,  60,  XIV,  Nos. 
67,  74,  76;  Senate,  Misc.  Docs.,  31  Cong.,  i  sess.  (resolutions  of  state 
legislatures,  etc.);  Senate  Reports,  31  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  123; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  31  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Ill,  No.  5,  V,  No.  17,  VII,  No.  39  ; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  V  4-6,  18,  26-30,  48,  49. 
67-73,  92-95,  107;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  78-83; 
H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  253-279.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS:  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II,  chs.  clxxxiv-cxcvii; 
J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  542-577,  and  Correspondence,  764-787, 
1197-1212;  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Salmon  P.  Chase,  188-220; 
Millar d  Fillmore  Papers,  II,  321-324;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between 
the  States,  II,  colloquies  xv,  xvi;  H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  ed.),  IV, 
chs.  xiii,  xiv,  VI,  601-634;  J.  Buchanan,  Works,  VIII,  369-404; 
D.  Webster,  Works,  V,  302-438,  and  Private  Correspondence,  II, 
353-406,  424,  430-434,  473;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Letters  of  Daniel 
Webster,  374-434,  445;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  chs. 
ii,  iii;  G.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  xiii;  J.  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of 
the  Civil  War,  1-120;  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn- 
ed.),  II,  123  (Calhoun),  161  (Webster),  202  (Clay);  E.  D.  Keyes, 
Fifty  Years'  Observation,  ch.  xiii;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner, 

III,  chs.  xxxiv,  xxxv;   C.  Sumner,  Speeches,  III;   A.  B.  Hart,  Contem 
poraries,  III,  §§  19-22;    Peter    Harvey,    Reminiscences  of  Webster; 
J.  R.  Lowell,  Anti-Slavery  Papers,  II,  58-203;    B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  chs.  xxvii-xxx;    U.  S.   Grant,   Personal  Memoirs,  I, 
chs.  xiv,  xv;    G.  W.  Julian,  Political  Recollections,  chs.  iv,  v. 

Bibliography.  —  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  345;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  I,  footnotes  toch.  ii;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents, 
253-278  passim;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  44  (lect.  56);  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  379.  See  §  221. 


§223]  FUGITIVE    SLAVES  449 

§  223.  Fugitive  Slaves  and  Anti-Slavery  Propaganda, 
1850-1860 

Summary.  —  Legal  status  of  runaway  slaves :  causes  (§  209 ; 
in  slave  states  (§  212) ;  in  free  states  (§  212) ;  in  territories  (§  221) ; 
in  foreign  countries  (§212).  —  National  action:  act  of  1793  (§  180) ; 
negotiations  of  1826  (§212);  act  of  1850  (§222);  question  of 
constitutionality ;  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court.  —  Personal 
liberty  acts:  early  state  statutes;  1842,  Prigg  decision  (§212); 
statutes  to  1850 ;  statutes  from  1850  to  1854 ;  statutes  after  1854 ; 
application;-  Southern  complaints.  —  "  Underground  Railroad  ": 
southern  termini ;  colored  agents ;  white  agents ;  crossing  to 
Canada ;  number  aided  ;  prosecutions ;  defiance  of  law ;  purchase 
of  fugitives.  —  Famous  cases :  before  1850  (§  212) ;  1850,  Hamlet ; 
1851,  Shadrach  rescue,  Sims,  Christiana  (Castner  Hanway  trial), 
Jerry  McHenry  rescue ;  1854,  Burns ;  1855,  Passmore  Williamson  ; 
1856,  Garner ;  1858,  Oberlin-Wellington  rescue ;  1858,  John  Brown 
in  Kansas  (§  226).  —  1855-1859,  Wisconsin  decision  (Ableman  v. 
Booth) ;  1861,  "  Contrabands  "  (§  240).  —  Anti-slavery  literature : 
Liberator;  National  Era;  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin;  poets;  J.  R. 
Lowell's  satires.  —  Societies :  American  Colonization  Society 
(§197);  Garrison's  society  (§  210) ;  other  societies ;  conventions. 
—  Political  action  :  pledging  candidates ;  third  parties ;  balance 
of  power  in  Congress;  1849-1852,  Free  Democrats. 

General.  —  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xvi;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  United  States,  II,  ch.  x,  and  Men  who  made  the  Nation, 
ch.  xi;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  44-53;  J.  Schouler, 
History,  V,  ch.  xx;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  IV,  9-12,  20-28, 
236-246,  V,  61-70;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  II,  ch.  vi;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  22-25,  I96' 
206,  280-285;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  163-171;  B.  T.  Washington, 
Frederick  Douglass,  157-182. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,!,  207-213,222-226,  363-365, 
378,  498-506,  II,  73-78,  360-367;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive 
Slaves,  chs.  iii-vi;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad;  T.  R.  R. 
Cobb,  Inquiry  into  the  Law  of  Slavery,  chs.  vii-xi;  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XI,  288;  Wm.  Still,  Underground  Railroad, 
John  Weiss,  Theodore  Parker,  II,  chs.  xix,  xx;  S.  G.  Howe,  Refugees 


450  SLAVERY   CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§223 

from  Slavery  in  Canada;  W.  U.  Hensel,  Christiana  Riots;  A.  J. 
Wilcox,  Powers  of  the  Federal  Government  over  Slavery;  W.  W.  Wil- 
loughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §  104,  and  American  Constitutional 
System,  157-164;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §  309;  Joel  Parker, 
Personal  Liberty  Laws;  J.  C.  Kurd,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage; 
R.  C.  Hurd,  Personal  Liberty  and  Habeas  Corpus,  598-637;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Richard  Henry  Dana,  I,  chs.  x,  xiv,  xv;  G.  W.  Williams, 
Negro  Race,  II,  chs.  x,  xi;  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Chase,  chs.  ix,  xv,  xxi; 
R.  B.  Warden,  Chase,  chs.  xx,  xxi;  J.  B.  Winslow,  Story  of  a  Great 
Court  (Booth  Case),  67-82,  118-121,  263-268  ;  H.  A.  Herbert,  Abolition 
Crusade,  chs.  vii,  viii ;  U.  B.  Phillips,  in  The  South  in  the  Building  of 
the  Nation,  IV,  398-422.  —  See  biographies  of  anti-slavery  men  in 
§§  39,  210.  —  MAPS:  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  230;  W.  H. 
Siebert,  Underground  Railroad,  113. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe, 
31  Cong.,  2  sess.,  especially  App.  pp.  292-326,  32  Cong.,  33  Cong., 
i  sess.,  1472,  1513-1518,  1552-1559;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents, 
286-288,  303-305;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  V,  101- 
106,  109,  137-139;  contemporary  newspapers,  especially  the  Libera 
tor. —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and 
Times,  pt.  ii,  ch.  vii;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  ch.  xv; 
J.  S.  Pike,  'First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War,  241-260;  Levi  Woodbury, 
Writings,  I,  533,  II,  345-367;  Ben.  Drew,  Refugee;  Mrs.  Chapman 
Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  I,  ch.  xxv;  Millard  Fillmore  Papers,  I, 
333-337,  362,  II,  301-304,  312-314;  S.  J.  May,  Recollections  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  Conflict;  Levi  Coffin,  Reminiscences;  C.  E.  Stevens, 
Anthony  Burns;  Parker  Pillsbury,  Acts  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Apostles; 
W.  G.  Eliot,  Archer  Alexander;  Chas.  Stearns,  Henry  Box  Brown; 
W.  G.  Hawkins,  Lunsford  Lane;  Solomon  Northup,  Twelve  Years  a 
Slave;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  ch.  v;  Alex.  Johnston, 
American  Orations,  II,  219,  268.  —  CASES  (see  also  §  212):  Prigg  v. 
Pennsylvania  (1842),  16  Peters,  539;  Ableman  v.  Booth  (1859), 
21  Howard,  506;  Kentucky  v.  Dennison  (1861),  24  Howard,  66; 
J.  J.  Robins,  Trial  of  Castner  Hanway  (1851);  History  of  the  Trial 
of  Castner  Hanway.  —  See  §§  187,  188. 

Bibliography.  —  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  footnotes 
and  App.  E;  W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad,  App.  D  ;  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  'and  Slavery,  323;'A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  46  (lect.  57)  ; 
Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II,  139,  140; 
footnotes  to  Rhodes. 


§224]  AMERICAN    DIPLOMACY  451 

§  224.  American  Diplomacy,  1844-1860 

Summary.  —  Cuba :  1807,  Jefferson  suggests  annexation  ;  1814- 
1822,  revolt  of  the  Spanish  colonies  (§  198) ;  1826,  Panama  Con 
gress  (§  199) ;  1849-1851,  filibustering  expeditions;  1850,  Taylor's 
proclamation;  1854,  Black  Warrior  episode;  1854,  Oct.  18, 
Ostend  Manifesto;  effect  of  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  (§  225) ;  1859, 
purchase  debate.  —  Latin  America:  earlier  relations  (§§  198,  199) ; 
1846,  Dec.  12,  Isthmian  treaty  with  New  Granada;  1848,  Yuca 
tan  episode;  1849,  Hise's  and  Squier's  draft  treaties;  1850, 
Apr.  19,  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty;  1851-1860,  controversy  with 
England;  1851,  intervention  in  Hayti;  1851,  Panama  Railroad 
begun;  1857,  Walker  in  Nicaragua;  1857-1860,  Buchanan's 
Mexican  policy;  1858,  Paraguay  incident;  later  relations  (§§244, 
257,  263,  267).  —  Canada:  early  fishery  questions  (§§  157,  194) ; 
renewal  of  controversy;  1854,  June  5,  reciprocity  treaty;  later 
controversies  (§§  244,  263).  —  Orient:  1844,  July  3,  Chinese 
treaty;  1854,  proposed  annexation  of  Hawaii;  1854,  Perry  in 
Japan;  Mar.  31,  treaty;  1858,  June  18,  Chinese  treaty;  1858, 
July  29,  Japanese  treaty;  attitude  during  Arrow  War;  1860, 
Japanese  embassy;  later  relations  (§  268).  —  European  relations: 
1849,  Mann  in  Hungary;  1850,  Huelsemann  episode;  1851, 
Kossuth's  visit;  1853,  Koszta  incident;  1853,  court-dress  cir 
cular;  1854-1856,  neutrality  during  Crimean  War;  1856,  Declar 
ation  of  Paris;  1857,  Apr.  17,  Sound  dues  treaty;  later  relations 
(§§  238,  244,  263,  267). 

General. —  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  ch.  xviii;  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  ch.  vi;  J.  B.  McMaster,  History,  VII, 
ch.  Ixxxiv;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  174-177,  214-219,  229-238, 
251-255,  296-300,  309-316,  339-342,  364-366,  416-419,  452-454; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  199-206,  216-222,  231-243,  294-296, 
393-396,  416-419,  II,  1-44,  120,  186-188,  289,  35J-354;  H.  von 
Hoist,  History,  IV,  ch.  ii,  V,  chs.  i,  x,  VI,  151-165,  330-348;  J.  W. 
Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  324-356,  454-460,  and 
American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  chs.  ii-vii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Founda 
tions  of  American  Foreign  Policy,  §§  10,  18,  30-38;  J.  B.  Moore, 
Diplomacy,  119-130;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Ques 
tions,  65-137,  359-379,  385-389,  502-511;  G.  F.  Tucker,  Monroe 
Doctrine,  chs.  iv-vi;  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and  Spanish  Amer- 


452  THE    SLAVERY   CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§225 

ica,  103-136,  176-198;  J.  F.  Roche,  By-ways  of  War;  G.  T.  Curtis, 
James  Buchanan,  I,  ch.  xxii,  II,  chs.  iv-vii,  x,  and  Daniel  Webster,  II, 
533-565;  Frederic  Bancroft,  Seward,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xxii;  Allen  Johnson, 
Douglas,  199-219;  Pierce  Butler,  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  179-190. 

Special.  —  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiii,  II,  chs. 
xxviii,  xxx,  xxxii,  xxxiii,  xxxvi,  V,  chs.  H-J;  Marquis  Barral  de 
Montferrat,  De  Monroe  a  Roosevelt,  "43-85,  102-116;  Hector  Petin, 
Etats  Unis  et  la  Doctrine  de  Monroe,  104-108,  115-130,  238-262.  — 
MAPS:  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  246;  Documents  relating  to 
Central  America,  at  end;  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal  passim. 

Sources.  —  The  sources,  both  official  and  private,  are  too  volu 
minous  to  cite,  a  few  of  the  most  significant  are  as  follows:  —  DOC 
UMENTS:  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  III,  272,  IV,  211- 
213,  358,  398,  5II~5I3>  555,  581,  V  passim;  diplomatic  correspond 
ence  on  various  subjects  accompanying  the  president's  annual 
message  is  in  Senate  Exec.  Docs,  of  each  session,  31  Cong,  to  36  Cong., 
usually  No.  i;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  41  (pp.  113, 
114),  50,  51,  65,  72  (pp.  218-235),  75  (P-  246),  108,  118-120,  131 
(pp.  640-645),  134  (pp.  650-664),  164  (pp.  783-791),  165,  218,  224, 
336-340,  343  (pp.  24-26),  344  (pp.  34-37),  345-348,  35I-356>  368 
(pp.  254-258),  490,  491,  550  (pp.  70-73),  639  (pp.  492-499),  640 
(pp.  530-535),  643,  686  (pp.  763-769),  797,  798,  837,  845-847,  860, 
882  (pp.  845,  846),  905,  906,  941,  942,  1023,  1024,  1168,  1221,  1300 
(pp.  921-928);  text  of  treaties  in  Statutes  at  Large  and  W.  M.  Malloy, 
Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements  (see  countries  by  name); 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  77,  89;  American  History 
Leaflets,  Nos.  2,  4,  34;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  151.  —  CONTEMPO 
RARY  WRITINGS:  of  Buchanan,  Fillmore,  Calhoun,  Polk  (Diary), 
G.  M.  Dallas,  Letters. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  46  (lect.  58),  79,  80 
(lects.  59-65),  186,  187,  191,  192,  and  Foundation  of  Foreign  Policy, 
ch^  viii;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest,  as  above,  notes;  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward 
Extension,  344;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  315-317;  D.  C. 
Gilman,  James  Monroe  (rev.  ed.),  284-287;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of 
Books  relating  to  Cuba,  and  Select  List  on  Reciprocity  with  Canada, 
and  List  relating  to  Hawaii;  H.  A.  Morrison,  List  of  Books  relating 
h  Inter  oceanic  Canal;  I.  D.  Travis,  Clayton-  Bulwer  Treaty,  309-312. 

§  225.  Kansas-Nebraska  Act,  1854 

Summary.  —  Western  territory :  1820,  left  without  organization 
(§  197) ;  1845,  "  Indian  Country  ";  1836,  corner  added  to  Mis- 


§225]  KANSAS-NEBRASKA   ACT  453 

souri;  1845-1853,  bills  for  organizing  as  a  territory.  — "  Popular 
Sovereignty  " :  1847-1848,  suggested  by  Leake,  Dickinson,  and 
Cass  (§  221) ;  1850,  not  stated  in  the  Compromise  (§  222) ;  1854, 
Douglas's  new  version.  —  Nebraska  bill :  1853,  Dec.,  House  report ; 
1853-1854,  three  forms  of  Douglas's  bill;  1854,  Pierce's  attitude; 
Jan.  1 6,  Dixon  amendment ;  Jan.  19,  "  Appeal  of  the  Independent 
Democrats  " ;  Mar.  2,  Chase's  amendment ;  Mar.  3,  bill  passes 
Senate;  May  20,  passes  House;  compromise  of  1820  repealed, 
or  "  superseded,"  or  "  inoperative."  —  Issues :  power  of  Congress 
over  territorial  slavery;  question  of  indirect  repeal  in  1850;  de 
mands  of  the  South ;  extent  of  "  squatter  sovereignty  "  ;  principle 
of  non-intervention.  —  Effects:  annexation  of  Cuba  killed  (§  224) ; 
Republican  party  formed  (§  227) ;  Kansas  struggle  (§  226) ;  Doug 
las's  career  (§  229) ;  contest  accelerated  (§  230). 

General.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  chs.  xix-xxi;  H.  Greeley, 
American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xvii;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery, 
ch.  viii;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II, 
141-159;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  ch.  xxiv;  L.  W.  Spring,  Kansas, 
chs.  i,  ii;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  26-31;  W.  G.  Brown, 
Douglas;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  131-148;  Moorfield  Storey,  Sumner, 
ch.  vii;  W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  409-414,  425-430;  T.  Roosevelt, 
Benton,  ch.  xv;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Cass,  287-293,  (rev.  ed.) 
293-300;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  I,  ch.  xviii;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seward, 
ch.  vii. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  ch.  v;  H.  von  Hoist,  History, 
IV,  chs.  vi-viii;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  279-293;  P.  O.  Ray,  Repeal 
of  the  Missouri  Compromise;  Friedrich  Kapp,  Geschichte  der  Sklaverei, 
ch.  xii;  Allen  Johnson,  Douglas,  chs.  viii,  xi,  and  Genesis  of  Popular 
Sovereignty  (Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  III,  3);  Reverdy 
Johnson,  Remarks  on  Popular  Sovereignty.  —  See  also  histories  of 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado  (§37),  and  other  biographies  of 
Douglas,  Chase,  Seward,  Hale,  Sumner  (§39).  —  MAPS:  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  106. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong.,  i  sess.  (see  indexes  on  pp.  xxi,  Ivii,  App.  p.  vi);  Senate  Reports, 
33  Cong-.,  i  sess.  No.  15;  House  Reports,  33  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  80; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  85-88;  H.  V.  Ames,  State 
Documents,  280-286;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  2;  Alex. 
Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  Ill,  3  (Chase),  32 
(Everett),  50  (Douglas);  H.  Greeley,  Slavery  Extension,  71-88.— 


454  THE    SLAVERY    CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§226 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War, 
188-190,  201-238;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  I,  625- 
636  (Toombs),  II,  241-257,  and  in  Am.  Hist.  Review,  VIII,  91; 
E.  L.  Pierce,  Sumner,  III,  ch.  xxxviii;  Diary  and  Correspondence  of 
Chase,  254-263;  Garrisons,  Garrison,  III,  ch.  xiv;  J.  M.  Cutts, 
Treatise  on  Party  Questions,  84-101,  1.23;  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Chase, 
140-147;  Theo.  Parker,  Speeches,  297;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  80. 

Bibliography.  —  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  280-285  passim; 
J.  N.  Larned,  Literature  of  American  History,  181-204;  P.  O.  Ray, 
Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  App.  F;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§'§  46  (lect.  58),  154;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political 
History,  II,  166-168;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist  and  Rhodes. 

§  226.   The  Kansas  Struggle,  1854-1861 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  territories :  Kansas  west  of  Missouri ; 
scanty  population;  interest  of  Missouri;  Indians  (§216). — 
Northern  emigration:  1854-1855,  Massachusetts  and  New  Eng 
land  Emigrant  Aid  societies ;  1854,  Aug.,  Lawrence  founded;  John 
Brown.  —  Southern  emigration:  "Border  Ruffians";  pro-slavery 
towns  founded;  instances  of  slaves;  1856,  Buford's  Company.  — 
Territorial  government:  1854,  Oct.,  Gov.  Reeder  (i).;  1855, 
Mar.,  fraudulent  election  for  legislature;  July,  Shawnee  legis 
lature,  slave  code ;  1855,  July,  Gov.  Shannon  (2) ;  1856,  Gov. 
Geary  (3) ;  1857,  Nov.,  Gov.  Walker  (4) ;  1858,  Gov.  Denver  (5). 
-  Free  state  movement:  1855,  Nov.,  Topeka  Convention;  1856, 
Mar.,  state  officers;  July  4,  legislature  dispersed  by  troops.— 
Civil  war:  1855,  "  Wakarusa  War";  1856,  May,  sack  of  Law 
rence;  John  Brown's  fights;  Pottowatomie  massacre;  Aug., 
"  treaty  of  Lawrence  "  ;  1859,  Brown's  aid  to  fugitives  (§  223).  — 
Lecompton  Constitution:  1855-1857,  Republican  majority  in  the 
House  (§227);  1857,  Buchanan  president;  instructions  to  Gov. 
Walker;  Nov.,  Lecompton  Convention;  Dec.,  popular  vote  for 
"constitution  with  slavery";  1858,  Douglas  refuses  to  vote  for 
it;  Apr.,  "English  Bill";  Aug.,  Kansas  refuses;  Aug. -Oct., 
Lincoln-Douglas  debate  (§212).  —  Admission  as  a  free  state; 
1859,  July,  Wyandotte  Convention ;  1861,  Jan.  21,  state  admitted. 

General.  —  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  ix,  xi,  xv,  xvi; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  200-205;  Jesse  Macy,  Political 


§2i>G]  THE   KANSAS   STRUGGLE  455 

Parties,  chs.  xiv,  xvi,  xvii;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  224- 
251;  J.  E.  Cairns,  Slave  Power,  195-201;  Encyclopedia  Britannica 
(nth  ed.),  XV,  658;  Friedrich  Kapp,  Geschichte  der  Sklaverei, 
ch.  xiii;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  xxii-xxvi,  II,  ch.  i;  G. 
T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  II,  197-210;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  I,  398-410, 
424-428,  436-454;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seward,  chs.  ix,  x;  Allen  Johnson, 
Douglas,  chs.  xiii,  xv;  F.  W.  Blackmar,  Charles  Robinson,  chs.  iii- 
vii,  xii. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  78-87,  98-107,  121-134, 
150-168,  189-220,  215-220,  229,  237-240,  271-301;  H.  von  Hoist, 
History,  V,  chs.  iii,  v,  vi,  viii,  VI,  chs.  ii,  iv,  v;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
V,  ch.  xxi,  §  ii,  ch.  xxii,  §  i;  L.  W.  Spring,  Kansas,  chs.  iii-xii;  F. 
H.  Hodder,  English  Bill  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1906,  I,  201); 
W.  H.  Isely,  Sharps  Rifle  Episode  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XII,  546); 
W.  L.  Fleming,  Buford  Expedition  to  Kansas  (ibid.,  VI,  38);  O.  G. 
Villard,  John  Brown,  chs.  iii-vii;  Jas.  Redpath,  John  Brown, 
75-228;  J.  N.  Holloway,  Kansas;  Eli  Thayer,  Kansas  Crusade; 
J.  A.  Jameson,  Constitutional  Conventions,  §§  211-216;  D.  W.  Wilder, 
Annals  of  Kansas;  J.  H.  Gihon,  Geary  and  Kansas;  Kansas  His 
torical  Society,  Collections  (see  §45);  state  histories  of  Kansas 
(§37)-  —  MAPS:  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  126. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  33 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  34  Cong.,  35  Cong,  (see  indexes  under  Kansas); 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  34  and  35  Congs.;  House  Reports,  34  and  35 
Congs.  (see  indexes),  especially  34  Cong.,  i  sess. ,11,  No.  200  (special 
committee);  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  34  and  35  Congs.  (see  indexes); 
Senate  Reports,  34  and  35  Congs.  (see  indexes);  J.  D.  Richardson, 
Messages  and  Papers,  V,  340-350,  352-360,  390,  398-407,  431-433, 
450-454,  471-481,  497-503,  646,  647;  Kansas  Historical  Society, 
Collections,  especially  I,  193-233,  III,  205-337,  IV,  385-745,  V,  163- 
633;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  90,  92;  H.  V.  Ames, 
State  Documents,  289-293,  299-303.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
J.  Buchanan,  Works,  X,  105-325  (see  Contents),  and  Mr.  Buchanan's 
Administration,  28-56;  F.  W.  Blackmar,'  Charles  Robinson,  App.  B; 
Some  Papers  of  Franklin  Pierce  (Am.  Hist.  Re-view,  X,  124-127, 
350-359);  C.  Sumner,  Works,  IV;  Wm.  Phillips,  Conquest  of  Kansas; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquy  xvii;  F.  B.  San- 
born,  John  Brown,  chs.  vii-xi;  Sarah  T.  L.  Robinson,  Kansas; 
T.  H.  Gladstone,  Englishman  in  Kansas;  John  Sherman,  Recollec 
tions,  I,  ch.  v;  F.  B.  Sanborn,  Recollections,  I,  48-133;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §§36-40;  contemporary  newspapers  (§41), 
especially  New  York  Tribune. 


456  THE    SLAVERY    CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§227 

Bibliography.  —  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  ch.  xxi;  Kansas 
Historical  Society,  Collections,  VI,  385-418;  H.  V.  Ames,  State 
Documents,  289-291;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §46  (lect.  59);  J.  N. 
Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  206-213;  Wm.  MacDonald, 
Select  Documents,  413;  footnotes  to  Von  Hoist,  Rhodes,  and  Smith. 

§  227.  Rise  of  the  Republican  Party,  1852-1858 

Summary.  —  Breaking  up  of  the  Whigs :  1850-1852,  "  Finality 
Resolutions  ";  1852,  Scott's  candidacy;  Free  Democrats  (§  223) ; 
1852,  Nov.,  Pierce  elected  president;  Free-soil  vote  reduced.— 
The  Know-Nothings :  1835-1844,  "American  Republican" 
movement;  1852,  Native  American  organization;  anti-foreign 
principles;  anti-Catholic  principles;  1854-1855,  great  successes; 
1855,  June,  split  on  slavery;  1856-1860,  slow  absorption.— 
Republican  party  formed :  elements  of  membership  ;  1854,  May  23, 
Anti-Nebraska  conference;  Jan. -Nov.,  organization;  July,  first 
use  of  the  name;  state  successes;  1855,  Dec.,  Anti-Nebraska 
majority  in  the  House;  1856,  Feb.,  Banks  chosen  speaker; 
investigation  of  Kansas  (§  226).  —  Election  of  1856:  Know-Noth 
ings  divided ;  nomination  of  Fillmore ;  May  22,  assault  on  Charles 
Sumner ;  June,  Buchanan  nominated  by  Democrats ;  Fremont 
nominated  by  the  Republicans  ;  Aug.,  congressional  deadlock  over 
Kansas;  Nov.,  Buchanan  elected. — Later  policy  of  Republican 
party:  1857,  on  Dred  Scott  decision  (§228);  on  Lecompton 
Constitution  (§226);  gains  in  election  of  1858;  1859,  Speaker 
Pennington  (§  229) ;  success  in  1860  (§  229). 

General.  —  E.  Stan  wood,  Presidency,  chs.  xix,  xx;  T.  C.  Smith, 
Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  ii-iv,  viii,  x,  xii,  and  Liberty  and  Free  Soil 
Parties,  chs.  xiv-xix;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  145- 
165,  170-174;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Negro  and  the  Nation,  chs.  xi,  xiv; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  xvii-xxi;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost 
Cause,  ch.  iv;  George  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  chs.  ix-xiii; 
U.  B.  Phillips,  Southern  Whigs  (Turner  Essays,  203);  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXIII,  177;  F.  Bancroft,  Seivard,  I,  291- 
311,  363-397,  410-424,  428-431;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seivard,  ch.  viii; 

A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  149-163;    W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson  Davis,  ch.  viii; 

B.  H.  Wise,    H.  A.  Wise,  ch.  xii;    Allen  Johnson,  Douglas,  ch.  xii; 
Moorfield  Storey,  Sumner,  chs.  vi,  viii ;   G.  H.  Haynes,  Sumner,  124- 


§227]  RISE    OF   THE    REPUBLICAN    PARTY  457 

220;  Louis  Pendleton,  A.  II .  Stephens,  chs.  vi,  vii;  R.  C.  Winthrop,  Jr., 
R.  C.  Winthrop,  142-194;    G.  W.  Julian,  Giddings,  ch.  xi. 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  I,  206-208,  243-278,  II,  chs.  vii, 
viii;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  IV,  chs.  iii,  iv,  V,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv,  vii,  ix; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  ch.  xxi,  §  ii,  ch.  xxii,  §  i;  Nicolay  and  Hay, 
Lincoln,  I,  chs.  xviii-xxi;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  II,  chs.  vi,  viii-xi ; 
H.  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  II,  chs.  xxxi,  xxxii,  xxxv,  xxxviii;  D.  S. 
Alexander,  Political  History  of  New  York,  II,  chs.  xiii-xvii;  J.  B. 
McMaster,  With  the  Fathers,  87-106;  Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties, 
chs.  xi,  xiii,  xv;  A.  D.  Morse,  Republican  Party  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 

VII,  522);    Francis  Curtis,   Republican   Party,  I,  chs.  vi-ix;    John 
Weiss,    Theodore   Parker,  II,  chs.  xxi,  xxii;    L.  D.  Scisco,   Political 
Nativism  in    New    York;    H.    J.    Desmond,    Know-Nothing   Party; 
L.  F.  Schmeckebier,  Know-  Nothing  Party  in  Maryland;  Wm.  Birney, 
/.  G.  Birney,  chs.  xxviii,  xxix;    A.  G.  Riddle,  B.  F.  Wade,  chs.  vii, 
viii;    H.  D.   Capers,   C.  G.  Memminger,   194-229.  —  MAPS:    T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  132,  158. 

Sources. —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  34, 
35  Congs.  (indexes,  especially  under  names  of  J.  P.  Hale,  B.  F. 
Wade,  John  Sherman,  Chas.  Sumner,  W.  H.  Seward,  etc.);  H.  V. 
Ames,  State  Documents,  293,  294;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and 
Papers,  V,  202,  222,  397.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  E.  L. 
Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  III,  chs.  xxxix,  xl;  J.  Buchanan,  Works, 

VIII,  426-500,  IX,  457,  485,  X,  8-100  (see  Contents),  XI,  494-510; 
C.   H.  Van  Tyne,    Letters  of  Daniel  Webster,  475-542;    Diary  and 
Correspondence   of  Salmon    P.    Chase,    220-252,    264;     A.    Lincoln, 
Works  (2  vol.  ed.),  I,  178-226,  (Biog.  ed.),  II,  187-312,  (Fed.  ed.), 
II,    176-286,    VII,    381-387;     Wm.    Salter,   /.    W.    Grimes,    52-92; 
Garrisons,  Garrison,  III,  chs.  xvv-xviii;   J.  S.  Pike,  First  Blows,  260- 
420;    H.  A.  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  ch.  xiii;    Alex.  Johnston,  American 
Orations   (Woodburn  ed.),  Ill,  88   (Sumner),  121    (Brooks);    A.  H. 
Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquy,  xvii;    Mrs.  Chapman 
Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  chs.  vi-x;   Millar d  Fillmore  Papers, 
II,  19-22,  324-368  passim;   W.  S.  Rand,  Southern  Rights  and  Union 
Congress  (Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  XXXV,  309);   Edward  Quincy, 
Josiah  Quincy,    ch.  xx;    C.  Sumner,  Works,  III,  IV;    B.  P.  Poore, 
Perley's  Reminiscences,  I,  chs.   xxxvi-xliv;    W.  H.    Seward,  Works, 
IV,  223-288;    R.   B.  Warden,    Chase,   chs.   xxiii,  xxiv;    A.   B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §  35;   Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  83. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  Political 
Parties;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  46  (lect.  60);  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties 
and  Slavery,  314,  and  Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties,  App.  A;  L.  D. 


458  THE   SLAVERY   CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§228 

Scisco,    Political   Nativism,    255-259;   footnotes  to  Von   Hoist   and 
Rhodes. 

§  228.  Dred  Scott  Decision  and  John  Brown's  Raid, 
1857-1859 

Summary.  —  Status  of  the  Supreme  Court :  early  decisions 
(§  195) ;  changes  under  Jackson  (§  204) ;  1842-1856,  decisions  on 
slavery  (§§  212,  223);  desire  to  settle  the  controversy;  1857, 
Mar.  4,  Buchanan's  announcement.  —  The  Dred  Scott  case: 
1834-1838,  Scott  taken  to  Illinois  and  the  Indian  country;  1838, 
returned  to  Missouri;  1847-1853,  Scott's  three  suits  against  his 
owner ;  backing  of  the  Blair  family ;  1856,  suit  before  the  Supreme 
Court;  1857,  Mar.  10,  decision.  —  Principles  of  the  Dred  Scott 
decision :  application  of  state  law ;  negro  citizenship  denied ;  resi 
dence  in  free  territory  not  decisive ;  power  of  Congress  denied ; 
Missouri  Compromise  disallowed ;  restrictions  by  territorial  legis 
latures  denied.  —  Effect  of  the  decision :  popular  sovereignty  denied 
(§  225) ;  Douglas  ignored  (§  229) ;  1858,  Lincoln's  disavowal 
(§  229) ;  1862,  decision  ignored  by  Congress  (§  240). — John  Brown's 
raid:  John  Brown  in  Kansas  (§  226) ;  his  character;  early  plans 
for  inciting  a  slave  insurrection ;  support  in  New  England;  1857- 
1858,  plans  for  a  raid ;  1859,  Oct.,  capture  of  Harper's  Ferry ; 
Oct.-Dec.,  trial  and  execution;  Republican  disavowals;  effect 
on  the  South. 

General.  —  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  ch.  xiv;  F.  E. 
Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,,  ch.  v;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitu 
tional  History,  II,  266-278;  J.  S.  Landon,  Constitutional  History 
(rev.  ed.),  239-245;  E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  210-217;  G. 
S.  Merriam,  Negro  and  the  Nation,  ch.  xviii;  H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  chs.  xviii,  xx;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race,  II,  227;  E.D. 
Fite,  Presidential  Election  of  1860,  ch.  i. 

Special.  —  DRED  SCOTT  CASE:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  242- 
277;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  VI,  ch.  i;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitu 
tional  Law,  §§  127-129,  156-161;  F.  T.  Hill,  Decisive  Battles  of  the 
Law  ch.  iv ;  E.  S.  Corwin,  Dred  Scott  Decision  (Am.  Hist.  Review, 
XVII,  52);  Samuel  Tyler,  Roger  B.  Taney,  359-438;  T.  H.  Benton, 
Historical  and  Legal  Examination;  S.  A.  Foot,  Case  of  Dred  Scott; 
Gray  and  Lowell,  Case  of  Dred  Scott;  Joel  Parker,  Personal  Liberty 
Laws  and  Slavery  in  the  Territories;  J.  C.  Hurd,  Law  of  Freedom 


§229]  DRED    SCOTT    AND   JOHN    BROWN  459 

and  Bondage,  §§  489-539;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
II,  chs.  iv,  v;  H.  L.  Carson,  Supreme  Court,  II,  ch.  xv;  C.  G.  Haines, 
Conflict  over  Judicial  Powers,  145-162;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power, 
II,  ch.  xxxix;  M.  Van  Buren,  Political  Parties,  ch.  viii.  —  JOHN 
BROWN:  O.  G.  Villard,  John  Brown;  Jas.  Redpath,  John  Brown, 
229-407;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  John  Brown;  H.  von  Hoist,  History, 
VI,  ch.  i,  and  John  Brown;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American 
Political  History,  II,  ch.  viii;  F.  T.  Hill,  Decisive  Battles  of  the  Law, 
ch.  iii;  M.  J.  Wright,  Trial  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers,  IV,  439); 

B.  T.  Washington,  Frederick  Douglass,  182-194;    B.  H.  Wise,  Henry 
A.  Wise,  ch.  xiv;   J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, II,  384-416;    H.  D.  Capers, 

C.  G.  Memminger,  238-282.  —  MAPS:    F.  E.  Chadwick,   Causes  of 
the  Civil  War,  80. 

Sources.  —  TEXT  OF  THE  DECISION:  19  Howard,  399,  and  2 
Miller,  i;  extracts  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  23;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Documents,  No.  91;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  480.— 
DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  i  sess., 
(see  indexes,  "Harper's  Ferry");  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong., 
i  sess.,  II,  No.  2;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  V,  431 
553-555;  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  295-298,  306-310.  —CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  A.  Lincoln,  Works  (2  vol.  ed.),  I,  226-235, 
(Biog.  ed.),  II,  315-339,  (Fed.  ed.),  II,  287-307;  F.  B.  Sanborn, 
John  Brown,  chs.  xii-xvii,  and  Recollections,  I,  chs.  v-ix;  Jas.  Red- 
path,  Echoes  of  Harper's  Ferry;  J.  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil 
War,  420-480;  Frederick  Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  pt.  ii,  chs.  viii- 
x;  Garrisons,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  III,  ch.  xix;  B.  P.  Poore, 
Perley's  Reminiscences,  II,  ch.  iii;  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations 
(Woodburn  ed.),  Ill,  129  (Benjamin),  154  (Lincoln);  A.  B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  41-43,  47,  48;  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Docu 
ments,  ch.  xxi;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  84. 

Bibliography.  —  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  295,  306,  307; 
W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  John  Brown,  397-400;  O.  G.  Villard,  John  Brown, 
687-709;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  350;  Johnston 
and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II,  177;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Manual,  §  46  (lects.  61,  62);  footnotes  to  Rhodes  and  Von  Hoist. 

§  229.   Presidential  Election  of  1860 

Summary.  —  Parties  in  1857  and  1858  (§227):  Buchanan's 
presidency;  185  7,  new  tariff;  commercial  panic ;  question  of  home 
steads  ;  of  Pacific  railroads  (§  246) ;  revival  of  the  slave-trade 
threatened ;  Kansas  question  (§  226) ;  1858,  Mormon  War;  1859- 


460  THE    SLAVERY    CRISIS,  1846-1860  [§229 

1860,  Southern  commercial  conventions.  —  Lincoln-Douglas  de 
bate :  Douglas  against  the  Lecompton  Constitution  (§226); 
Lincoln  Republican  candidate  for  the  senatorship  ;  1858,  June  16, 
"House  divided"  speech;  joint  debates;  Aug.  27,  Douglas's 
"  Freeport  doctrine " ;  Douglas  successful ;  1858,  Seward's 
"  Irrepressible  conflict  "  speech.  —  Congress  :  1859-1860,  parties ; 
Douglas  out  of  favor ;  speakership  contest ;  Helper's  "  Impend 
ing  Crisis";  "  Covode  investigation."  -  Nominations  of  1860: 
Feb.  2,  Jefferson  Davis's  resolutions  in  the  Senate  on1  state  rights 
and  slavery;  April  23~May  3,  Charleston  Convention;  May  10, 
Constitutional  Unionists  nominate  Bell  (i);  May  16,  Republican 
convention;  hopes  of  Seward,  Cameron,  and  Chase;  May  17, 
Lincoln  (2)  nominated ;  May  24,  Davis's  resolutions  voted  on ; 
June  22,  Baltimore  convention  nominates  Douglas  (3);  June  28, 
Seceders'  convention  nominates  Breckinridge  (4).  —  Campaign 
issues:  spoils  of  office ;  tariff;  Kansas  (§  226) ;  territorial  slavery 
(§§  221,  225,  228);  abolition;  disunion  (§231).  —  The  result: 
Nov.  6,  Lincoln  elected;  Nov.  20,  South  Carolina  secedes  (§  232). 

General.  —  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  ch.  xxi;  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes 
of  the  Civil  War,  chs.  vi-vii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitu 
tion,  I,  chs.  i,  iii;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  174-189; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  218-246,  and  Men  who  made  the 
Nation,  ch.  xii;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  ch.  iv;  George  Lunt 
Origin  of  the  Late  War,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seward,  ch.  xi ; 
W.  G.  Brown,  Douglas,  ch.  v;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson  Davis,  163-191; 
A..  B.  Hart,  Chase,  ch.  vii;  W.  A.  Linn,  Horace  Greeley,  17-0-183. 

Special.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  chs.  x-xvi; 
J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Lincoln,  I,  ch.  vi;  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  Lincoln,  I,  chs. 
xviii-xx;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  I,  432-436,  454-465,  chs.  xxiii, 
xxiv;  Jeremiah  Lynch,  A  Senator  of  he  Fifties  (Broderick);  Allen 
Johnson,  Douglas,  chs.  xvi-xviii;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  II,  chs, 
xii,  xiii;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  II,  chs.  x,  xi;  H.  von  Hoist,  History, 
VI,  chs.  iii,  vi,  vii,  VII,  chs.  ii-vi;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I, 
ch.  xxx;  Edward  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  cvi-cxxi; 
E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  xxi,  and  Tariff  Controversies,  II, 
83-108;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties  ch.  vii;  Jesse  -Macy, 
Political  Parties,  chs.  xviii-xxi;  U.  B.  Phillips,  Georgia  and  State 
Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II),  ch.  vii;  D.  Y.  Thomas, 


§229]  PRESIDENTIAL   ELECTION   OF    I860  461 

Southern  Non-Slaveholders  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXVI,  222);  C.  H. 
Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  308-338;  F.  T.  Hill,  Lincoln- 
Douglas  Debates  (Century,  LV,  3);  E.  D.  Fite,  Presidential  Election 
of  1860;  D.  W.  Bartlett,  Presidential  Candidates  in  1860;  W.  E. 
Dodd,  Fight  for  the  Northwest  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  774);  lives 
of  Bell,  Breckinridge,  Chase,  Douglas,  Lincoln,  Seward,  etc.  (§  39). — 
MORMON  WAR:  A.  W.  Linn  Mormons,  458-516;  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
Utah,  chs.  xviii,  xix;  O.  F.  Whitney,  Utah,  I,  chs.  xxviii-xxxi;  W. 
P.  Johnston,  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  chs.  xiii-xv;  E.  W.  Tullidge, 
Salt  Lake  City,  chs.  xv-xxv.  —  MAPS:  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of 
the  Civil  War,  132;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Fight  for  the  Northwest,  788. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe,  36 
Cong.,  2  sess.  (see  index  under  Davis,  Douglas,  Wade,  Seward,  Hale, 
etc.);  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  V,  433,  434,  437-460, 
487,  493-495,  503-506,  527-529,  555-558,  593-596,,  608-625,  648; 
Congressional  Documents  on  Mormon  War,  House  Exec.  Docs.,  32 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  25,  33;  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  138;  36  Cong.,  i  sess., 
No.  78;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  35  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  n  (pp.  21-39), 
6752  sess.,  II,  No.  i,  pp.  28-223;  36  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  32;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  Lincoln-Douglas  Debates;  National  Monetary  Commission, 
Laws  concerning  Money,  151-161.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  A. 
Lincoln,  Works  (including  Douglas  debates)  (2  vol.  ed.),  I,  235-653, 
(Biog.  ed.),  II,  357-366,  III-V,  VI,  1-67,  XI,  105-115,  (Fed.  ed.), 
Ill,  IV,  V,  3-193,  VII,  389-398;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV, 
§§  44-46,  ch.  viii;  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  85,  107;  E.  L.  Pierce, 
Sumner,  III,  ch.  xliii;  W.  H.  Seward,  Works,  IV,  289-430,  679-691, 
Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  Ill,  168  (Lin 
coln),  184  (Douglas),  195  (Seward);  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Govern 
ment,  I,  pt.  i,  chs.  vi,  vii;  J.  Buchanan,  Works,  X,  327-464  (see 
Contents),  and  Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration,  chs.  iii,  xii,  xiii; 
Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Chase,  275-290,  477-483;  John  Sher 
man,  Recollections,  I,  ch.  viii;  Mrs.  Chapman  Coleman,  John  J. 
Crittenden,  II,  chs.  xi,  xii;  J.  S.  Pike,  First  Blows  of  the  Civil  War, 
480-526;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquy  xviii; 
B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  II,  ch.  iv;  Carl  Schurz,  Reminis 
cences,  II,  83-104,  161-207;  crisis  of  1857,  in  Hunt's  Merchants1 
Magazine,  XXXVII,  XXXVIII  passim,  XL,  19. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  46  (lect.  63);  A.  P.  C. 
Griffin,  Works  on  Political  Parties;  New  York  City  Public  Library, 
List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Mormons  (Bulletin,  XIII,  183);  footnotes 
to  Von  Hoist,  Rhodes,  Schouler,  etc.  See  references  in  §  227. 


CHAPTER   XXVIII 

THE   CIVIL  WAR   PERIOD 

§  230.   The  Sections  Compared,  1861 

Summary.  —  (See  §§  193,  200-203,  209,  216).  —  Geography: 
areas  of  free  states,  border  states,  and  seceding  states;  status 
of  territories ;  of  Pacific  states.  —  States  (§  203) :  1 5  slave-holding, 
18  free;  Kansas  (34th)  (§  226).  —  Military  conditions:  distances; 
coast  line ;  Appalachian  range ;  inside  lines ;  hills ;  forested  areas ; 
the  South  on  the  defensive.  —  Economic  comparison  (§  201) : 
agriculture ;  manufactures ;  mines ;  commerce ;  wealth ;  means  of 
communication. — Social  comparison  (§  200) :  population,  Northern, 
border  states,  Confederacy;  negroes  and  whites;  cities;  educa 
tion  ;  intelligence.  —  Military  comparison :  number  of  troops 
Northern  and  Southern ;  Confederates  from  loyal  states ;  Northern 
troops  from  seceding  states ;  regular  army ;  military  administra 
tion  ;  military  aptitude ;  officers ;  the  Northern  and  Southern 
volunteer ;  military  supplies ;  military  preparation ;  use  of  ne 
groes.  —  Expectation  of  foreign  aid  :  "  King  Cotton  "  ;  sympathy 
of  England  and  France ;  tariff  question ;  effect  of  the  blockade 
(§§  235>  238)  — Slavery  the  chief  cause  of  difference  (§§  209-212, 

221,   222,   225,    228,   229). 

General.  —  NORTHERN  .ACCOUNTS:  J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War,  I, 
chs.  vii,  viii;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  v;  F.  E.  Chadwick, 
Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  ii;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,  ch.  i; 
Katharine  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  232-285;  E.  C. 
Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Conditions,  ch.  xiv; 
A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  ch.  vii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil 
War  and  the  Constitution,  I,  ch.  ii;  Jas.  Redpath,  Echoes  from 
Harper's  Ferry,  App.;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  ch.  xiv;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  xi.  —  SOUTHERN  ACCOUNTS:  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  301-311,  471-483,  II,  705-717;  E.  A. 

(462) 


§230]  THE    SECTIONS    COMPARED  463 

Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  49~53;  W.  G.  Brown,  Lower  South,  83-112; 
J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War,  chs.  i,  iv,  xii;  W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson 
Davis,  207-214;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  159-163, 
338-348,  382,  383,  500-509,  544-546,  V,  656-667.  —  FOREIGN 
ACCOUNTS:  Jas.  Spence,  American  Union,  248-314;  John  Formby, 
American  Civil  War,  ch.  v. 

Special.  —  NORTHERN  ACCOUNTS:  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  VII, 
chs.  vii,  viii;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  III,  chs.  i,  ii;  J.  W.  Draper, 
Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xxvi,  xxix,  II,  chs.  xxxix,  xli-xlv,  III,  ch.  xcv; 
T.  S.  Goodwin,  Natural  History  of  Secession;  R.  Hildreth,  Des 
potism  in  America;  Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders,  I,  74-98; 
Fred.  Phisterer,  Statistical  Record;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Troops; 
T.  L.  Livermore,  Numbers  and  Losses,  1-77.  —  SOUTHERN  ACCOUNTS  : 
J.  D.  B.  De  Bow,  Industrial  Resources  of  the  Southern  and  Western 
States;  R.  L.  Dabney,  Defence  of  Virginia,  ch.  viii;  Jas.  Williams, 
South  Vindicated,  and  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Model  Republic;  see  also 
personal  narratives  in  §§  235,  236.  —  FOREIGN  ACCOUNTS:  Comte  de 
Paris,  Civil  War,  I,  6,  16-29,  76-106,  172-217,  257-316;  H.  C. 
Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  ch.  iii;  Adam  Gurowski,  America  and 
Europe;  J.  E.  Cairnes,  Slave  Power;  A.  E.  de  Gasparin,  Uprising 
of  a  Great  People;  F.  Laboulaye,  Separation.  —  MAPS:  F.  E. 
Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  8,  20,  60;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal 
to  Arms,  4. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  2  sess. 
passim,  especially  624  (Winslow),  721  (Slidell),  134  (Lane),  12,  72 
(Wigfall),  1467  (Breckinridge),  943  (De  Jarnette).  —  DOCUMENTS: 
Eighth  Census,  Population;  Tenth  Census,  Compendium,  I,  4,  333; 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  II  (army  in  1860),  III  (navy  in 
1860)  ;  VIII  (importation  by  districts) ;  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  i,  19, 
85  (Sec.  of  War,  July  i,  1861),  No.  2  (Sec.  of  the  Treasury);  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  II  (finances  in  1860),  IX,  No.  53 
(militia),  X,  No.  77  (banks);  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  i  (treasury), 
No.  14  (Indians  and  negroes);  Senate  Reports,'^  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  2 
(militia);  House  Reports,  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  i  (volunteers);  Ameri 
can  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861  passim,  especially  26  (army),  490 
(navy);  1863,  268,  361  (draft).  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  W. 
T.  Sherman,  Memoirs,  II,  ch.  xxv;  F.  L.  Olmsted,  Cotton  Kingdom 
(or  Seaboard  Slave  States,  and  Back  Country,  and  Texas  Journey); 
H.  R.  Helper,  Impending  Crisis;  G.  M.  Weston,  Progress  of  Slavery; 
"  Barbarossa,"  Lost  Principle  (slave-trade);  Augustin  Cochin, 
Results  of  Slavery. 

Bibliography.  —  E.   C.   Lunt,    Key  to  the   Census   (Amer.   Statis. 


464  THE    CIVIL   WAR   PERIOD  [§231 

Assoc.,  Publications,  n.s.,  I,  Nos.  2,  3);  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of 
the  Civil  War,  351;  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical 
Sources  in  Schools,  §  87;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  V,  667. 

§  231.   Theory  of  Secession 

Summary. — Effect  of  status  of  the  states  before  1789  (§§  153, 
158,  159,  166,  172).  —  Effect  of  ratifications  of  the  Constitution 
(§§174,  175):  revocable  or  irrevocable;  "supreme  law"; 
"  more  perfect  union  "  ;  reserved  rights.  —  Threats  of  secession : 
1795,  Connecticut  C  our  ant;  1798,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  (§  184) ; 
1803,  1811,  1814,  New  England  (§  192) ;  183  2,  sentiment  in  South 
Carolina  (§  206);  1833,  differentiation  from  nullification;  1850, 
threats  in  the  Compromise" debate  (§  222) ;  1856,  meeting  of  the 
governors  at  Raleigh;  1860,  threats  in  the  presidential  election 
(§229).  —  Enunciations  of  secession:  1798-1799,  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  doctrine  (§184);  1803,  Tucker's  Blackstone ;  1811, 
Jan.  14,  Josiah  Quincy's  speech;  1825,  Rawle's  "View  of  the 
Constitution  " ;  1832,  South  Carolina  resolutions  (§  206) ;  1845, 
William  Lloyd  Garrison's  doctrine  (§  210);  1850,  Calhoun's 
speech  (§  222) ;  1860,  Feb  2,  Jefferson  Davis's  resolutions  (§  229). 
—  Questions  as  to  the  doctrine  in  1860:  constitutionality;  expe 
diency  ;  probable  effectiveness ;  legal  effect  of  ordinances  of  seces 
sion  (§  232). 

General.  —  BRIEF  LEGAL  DISCUSSIONS  (chiefly  adverse) :  T.  M. 
Cooley,  Constitutional  Law,  ch.  ii;  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.), 
§§  178,  207-215,  311-322,  467-481,  915-922;  R.  H.  Dana,  Wheaton's 
International  Law,  note  32;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law, 
§§  25-42,  120  a;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution,  §§  58-71;  J.I.  C. 
Hare,  American  Constitutional  Law,  :ndex,  under  title  "  State 
Rights  ";  John  Ordronaux,  Constitutional  Legislation,  84-91,  m- 
175,  210;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  I,  ch.  iv;  O.  F. 
Bump,  Notes  on  Constitutional  Decisions,  327-333;  Joel  Tiffany, 
Treatise  on  Government,  §§  41-65;  C.  G.  Tiedeman,  Unwritten 
Constitution,  ch.  ix;  John  King,  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution, 
ch.  xii;  J.  R.  -Tucker,  Constitution,  §§171,  288-290.  —  BRIEF 
NARRATIVE  DISCUSSIONS:.  J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War,  I,  12-16;  F.  E. 
Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  chs.  i,  iii;  W.  W.  Willoughby, 
American  Constitutional  System,  61-70;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War, 


§231]  THEORY   OF    SECESSION  465 

ch.  v;  Louis  Pendleton,  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  ch.  xi;  M.  M. 
Granger,  Washington  vs.  Jejferson;  Johnston  and  Woodburn, 
American  Political  History,  II,  280-297,  326-363;  J.  W.  Draper, 
Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xxvii,  xxviii;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Tylers,  II,  ch.  xix; 
H.  C.  Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  ch.  i;  Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War, 
I,  113-116;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  vi;  Chas.  Ingersoll,  Fears 
for  Democracy,  ch.  viii;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri 
can  Government,  articles  Secession  Controversy,  State  Sovereignty, 
United  States  as  a  Federal  State. 

Special.  —  DOCTRINE  DEFENDED:  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Govern 
ment,  I,  pt.  i,  especially  70-77,  157-168,  185-192;  A.  H.  Stephens, 
War  between  the  States,  I,  17-49,  408-418,  441-452,  459-539,  II,  5-15, 
26-34,  261-271;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  Legal  Justification  (Confederate 
Military  History,  I,  i);  W.  W.  Handlin,  American  Politics;  C.  S. 
Farrar,  The  War,  Its  Causes  and  Consequences;  A.  P.  Upshur, 
Nature  of  the  Federal  Government;  South  in  the  Building  of  the 
Nation,  IV,  466-468,  472-486,  499,  500;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause, 
ch.  i;  A.  T.  Bledsoe,  Is  Davis  a  Traitor  ?  J.  W.  Du  Bose,  William  L. 
Yancey,  chs.  viii-xxi;  C.  F.  Adams,  Constitutional  Ethics  of  Seces 
sion  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  2d  ser.,  XVII,  99).  —  ADVERSE 
TO  THE  DOCTRINE:  J.  C.  Hurd,  Theory  of  our  National  Existence, 
and  The  Union-State;  Wm.  Whiting,  War  Powers  under  the  Consti 
tution;  T.  S.  Goodwin,  Natural  History  of  Secession;  Henry  Bald 
win,  General  View;  C.  S.  Patterson,  United  States  and  the  States, 
chs.  i,  xii;  Joel  Parker,  Constitutional  Law;  C.  W.  Loring,  Nulli 
fication,  Secession;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.; 
37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  2  sess.  (especially  debate  on  Davis  resolutions, 
Feb.,  May,  1860);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  ch.  ix.  —  DOCU 
MENTS:  Lincoln's  inaugural  address  and  message  of  July  4,  1861, 
•  in  Works,  and  in  Richardson,  Messages;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong., 
2  sess.,  No.  i;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  18.  —  BUCHANAN'S 
DOCTRINE:  his  message  of  Dec.  3,  1860,  in  Richardson,  Messages, 
V,  626;  Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration.  —  SOUTHERN  DOCUMENTS: 
Ordinances  of  Secession  and  accompanying  documents  (§232); 
Southern  Hist.  Soc.,  Papers,  I,  i,  VI,  54,  190,  x>  433-  F~  SUPREME 
COURT  CASES:  Texas  v.  White,  7  Wallace,  700,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
302;  White  v.  Hart,  13  Wallace,  646,  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  259; 
Sprott  v.  United  States,  20  Wallace,  419;  Keith  v.  Clark,  92  United 
States,  461. 

Bibliography.  —  Robert  Desty,  Federal  Constitution  (2d  ed.), 
116-118,  272,  273;  A.  R.  Hasse,  Books  on  Political  Rights  (N.  Y. 


466  THE   CIVIL   WAR    PERIOD  [§232 

City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  VIII,  132-136);  Johnston  and  Wood- 
burn,  American  Political  History,  II,  310,  311,  363,  364;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Manual,  §§  48  (lect.  65),  156;  see  references  in  §§  175,  232. 

§  232.   Process  of  Secession,  1860-1861 

Summary.  —  Previous  threats  (§231).  —  Causes  of  secession: 
conventional  views ;  ambition ;  desire  for  independence ;  political 
supremacy ;  self-government ;  slavery.  —  Grievances  of  the  South : 
general  discontent;  unfriendliness;  wrong  interpretation  of  the 
Constitution;  apprehension  from  Lincoln's  election;  opposition 
to  slavery.  —  Movement  in  South  Carolina:  1860,  Oct.  5,  Gov 
ernor  Gist's  letter;  Nov.  5,  legislature  called;  Nov.  6,  election 
day ;  Nov.  7,  resignation  of  federal  officials ;  Nov.  12,  act  for  call 
ing  a  convention;  Dec.  17-20,  Secession  Convention;  Dec.  20, 
Secession  Ordinance;  Dec.  24,  accompanying  appeals;  effect 
on  the  Union.  —  Secession  of  the  other  cotton  states :  movement; 
Nov.  14,  Stephens's  Union  speech;  1861,  Jan.  5,  resolutions  of 
secession  congressmen;  Jan.  9,  Mississippi;  Jan.  10,  Florida; 
Jan.  10,  Alabama;  Jan.  n,  Georgia;  Jan.  26,  Louisiana;  Jan.  28, 
Texas  (7th  state). — Feb.  4-18,  Southern  Confederacy  formed 
(§  235)- 

General.  —  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  xix,  xx;  F.  E. 
Chad  wick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  chs.  iv,  ix;  H.  Greeley,  American 
Conflict,  I,  chs.  xxii,  xxvi;  Geo.  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  Late  War,  chs. 
xvi,  xvii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitution,  I,  ch.  iv; 
Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  189-200;  J.  Schouler, 
History,  V,  469-491;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V, 
3405-3416;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  696-708;  S.  S. 
Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  vi;  Jas.  Spence,  American  Union,  chs.  iii, 
v,  vi;  Mountague  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  40-53;  W. 
P.  Trent,  Southern  Statesman,  197-253  (Stevens,  Toombs);  Pierce 
Butler,  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  202-224;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Cass, 
ch.  x;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Lincoln,  I,  ch.  vii. 

Special.  —  NORTHERN  VIEWS:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  115- 
125,  192-214,  272-280;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  VII,  chs.  vii,  viii ; 
J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  ii-iv;  Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties, 
ch.  viii;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  II,  chs.  xvii-xxv,  III,  chs.  i, 
iii-xiii;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xxxi,  xxxiii ;  Henry  Wilson, 
Slave  Power,  II,  ch.  li,  III,  ch.  i;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years, 


§232]  PROCESS   OF   SECESSION  467 

I,  ch.  xi;    J.  R.  Lowell,  Political  Essays,  45-74,  118-152;    Century 
Co.,    Battles   and    Leaders,   I,  26-49,   99~no.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEWS: 
Mrs.  Davis,  Jefferson  Davis,  I,  ch.  xlv,  II,  ch.  i;    G.  T.  Curtis,  Bu 
chanan,  chs.  xiii-xx;    E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  chs.  ii-v;   H.  A.  Wise, 
Seven  Decades,  ch.  xiv;    Horatio  King,  Turning  on  the  Light;    U.  B. 
Phillips,  Georgia  and  State  Rights  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1901,  II), 
ch.  viii;   Alfred  Roman,  General  Beauregard,  I,  chs.  i,  ii;   A.  L.  Long, 
Robert  E.   Lee,  ch.  v;    R.  L.  Dabney,  Stonewall  Jackson,  125-196; 
J.  W.  Du  Bose,  William  L.   Yancey,  chs.  xxiii,  xxiv.  —  BIOGRAPHIES 
OF  CONTEMPORARIES:    especially  lives  of   Lincoln,   Seward,   Chase, 
Buchanan,  Jefferson  Davis,  Stephens,  Toombs,  Cobb,  Tyler   (§39). 
—  STATE  HISTORIES:    of  the  seceding  states  (§37),  and  also  J.  T. 
Scharf,  Maryland,  III,   ch.-  xlii;    N.   S.   Shaler,    Kentucky,  ch.   xv; 
Lucien  Carr,  Missouri,  ch.  xiii. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:      Congressional    Globe,    36    Co'ng.,    2    sess. 
passim;    Robt.  Toombs,  in  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 

II,  109-126;    Alex.  Johnston,   American  Orations   (Woodburn  ed.), 

III,  pt.  vi.  —  DOCUMENTS:    Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I, 
No.    i    (message   of   Dec.   3,    1860),   IV,  No.  5  (message  of  Jan.  3, 
1861);    38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  i,  No.  3  (resignations);  House  Exec.  Docs., 
36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VI,  No.  26  (message  of  Jan.  9,  1861),  IX,  No.  61 
(message  of  Feb.  8,  1861),  No.  72  (Dix's  report);  37  Cong.,  3  sess., 
Ill,  No.  i,  p.  532;     House  Reports,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  i,  No.  50,  II, 
Nos.  79,  87,  88,  91;    H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  310-320;    Wm. 
MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  94;    American   History  Leaflets, 
No.  12;   American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861  (see  index  under  "Con 
federate  States  "  and  each  seceding  state,  also  594-600,  666  (message 
of  Dec.  3);    War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records,  ist  ser.,  I  passim 
(secession    and    Fort    Sumter),   4th   ser.,   I    passim  (messages   and 
papers  of  seceding  states);    Frank  Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I,  pt.  ii, 
1-28;    Ed.   McPherson,   Rebellion,   1-47,   389-400;    Southern  Hist. 
Soc.,  Papers,  XIV,  359,    XVI,  319.  —  PROCEEDINGS  OF  SECESSION 
CONVENTIONS   (§43):    especially  Journal  of  the   Convention  of  the 
People  of  South  Carolina.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Buchanan, 
Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration,  chs.  iv-vi,  ix-xi;    W.  T.  Sherman, 
Memoirs,  I,  172-204;    Correspondence  of  T.  R.  R.  Cobb  (Southern 
Hist.  Assoc.,   Publications,    XI,   156,  312);    Morgan  Dix,  John  A. 
Dix,  I,  333-388;    John   Sherman,    Recollections,   I,   ch.   ix;     E.    D. 
Keyes,  Fifty    Years'  Observation,  chs.  xvii-xix;    J.    Davis,    Confed 
erate  Government,  I,  pt.  i,  chs.  vii,  ix,  x,  pt.  ii,  pt.  iii,  chs.  i-vii;  A.  H. 
Stephens,  War  between   the  States,  I,  colloquies  xi,  xii,  II,  colloquies 
xix,  xxi;   A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  ch.  x. 


468  TtfE   CIVIL  WAR   PERIOD  [§233 

Bibliography.  —  H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  310,  317;  F.  E. 
Chad  wick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  xx;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  48  (lects.  64,  67),  157;  footnotes  to  Rhodes. 

§  233.   Coercion  and  Compromise,  1860-1861 

Summary.  —  Possible  policies  of  the  North :  (i)  "let  the  erring 
sisters  go  in  peace  "  ;  (2)  resistance ;  (3)  compromise ;  temper  of 
the  North.  —  Buchanan's  attitude :  1860,  Oct.  29,  "  General 
Scott's  Views  "  ;  Nov.  20,  opinion  of  Attorney- General  Black ; 
Dec.  3,  Buchanan's  message;  Dec.  9,  "  Memorandum  "  of  South 
Carolina  members;  Dec.  n,  instructions  to  Major  Anderson; 
Dec.  15,  resignation  of  Secretary  Cass.  —  First  period  of  compro 
mise:  precedents  (§§  197,  206,  222) ;  border  states ;  Republicans; 
Dec.  6-Jan.  14,  House  Committee  of,  33  ;  Dec.  14,  Southern  address; 
Dec.  20-28,  Senate  Committee  of  33  ;  Davis's  ultimatum ;  Seward's 
ultimatum ;  compromise  defeated  by  Lincoln's  influence.  —  First 
Sumter  episode:  Dec.  20,  secession  of  South  Carolina  (§232); 
Dec.  22-26,  state  commission  to  Buchanan;  Dec.  26,  Anderson 
in  Sumter;  Dec.  27-29,  cabinet  crisis,  Floyd  resigns;  Dec.  29, 
Buchanan  yields  to  Black ;  Dec.  31,  decision  to  hold  Sumter ;  Jan. 
9,  Star  of  the  West  fired  upon  ;  Jan.  i4-Feb.  6,  correspondence  with 
South  Carolina  commission.  —  Second  period  of  compromise : 
Jan.  14,  Crittenden  compromise  defeated ;  Feb.  7,  Vallandigham's 
plan ;  Feb.  4-27,  peace  conference ;  March  2,  Corwin  amendment ; 
why  did  compromise  fail  ?  —  Question  of  coercion :  apathy  of 
Congress ;  probable  effect  on  border  states ;  on  "  Union  men  " 
in  the  South.  —  Principles  of  coercion :  (i)  protection  of  national 
property ;  (2)  arrest  of  criminals ;  (3)  "  execution  of  the  laws  " ; 
(4)  "  suppressing  insurrection  " ;  (5)  rebellion ;  (6)  "  war  on  a 
state." 

General.  —  J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War,  I,  10-60;  F.  E.  Chadwick, 
Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  cfrs.  xi-xvi;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional 
History,  II,  ch.  x;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  American  Constitutional 
System,  70-78;  Jesse  Macy,  Political  Parties,  ch.  xxii;  Geo.  Lunt, 
Origin  of  the  Late  War,  chs.  xvi-xix;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict, 
I,  chs.  xxiii-xxv;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  ch.  xxii,  §  ii;  J.  Story, 
Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §  1922;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  iv; 
T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seward,  ch.  xii;  Allen  Johnson,  Douglas,  442-461. 


§233]  COERCION   AND   COMPROMISE  469 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  125-192,  215-272,  280- 
291,  305-316;  H.  von  Hoist,  History,  VII,  ch.  xi;  J.  W.  Draper, 
Civil  War,  I,  chs.  xxvi-xxix,  xxxiii;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave  Power,  III, 
chs.  ii-viii;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  W.  U. 
Hensel,  in  J.  Buchanan,  Works,  XII,  267-285;  Nicolay  and  Hay, 
Lincoln,  II,  chs.  xxvi-xxviii,  III,  chs.  i,  x-xv;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
Lincoln,  I,  ch.  vii;  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  chs.  li-liv; 
F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II,  ch.  xxv;  G.  C.  Gorham,  Stanton,  I,  chs.  xii- 
xxiv;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  II,  chs.  xxi,  xxii;  see  other  lives  of 
Lincoln,  Seward,  Chase,  Crittenden,  Toombs,  Jefferson  Davis 
(§  39). 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  RECORDS:  Congressional  Globe,  36  Cong., 
2  sess.  passim,  especially  1114  (Crittenden  plan),  794  (Vallandig- 
ham's),  1254  (Peace  Conference),  690  (Kellog's),  283,  379  (Clark's); 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  IV,  No.  2  (message  of  Feb.  19); 
Senate  Reports,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  288  (Committee  of  13) ;  House 
Misc.  Docs.,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  (resolutions  of  legislatures  and  public 
meetings);  House  Reports,  36  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  No.  31  (Committee 
of  33),  II,  Nos.  87,  88  (coercion);  Opinions  of  Attorneys-General, 
IX,  522-526  (Black).  —  COLLECTIONS  OF  DOCUMENTS:  American 
Annual  Encylopccdia,  1861,  166-225  (Congress),  562-568  (Peace 
Conference),  575  (personal  liberty  laws);  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Offi 
cial  Records,  4th  ser.,  I  passim  (messages  and  letters);  J.  D.  Rich 
ardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  V,  626-639,  655-664,  669;  Ed.  Mc- 
Pherson,  Rebellion,  48-91;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I,  pt.  ii, 
35;  36;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  Nos.  93,  95,  96;  Southern 
Hist.  Soc.,  Papers,  XII,  60;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  II,  2274-2420; 
L.  E.  Chittenden,  Report  of  the  Conference  Convention;  Official 
Journal  of  the  Conference  Convention ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
IV,  §§  63-65,  67-69;  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  158.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS:  J.  Buchanan,  Works,  XI  (see  Contents),  and  Mr.  Bu 
chanan's  Administration,  chs.  vii,  viii;  Sherman  Letters,  79-104; 
J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  I,  pt.  i,  ch.  viii,  pt.  iii,  chs.  viii-xi ; 
W.  H.  Trescot,  Narrative  concerning  Negotiations  between  South 
Carolina  and  Buchanan  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XIII,  528);  Mrs. 
Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden,  II,  chs.  xiii-xvii;  E.  L. 
Pierce,  Sumner,  IV,  ch.  xliv;  Amos  Kendall,  Autobiography,  ch.  xix ; 
W.  H.  Seward,  Works,  IV,  223-692. 

Bibliography.  —  F.  E.  Chad  wick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  xx; 
H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents,  313-315;  B.  P.  Poore,  Catalogue  of 
Government  Publications,  783-791;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§47,  4& 
(lects.  66,  68);  footnotes  to  Rhodes  and  Von  Hoist. 


4/0  THE   CIVIL   WAR   PERIOD  [§234 

§  234.   Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Outbreak  of  War, 
1860-1861 

Summary.  —  Lincoln's  life:  1809,  birth;  1847-1849,  in  Con 
gress  (§221);  1854-1856,  attitude  on  Kansas;  1858,  Douglas 
debate  (§  229) ;  1860,  Feb.  27,  Cooper  Union  speech ;  1860,  Nov.  6, 
elected  President ;  characteristics.  —  Interregnum :  Dec.,  opposes 
compromise  (§233);  Dec.  22,  letter  to  Stephens;  influence  on 
Greeley  and  Seward;  Feb.  11-23,  journey  to  Washington  and 
addresses.  —  Status  of  the  country:  secessions  (§  232) ;  Southern 
Confederacy  (§  235) ;  the  forts  (§  233) ;  uncertainty  of  public 
feeling.  —  Fort  Sumter  crisis :  Mar.  4,  inaugural  address ;  Mar. 
5,  cabinet  nominated  ;  Mar.  12,  commission  of  the  C.  S.  A. ;  Mar. 
13-22,  Campbell's  intervention;  Mar.  15,  first  cabinet  advice; 
Mar.  29,  second  cabinet  advice,  Lincoln  decides  to  reinforce; 
Apr.  i,  Seward's  suggestion  of  foreign  war;  Apr.  6,  notice 
to  South  Carolina;  Apr.  12,  attack  on  Fort  Sumter;  Apr.  13, 
the  fort  surrenders.  —  Outbreak  of  war:  Apr.  15,  call  for  volun 
teers;  Apr.  19,  Sixth  Massachusetts  in  Baltimore;  Apr.  19,  27, 
blockade  proclamations.  —  Border  secessions :  Apr.  17,  Virginia; 
May  6,  Arkansas ;  May  7,  Tennessee ;  May  20,  North  Carolina 
(nth  state);  Delaware,  Maryland,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri  re 
tained;  status  of  East  Tennesse,  West  Virginia,  and  the  eastern 
shore  of  Virginia. 

General.  —  NORTHERN  VIEWS:  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I, 
chs.  xxvi-xxx;  J.  Schouler,  History,  V,  497-511,  VI,  1-50;  F.  E. 
Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  chs.  xvii-xix;  J.  K.  Hosmer, 
Appeal  to  Arms,  chs.  ii,  iii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitu 
tion,  I,  chs.  v-vii;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  American  Constitutional 
System,  78-85;  Geo.  Lunt,  Origin  of  the  War,  chs.  xx,  xxi;  J.  R. 
Lowell,  Political  Essays,  75-91;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861, 
708-720;  T.  K.  Lothrop,  Seward,  chs.  xiii-xv ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase, 
202-215;  Allen  Johnson,  Douglas,  461-489. 

Special.  —  NORTHERN  VIEWS:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  300- 
415;  J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War,  I,  chs.  v,  vi;  Century  Co.,  Battles  and 
Leaders,  I,  1-73;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  chs.  xxxiv-xxxviii ; 
J.  G.  Nicolay,  Outbreak  of  the  Rebellion;  G.  T.  Curtis,  Buchanan,  II, 
chs.  xxiv-xxvii;  Thos.  Speed,  Union  Cause  in  Kentucky.  —  BIOGRA- 


§234]  ABRAHAM    LINCOLN  471 

PHIES  OF  LINCOLN  (§39):  especially,  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Lincoln,  I, 
ch.  viii,  220-302;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  II,  ch.  xxix, 
III,  chs.  xvi-xxvi,  IV,  chs.  i-iv;  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  Abraham  Lincoln; 
I,  ch.  xxi,  II,  1-52;  H.  J.  Raymond,  Administration  of  Lincoln; 
A.  K.  McClure,  Lincoln,  44-97;  Norman  Hapgood,  Lincoln,  chs.  i- 
x;  also  Arnold,  Herndon,  Holland,  Lamon.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEWS: 
E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  chs.  v,  vi;  B.  B.  Munford,  Virginia's 
Attitude  toward  Slavery,  pts.  iii,  iv;  biographies  of  Jefferson  Davis, 
Stephens,  Toombs,  Yancey,  Lee  (§39).  —  BIOGRAPHIES  or  NORTH 
ERN  STATESMEN  (§  39)  :  especially  Chase,  Crittenden,  Douglas, 
Scott,  Seward,  Stanton,  B.  F.  Wade;  also  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II, 
chs.  xxviii,  xxix;  W.  D.  Foulke,  Oliver  P.  Morton,  I,  chs.  x,  xi;  H. 
G.  Pearson,  John  A.  Andrew,  I,  chs.  iv,  v;  T.  W.  Barnes,  Thurlow 
Weed,  291-348.  —  FOREIGN  VIEWS:  Comte  de  Paris',  Civil  War,  I, 
107-171;  A.  E.  de  Gasparin,  Uprising  of  a  Great  People;  H.  C. 
Fletcher,  American  War,  I,  chs.  ii,  iii;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  Stales, 
233-253;  Mountague  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain,  65-105. 
-MAPS:  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  244;  War  of 
the  Rebellion,  Atlas. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES  AND  SPEECHES:  Congressional  Globe,  36 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  2  sess.;  Alex.  Johnston,  American 
Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  IV,  164  (Lincoln).  —  DOCUMENTS:  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  No.  20;  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  37  Cong., 
2  sess.  (state  resolutions);  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861, 
225-250  (Congress),  315-323  (forts),  416-420  (Lincoln),  601-612 
(inaugural  and  message  of  July  4,  1861);  War  of  the  Rebellion, 
Official  Records,  ist  ser.,  I,  190-317  (Fort  Sumter),  474-488  (North 
Carolina),  4th  ser.,  I  passim;  Naval  Records,  I,  3-11,  IV,  3-143, 
219-313;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VI,  5-31,  44; 
American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select 
Statutes,  Nos.  i,  2,  27;  Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  105-150;  Frank 
Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I,  pt.  ii,  36-73;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for 
Ready  Reference,  V,  3417-3420.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  A. 
Lincoln,  Works  (2  vol.  cd.),  I,  653-695,  II,  1-44,  (Biog.  ed.),  VI, 
68-265,  XI,  116-119,  (Fed.  ed.),  V,  194-297;  Gideon  Welles,  Diary, 
I,  ch.  i;  R.  B.  Warden,  Chase,  chs.  xxv,  xxvi;  Diary  and  Correspond 
ence  of  Salmon  P.  Chase,  290-296,  483-498;  L.  E.  Chittenden, 
Recollections  of  Lincoln,  chs.  xlii-xlvi;  J.  Buchanan,  Works,  XI 
(see  Contents);  A.  G.  Riddle,  Recollections,  chs.  ii-vii;  J.  M.  Forbes, 
Letters  and  Recollections,  I,  ch.  viii;  Thurlow  Weed,  Autobiography, 
602-620;  Hugh  McCullough,  Men  and  Measures,  ch.  xiv;  H.  Greeley, 
Recollections,  chs.  xlix-lii;  Sherman  Letters,  104-124;  E.  D.  Keyes, 


4/2  THE    CIVIL    WAR    PERIOD  [§235 

Fifty  Years'  Observation,  chs.  xvii-xxi;  John  Sherman,  Recollections, 
I,  chs.  x,  xi;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  II,  ch.  v;  A.  H. 
Stephens,  War  between  the  States,  II,  colloquies  xviii,  xx;  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  pt.  iii,  chs,  xi-xiii,  pt.  iv,  chs.  i-v,  Apps. 
G-I,  L;  S.  T.  Crawford,  Genesis  of  the  Civil  War;  Abner  Doubleday, 
Reminiscences  of  Fort  Sumter;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§ 
66,  70-74,  96,  97,  101. 

Bibliography.  —  Andrew  Boyd,  Memorial  Lincoln  Bibliography; 
L.  Sabin,  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America,  title  Lincoln; 
G.  T.  Richie,  List  of  Lincolniana;  A.  Lincoln,  Works  (Biog.  ed.), 
XI,  143-376  (Fish's  bibliography);  J.  R.  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the 
Rebellion;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  351;  J.  K. 
Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,  330;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  48  (lect.  69), 
158;  N.  Eng.-Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc.,  Historical  Sources  in  Schools, 
§§88;  footnotes  to  secondary  writers  cited  above. 

§  236.  The  Southern  Confederacy,  1861-1865 

Summary.  —  Formation:  1798-1860,  suggestions;  1836,  "The 
Partisan  Leader  ";  1861,  Jan.  7,  call  by  Alabama;  Feb.  4,  Con 
gress  at  Montgomery ;  Feb.  8,  provisional  Constitution ;  Feb.  18, 
Davis  inaugurated  president;  Mar.  n,  permanent  Constitution 
submitted;  1862,  Feb.  18,  permanent  Constitution  in  force.  —  The 
Constitution:  modeled  on  the  federal  Constitution;  "delegated 
powers  " ;  cabinet  ministers  in  Congress ;  no  protective  tariffs 
or  national  internal  improvements ;  veto  of  appropriation  items ; 
two  thirds  vote  for  export  tax  and  new  states.  —  Slavery  in  the 
Constitution :  word  "  slaves  "  ;  slave  trade  prohibited  :  right  of 
transit  acknowledged  ;  territorial  slavery  acknowledged  ;  i86i,Mar. 
21,  Vice-President  Stephens's  "  corner-stone  "  speech.  —  Admin 
istration  of  the  Confederacy:  cabinet  ministers;  civil  officials; 
Davis's  predominance;  rivalry  of  Stephens;  secret  sessions;  no 
Supreme  Court.  —  Finances:  loans;  foreign  loans;  paper  money; 
requisition ;  taxes.  —  Conscription  :  successive  acts ;  difficulty 
with  Georgia.  —  Foreign  relations  (§  238). — Relations. with  federal 
government:  pirates  and  traitors;  prisoners  of  war;  border  inter 
course;  attempts  at  peace  negotiations.  —  Difficulties:  lack  of 
manufactures ;  deficient  transportation ;  exhaustion  of  the  coun 
try  ;  effect  of  the  blockade.  — Legal  status :  a  government  de  facto; 
acts  legally  void;  effect  of  Fourteenth  Amendment  (§§  241,  242). 


§235]  THE    SOUTHERN    CONFEDERACY  473 

General.  —  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  117-123, 
and  American  People,  IV,  269-312;'  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the 
Civil  War,  ch.  xv;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  xvi; 
J.  Schouler,  History,  VI,  ch.  i,  §  iii,  ch.  iii,  §  i ;  Cambridge  Modern 
History,  VII,  ch.  xix;  W.  G.  Brown,  Lower  South,  No.  3;  Louis 
Pendleton,  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  chs.  xii-xvi;  W.  P.  Trent,  South 
ern  Statesmen,  257-293  (Davis);  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  xv; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  VI,  899;  Henry  Wilson,  Slave 
Power,  III,  ch.  ix;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  487-498, 
627,  628,  V,  146-151,  209-212,  332-334,  365-367,  422-426,  453- 
457,  478-482,  494-497,  668,  677;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Government,  article  Confederate  States. 

Special. — NORTHERN  VIEWS:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  291- 
296,  320-325,  543-552,  V,  chs.  xxviii,  xxix;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil 
War,  I,  ch.  xxxii,  II,  ch.  xlii,  III,  447-461,480-497,  620-625;  Nicolay 
and  Hay,  Lincoln,  III,  chs.  xii,  xiii,  IV,  chs.  ix-xiii,  V-X  passim; 
American  Annual  Cyclopcedia,  1861,  121-165,  278,  279,  1862,  235- 
255,  1863,  203-219,  1864,  193-203,  1865,  187-202;  Magazine  of 
American  History,  II,  259,  XVI,  387.  —  SOUTHERN  VIEWS:  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  229-246,  258-281,  339,  340,  484-520, 
II,  1-17,  343-350,  608-624,  667-705;  W.  L.  Fleming,  Civil  War 
and  Reconstruction  in  Alabama,  pts.  i,  ii;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  Govern 
ment  of  the  Confederate  States;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause  passim, 
especially  chs.  v,  vii,  x.  —  BIOGRAPHIES:  W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson 
Davis,  chs.  xiii-xxi;  Mrs.  Davis,  Davis,  II;  F.  H.  Alfriend,  Davis, 
chs.  viii-xxi;  E.  A.  Pollard,  Davis  (unreliable);  Henry  Cleveland, 
A.  H.  Stephens,  170-200,  713-804;  Johnston  and  Browne,  Stephens, 
383-487;  Alfred  Roman,  General  Beauregard,  II,  ch.  1;  J.  W.  Jones, 
R.  E.  Lee,  chs.  v-viii;  J.  W.  Du  Bose,  W.  L.  Yancey,  chs.  xxv- 
xxvii;  H.  D.  Capers,  C.  G.  Memminger,  300-370.  —  MILITARY 
AFFAIRS  (see  §236).  —  FINANCES:  J.  C.  Schwab,  Confederate 
States;  E.  A.  Smith,  Confederate  Treasury  (Southern  Hist.  Assoc., 
Publications,  V,  i,  99,  188  ;  Banker's  Magazine,  XXIV,  934-941, 
1089-1095;  Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking  (3d.  ed.),  ch.  iv. 

Sources.  —  PROVISIONAL  AND  PERMANENT  CONSTITUTIONS:  in 
American  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  1861,  627-631;  J.  Davis,  Confederate 
Government,  I,  640-675;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 
II,  714-735;  Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  98-104;  British  and  Foreign 
State  Papers,  LI,  672,  879;  P.  C.  Centz,  Republic  of  Republics, 
497-508;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  No.  97.  —  MESSAGES 
AND  DOCUMENTS:  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VI, 
237,  260-269,  and  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Confederacy,  I; 


474  THE   CIVIL  WAR   PERIOD  [§235 

Journal  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederate  States;  D.  A.  Freeman, 
Calendar  of  Confederate  Papers;  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official 
Records,  4th  ser. ;  Echoes  from  the  South;  American  Annual  Cyclo 
pedia,  1861,  121-165  (legislation),  278  (diplomacy),  612-624  (mes 
sages)  ;  1862,  12-15  (army),  256-274  (Congress),  599-604  (navy), 
732-738  (messages)  ;  1863,  16  (army),  226-233  (Congress),  659 
(navy),  782-799  (messages);  1864,  30  (army),  206-219  (Congress) 
556  (navy),  691-698  (messages),  707  (navy),  710-714  (peace  negotia 
tions)  ;  1865,  717-719  (messages),  1861-1865  passim,  under  heads 
"  Army,"  "  Confederate  States,"  "  Congress,  Confederate,"  and  the 
seceded  states  by  name;  Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  400-403,  417- 
622  passim;  (United  States)  House  Exec.  Docs.,  39  Cong.,  i  sess., 
XII,  No.  3  (state  laws);  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records,  ist 
ser.,  2d  ser.  (prisoners  of  war),  4th  ser.  (Confederate);  Frank  Moore, 
Rebellion  Record,  I- XI,  and  Sup.  I  passim;  Southern  Hist.  Soc., 
Papers,  I,  23,  II,  56,  104,  V,  288,  VI,  353,  VII,  99,  127,  333,  353, 
IX,  542,  X,  137,  154,  560;  E.  C.  Mason,  Veto  Power,  App.  C; 
J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  22,  38,  66;  Alex.  John 
ston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.),  IV,  32  (Davis),  39  (Ste 
phens). —  STATUTES:  Confederate  States  of  America,  Statutes  at 
Large  of  the  Provisional  Government,  and  Public  Laws,  and  Private 
Laws.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  Davis  (see  above  under 
"  Special  ");  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States  passim;  J.  H. 
Reagan,  Memoirs,  chs.  ix-xvi;  G.  C.  Eggleston,  Rebel's  Recollections; 
J.  B.  Jones,  Rebel  War  Clerk's  Diary;  "  A  Lady  of  Virginia,"  Diary 
of  a  Southern  Refugee;  J.  S.  Wise,  End  of  an  Era;  Mary  B.  Chesnut, 
Diary  from  Dixie;  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  Recollections  (Scribner's 
Magazine,  XLIX,  315,  456,  556,  727);  Mrs.  R.  A.  Pryor,  Reminis 
cences  of  Peace  and  War,  chs.  ix-xxvi;  J.  L.  Peyton,  American 
Crisis,  I,  chs.  i-v;  J.  H.  Gilmer,  Southern  Politics,  and  Confederate 
States  vs.  Gilmer;  F.  S.  Daniel,  Richmond  Examiner  during  the  War; 
R.  L.  Dabney,  Defence  of  Virginia  and  the  South;  Heros  von  Borcke, 
Confederate  War  for  Independence;  C.  Girard,  Etats  Confederes  dy 
Amerique. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  C.  Schwab,  Confederate  States,  App.  ii;  L. 
Sabin,  Dictionary  of  American  Bibliography,  title  Confederate 
States;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  498,  499,  V,  151, 
426,  457,  482,  497,  677;  H.  A.  Morrison,  Bibliography  of  Official 
Publications  (Bibl.  Soc.  of  Am.,  Proceedings,  III,  92);  J.  R.  Bartlett, 
Literature  of  the  Rebellion;  J.  O.  Sumner,  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Papers, 
IV,  332;  A.  B.Hart,  Manual,  §§  50  (lect.  72),  82  (lect.  70);  footnotes 
to  Rhodes. 


§236]  MILITARY    EVENTS  475 

§  236.  Military  Events  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865 

Summary.  —  Preparations :  regular  army ;  regular  navy ;  resig 
nations  of  officers ;  military  stores ;  fortifications ;  theater  of  war 
(§  230);  effect  of  Fort  Sumter  episode  (§234).  —  Eastern  cam 
paigns:  1861,  July  21,  Bull  Run;  1862,  May- July,  Peninsula 
campaign;  Aug.  24,  second  Bull  Run;  Sept.  16,  17,  Antietam; 
Dec.  13,  Fredericksburg;  1863,  May  3-5,  Chancellorsville; 
July  1-3,  Gettysburg;  1864,  May  5-9,  Wilderness;  May-June, 
Grant's  Virginia  campaign;  June,  investment  of  Petersburg  and 
Richmond ;  Aug.-Nov.,  Sheridan's  Valley  campaigns.  —  Western 
campaigns:  1 86 1,  Missouri  eld;  Nov.  7,  Belmont;  1862,  Feb. 
6-16,  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson;  Apr.  6,  7,  Pittsburg  Landing; 
Oct.  8,  Perryville ;  Dec.  31,  Stone  River ;  1863,  July  4,Vicksburg  sur 
renders;  Sept.  19,  20,  Chickamauga;  Nov.  23-25,  Chattanooga; 
1864,  May-July,  Sherman's  Georgia  campaign ;  Sept.  2,  Atlanta ; 
Nov.-Dec.,  "March  to  the  sea";  Dec.  15,  16,  Nashville.  —  Naval 
warfare:  1861-1865,  blockade;  1862,  Mar.  9,  10,  Merrimac  and 
Monitor;  Apr.  23,  New  Orleans;  1863,  July,  Mississippi  opened; 
1864,  June  19,  Kearsarge  and  Alabama;  Aug.  4-22,  Mobile.  — 
Finale:  1865,  Jan.-Apr.,  Sherman's  northward  march;  Apr.  2,  3, 
Richmond  abandoned ;  Apr.  9,  Lee  surrenders  at  Appomattox ; 
Apr.  26,  Johnston  surrenders ;  dissolution  of  Southern  organiza 
tion  ;  1865-1866,  disbandment  of  Northern  armies. 

General.  —  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,  chs.  iv-xiii,  xv-xix, 
and  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  chs.  ii,  iii,  v-vii,  x-xii,  xvii;  J. 
Schouler,  History,  VI;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  chs.  xiv- 
xvii;  Woodrow  Wilson,  American  People,  IV,  210-268;  Encyclo 
pedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  I,  818;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and 
Constitution,  I,  chs.  viii-xi,  II;  J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years,  I, 
chs.  xv-xvii,  xxiii-xxv;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  241-294; 
E.  Channing,  United  States,  1765-1865,  258-300;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three 
Decades,  chs.  ix,  x;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V, 
3420-3560;  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Lincoln,  I,  chs.  x,  xi,  .II  passim;  G. 
C.  Gorham,  Stanton,  pts.  iv-viii. 

Special.  —  SINGLE  VOLUME  HISTORIES:  T.  A.  Dodge,  Bird's 
Eye  View  of  our  Civil  War;  Rossiter  Johnson,  War  of  Secession; 
Wood  and  Edmonds,  Civil  War  in  the  United  States;  John  Formby, 
American  Civil  War.  —  EXTENDED  HISTORIES:  J.  C.  Ropes,  Story 


476  THE   CIVIL   WAR   PERIOD  [§2#> 

of  the  Civil  War  (2  vols.  out,  to  be  completed  by  W.  R.  Livermore); 
Comte  de  Paris,  Civil  War  (4  vols.);  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III-V; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  xxix,  xxx,  xxxiii,  xxxv-xxxviii, 
II,  chs.  i-ix,  xiii-xx,  xxiii-xxix,  xxxi-xxxv;  Nicolay  and  Hay, 
Lincoln,  IV- X  passim;  H.  C.  Fletcher,  American  War  (3  vols.); 
Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders  (4  vols.);  G.  C.  Eggleston,  Con 
federate  War  (2  vols.);  Southern  Hist.  Soc.,  Papers  (1876-1909); 
Confederate  Military  History  (12  vols.);  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War, 
II,  chs.  xl,  xlvi-lix,  III,  chs.  Ixv-lxxxiii,  Ixxxviii-xciv;  J.  Davis, 
Confederate  Government,  I,  352-483,  II,  18-157,  194-265,  311-342, 
351-366,  382-449,  504-704;  Asa  Mahan,  Critical  History  of  the 
American  War;  Harpers,  Pictorial  History  of  the  Great  Rebellion; 
E.  A.  Pollard,  Southern  History  of  the  War  (4  vols.),  and  Lost  Cause, 
chs.  vii-xliii.  —  MILITARY  MAPS:  T.  A.  Dodge,  Bird's  Eye  View 
of  the  Civil  War  (sketches) :  J.  C.  Ropes,  Civil  War;  Comte  de  Paris, 
Atlas  to  the  History  of  the  Civil  War;  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official 
Records,  Atlas  (official  and  very  elaborate);  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal 
to  Arms,  and  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, 
III-V;  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  208.  Most  of  the  mili 
tary  histories  and  biographies  contain  maps  of  greater  or  less  value. 
Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  37,  38  Congs.  passim. 
—  CONGRESSIONAL  INVESTIGATION  :  Report  on  the  Conduct  of  the 
War  (3  vols.,  1863),  being  Senate  Reports,  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  108; 
Report  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War  (3  vols.,  1865),  being  Senate  Reports, 
38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  142;  Supplemental  Report  on  the  Conduct  of  the 
War  (2  vols.,  1866).  —  REPORTS  OF  THE  SECRETARIES  OF  WAR  AND 
OF  THE  NAVY:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  II-V  (1861) ; 
38  Cong.,  special  session  of  Mar.,  1863  ;  38  Cong.,  2  sess.  passim; 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  IV-VIII  (1862);  38  Cong., 

1  sess.,  IV,  V,  VII,  IX,    XIII,  XV  (1863);    38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VI, 
VII,  XII-XIV  (1864);  39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Ill,  V,XII-XVI  (1865).  - 
DOCUMENTS:    J.   D.   Richardson,   Messages  and  Papers,  VI,  40,  99- 
102,  104,  110-113,  116,  119,  124,  153,  159,  175,  231,  234,  236,  238, 
239,  242,  283;    Senate  Reports,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.  passim;  38  Cong., 

2  sess.  passim;    House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  V,  VII,  IX, 
X;  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  IV;    House  Misc.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I, 
No.  39;    House  Reports,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  Nos.  65,  67;    38  Cong., 
2  sess.;    American    Annual    Cyclopcedia,  1861  to  1866,  under  titles 
"  Army,"     "  Army    Operations,"     "  Navy,"    "  Navy   Operations," 
"  Prisoners,"  and  names  of  engagements;    Ed.  McPherson,   Rebel 
lion,  417-602  passim;    Frank    Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I- XI,  and 
Sup.  I;    G.   B.    McClellan,   Report    on    the   Army  of  the   Potomac; 


§236]  MILITARY    EVENTS  477 

U.  S.  Grant,  Report  of  July  2,  1865  (in  American  *  Annual  Cyclo 
paedia,  1865,  719-742);  War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records,  ist 
ser.  (serial  Xos.  i-m);  Official  Records  of  the  Union  and  Confeder 
ate  Names  (in  progress,  24  vols.  pub.  by  1911).  —  WORKS  OF  COM 
MANDERS:  A.  Lincoln,  Works  (2  vol.  ed.),  II,  (Biog.  ed.),  VI,  265- 
361,  VII- XI  (Fed.  ed.),  V,  297-471,  VII,  VIII  passim;  Gideon 
Welles,  Diary,  I,  II;  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs;  W.  T.  Sherman, 
Memoirs,  I,  176-405,  II,  1-380,  and  Sherman  Letters,  125-145,  and 
Home  Letters,  chs.  vii-x;  P.  H.  Sheridan,  Personal  Memoirs; 
G.  B.  McClellan,  McClelland  Own  Story;  J.  D.  Cox,  Military  Remi 
niscences;  J.  M.  Schofield,  Forty-Six  Years  in  the  Army,  chs.  iii- 
xviii;  O.  O.  Howard,  Autobiography,  chs.  viii-xlv;  Carl  Schurz, 
Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  vii,  viii,  III,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv;  A.  E.  Burnside, 
Burnside  Expedition;  J.  E.  Johnston,  Narrative  of  Military  Opera 
tions;  G.  H.  Gordon,  War  Diary;  J.  B.  Hood,  Advance  and  Retreat; 
Jas.  Longstreet,  Manassas  to  Appomattox;  E.  P.  Alexander,  Military 
Memoirs;  Rich.  Taylor,  Destruction  and  Reconstruction,  chs.  ii-xiv; 
J.  S.  Mosby,  War  Reminiscences.—  NARRATIVES  OF  PARTICIPANTS: 
C.  A.  Dana,  Recollections  of  the  Civil  War;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Army 
Life  in  a  Black  Regiment;  P.  R.  de  Trobriand,  Four  Years  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac;  E.  D.  Townsend,  Anecdotes  of  the  Civil  War; 
Carlton  McCarthy,  Detailed  Minutia  of  a  Soldier's  Life;  D.  D. 
Porter,  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of  the  Civil  War;  G.  H.  Perkins, 
Letters,  57-161  (navy);  F.  A.  Haskell,  Gettysburg;  G.  A.  Townsend, 
Campaigns  of  a  N on- Combatant;  J.  H.  Browne,  Four  Years  in 
Secessia;  W.  B.  Hazen,  Narrative  of  Military  Service;  G.  C.  Eggleston, 
Rebel's  Recollections;  Frank  Wilkeson,  Recollections  of  a  Private 
Soldier;  John  Wilkinson,  Narrative  of  a  Blockade- Runner;  A.  C. 
Hobart  (A.  Roberts),  Never  Caught;  T.  E.  Taylor,  Running  the 
Blockade;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  chs.  xviii-xx,  xxii.  — 
FOREIGN  OBSERVERS:  W.  H.  Russell,  My  Diary  North  and  South; 
S.  P.  Day,  Down  South;  Edward  Dicey,  Six  Months  in  the  Federal 
States;  A.  J.  Fremantle,  Three  Months  in  the  Southern  States.  — 
ILLUSTRATIVE  MATERIAL:  Pictures  in  Harper's  Weekly  (many 
republished  in  Harper's  Pictorial  History  of  the  War},  and  in  Frank 
Leslie's  Weekly;  R.  G.  White,  Poetry  of  the  Civil  War;  W.  L.  Fagan, 
Southern  War  Songs;  G.  H.  Boker,  Poems  of  the  War  (see  §§51,  52). 
—  PERIODICALS:  The  immense  periodical  literature  can  be  reached 
through  the  indexes  enumerated  in  §  24.  Of  the  newspapers  (§41) 
the  most  useful  are  the  New  York  Tribune,  Times,  World,  Evening 
Post,  Springfield  Republican,  Boston  Advertiser,  Chicago  Tribune, 
Cincinnati  Commercial. 


4/8  THE   CIVIL  WAR   PERIOD  [§237 

Bibliography.  —  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,  ch.  xxi,  and 
Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  xviii;  Cambridge  Modern  History, 
VII,  811-815;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  49,  50  (lects.  73,  77);  B.  P. 
Poore,  Catalogue  of  Government  Publications,  790-84,2;  F.  Leypoldt, 
American  Catalogue,  see  Subject  Entries  under  "  United  States, 
History,  Civil  War  "  ;  J.  R.  Bartlett,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion;  J.  N. 
Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  213-260;  G.  R.  Clark, 
United  States  Navy,  484,  485;  library  catalogues  enumerated  in  §25; 
footnotes  to  works  in  "  Special,"  especially  Rhodes. 

§  237.  Financial  Measures  of  the  Civil  War,  1861-1866 

Summary.  —  Earlier  financial  conditions  (§§  220,  229).  —  Finan 
cial  status  in  1861 :  outgo;  taxes;  debt;  estimates.  —  Financial 
administration:  1861,  Mar.  5,  Secretary  Chase;  1864,  July  4, 
Secretary  Fessenden ;  finance  committees ;  vast  problems.  — 
Taxes :  import  duties  raised ;  gold  duties ;  internal  revenue  acts ; 
stamp  duties ;  direct  tax ;  miscellaneous  taxes ;  income  tax ;  pro 
ceeds  of  the  taxes. — Legal  tenders :  Chase's  policy ;  legal  tender 
acts;  amount  issued;  1862-1879,  gold  speculation  (§  243) ;  1870- 
1871,  1884,  Supreme  Court  decisions  (§243).  —  Loans:  "seven- 
thirties,"  "  six-forties,"  "  five-twenties  "  ;  amount  of  principal ; 
proceeds;  gold  interest;  actual  interest;  transfer  of  green 
backs.  —  National  banks:  old  state  banks  (§  220) ;  1863,  Feb.  25, 
1864,  June  3,  National  Bank  acts;  number  of  banks;  services 
to  the  government ;  circulation ;  exclusion  of  state  bank  notes.  — 
Expenditures :  military ;  civil ;  Pacific  railroads  (§  246) ;  methods, 
accounts;  state  accounts.  —  Post-war  finances  (§  243). 

General.  —  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  ch.  Ixiii,  III,  chs.  Ixxxiv- 
Ixxxvi;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  i;  J.  Schouler, 
History,  VI,  152-157,282-287;  Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking 
(3d.  ed.),  chs.  iii,  xiv;  W.  G.  Sumner,  American  Currency,  189- 
21 1 ;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  ch.  vi;  T.  E.  Burton,  John  Sherman, 
87-141;  S.  W.  McCall,  Thaddeiis  Stevens,  136-181,  204-209;  Francis 
Fessenden,  William  Pitt  Fessenden,  I,  chs.  iv-vi. 

Special.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  chs.  xii,  xiii;  J.  J. 
Knox,  Banking  in  the  United  States,  91-102,  132-137,  220-269, 
287-294,  and  United  States  Notes,  chs.  ix-xi;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, 
III,  464,  559-578,  IV,  237-243,  427,  428,  509,  V,  188;  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  Lincoln,  VI,  chs.  xi,  xii,  IX,  ch.  iv;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  215- 
252,  274-289;  E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Jay  Cooke,  I,  chs.  iv-xii;  Comte 


§237]  FINANCIAL   MEASURES  479 

de  Paris,  Civil  War,  II,  654-706,  III,  403-450;  H.  C.  Adams,  Public 
Debts,  pt.  ii;  A.  M.  Davis,  Origin  of  the  National  Banking  System; 
G.  Bancroft,  Plea  for  the  Constitution;  C.  J.  Stille,  How  a  Free 
People  Conduct  a  Long  War;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  ch. 
xviii,  xix,  xxii;  Ed.  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  cxxi- 
cxlii;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  155-170;  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff 
Controversies,  II,  ch.  xiii;  F.  C.  Howe,  Internal  Revenue  System, 
chs.  iii-vii;  W.  C.  Mitchell,  Greenbacks. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional  Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong., 
39  Cong.,  i  sess.  passim.  —  FINANCE  REPORTS:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  2  (1861);  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  1(1862);  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VI,  No.  3  (1863),  VII,  No.  8,  and 
XV,  No.  84  (receipts  and  expenditures),  VII,  No.  4,  and  IX,  No. 
36  (treasurer's  reports);  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VII  (1864),  VII,  XIII, 
No.  73;  39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VI,  XII,  No.  74  (1865). —  DOCUMENTS: 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  35  (direct  taxes), 
No.  52  (debt),  No.  50  (banks);  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  39  Cong., 
i  sess.,  Nos.  100,  112,  117;  Senate  Reports,  51  Cong.,  2  sess., 
No.  2130  (import  duties);  House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I, 
III,  Nos.  36,  44,  IX,  No.  122;  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  V,  No.  25  (banks); 
38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  XIII,  No.  66  (Jay  Cooke);  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VIII, 
No.  16  (cotton);  39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VII,  No.  26  (deposits),  XII,  No.  95, 
(rebel  cotton  loan);  48  Cong.,  2  sess.,  XVII,  No.  4,  Table  E  (proceeds 
of  taxes);  House  Misc.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Ill,  No.  28;  House 
Reports,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  II,  No.  140;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages 
and  Papers,  VI,  47,  87,  92,  129,  130,  149,  183,  246-248;  American 
Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  295-314;  1862,  452-474  (finances); 
1863,  290-304  (National  Bank  act),  394-412  (finances);  1864, 
37I-377  (finances),  219-352  passim  (Congress);  1865,  205-301 
passim  (Congress),  335-350  (finances) \  Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion 
358-374.  —  STATUTES:  Statutes  at  Large,  XII,  XIII;  C.  F.  Dunbar, 
Laws  relating  to  Finance,  155-199;  National  Monetary  Commission, 
Laws  concerning  Money,  161-191,  327-364,  518-525,  634-648;  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  3,  4,  10,  14,  16,  19,  25,  29,  30,  33, 
37,  39  ;  Apps.  to  Congressional  Globe,  37,  38  Congs.  —  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITINGS:  Hugh  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures,  chs.  xv-xvii; 
John  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  chs.  xii,  xiii,  and  Selected  Speeches; 
R.  B.  Warden,  Chase,  chs.  xxvi-xlii  passim;  J.  W.  Schuckerj?, 
Chase,  chs.  xxx,  xxxvii-xxxix;  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Chase, 
312-364  passim  (on  trade  with  the  enemy);  L.  E.  Chittenden, 
Recollections  of  Lincoln,  chs.  xxxiii,  xxxiv;  C.  Sumner,  Works,  VI, 
319,  VII,  84-109,  148,  166,  VIII,  419,  471,  IX,  26,  229,  336. 


480  THE   CIVIL   WAR   PERIOD  [§238 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  116,  126; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  50  (lect.  75);  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of 
American  History,  319-331;  W.  C.  Mitchell,  Greenbacks,  chapter 
bibliographies;  Bowker  and  lies,  Reader's  Guide,  35-43,  66-72; 
indexes  to  public  documents  (§  26). 

§  238.  International  Complications  of  the  War,  1861-1865 

Summary.  —  Earlier  foreign  affairs  (§  224). — Administration  of 
foreign  affairs :  Secretary  Seward ;  Senator  Sumner ;  controversies 
with  Navy  Department ;  foreign  representatives ;  Lincoln.  — 
Blockade:  rival  suggestion  of  closing  the  ports;  1861,  Apr.  19, 
27,  Lincoln's  proclamations;  blockade-runners  (§235);  captures 
(§  236) ;  effect  on  foreign  cotton-spinning.  —  Recognition  of  bellig 
erency:  international  precedents;  1861,  May  13,  English  neutral 
ity  proclamation ;  other  foreign  neutrality  proclamations ;  no 
recognitions  of  independence  of  Confederacy;  1863,  Dec.  3,  the 
Pope's  letter  to  Davis.  —  Trent  affair:  1861,  Nov.  8,  seizure  of 
Slidell  and  Mason  by  Wilkes;  Dec.  23,  English  ultimatum  pre 
sented;  Dec.  25,  cabinet  agrees  to  surrender  Mason  and  Slidell. 
—  Alabama  question:  1861,  May  13,  Minister  C.  F.  Adams  in 
London;  Confederate  sympathies  of  the  governing  class  and 
English  colonies;  Union  sympathies  of  the  working  class;  1862, 
Feb.  8  to  Mar.  22,  Adams's  protests  against  the  Oreto  (Florida) ; 
June  23  to  July  29,  Adams's  protests  against  the  "  290  "  (Alabama) ; 
1863,  the  Japan  (Georgia) ;  1864,  the  Sea  King  (Shenandoah) ; 
depredations  of  the  cruisers  (§§  235,  236) ;  effect  on  American 
merchant  marine ;  Alabama  claims  (§  244) ;  question  of  indi 
rect  damages.  —  Captures  of  English  vessels :  blockade-runners 
(§235);  "continuous  voyages";  Stephen  Hart,  Springbok,  and 
Peterhoff  cases.  —  Mexico:  1861,  English,  French,  and  Spanish 
convention;  1862,  French  invasion;  1863,  Sept.  20,  Seward's 
protest;  1864,  Apr.  4,  House  resolution  on  monarchical  govern 
ments;  Maximilian's  empire;  1865-1867, Napoleon  III  compelled 
to  withdraw  (§  244). 

General. —  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.,  Lincoln,  I,  ch.  xii;  T.  K.  Lothrop, 
Seward,  chs.  xvi-xx;  Moorfield  Storey,  Sumner,  chs.  xiii,  xv;  Pierce 
Butler,  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  chs.  x-xii;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal  to 
Arms,  ch.  xx,  and  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  x;  J.  Schouler, 


$238]  INTERNATIONAL    COMPLICATIONS  481 

History,  VI,  ch.  i,  §§  vi,  xiii,  ch.  ii,  §  vi;  Cambridge  Modern  History, 
XII,  ch.  ii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitution,  II,  ch.  xxxiii; 
J.  W.  Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  x;  J.  M.  Callahan, 
Diplomatic  History  of  the  Southern  Confederacy;  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbi 
trations,  I,  ch.  xiv;  S.  S.  Cox,  Three  Decades,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  South  in 
the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  525-543. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES:  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
IV,  ch.  xv,  V,  ch.  ii,  VI,  chs.  ii,  iv,  VII,  ch.  xiv,  VIII,  ch.  x;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  III,  417-435,  519-543,  IV,  76-95,  ch.  xxii,  V, 
205-211;  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  I,  chs.  Ix,  Ixi,  Ixv- 
Ixvii,  II,  chs.  i-xi,  xx,  xxiii,  xxv,  xxviii,  xxiv,  xxxiv;  F.  Bancroft, 
Seward,  II,  chs.  xxx-xxxiii,  xxxv,  xxxvi,  xxxviii;  C.  F.  Adams,  C.  F. 
Adams,  144-357,  and  Studies  Military  and  Diplomatic,  Nos.  9,  10; 
E.  L.  Pierce,  Sumner,  IV,  chs.  xliv-xlviii;  P.  A.  Stovall,  Robert  Toombs, 
ch.  xxi;  Mountague  Bernard,  Neutrality  of  Great  Britain;  J.  W. 
Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  chs.  Ix-lxii,  III,  ch.  Ixxxiv;  J.  Davis,  Con 
federate  Government,  II,  245-284,  367-381;  T.  W.  Barnes,  Thurlow 
Weed,  348-417;  Virginia  Mason,  James  M.  Mason,  chs.  viii-xx; 
Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders,  IV,  595-614  (Confederate  cruisers); 
Goldwin  Smith,  England  and  the  War  of  the  Secession  (Atlantic, 
LXXXIX,  303);  T.  L.  Harris,  Ttent  A/air;  John  Bigelow,  France 
and  the  Confederate  Navy;  Caleb  Huse,  Supplies  for  the  Confederate 
Army;  J.  W.  Headley,  Confederate  Operations  in  Canada  and  New 
York;  J.  D.  Bulloch,  Secret  Service;  Arthur  Sinclair,  Two  Years  in 
the  Alabama;  C.  E.  Hunt,  The  Shenandoah;  Raphael  Semmes^ 
Service  Afloat;  J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  the  Cruisers;  American 
Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  70  (blockade),  693  (Trent);  1862,  193 
(blockade),  738  (mediation),  741  (slave  trade).  —  DISCUSSIONS: 
Henry  Wheaton,  International  Law  (Boyd  ed.),  §§  412-537,  and 
Apps.;  C.  C.  Beaman,  National  and  Private  Alabama  Claims; 
T.  D.  Woolsey,  International  Law,  §§  163-203;  Travers  Twiss, 
Law  of  Nations  in  Time  of  War,  chs.  vi,  x-xii;  J.  N.  Pomeroy, 
International  Law,  ch.  vii;  Wilson  and  Tucker,  International  Law, 
pt.  v. 

Sources.  —  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE:  Papers  Relating  to  For 
eign  Affairs,  years  1861,  1862,  1863  (2  vols.),  1864  (4  vols.),  reprints 
from  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,I  (1861);  37  Cong.,  3  sess., 

1  (1862);    House  Exec.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  II  (1863);  38  Cong., 

2  sess.,  I-IV  (1864);    39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I  (1865);  British  and  Foreign 
State     Papers,     LV;      Staatsarchiv,    I-V     (see    contents).  —  OTHER 
OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:   J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VI; 
14,   15,  81,   246,  and  Messages  and   Papers  of  the   Confederacy,  II; 


482  THE    CIVIL   WAR    PERIOD  [§238 

House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  46  (Trent),  VIII,  No.  104 
(privateers),  VIII,  No.  100  (Mexico);  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  V,  No.  23, 
and  VI,  No.  54  (Mexico);  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VII,  No.  10  (diplomatic 
system);  XV,  No.  92  (Mexico);  39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  VII,  No.  36  (Shen- 
andoah);  House  Reports,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  122  (reciprocity); 
39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  100  (neutral  relations);  Senate  Exec.  Docs., 
37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  IV,  Nos.  8,  14,  18  (Trent),  V,  No.  57  (suppression  of 
slave  trade);  37  Cong.,  3  sess.,  No.  27  (contraband),  No's.  49,  50, 
(English  workingmen);  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  30  (monarchical 
governments),  No.  47  (Mexico),  No.  54  (foreign  enlistments);  38 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  No.  2  (aid  by  British  subjects),  No.  33  (Mexico); 
39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  5  (Mexico);  Case  of  the  United  States  before 
the  (Geneva)  Tribunal  of  Arbitration.  —  COLLECTIONS:  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Statutes,  No.  34;  Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  150-153, 
338-356;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  Sup.  I  passim;  J.  B. 
Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §  860,  chs.  xxvi-xxviii,  especially 
§§  1256-1262,  1265,  1271,  1310,  1330;  American  Annual  Cyclo- 
padia,  1861,  258-277  (correspondence),  70  (blockade),  252  (cotton), 
462  (Mexico),  584-593  (privateering),  624-627  (neutrality  procla 
mations)  ;  1862,  378-393  (correspondence)  ;  1863,  340-345  (corre 
spondence),  636  (Mexico)  ;  1864,  360-366  (correspondence) ;  1865, 
335-350  (finances);  Southern  Hist.  Soc.,  Papers,  VII,  99,  333; 
Pitt  Cobbett,  Leading  Cases  and  Opinions  in  International  Law.  — 
CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  W.  H.  Seward,  Works,  V;  John  Bigelow, 
Retrospections,  I,  chs.  xi-xv,  II;  M.  D.  Conway,  Autobiography,  I, 
ch.  xxvi;  John  Bright,  Speeches  on  the  American  Question;  Gideon 
Welles,  Lincoln  and  Seward,  and  Diary,  I,  II;  C.  G.  Loring  and 
E.  W.  Field,  Correspondence  on  the  Present  Relations  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States;  S.  A.  Goddard,  Letters  on  the  Rebellion; 
J.  L.  Peyton,  American  Crisis,  II,  chs.  i-v;  C.  Sumner,  Works, 
VI,  153-243,  474-487,  VII-IX  passim;  Carl  Schurz,  Reminiscences, 
II,  273-326;  J.  M.  Forbes,  Letters  and  Recollections,  II,  chs.  xiv,  xv; 
The  Index  (Confederate  review  pub.  at  London)  ;  Letters  of  Richard 
Cobden  to  Charles  Sumner,  1862-1865  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  II,  306)  ;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Trent  Affair  (with  documents,  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings, 
XLV,  3)  ;  Brooks  Adams,  Seizure  of  the  Laird  Rams  (ibid.,  243). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  311; 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  XII,  852;  South  in  the  Building  of  the 
Nation,  IV,  543;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  50  (lect.  74),  81,  82, 
188,  189;  indexes  to  public  documents  (§  26);  footnotes  to  Rhodes 
and  to  treatises  on  international  law,  cited  above. 


§239]  ADMINISTRATION    AND   PEOPLE  483 

§  239.  National  Administration  and  Northern  People  during 
the  War,  1861-1865 

Summary. — Administration-:  President  (§  234);  cabinet;  Sec 
retary  Stanton ;  civil  service ;  war  governors ;  generals.  —  Rais 
ing  troops:  regulars;  volunteers;  guerillas;  spies;  terms; 
reenlistment ;  officers'  commissions ;  recruiting ;  bounties ;  drafts ; 
1863,  draft  riots.  —  Supplies:  arms;  commissariat;  medical 
and  hospital;  clothing;  "shoddy";  contracts;  accessibility  to 
Europe.  —  Volunteer  aid :  Christian  Commission ;  Sanitary  Com 
mission  ;  fairs.  —  Parties :  Republicans ;  Union  Party ;  War 
Democrats ;  Peace  Democrats ;  unfavorable  elections  of  1862 ; 
Republican  opposition  to  Lincoln ;  cabinet  changes.  —  New 
states:  1863,  June  19,  West  Virginia  (35th);  1864,  Oct.  31, 
Nevada  (36th).  —  Arbitrary  government:  1861,  Apr.  27,  Lincoln 
suspends  habeas  corpus;  May  25,  Merryman  case ;  Aug.  6,  indem 
nity  act;  1863,  Mar.  3,  act  authorizing  suspensions;  arbitrary 
confinements;  1863,  May,  Vallandigham  tried  by  a  military  tri 
bunal  ;  Vallandigham  sent  south ;  provost  marshalships  in  North 
ern  states ;  1864,  Milligan  case.  —  Popular  sentiment :  commercial 
prosperity ;  excitement  of  the  war ;  sacrifices  of  soldiers ;  sacrifices 
of  those  who  stayed  at  home ;  the  women.  —  Lincoln :  popularity ; 
influence  on  Congress;  1863,  Nov.  19,  Gettysburg  speech;  1864, 
June,  renominated ;  Nov.  8,  reflected ;  1865,  Mar.  4,  second  inau 
guration  and  address ;  Apr.  14,  assassinated ;  fame. 

General.  —  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Politics,  ch.  xx;  Woodrow 
Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  §§  104-116;  J.  Schouler,  History, 
V,  ch.  i,  §§  viii,  xiv,  ch.  ii,  §§  i,  ii,  v,  viii,  xi;  Cambridge  Modern 
History,  VII,  572-580;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitution, 
II,  ch.  xxviii;  Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  89-99; 
H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  I,  chs.  xxxii,  xxxiv,  II,  chs.  xxi,  xxx; 
J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xx,  xxi,  xxiii;  J.  T.  Morse, 
Jr.,  Lincoln,  II  passim;  Norman  Hapgood,  Lincoln,  chs.  xi-xvii; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  ch.  xii;  W.  A.  Linn,  Horace  Greeley,  187-213; 
S.  W.  McCall,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  182-204;  T.  W.  Barnes,  Thurlow 
Weed,  418-448;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Constitution,  §§  243-261,  413-426; 
J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  662-668,  703-710;  Joel 
Tiffany,  Treatise  on  Government,  244-266. 

Special.  —  NARRATIVES:   J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War, 


484  THE    CIVIL   WAR    PERIOD  [§239 

chs.  i,  iv,  xiv,  xv;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  III,  438,  553-558,  IV,  163- 
170,  221-255,  32o-332,  408-418,  456-487,  507-5395  V,  ch.  xxvii; 
W.  A.  Dunning,  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction,  1-62:  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  Lincoln,  IV,  chs.  vi-viii,  VI,  chs.  xv,  xvi,  VII,  chs.  ii,  xii,  xiii, 
VIII,  chs.  i,  ii;  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  Lincoln,  II;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II, 
chs.  xxxiv,  xxxvii;  E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions  in 
the  North;  W.  B.  Weeden,  War  Government;  G.  C.  Gorham,  Stanton, 
I,  chs.  xxxvi,  II,  chs.  Ixxi,  Ixxv-lxxvii,  Ixxx-lxxxii,  Ixxxiv,  Ixxxvii;  W.  D. 
Foulke,  Oliver  P.  Morton,  I,  chs.  xii-xxxi;  G.  H.  Pearson,  John  A. 
Andrew,  I,  chs.  vi-viii,  II;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  II, 
1-17,  343-350,  450-503;  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington,  II; 
D.  S.  Alexander,  Political  History  of  New  York,  III,  chs.  i-ix; 
J.  A.  Woodburn,  Thaddeus  Stevens  and  the  Civil  War  (Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1906,  I,  213);  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage, 
169-173;  D.  M.  Dewitt,  Assassination  of  Abraham  Lincoln;  Ethel 
A.  Hurn,  Wisconsin  Women  in  the  War.  —  HABEAS  CORPUS  AND 
MARTIAL  LAW:  Joel  Parker,  Constitutional  Law,  and  Habeas. Cor  pus 
and  Martial  Law,  and  Three  Powers  of  Government;  Wm.  Whiting, 
War  Powers  under  the  Constitution;  R.  C.  Hurd,  Treatise  on  Habeas 
Corpus;  L.  G.  Tyler,  Suspension  of  Habeas  Corpus  (Polit.  Sci. 
Quart.,  Ill,  454);  Samuel  Tyler,  Roger  B.  Tancy,  ch.  vi;  J.  A 
Marshall,  American  Bastile;  Horace  Binney,  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of 
Habeas  Corpus;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  732- 
738;  J.  R.  Tucker,  Constitution,  §§315-319. 

Sources.  —  PRESIDENT'S  MESSAGES:  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages 
and  Papers,  VI,  17-19,  24,  25,  36-39,  44~58,  77~79,  88,  89,  98,  99, 
102-109,  113-116,  120-122,  125,  163-174,  204,  219-222,  226-241, 
252-256,  271,  276,  284-297,  306-308;  Congressional  Globe,  37  and  38 
Congs.,  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861  to  1865  (under  "Public  Docu 
ments");  A.  Lincoln,  Complete  Works;  contemporary  newspapers; 
American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  18,  26.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional 
Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  V,  Nos.  42,  50,  51;  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  i  sess., 
Ill,  No.  71  (draft  riots);  House  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  5, 
6,  16,  17  (habeas  corpus};  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  V,  No.  i  (provost  marshal 
general);  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  XIII,  No.  56  (election),  No.  59  (peace); 
39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  IV,  No.  i  (provost  marshal  general);  House  Reports, 
39  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  93  (Fry);  House  Misc.  Docs.,  39  Cong.,  i  sess., 
Ill,  No.  70;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  328  (press),  354 
(habeas  corpus],  439  (martial  law);  1862,  275-376  (Congress),  508- 
515  (habeas  corpus},  726-732  (message  of  Dec.,  1862);  1863,  233-258 
(debates  on  habeas  corpus},  268-328  (debates),  469-491  (habeas 


§240]  ABOLITION    OF    SLAVERY  485 

corpus} ,  606  (martial  law),  811-818  (riots),  831-842  (general);  1864, 
219-352  (Congress),  389-394  (press),  421-425  (habeas  corpus),  778- 
801  (general);  1865,  205-301  (Congress),  414-421  (habeas  corpus)', 
Official  Opinions  of  Attorneys-General,  X,  XI  passim;  Wm.  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  5,  7-9,  12,  22,  26,  31,  32,  36,  40,  43; 
Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  153-195  (habeas  corpus),  261-338, 
374-389  (general),  403-417  (conventions  of  1864),  617-622;  Frank 
Moore,  Rebellion  Record,  I- XI,  and  Sup.  passim.  —  CONTEMPO 
RARY  WRITINGS:  John  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  ch.  xv;  A.  Lincoln, 
Works  (2  vol.  ed.),  II,  44-676,  (Biog.  ed.),  VI,  266-361,  VII- XI, 
(Fed.  ed.),  V,  299-471,  VI,  VII;  Gideon  Welles,  Diary,  I,  II;  J. 
Buchanan,  Works,  XI  (see  Contents);  Wm.  Salter,  James  W. 
Grimes,  139-276;  Mrs.  Chapman  Coleman,  John  J.  Crittenden, 
II,  ch.  xviii;  Alex.  Johnston,  American  Orations  (Woodburn  ed.), 
IV,  82  (Vallandigham),  123  (Lincoln);  C.  L.  Vallandigham,  Record 
on  Abolition,  The  Union,  and  the  Civil  War;  W.  H.  Seward,  Works, 
V  (diary);  C.  Sumner,  Works,  V-IX  passim;  H.  W.  Davis,  Speeches 
and  Addresses;  Some  Papers  of  Franklin  Pierce  (Am.  Hist.  Review, 
X,  367-370);  G.  W.  Julian,  Political  Recollections,  chs.  ix-xi;  A.  G. 
Riddle,  Recollections;  Noah  Brooks,  Washington  in  Lincoln's  Time; 
F.  B.  Carpenter,  Six  Months  at  the  White  House;  J.  M.  Forbes, 
Letters  and  Recollections,  I,  chs.  ix-xiii,  II,  xvi-xviii;  Katharine 
Wormeley,  Other  Side  of  War;  C.  J.  Stille,  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission;  Lemuel  Morse,  Annals  of  the-  Christian  Commission; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  chs.  xiii,  xv.  —  HUMORISTS:  R.  G. 
White,  New  Gospel  of  Peace  (2d  ser.);  R.  H.  Newell,  Orpheus 
C.  Kerr  Papers;  C.  F.  Browne,  Artemus  Ward,  His  Book,  and  His 
Travels;  D.  R.  Locke,  Petroleum  V.  Nasby;  J.  R.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers 
(26.  ser.). 

Bibliography.  —  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  xviii; 
W.  E.  Foster,  References  to  the  Constitution,  26;  Woodrow  Wilson, 
Division  and  Reunion,' §  95;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  50  (lect.  71), 
159;  see  references  under  §  234. 

§  240.  Abolition  of  Slavery,  1861-1865 

Summary.  —  Status  in  1861 :  free  states;  border  slave  states; 
territories;  District  of  Columbia;  government  posts;  fugitive 
slaves.  —  Public  opinion:  1861,  Feb.  n,  House  unanimous  reso 
lution;  1861,  Mar.  2,  Corwin  amendment  (§  233) ;  1861,  July  22, 
House  on  the  purpose  of  the  war.  —  Question  of  fugitives  and 


486  THE   CIVIL  WAR  PERIOD  [§240 

slaves  of  combatants :  1861,  May,  Butler's  "  contrabands  of  war  "  ; 
Aug.  6,  first  confiscation  act;  1862,  Mar.  13,  return  by  officers 
forbidden;  July  2,  second  confiscation  act;  1864,  June  28,  act 
of  1850  repealed.  —  District  of  Columbia :  1862,  Apr.  26,  com 
pensated  emancipation  act.  —  Territories :  June  19,  prohibition 
act.  —  Negro  troops:  1861,  Dec.,  Cameron's  message;  1862, 
Hunter's  regiment;  July  17,  act  authorizing  enlistments;  1862- 
1864,  enlistments;  service.  —  Slave  trade:  1862,  June  7,  treaty 
with  England;  1864,  July  7,  domestic  trade  forbidden.  —  Eman 
cipation  proclamations:  1861-1862,  pressure  on  Lincoln;  influ 
ence  of  the  border  states;  1861,  Aug.  30,  Fremont's  order;  1862, 
May  9,  Hunter's  order;  1862,  Aug.  19,  Lincoln's  letter  on  saving 
the  Union;  Sept.  22,  preliminary  proclamation;  1863,  Jan.  i, 
final  proclamation;  legal  effect;  political  effect;  effect  abroad. 
-Proposed  colonization:  Lincoln's  plans;  Chiriqui;  Hayti; 
failure.  —  State  emancipations :  Lincoln's  schemes  of  compensa 
tion;  1862,  Apr.  10,  joint  resolution;  1862-1863,  border  states 
refuse;  1862,  Mar.  21,  West  Virginia  abolishes;  1863,  June  24, 
Missouri  emancipates;  1864,  Oct.  13,  Maryland  abolishes;  1865, 
Dec.,  abolition  in  Kentucky  and  Delaware  by  Thirteenth  Amend 
ment.  —  Thirteenth  Amendment :  Lincoln's  influence ;  1864,  Apr. 
8,  passes  Senate;  1864;  June  15,  fails  in  the  House;  in  campaign 
of  1864;  1865,  Jan.  31,  passes  the  House;  Dec.  18,  declared  in 
force. 

General.  —  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,  ch.  xiv,  and  Outcome 
of  the  Civil  War,  ch.  viii;  J.  Schouler,  History,  VI,  214-232,  276- 
279,400-407,  528-531;  Cambridge' Modern  History,  VII,  580-602; 
E.  E.  Sparks,  United  States,  II,  267-277;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Negro  and 
the  Nation,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Civil  War  and  Constitu 
tion,  II,  chs.  xvi,  xviii,  xx;  H.  Greeley,  American  Conflict,  II,  chs. 
xi,  xii,  xxii;  J.  W.  Draper,  Civil  War,  II,  ch.  Ixiv;  J.  G.  Blaine, 
Twenty  Years,  I,  chs.  xx,  xxi;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1862, 
786-796;  J.  N.  Pomeroy,  Constitutional  Law,  §§  109-119;  Wm. 
Whiting,  War  Powers,  chs.  iii,  viii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  ch.  x;  Moor- 
field  Storey,  Sumner,  chs.  xii,  xiv;  S.  W.  McCall,  Thaddeus  Stevens, 
ch.  xii;  G.  C.  Gorham,  Stanton,  II,  73-79,  86-90;  H.  G.  Pearson, 
John  A.  Andrew,  II,  ch.  x. 

Special.  —  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  IV,  chs.  xxii, 
xxiv,  V,  ch.  xii,  VI,  chs.  vi,  viii,  xvii,  xix,  xx,  VIII,  chs.  xvi,  xx,  X, 


§240]  ABOLITION    OF    SLAVERY  487 

ch.  iv;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Charles  Sumner,  IV,  chs.  xlviii-1;  Garrisons, 
Garrison,  IV,  chs.  i-vi;  I.  N.  Arnold,  Lincoln  and  the  Overthrow  of 
Slavery;  J.  Story,  Commentaries  (4th  ed.),  §§  1923-1927;  J.  F. 
Rhodes,  History,  III,  269-271,  466-476,  630-636,  IV,  60,  65-76, 
157-171,  212-219,  228,  332-336,  421-426,  472-475,  532-536,  V,  47- 
50,  71,  82,  535-537;  A.  J.  Wilcox,  Powers  of  the  Federal  Government 
over  Slavery;  J.  Davis,  Confederate  Government,  II,  158-193,  460- 
476;  S.  G.  Fisher,  Trial  of  the  Constitution,  ch.  iv;  G.  W.  Williams, 
Negro  Race,  II,  chs.  xiv-xviii;  Marion  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive 
Slaves,  §§  85-105,  App.  C;  Mary  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  92-98;  B.  T.  Washington,  Frederick  Douglass,  ch.  xii; 
C.  F.  Adams,  /.  Q.  Adams  and  Emancipation  through  Martial  Law 
(Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  2d  ser.,  XV,  436);  biographies  of 
Lincoln  (see  §§  39,  234),  Chase,  Sumner,  Ben  Wade,  Thaddeus 
Stevens,  W.  L.  Garrison,  Seward  (§39).  —  MAPS:  J.  K.  Hosmer, 
Appeal  to  Arms,  214. 

Sources.  —  DEBATES:  Congressional. Globe,  37  Cong.,  38  Cong.,  39 
Cong.,  i  sess.;  daily  newspapers,  especially  New  York  Tribune,  Times, 
Herald,  Boston  Advertiser,  Chicago  Tribune  (see  §41).  —  DOCU 
MENTS:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  V,  No.  42,  VI,  No.  68;  39 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  II,  No.  55;  Senate  Reports,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  12;  38 
Cong.,  i  sess.,  Nos.  8,  17,  24,  25;  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  I,  No.  137;  House 
Exec.  Docs.,  37  Cong.,  2  sess.,  V,  No.  69  (emancipation),  X,  Nos.  133, 
143  (black  troops) ;  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  IX,  No.  42  (District  of  Colum 
bia);  38  Cong.,  2  sess.,  VIII,  No.  38  (troops);  House  Reports,  37  Cong., 
2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  58,  IV,  Nos.  120,  148;  38  Cong.,  i  sess.,  I,  No.  2;  38 
Cong.,  2  sess.,  No.  9;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  38  Cong.,  2  sess.  (state  reso 
lutions). —  American  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1861,  641-645  (slaves); 
1862,  720-726  (Lincoln's  plans),  752-759  (slaves),  736  (emancipation 
proclamation);  1863,  268  (negro  troops),  304-321  (emancipation  in 
states),  425-431  (freedmen),  831-835  (Lincoln  on  emancipation); 
1864,  219-353  passim  (Congress),  387;  1865,  205-217  (Thirteenth 
Amendment),  370-378  (freedmen);  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages 
and  Papers,  VI,  53,  54,  68,  73,  84-87,  91-98,  117,  127,  133-142,  157- 
159,  167,  177,  188,  232,  252;  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos. 
6,  n,  15,  17,  18,  20,  24,  28,  38,  45,  48;  Mabel  Hill,  Liberty  Documents, 
ch.  xxii;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  II,  941-948; 
Ed.  McPherson,  Rebellion,  195-261;  Frank  Moore,  Rebellion 
Record,  V-XI,  and  Sup.  I  passim.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS: 
A.  Lincoln,  Works,  especially  (Biog.  ed.),  VI,  350,  353,  357~36i, 
VII,  21-23,  112-115,  119-128,  132-134,  146,  167,  170-173,  270-277, 
280-286,  289,  VIII,  1-9,  15,  28-33,  36-44,  155-164,  181-183,  329, 


488  THE    CIVIL   WAR   PERIOD  [§240 

IX,  292-295,  X,  30,  65-68,  352,  XI,  1-3;  C.  Sumner,  Works,  VI- 
IX  passim;  John  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  ch.  xiv;  Diary  and 
Correspondence  of  Chase,  45-49,  54,  87-93,  311,  3*9,  347,  352,  361, 
365,  377-379,  399,  5°2,  511,  5I25  A.  G.  Riddle,  Reminiscences,  129- 
163;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Speeches  and  Papers;  Frederick  Douglass,  Life 
and  Times,  chs.  xi,  xii;  S.  A.  Goddard,  Letters  on  the  American 
Rebellion;  Noah  Brooks,  Washington  in  Lincoln's  Time,  ch.  vi; 
A.  K.  McClure,  Lincoln  and  Men  of  War  Times,  88-104;  F.  B. 
Carpenter,  Six  Months  at  the  White  House;  Elizabeth  H.  Botume, 
First  Days  among  the  Contrabands;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV, 
ch.  xxi. 

Bibliography.  —  M.  G.  McDougall,  Fugitive  Slaves,  App.  E; 
indexes  to  public  documents  (§  26);  J.  R.  Bartlett,  Literature;  of 
the  Rebellion;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  50  (lect.  76),  159;  footnotes  to 
Rhodes. 


PART   VI.      RECENT   UNITED    STATES 
HISTORY,    1865-1910 

CHAPTER   XXIX 

RECONSTRUCTION   AND   DEVELOPMENT 

1865-1872 

§  241.  Presidential  and  Congressional  Reconstruction, 
1863-1868 

Summary.  —  Southern  economic  and  social  conditions:  devas 
tation  of  war;  large  planters;  small  planters;  poor  whites;  freed 
negroes.  —  Ante-bellum  political  areas  (§  229);  "black  belt."  - 
Northern  interests  in  reconstruction:  tariff;  transportation; 
banking  and  currency;  finance;  idealistic  attitude  toward  f reed- 
men;  relation  to  Southern  loyalists.  —  Theories  of  status  of  seceded 
states:  unimpaired  rights  (Democrats);  state  suicide  (Summer); 
conquered  provinces  (Stevens);  forfeited  rights  (Congress).— 
1862,  Lincoln's  appointment  of  military  governors  for  Tennessee, 
North  Carolina,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana.  —  1863,  Dec.  8,  Lin 
coln's  proclamation;  1864,  July  8,  proclamation  on  pocket  veto  of 
Wade-Davis  bill;  1865,  March  3,  Freedmen's  Bureau  act;  April  9, 
Lee's  capitulation;  April  15,  Lincoln's  assassination  (§  239);  May 
29,  Johnson's  proclamation.  —  New  Southern  constitutions; 
Dec.  1 8,  ratification  of  Thirteenth  amendment;  black  codes.  — 

1865,  Dec.,  Thaddeus  Stevens  and  the  Joint  Committee  of  Fifteen; 

1866,  Feb.    19,  veto  of  bill   to   strengthen   Freedmen's  Bureau; 
Feb.  22,  Johnson's  speech;    April  9,  Civil  Rights  act;    June  16, 
submission  of  Fourteenth  amendment;    July  16,  supplementary 
Freedmen's  Bureau  act.  —  Struggle  between  President  and  Con 
gress:   the  general  of  the  army;    1866,  March  i,  admission  of  Ne 
braska;   March  2,  Tenure  of  Office  act;   March  2,  23,  acts  to  pro 
vide  military  governments  for  the  seceded  states;   extra  sessions; 

(489) 


490  RECONSTRUCTION,    1865-1872  [§241 

impeachment  of  the  President;  1868,  May  16,  acquittal. — • 
Powerlessness  of  the  Supreme  Court:  1866-1867,  leading  cases; 
1868,  March  27,  action  of  Congress  in  the  McCardle  case;  1869, 
April  12,  Texas  v.  White.  —  1868,  June  22,  25,  Restoration  of 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  Georgia  (temporarily).  —  Campaign  of  1868:  Nov. 
3,  election  of  Grant. 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  IV,  484-487,  V,  47-57,  132-138, 
516-626,  VI,  1-157,  168-192;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction, 
chs.  i-vii,  and  Essays  on  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction,  63-225, 
253-303;  W.  L.  Fleming,  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruction, 

I,  introductions   to   each    chapter;     P.  J.  Hamilton,  Reconstruction 
Period;     Johnston    and    Woodburn,    American    Political     History, 

II,  425-465,  480-487;    W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V,  1-55,  and 
Division  and   Reunion,   ch.   xi;     Garner  and  Lodge,    United  Stales, 
II,    819-825,    830-863;     J.    W.    Burgess,    Reconstruction,    chs.    i-ix; 
G.  T.  Curtis,  Constitutional  History,  II,  chs.  xi,  xii;    T.  C.  Smith,  in 
Cambridge  Modern    History,  VII,   622-638;    E.   E.   Sparks,    United 
States,  II,  278-300;    E.  B.  Andrews,   United  States  in  Our  Own  Time, 
18-40,  68-85;    W.  G.  Brown,   Tenth  Decade  (Atlantic,   XCVI,  359, 
760);    EncyclopcBdia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),   XXVII,  711-717;  P.  L. 
Haworth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  chs.  i,  ii. 

Special.  —  H.  A.  Herbert  and  others,  Why  the  Solid  South?  chs.  i, 
viii,  x,  and  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXXVII,  i,  145,  354,  473,  817, 
LXXXVIII,  121,  289,  432;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia, 
articles  Civil  War  (Influence),  Reconstruction;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Con 
stitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  chs.  i-iii;  P.  S.  Peirce, 
Freedmen's  Bureau.  —  CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  (§  240) :  H. 
V.  Ames,  Proposed  Amendments  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1896, 
II),  218-235  and  index;  H.  E.  Flack,  Adoption  of  the  Fourteenth 
Amendment;  J.  W.  Garner,  Fourteenth  Amendment  (South  Atlantic 
Quart.,  IV,  209);  S.  B.  Weeks,  Negro  Suffrage  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 
IX,  671);  J.  W.  Burgess,  Present  Problems  of  Constitutional  Law 
(ibid.,  XIX,  545);  J.  M.  Mathews,  Fifteenth  Amendment;  A.  H. 
Stone,  Mississippi's  Constitution  in  Reference  to  Freedman  (Miss. 
Hist.  Soc.,  Publications,  IV,  143);  G.  T.  Stephenson,  Race  Distinc 
tions  in  American  Law,  ch.  xi ;  J.  C.  Rose,  Negro  Suffrage  (Am. 
Polit.  Sci.  Review,  I,  17);  J.  A.  Hamilton,  Negro  Suffrage  and  Con 
gressional  Representation.  —  TREATISES:  H.  C.  Black,  Constitutional 
Law  (2d  ed.),  §§  202,  224,  232-234;  J.  W.  Burgess,  Political  Science 


§241]  RECONSTRUCTION   POLICIES  491 

and  Constitutional  Law,  I,  201-232,  II,  41-48;  T.  M.  Cooley,  Con 
stitutional  Law  (3d  ed.),  219-223,  233-252,  268,  272-280,  290-294; 
R.  Foster,  Commentaries,  §§  38,  52-56,  90  (pp.  546-564);  W.  D. 
Guthrie,  Lectures  on  the  Fourteenth  Article  of  Amendment;  J.  I.  C. 
Hare,  Constitutional  Law,  131,  508-543,  746-886;  W.  W.  Willoughby, 
Constitutional  Law,  §§  80,  85-90,  227,  238-242,  456-459,  480-487; 
G.  W.  McCrary,  Law  of  Elections,  §§  2,  3,  12-16. 

UNDER  LINCOLN:  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Lincoln,  VI,  ch.  xvi,  VIII, 
chs.  xvi-xx,  IX,  chs.  v,  xix;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War, 
ch.  viii;  C.  H.  McCarthy,  Lincoln's  Plan  of  Reconstruction;  E.  G. 
Scott,  Reconstruction  during  the  Civil  War;  C.  E.  Chadsey,  Recon 
struction  prior  to  Close  of  Civil  War;  F.  W.  Moore,  Representation 
from  the  Seceding  States  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  II,  279,  461);  A.  H. 
Carpenter,  Military  Government  of  Southern  Territory,  1861-1865 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1900,  I,  467);  W.  E.  Birkhimer,  Military 
Government  and  Martial  Law.  —  UNDER  JOHNSON:  W.  A.  Dunning, 
More  Light  on  Andrew  Johnson  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XI,  574,  951; 
authorship  of  messages);  D.  M.  DeWitt,  Impeachment  of  Johnson; 
C.  E.  Chadsey,  Struggle  between  President  Johnson  and  Congress; 

E.  G.  Ross,  Impeachment  of  Andrew  Johnson;   F.  T.  Wilson,  Federal 
Aid  in  Domestic  Disturbances    (Senate  Docs.,  57  Cong.  2   sess.,  XV, 
No.  209),  chs.  v-viii.  —  IN  STATES:    W.  L.  Fleming,  Civil  War  and 
Reconstruction   in    Alabama,    and    Reorganization    of  the   Industrial 
System  in  Alabama  (Am.  Jour,  of  Sociology,  X,  473);   J.  M.  Harrell, 
Brooks  and  Baxter  War  (Ark.);    John    Wallace,    Carpetbag  Rule  in 
Florida;    E.   C.  Wooley,   Reconstruction  of  Georgia;    J.  R.  Ficklen, 
Reconstruction  in  Louisiana;  Albert  Phelps,  Louisiana,   chs.  xiv,  xv; 

F.  W.  Moore,  Louisiana  Politics,  1862-1866  (South  Atlantic  Quart., 
I,  128);   W.  S.  Myers,  Self- Reconstruction  of  Maryland;  J.  W.  Garner, 
Reconstruction  in  Mississippi;   J.  G.  de  R.  Hamilton,  Reconstruction 
in   North   Carolina;    J.  P.  Hollis,  Reconstruction  in  South   Carolina; 
J.   S.    Reynolds,    Reconstruction  in  South    Carolina;    J.   W.   Fertig, 
Secession  and  Reconstruction  in  Tennessee;  R.  L.  McDonnold,  Recon 
struction  Period  in  Tennessee  (Am.  Hist.  Mag.,  I,  307) ;  C.  W.  Rams- 
dell,  Reconstruction  in  Texas;  J.  A.  C.  Chandler,  Suffrage  in  Virginia, 
ch.   vi;    H.   J.   Eckenrode,    Virginia  during   Reconstruction;    C.   H. 
Ambler,  Disfranchisement  in  West    Virginia  (  Yale  Review,  XIV,  38, 
155). 

NORTHERN  BIOGRAPHIES:  H.  G.  Pearson,  John  A.  Andrew,  II, 
260-287;  E.  Stanwood,  /.  G.  Elaine,  ch.  iv;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Sam 
uel  Bowles,  II,  chs.  xxxii,  xxxiii;  [Detroit  Post  and  Tribune],  Zach- 
ariah  Chandler,  ch.  xvi;  A.  B.  Hart,  Chase,  chs.  xiii,  xiv;  J.  W. 


492  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§241 

Schuckers,  Chase,  chs.  xlviii-li;  R.  B.  Warden,  Chase,  chs.  xliv- 
xlviii;  O.  J.  Hollister,  Schuyler  Colfa-x,  chs.  ix,  x;  Ed.  Gary,  G.  W. 
Curtis,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  J.  H.  Wilson,  C.  A.  Dana,  chs,  xxii,  xxiii ; 
B.  R.  Curtis,  Memoir  of  B.  R.  Curtis,  ch.  xiii;  Hamlin  Garland, 
Grant,  chs.  xxxviii-xlii;  Adam  Badeau,  Grant  in  Peace,  chs.  ii-xvii ; 
J.  R.  Young,  Around  the  World  with  Grant,  II,  358-365,  454-463; 
W.  A.  Linn,  Horace  Greeley,  ch.  ix;  C.  E.  Hamlin,  Hannibal  Ham 
lin,  chs.  xxxvi-xxxviii;  F.  A.  Walker,  General  Hancock,  295-304; 
W.  S.  Jones,  Andrew  Johnson;  John  Savage,  Johnson,  chs.  xx-xxii, 
App.  88-130;  W.  D.  Foulke,  Morion,  I,  chs.  xxxii-xxxv,  II,  chs.  i, 
ii,  v,  vi;  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II,  chs.  xxxvi,  xli;  T.  K.  Lothrop, 
Seward,  ch.  xxi;  F.  Bancroft  and  W.  A.  Dunning,  Carl  Schurz' s 
Political  Career  (C.  Schurz,  Reminiscences,  III),  ch.  i;  T.  E.  Burton, 
John  Sherman,  ch.  vii;  W.  S.  Kerr,  John  Sherman,  I,  chs.  xxii, 
xxvi-xxviii,  xxx;  G.  C.  Gorham,  Sianton,  II,  chs.  xc-cxviii;  S.  W. 
McCall,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  chs.  xiii-xix;  J.  A.  Woodburn,  Stevens 
(Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1906,  I),  221-231;  M.  Storey,  Sumner, 
chs.  xvi,  xviii-xxx;  A.  G.  Riddle,  B.  F.  Wade,  chs.  ix,  x.  — 
SOUTHERN  BIOGRAPHIES  Herbert  Fielder,  Joseph  E.  Brown; 
W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson  Davis,  ch.  xxii;  Mrs.  Davis,  Jefferson  Davis, 
IT,  chs.  Ivi,  Ivii;  B.  H.  Hill,  Jr.,  B.  H.  Hill,  46-67,  273T35o;  Ed.  Mayes, 
L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  ch.  xii;  Johnston  and  Browne,  A.  H.  Stephens, 
chs.  xxxix-xli;  Louis  Pendleton,  A.  H.  Stephens,  ch.  xvii;  P.  A, 
Stovall,  Robert  Toombs,  chs.  xxiv-xxviii;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers' 
War,  ch.  xi. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Globe  and  Con 
gressional  Documents,  39,  40  Congs. ;  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  39  Cong, 
i  sess.,  I,  No.  2,  II,  No.  43  (reports  of  Grant,  Schurz,  and  Truman), 
and  House  Reports,  39  Cong,  i  sess.,  II,  No.  30  (report  of  Committee 
on  Reconstruction,  1866,  which  is  also  printed,  without  testimony,  in 
Ed.  McPherson,  Reconstruction,  84;  these  four  reports  are  of  special 
significance);  House  Reports,  40  Cong,  i  sess.,  No.  7;  House  Misc. 
Docs.,  40  Cong.  2  sess.,  II,  Nos.  85,  89,  91,  92,  101,  107,  134,  and  Senate 
Misc.  Docs.,  40  Cong.  2  sess.,  Nos.  42,  43  (trial  of  Johnson  on  im 
peachment);  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  yi,  189-191, 
213-215,  222-226,  251,  252,  305-757;  Statutes  at  Large,  XIII,  507, 
737,  744,  758,  760,  XTV,  especially  27,  173,  364,  428,  430,  432,  486, 
571,  811,  XV,  2,  14,  41,  72,  73,  85,  193,  257,  344,  711  (most  of  these 
laws  and  proclamations  are  in  substance  in  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select 
Statutes,  Nos.  35,  42,  44,  46,  47,  50-52,  56-59,  61,  62,  64,  66-69,  71, 
72,  74-76).  —  CASES:  Ex  parte  Miliigan  (1867):  4  Wallace,  2; 
J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2381.  —  Cummings  v.  Missouri  (1867):  4 


§241]  RECONSTRUCTION    POLICIES  493 

Wallace,  277;  Thayer,  Cases,  1447;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  381.  — 
Ex  parte  Garland  (1867):  4  Wallace,  333,  Emlin  McCIain,  Cases, 
576.  —  Mississippi  v.  Johnson  (1867):  4  Wallace,  475;  Thayer, 
Cases,  196;  McCJain,  Cases,  102;  Boyd,  Cases,  652.  —  Georgian. 
Stanton  (1867):  6  Wallace,  50;  Thayer,  Cases,  201;  McCIain,  Cases, 
606  n.  —  White  v.  Cannon  (1868):  6  Wallace,  443. — Ex  parte 
McCardle  (1869):  7  Wallace,  506.  —  Texas  v.  White  (1869): 
7  Wallace,  700;  Thayer,  Cases,  302;  McCIain,  Cases,  838;  Boyd, 
Cases,  552.  —  White  v.  Hart  (1872):  13  Wallace,  646;  Thayer,  Cases, 
259.  —  Gunn  v.  Barry  (1873):  15  Wallace,  610;  McCIain,  Cases, 
1029  n.  —  Slaughter  House  cases  (1873,  1884):  16  Wallace,  36  and 
in  U.S.,  746;  Thayer,  Cases,  516,  537;  McCIain,  Cases,  19.— 
United  States  v.  Reese  (1876):  92  U.S.,  214.  —  United  States  v. 
Cruikshank  (1876):  92  U.S.,  542;  McCIain,  Cases,  31. —  Williams  v. 
Bruffy  (1878):  96  U.S.,  176.  —  Strauder  v.  West  Virginia  (1880): 
100  Z7.S.,  303;  Boyd,  Cases,  5 1 1 .  —  Ex  parte  Siebold  (1880):  iooUS., 
371;  Thayer,  Cases,  326;  McCIain,  Cases,  56. —  United  States  v. 
Harris  (1883):  106  U.S.,  629.  —  Civil  Rights  cases  (1883):  109 
U.S.,  3;  Thayer,  Cases,  554;  McCIain,  Cases,  37  n.  —  STATE 
ACTION  :  action  by  the  states  on  the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and 
Fifteenth  amendments  to  the  Constitution  is  in  Documentary 
History  of  the  Constitution,  II,  520-897,  V,  495-567.  The  new 
constitutions  of  the  Southern  states  are  printed  in  F.  N.  Thorpe, 
Charters  and  Constitutions.  For  reference  to  state  documents,  consult 
histories  of  reconstruction  in  states  (ante).  —  UNOFFICIAL  COLLEC 
TIONS:  W.  L.  Fleming,  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruction,  I; 
Ed.  McPherson,  Reconstruction,  and  Handbook  of  Politics  (1872- 
1878,  biennial);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  §§  141-154;  Mabel 
Hill,  Liberty  Documents,  ch.  xxiii;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia 
(1864-1877;  volume  for  1864,  p.  307,  prints  the  Wade-Davis  pro 
test  of  Aug.  5,  1864);  Tribune  Almanac  (annual).  The  files  of  the 
Nation,  Harper's  Weekly,  Galaxy,  Independent,  Christian  Examiner, 
Christian  Union,  New  York  Times,  Tribune,  Sun,  and  Chicago  Trib 
une  illustrate  the  currents  of  sentiment  in  the  period. 

CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  Mrs.  M.  L.  Avary,  Dixie  after  the 
War;  G.  S.  Bout  well,  Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  xxx-xxxii;  Carl  Schurz, 
Reminiscences,  III,  chs.  vi,  vii,  ix,  x;  J.  B.  Bradley,  Miscellaneous 
Writings,  151-163;  B.  F.  Butler,  Butler's  Book,  ch.  xx;  Diary  and 
Correspondence  of  Chase,  334~337,  382>  417-423,  43°~434,  443~ 
456  (see  also  the  index) ;  J.  G.  Elaine,  Twenty  Years,  II,  chs.  i,  iii- 
xii,  xiv ;  Mrs.  C.  Clny,  A  Belle  of  the  Fifties,  chs.  xviii-xxix;  S.  S. 
Cox,  Three  Decades,  chs.  xvi-xxxiv;  S.  M.  Cullom,  Fifty  Years, 


494  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§24l 

chs.  viii,  ix;  G.  W.  Curtis,  Orations  and  Addresses,  I,  123-214;  Fred. 
Douglass,  Life  and  Times,  chs.  xii-xiv ;  Francis  Fessenden,  W.  P.  Fes- 
senden,  II,  chs.  vii-x ;  Rollo  Ogden,  E.  L.  Godkin,!,  chs.  vii,  viii; 
Wm.  Salter,  /.  W.  Grimes,  276-367;  O.  O.  Howard,  Autobiography, 
II,  pt.  iii;  Andrew  Johnson,  Speeches;  G.  W.  Julian,  Recol 
lections,  chs.  xii-xiv;  Jos.  Le  Conte,  Autobiography,  chs.  ix,  x;  A. 
Lincoln,  Works  (Biog.  ed.),  index,  and  VIII,  61,  64,  79-81,  326- 
328,  IX,  218-223,  289-291,  296,  299-301,  X,  n,  37-39,  85,  139, 
152-154,  185,  266-269,  312-314,  333,  XI,  84-92,  (Federal  ed.), 
VI,  158,  172,  331-334,  VII,  28-32,  50-56,  74-77,  84,  102,  105,  129, 
150,  159,  168,  170,  233,  268,  362  ;  Hugh  McCulloch,  M en  and  Measures, 
chs.  xxv,  xxvi;  B.  F.  Perry,  Reminiscences,  242-314,  and  Sketches, 
191-216;  B.  P.  Poor e,  Perley's  Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  xvi-xxi ;  J.  H. 
Reagan,  Memoirs,  Apps.  B-E;  J.  M.  Schofield,  Forty-six  Years 
in  the  Army,  chs.  xix,  xxi,  xxii;  P.  H.  Sheridan,  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  x, 
xi;  J.  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  chs.  xvi,  xix;  Sherman  Letters,  245- 
325;  S.  D.  Smedes,  Memorials  of  a  Southern  Planter,  chs.  xviii-xxi; 
E.  L.  Pierce,  Sumner,  IV,  chs.  1-liii;  Chas.  Sumner,  Works,  VI- XV 
(see  contents);  S.  J.  Tilden,  Writings  and  Speeches,  I,  395-420,  and 
Letters  passim;  W.  M.  Stewart,  Reminiscences,  chs.  xx,  xxii,  xxiv; 
Rich.  Taylor,  Destruction  and  Reconstruction,  ch.  xv;  W.  H.  Trescot, 
Reconstruction  in  South  Carolina  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XV,  574);  T.  W. 
Barnes,  Thurlow  Weed,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv;  R.  H.  Wilmer,  Recent  Past, 
139-165;  O.  M.  Roberts,  Experience  of  an  Unrecognized  Senator 
(Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  Quarterly,  XII,  87);  G.  Welles,  Diary,  II,  III 
(see  index  under  "Reconstruction");  Jon.  Worth,  Correspondence 
(see  index);  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  ch.  xliv;  J.  A.  Garfield, 
Works,  I,  i,  73,  95,  243;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  between  the  States, 
II,  colloquies  xxiii,  xxiv,  and  Reviewers  Reviewed,  226-270;  Gustave 
Koerner,  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  xliv-xlvi;  Cornelius  Cole,  Memoirs,  chs. 
xxx,  xxxii.  --  DESCRIPTIONS:  Sidney  Andrews,  South  since  the  War; 
Victoria  V.  Clayton,  White  and  Black;  Elizabeth  W.  Pearson,  Letters 
from  Port  Royal;  E.  A.  Pollard,  The  Lost  Cause  Regained;  White- 
law  Reid,  After  the  War;  Robt.  Somers,  Southern  States  since  the 
War;  J.  T.  Trowbridge,  The  South;  J.  H.  Kennaway,  On  Sherman's 
Track. 

Bibliography.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  ch.  xxii;  W.  L. 
Fleming,  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruction,  references  passim; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  V-Vll,  footnotes  passim;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  51,  52  (lects.  79,  80),  160;  bibliographies  appended  to  state  his 
tories  of  reconstruction  cited  above;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  References  on 
Impeachment,  and  References  on  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Amendments; 


§242]  CARPETBAG   AND   NEGRO   RULE  495 

The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  625,  626,  645;  Johnston 
and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II,  478,  506. 

§  242.  Carpetbag  and  Negro  Rule,  1868-1877 

Summary.  —  Union,    or   Loyal,    Leagues;     "carpetbaggers"; 

"  scalawags."  —  Ku  Klux  Klan;    Knights  of  the  White  Camelia. 

— 1869,    Feb.    27,   submission   of   Fifteenth   amendment;     1870, 

March  30,  ratified.  —  1870,  Restoration  of  Virginia,  Mississippi, 

and  Texas;    1871,   Georgia.  —  1870,  May  31,  Enforcement  act; 

1871,  Feb.  15,  substitute  for  iron-clad  oath;  Feb.  28,  act  for  federal 
supervision  of  elections;  April  20,  Ku  Klux  act;  —  1872,  May  22, 
Amnesty  act;    June   10,  supplementary  federal  election  law.  — 
Misrule  of    negro   and   carpetbag    governments:     conservatives; 

1872,  federal  troops  occupy  the  capitals  of  Louisiana,  Alabama, 
and  Arkansas.  —  White  ascendancy:    1870,  Democratic  control  of 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Virginia;    1872,  removal 
of  political  disabilities;    improvement  of  white  leadership:    1872- 

1876,  split  in  Republican  party  in  Southern  states;   1872,  Feb.  19, 
report  of  the  "  Ku  Klux  committee  ";    1874,  white  ascendancy  in 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  and  Texas;  Louisiana  uprising;  "  Mississippi 
plan  ";  1874,  April  27,  Lamar's  oration  on  Sumner;  Dec.  7,  Grant's 
message;    1875,  Jan.  13,  Grant  on  the  federal  purge  of  Louisiana 
legislature;  Feb.,  Force  bill  fails  in  Senate;  March  i,  Civil  Rights 
act;  Sept.,  refusal  of  troops  to  Mississippi;  election  of  1876  (§  251); 

1877,  withdrawal  of  troops  by  Hayes  (§  251);    1880,  May  4,  act 
forbidding  use  of  army  at  the  polls.  —  Federal  decisions  (§  241): 

1873,  Slaughter  House  cases;   1876,  United  States  v.  Reese;   1876, 
United   States   v.    Cruikshank;     1883,    United   States  v.   Harris; 
1883,  Civil  Rights  cases.  — Later  Southern  history  (§  261). 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  VI,  200-204,  244-246,  284- 
334,  390-391,  VII.  74-174;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  chs.  xi, 
xiii,  xv-xvii,  xix,  and  Essays,  225-252,  and  Undoing  of  Reconstruction 
(Atlantic,  LXXXVIII,  437);  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V, 
55-64,  72-78,  97-102,  104-108,136-140,  and  Division  and  Reunion, 
ch.  xii;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  chs.  v,  vi:  J.  W.  Burgess, 
Reconstruction,  chs.  x-xiii;  T.  C.  Smith,  in  Cambridge  Modern  His 
tory,  VII,  638-654;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  863- 
875,  889-893,  906-918;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional  History,  III, 
chs.  iv,  v;  Johnston  and  Woodburn,  American  Political  History,  II, 


496  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§242 

465-478,  487-492;  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  601- 
625,  632-645;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII,  715- 
722  ;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  ch.  iii. 

Special.  —  CARPETBAG  AND  NEGRO  RULE  (see  §  241  for  state 
reconstruction,  biographies,  etc.):  H.  A.  Herbert,  Why  the  Solid 
South?  chs.  ii-vi,  viii,  xii-xiv;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  Reconstruction  (Am. 
Hist.  Review,  XV,  781);  F.  Bancroft,  Negro  in  Politics;  G.  S.  Mer- 
riam,  Negro  and  the  Nation,  chs.  xxviii-xxxvi;  G.  W.  Williams, 
Negro  Race,  II,  chs.  xxi ;  xxiii;  A.  H.  Stone,  Race  Problems,  chs.  vi, 
viii;  G.  W.  Cable,  Silent  South,  and  Negro  Question;  W.  K.  Boyd, 
W.  W.  H  olden,  ch.  iii-v,  App.;  J.  W.  Moore,  North  Carolina,  II, 
chs.  ix-xii ;  W.  L.  Royall,  Virginia  Debt  Controversy.  The  period 
icals  cited  in  §  241,  reached  through  Poolers  Index,  contain  a  mass  of 
material;  for  material  in  historical  society  publications,  etc.,  see 
American  Historical  Association,  Report,  1905,  IT:  especially  useful 
are  Alabama  Historical  Society,  Transactions,  and  Mississippi  His 
torical  Society,  Publications.  —  Ku  KLUX  KLAN  AND  ELECTION 
FRAUDS:  J.  C.  Lester  and  D.  L.  Wilson,  Ku  Klux  Klan  (Fleming 
ed.),  and  in  Century,  VI,  398;  W.  G.  Brown,  Lower  South,  ch.  iv, 
and  Ku  Klux  Movement  (Atlantic,  LXXXVII,  634);  J.  E.  Cutler, 
Lynch  Law,  ch.  v;  W.  A.  Sinclair,  Aftermath  of  Slavery,  chs.  ii-vi. 
—  SCHOOLS  AND  CHURCHES:  B.  T.  Washington,  Up  from  Slavery, 
and  Future  of  the  American  Negro,  ch.  i,  and  Story  of  the  Negro, 
ch.  xiii,  and  (with  others)  Negro  Problem,  ch.  i;  Mrs.  E.  A.  Talbot, 
E.  C.  Armstrong,  chs.  v-viii;  John  Eaton,  Grant,  Lincoln,  and  the 
Freedmen;  P  S.  Peirce,  Freedmen's  Bureau,  ch.  v;  J.  W.  Alvord, 
Letters  from  the  South;  A.  T.  Porter,  Led  on  Step  by  Step,  chs.  xxi- 
xlii;  Maria  Waterbury,  Seven  Years  among  the  Freedmen;  E.  G. 
Murphy,  Present  South,  chs.  ii,  iii;  J.  C.  Reed,  Brothers'  War,  ch.  xvi; 
Atlanta  University,  Publications,  V,  VI;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  Negro 
Church;  National  Teachers'  Associations,  Proceedings,  1865,  1870; 
H.  K.  Carroll,  Religious  Forces,  27,  255,  263,  294;  J.  M.  Buckley, 
Methodism,  517-526;  G.  G.  Smith,  G.  F.  Pierce,  chs.  xvi,  xvii:  R.  R. 
Wright,  Negro  Education  in  Georgia;  G.  W.  Williams,  Negro  Race, 
II,  chs.  xxiv-xxvii;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  The  Negro  since  1860,  and 
Education  of  Negro  (Commissioner  of  Education,  Report,  1895,  II, 
1374);  A.  D.  Mayo,  Schools  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
and  Georgia  (ibid.,  1904,  I,  999);  John  F.  Slater  Fund,  Proceedings, 
1884.  —  SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS:  P.  A.  Bruce,  Plantation 
Negro;  G.  T.  Stephenson,  Race  Distinctions;  Washington  and  Du 
Bois,  Negro  in  the  South;  J.  A.  Tillinghast,  Negro  in  Africa  and 
America,  171-228. 


§242]  CARPETBAG   AND   NEGRO   RULE  497 

Sources.  —  (See  §  241  for  sources  not  here  repeated.)  —  OFFICIAL 
DOCUMENTS:  CONGRESSIONAL  GLOBE,  40  Cong.  3  sess.  to  42  Cong. 
3  sess.;  Congressional  Record,  43,  44  Congs.;  Congressional  Docu 
ments  of  the  period,  especially  the  Ku  Klux  report  and  testimony 
in  42  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  II,  No.  41  (13  pts.);  also  40  Cong. 
3  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  No.  15;  41  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Misc. 
Docs.,  No.  12;  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  No.  58;  House  Reports,  I, 
No.  16;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  V,  No.  154;  42  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate 
Reports,  No.  i  (outrages  in  Southern  states);  House  Misc.  Docs., 
Nos.  3,  21,  35;  2  sess.,  House  Exec.  Docs.,  X,  No.  209;  House  Re 
ports,  I,  Nos.  15,  22,  IV,  No.  92;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  211 ; 
3  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  I,  No.  357,  II,  No.  457;  43  Cong,  i  sess., 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  II,  No.  51;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  XVI,  No.  229; 
House  Reports,  IV,  No.  732;  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  Nos.  13,  17; 
House  Reports,  I,  No.  2,  II,  Nos.  101,  127,  V,  No.  261,  VI,  No.  262, 
IV,  No.  265;  44  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  III,  No.  527;  2  sess., 
Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  2;  Senate  Reports,  II,,No.  611;  Senate  Misc. 
Docs.,  II,  No.  14,  VI,  No.  48:  House  Exec.  Docs.,  IX,  No.  30; 
House  Reports,  I,  No.  156;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  Ill,  No.  31,  VII, 
No.  35  ;  45  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  V,  No.  52  (digest  of 
election  cases,  1871-1876);  Statutes  at  Large,  XVI,  3,  6,  7,  40, 
59,  62,  140-146,  363,  433-440,  XVII,  13,  142,  348,  XVIII,  335, 
XXI,  113;  Revised  Statutes  (1878  ed.),  32  (the  above  are  in  sub 
stance  with  references  in  Wm.  McDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  79- 
85,  89,  91,  92,  94,  95,  99,  104);  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and 
Papers,  VII.  —  CONSTITUTIONAL  ASPECTS  (§  241).  —  DESCRIP 
TIONS  AND  REMINISCENCES:  Francis  B.  Leigh,  Ten  Years  on  a 
Georgia  Plantation;  W.  A.  Allen,  Governor  Chamberlain's  Administra 
tion  (S.  C.);  W.  L.  Clowes,  Black  America;  R.  H.  Gillet,  Democracy 
in  the  United  Stales,  297-376;  H.  R.  Helper,  The  Negroes;  Ed.  King, 
Great  South,  or  Southern  Slates;  J.  A.  Leland,  Voice  from  South  Caro 
lina;  R.  G.  McClellan,  Republicanism  in  America;  Chas.  Nordhoff, 
Cotton  Stales  in  1875;  J.  S.  Pike,  The  Prostrate  State  (S.  C.);  J.  S. 
Reed,  Old  South  and  the  New;  A.  W.  Tourgee,  Fool's  Errand,  and 
Bricks  without  Straw,  and  Appeal  to  Ccesar  (fiction  by  a  carpet 
bagger);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  §§  155-157;  J-  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years,  II,  chs.  xvi-xix,  xxi,  xxiii,  xxv,  xxvi;  G.  F.  Hoar, 
Autobiography,  I,  chs.  xv-xviii.  —  EDUCATION,  CHURCHES,  AND 
NEGRO  RELIEF:  W.  L.  Fleming,  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruc 
tion,  II,  chs.  ix,  x;  reports  of  Freedmen's  Aid  Societies;  reports  of 
state  superintendents  of  education. 

Bibliography.  —  (See  also  §  241.)  —  W.  E.  Du  Bois,  Select  Bibli- 


498  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§243 

ography  of  the  American  Negro,  and  Select  Bibliography  of  the  Negro 
American;  P.  S.  Peirce,  Freedmen's  Bureau,  175-191;  Southern 
Society  for  the  Study  of  Race  Conditions,  Race  Problems,  224-240; 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List  of  References  on  the  Negro  Question; 
J.  A.  Tillinghast,  Negro  in  Africa  and  America,  229-231 ;  Wellford 
Addis,  Bib liography  of  Negro  Education  (Commissioner  of  Education, 
Report,  1893-1894,  I,  1038). 

§  243.  Financial  Reconstruction,  1865-1872 

Summary.  —  1865,  Civil  War  debt  (§  237);  forms  of  taxation; 
banking  systems.  —  1865,  Revenue  Commission.  —  1865,  March  3, 
Act  levying  tax  on  state  bank  circulation;  1865,  Dec.,  Secretary 
McCulloch's  report;  Dec.  18,  House  resolution  to  retire  green 
backs;  inflated  prices;  theories  of  resumption  of  specie  payment.  — 
1866-1870,  Reductions  of  internal  revenue  taxes.  —  1866,  April  12, 
Funding  and  contraction  act;  1868,  Feb.  4,  repeal  of  contraction; 
"  Ohio  idea,"  payment  of  bonds  in  currency.  —  1868,  Presidential 
campaign:  financial  issues;  Republican  victory.  —  1869,  March  18, 
Public-credit  act;  1870,  July  14,  1871,  Jan.  20,  refunding  acts.  — 
Question  of  constitutionality  of  greenbacks:  1870,  Feb.  7,  Chief 
Justice  Chase's  adverse  decision  (Hepburn  v.  Griswold);  enlarge 
ment  of  court;  1871,  May  i,  Knox  v.  Lee  (constitutional);  1884, 
March  3,  Juilliard  v.  Greenman.  —  Gold  purchases;  1869,  Sept. 
24,  Black  Friday.  —  Tariff:  1866-1870,  Wells's  revenue  commis 
sion  reports;  1865-1867,  tariff  debates;  1867,  March  2,  wool  and 
woolens  tariff  act;  western  opposition;  1870,  July  14,  general 
tariff  act;  1872,  June  6,  tariff  act,  slight  reductions;  later  tariffs 
(§  249).  —  1870,  July  14,  Reduction  of  income  tax.  —  1872,  Presi 
dential  campaign  (§  249):  division  of  Liberal  Republicans  and 
Democrats  on  the  tariff;  Republican  financial  platform;  labor 
reform  convention.  —  Later  problems  (§  252). 

General. —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  VI,  158-167,  215-233,  236- 
280;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  27,  129,  I3i-i33>  ^36-141,  177, 
T93>  I9S>  T965  !99)  220-225;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  16,  30- 
32,  40-45,  64-67;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  819-825, 
857-860,  897-899;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  338-343; 
K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  285-288;  McLaughlin  and 
Hart,  Cyclopedia,  article  Legal  Tender  Controversy. 


§243]  FINANCIAL   RECONSTRUCTION  499 

Special.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  142-157,  163-168; 
A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  American  Finance,  1-18;  T.  E.  Burton, 
John  Sherman,  chs.  viii-x;  Francis  Fessenden,  W.  P.  Fessenden, 
II,  103-108,  289-325;  W.  D.  Foulke,  Morton,  IT,  13,  65-102;  Wm. 
Salter,  /.  W.,  Grimes,  304-318,  325-327,  333~335,  363,  364;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Chase,  chs.  xi,  xv.  —  FUNDING:  R.  A.  Bayley,  National 
Loans,  91-94,  152-171;  W.  F.  DeKnight,  Currency  and  Loans,  26, 
27,  98-109,  120-208  passim;  J.  S.  Gibbons,  National  Loans;  W.  A. 
Richardson,  Practical  Information  concerning  the  Public  Debt.  — 
MONEY:  J.  J,  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  ch.  xi;  Horace  White, 
Money  and  Banking  (3d  ed.),  121-139,  150-153;  J.  L.  Laughlin, 
Bimetallism,  ch.  vi;  Report  of  the  Monetary  Commission  of  the  Indian 
apolis  Convention,  202-204,  4I4~422J  W.  C.  Mitchell,  Gold  Prices 
and  Wages  under  the  Greenback  Standard;  J.  K.  Upton,  Money  in 
Politics,  ch.  xiv,  xv;  C.  J.  Bullock,  Monetary  History,  pt.  i,  ch.  vii; 
M.  S.  Wlldman,  Money  Inflation,  ch.  v.  —  CONSTITUTIONALITY 
OF  GREENBACKS:  J.  B.  Thayer,  Legal  Tender  (Harvard  Law  Review, 
I,  73) ;  E.  J.  James,  Legal  Tender  Decisions;  D.  H.  Chamberlain  and 
T.  H.  Talbot,  Legal  Tender  Decision  of  1884  (Am.  Law  Review, 
XVIII,  410,  618);  W.  C.  Ford,  Legal  Tender  Decision  (Princeton 
Review,  Sept.,  1884,  123);  J.  B.  Harrison,  The  Nationals  (Atlantic, 
XLII,  521);  H.  H.  Neill,  Legal  Tender  Question  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 
I,  250) ;  B.  T.  De  Witt,  Legal  Tender  Laws  (ibid.,  XV,  96).  — 
BANKING  AND  INDEPENDENT  TREASURY:  J.  J.  Knox,  Banking  in  the 
United  States,  101-113,  137-141,  270-273,  295-297.  —  TAXATION 
AND  TARIFF:  F.  C.  Howe,  Internal  Revenue  System,  chs.  iii-vii; 
F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  171-229;  E.  Stan  wood,  American 
Tariff  Controversies,  II,  chs.  xiv,  xv;  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  Tariff  in  Our 
Times,  chs.  ii,  iii;  C.  W.  Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff, 
ch.  vii;  J.  D.  Goss,  Tariff  Administration,  ch.  iv. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Globe  and  Congressional  Documents, 
40-42  Congs.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VI,  VII; 
Report  on  the  Finances  (annual,  1865-1872);  A.  P.  Andrew,  Financial 
Diagrams,  and  Statistics  for  the  United  States,  1867-1909;  National 
Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  191-209,  365-376, 
525-530,  648-657;  C.  F.  Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  199- 
210;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1865-1872).  —  CASES:  Lane 
County  v.  Oregon  (1869):  7  Wallace,  71;  Emlin  McClain,  Cases, 
40.  —  Pacific  Insurance  Co.  v.  Soule  (1869):  7  Wallace,  433.— 
Veazie  Bank  v.  Fenno  (1870):  8  Wallace,  533;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases, 
1334;  McClain,  Cases,  222;  C.  E.  Boyd,  Cases,  56.  —  Hepburn  v. 
Griswold  (1870):  8  Wallace,  603;  Thayer,  Cases,  2222;  Boyd,  Cases, 


500  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§244 

118.  —  Legal  Tender  cases  (1871):  12  Wallace,  ^^ ;  Thayer,  Cases, 
2237;  McClain,  Cases,  442;  Boyd,  Cases,  136. — Scholey  v.  Rew 
(1875):  23  Wallace,  331.  —  Springer  v.  United  States  (1881):  102 
U.S.,  586;  Thayer,  Cases,  1321;  Boyd,  Cases,  85.  —  Juilliard  v. 
Greenman  (1884):  no  U.S.,  421;  Thayer,  Cases,  2255;  McCJain, 
Cases,  442;  Boyd,  Cases,  157.  —  TARIFF:  R.  G.  Proctor,  Tariff 
Ads,  1789-1897  (House  Docs.,  55  Cong.  2  sess.,  LXXII,  No.  562); 
J.  S.  Morrill,  Tariff  on  Imports  (Senate  Reports,  48  Cong,  i  sess., 
I,  No.  12);  Ed.  Young,  Customs-Tariff  Legislation,  pp.  cxxxviii- 
cxcviii;  D.  A.  Wells,  Reports  of  the  Revenue  Commission  (1867-1870), 
and  Recent  Financial  Experiences  of  the  United  States  (Cobden  Club 
Essays,  2d  ser.,  457).  See  also  periodicals  as  listed  in  "  Bibliography  " 
below.  —  REMINISCENCES:  H.  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures,  170- 
180,  193-221,  234-257;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  xxxiii, 
xxxv,  xxxvi;  J.  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  chs.  xvii,  xx,  xxi. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  pp.  ix-xxvii, 
§§  141,  153,  162. 

§  244.  Foreign  Relations,  1865-1885 

Summary.  —  Earlier  foreign  relations  (§  238).  —  The  French  in 
Mexico  (§  238):  1866,  intervention  of  United  States;  1867,  with 
drawal  of  French  troops.  —  1867,  March  30,  Purchase  of  Alaska. 
—  Isthmian  negotiations  (§  257).  —  England:  Alabama  claims 
(§  238);  1866,  Fenian  movement;  1869,  April  13,  Senate's  rejec 
tion  of  the  Johnson  treaty,  Sumner's  speech;  1871,  May  8,  Treaty 
of  Washington;  1872,  Sept.  14,  Geneva  award;  Oct.  21,  San  Juan 
arbitration  decision;  1877,  Halifax  Commission.  —  Right  of  ex 
patriation;  1868,  Feb.  22,  German  (typical)  naturalization  con 
vention. —  West  Indies:  1867,  Danish  West  Indies  question; 
1869-1870,  Santo  Domingo  question.  —  1868-1878,  Cuban  insur 
rection:  1873,  Virginius  incident.  —  Orient  and  Chinese  exclusion 
question  (§  268).  —  Elaine's  South  American  policy:  1881,  Chili- 
Peru  wars.  —  1875,  Jan.  30,  Hawaiian  reciprocity  treaty  (§  253). 
—  Later  foreign  relations  (§  263). 

General.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  ch.  x;  E.  E.  Sparks, 
National  Development,  147-150,  202-250;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, 
VI,  chs.  xxxv,  xxxviii,  VII,  29-36;  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V, 
40-44,  67-72;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  46-56,  87-95,  409-411; 
T.  C.  Smith,  Expansion  after  the  War,  1865-1871  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 


§244]  FOREIGN    RELATIONS  501 

XVI,  412);  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  Stales,  II,  875-888;  J.  W. 
Foster,  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  xi;  J.  B.  Henderson, 
American  Diplomatic  Questions,  389-406;  W.  F.  Johnson,  Century 
of  Expansion,  ch.  vii;  W.  E.  Curtis,  United  States  and  Foreign 
Powers,  chs.  ix,  xv. 

Special.  —  MEXICO:  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II,  ch.  xl;  C.  A.  Duni- 
way,  Reasons  for  the  Withdrawal  from  Mexico  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc., 
Report,  1902,  I,  312);  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and  Spanish 
America,  ch.  vi;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Mexico,  VI,  chs.  i-xii;  Paul  Gaulot, 
La  Verite  sur  I* Expedition  du  Mexique;  T.  B.  Edgington,  Monroe 
Doctrine,  ch.  xv.  —  ALASKA  (§  198):  F.  Bancroft,  Seward,  II,  ch. 
xlii;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Alaska,  ch.  xxviii.  —  CUBA  AND  WEST  INDIES: 
F.  E.  Chad  wick,  United  States  and  Spain,  I,  chs.  xiv-xix;  J.  M.  Cal- 
lahan,  Cuba  and  International  Relations,  350-452;  E.  L.  Pierce, 
Sumner,  IV,  328,  329,  425-487;  J.  Parton,  Danish  Islands.  —  GREAT 
BRITAIN:  J.  B.  Moore,  Arbitrations,  I,  495-702,  712-723,  V,  4639- 
4685;  C.  F.  Adams,  Lee  at  Appomattox,  No.  2,  and  C.  F.  Adams, 
chs.  xvii-xix;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Sumner,  IV,  160-168,  383-401,  488- 
491;  D.  H.  Chamberlain,  Charles  Sumner  and  the  Treaty  of 
Washington ;  Andrew  Lang,  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  I,  ch.  xii; 
Edmond  Fitzmaurice,  Earl  Granville,  II,  ch.  iii;  John  Morley, 
Gladstone,  II,  ch.  ix;  Caleb  Gushing,  Treaty  of  Washington;  J.  C. 
B.  Davis,  Mr.  Fish  and  the  Alabama  Claims;  T.  W.  Balch,  Alabama 
Arbitration. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Globe  and  Congressional  Record,  39- 
49  Congs.;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  40,  67  (pp. 
193-197),  104  (PP-  464-467),  390-4oo,  475,  907,  957-959;  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence  and  Foreign  Relations  (1865-1885);  W.  M. 
Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agreements;  Gideon  Welles,  Diary, 
II,  III  (see  index  by  name  of  countries);  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
IV,  §§  174-177.  —  MEXICO:  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  40  Cong,  i  sess., 
No.  20;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  40  Cong.  2  sess.,  VII,  No.  25.  —  SANTO 
DOMINGO:  A.  D.  White,  Autobiography,  I,  chs.  ix,  xi,  xxviii;  S.  G. 
Howe,  Letters  and  Journals,  II,  ch.  xviii. 

Bibliography.  —  General  Index  to  Foreign  Relations,  1861-1899; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations,  241-293,  and  Manual,  §§  54  (tect-  86), 
83,  84;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  355,  356;  J.  B.  Moore, 
Arbitrations,  I,  682;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Alaska,  pp.  xxiii-xxxviii; 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  relating  to  Cuba,  and  List  of  Books  on 
Danish  West  Indies,  and  List  of  References  on  International  Arbi 
tration,  101;  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  260-* 
273;  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  356. 


502  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§245 


§  245.  Development  of  the  Mining  Frontier,  1859-1876 

Summary.  —  Early  conditions  in  California  (§  216);  1855,  hy 
draulic  mining  in  California;  1859,  mining  rushes  to  Pike's  Peak, 
Colorado;  Corns  tock  Lode  (Virginia  City,  Nevada);  Arizona 
mines;  1860-1861,  Idaho  (Lewiston);  1862-1864,  western  Mon 
tana  (Virginia  City,  Helena);  1867,  Wyoming  mines;  1875,  Black 
Hills.  —  Emigration  from  Pacific  coast  (eastward  frontier  exten 
sion)  and  across  the  plains.  —  Mining  territories  (§  203):  1859, 
"  State  of  Jefferson  "  (Colorado);  1861,  Feb.  28,  Colorado  Terri 
tory;  March  2,  Nevada  Territory;  March  2,  Dakota  Territory; 

1863,  Feb.    24,   Arizona  Territory;    March  3,   Idaho  Territory; 

1864,  Oct.  31,  admission  of  Nevada  (§  239);    1864,  May  26,  Mon 
tana  Territory;   1868,  July  25,  Wyoming  Territory;   1876,  Aug.  i, 
adrnission  of  Colorado  (38th).  —  Mining  camp  traits.  —  Influences 
of  new  gold  in  Civil  War.  —  Rise  of  the  silver  question  (§252). 

General. —  F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frohlier,  chs.  ix,  x; 
E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  ii ;  C.  M.  Harvey, 
Trail  of  the  Argonauts  (Atlantic,  CVIII,  115);  T.  C.  Smith,  Expan 
sion  after  the  Civil  War  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XVI,  412);  N.  S.  Shaler, 
United  States,  I,  chs.  vi,  viii;  Jos.  Schafer,  Pacific  Northwest,  260- 
270:  C.  H.  Shinn,  Story  of  the  Mine;  E.  S.  Meade,  Story  of  Gold. 

Special.  — T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  II,  bk.  vii,  ch.  vii,  III,  bk. 
viii;  Eliot  Lord,  Comstock  Mining  and  Miners  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Monographs,  IV);  Williams  and  Wheeler,  Mining  in  Montana; 
T.  J.  Dimsdale,  Vigilantes  of  Montana;  N.  P.  Langford,  Vigilante 
Days  and  Ways;  K.  B.  Judson,  Montana;  C.  P.  Connolly,  Story  of 
Montana  (McClure's  M ag.,  XXVII,  346);  H.  A.  V.  Ferguson,  Fort 
Benton  Memories;  H.  M.  Chittenden,  Early  Steamboat  Navigation 
on  the  Missouri,  II;  A.  M.  Hough,  Establishment  of  our  Mission  in 
Montana;  L.  E.  Munson,  Pioneer  Life  (Jour,  of  Am.  Hist.,  I,  97, 
Montana),  and  Montana  as  it  Was  and  as  it  Is  (New  Englander,  LI, 
96);  J.  Mullan,  Miners'  and  Travelers'  Guide;  John  Hailey,  Idaho; 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  VII.  ch.  xxi,  and  Washington,  Idaho, 
and  Montana,  and  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  and  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico;  F.  L.  Paxson.  Boundaries  of  Colorado  (Univ.  of 
Col.,  Studies,  II,  87),  and  Territory  of  Jefferson  (ibid.,  Ill,  15),  and 
Territory  of  Colorado  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XII,  53):  J.  C.  Smiley, 
Denver;  David  Boyd,  Greeley  and  Union  Colony  of  Colorado ;  Doane 


§245]  MINING   FRONTIER  503 

Robinson,   South   Dakota,  chs.  xxiv,  xxv;    Annie  D.  Tallent,  Black 
Hills. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Globe  and  Congressional  Record  and  Con 
gressional  Documents,  37-44  Congs.;  H.  Gannett,  Boundaries  (3d 
ed.);  Organic  Acts  for  the  Territories;  population  statistics  in  Census 
Reports,  1860-1870,  also  Ninth  Census,  Statistical  Abstract,  and 
Twelfth  Census,  Statistical  Atlas,  plates  10,  n;  publications  of  state 
historical  societies  (§  45),  reached  by  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report, 
1905,  II;  state  documents  (§  43),  reached  by  R.  R.  Bowker,  State 
Publications,  and  by  A.  R.  Hasse,  Index  (§  24);  American  Annual 
Cyclopedia  (1861-1876);  Census  Bureau,  Special  Report  on  Mines 
and  Quarries  (1902);  U.  S.  Mint,  Reports  (1859-1876),  and  Report 
on  the  Production  of  Precious  Metals  (1880);  Home  Missionary 
(1860-1876) ;  R.  W.  Raymond,  Mining  Industry  of  the  Rocky  Moun 
tains,  and  Statistics  of  Mines  and  Mining;  J.  R.  Browne,  Mineral 
Resources  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (1868),  and  Resources  of  the 
Pacific  Slope  (1869);  W.  A.  Jones,  Report  upon  the  Reconnaissance 
of  Northwestern  Wyoming;  J.  C.  Ives,  Report  upon  the  Colorado 
River.  —  FAR  WESTERN  DESCRIPTIONS:  Clarence  King,  Moun 
taineering  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  especially  ch.  xiv;  Alex  Majors, 
Seventy  Years  on  the  Frontier;  W.  M.  Stewart,  Reminiscences,  chs. 
xiv-xvii;  W.  A.  Bell,  New  Tracts  in  North  America;  J.  H.  Beadle, 
Undeveloped  West,  and  Western  Wilds;  H.  Greeley,  Overland  Jour 
ney;  Samuel  Bowles,  Across  the  Continent,  and  Our  New  West; 
A.  D.  Richardson,  Beyond  the  Mississippi,  and  Our  New  States  and 
Territories;  H.  H.  Hall,  Great  West;  W.  A.  Goulder,  Reminiscences 
(Oregon  and  Idaho);  F.  C.  Young,  Across  the  Plains  in  '65;  R.  F. 
Burton,  City  of  the.  Saints;  S.  L.  Clemens  (Mark  Twain),  Roughing 
It;  C.  L.  Youngblood,  Ten  Years  on  the  Plains;  H.  A  Boiler, 
Among  the  Indians;  John  Codman,  Round  Trip;  A.  S.  Duniway, 
From  the  West  to  the  West;  F.  Vry,. Traveler's  Guide;  D.  S.  Tuttle, 
Reminiscences  of  a  Missionary  Bishop;  A.  K.  McClure,  Three  Thou 
sand  Miles  through  the  Rocky  Mountains;  H.  N.  Maguire,  Resources 
of  Montana  (1868),  and  New  Map  and  Guide  to  Dakota  and  the  Black 
Hills  (1877);  Wm.  Ludlow,  Report  of  a  Reconnaissance  of  the  Black 
Hills  (1874)  ;  Chas.  Prosch,  Reminiscences  of  Washington  Territory; 
C.  J.  Steedman,  Bucking  the  Sage  Brush;  F.  M.  Thompson,  Complete 
Guide  to  the  New  Gold  Regions;  J.  C.  Van  Tramp,  Prairie  and  Rocky 
Mountain  Adventures;  Robt.  Vaughn,  Then  and  Now;  Frances  A 
Victor,  Eleven  Years  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  The  River  of  the 
West:  Granville  Stuart,  Montana  (1865)  ;  R.  E.  Strahorn,  Hand 
book  of  Wyoming  (1877);  W.  A.  Baillie-Grohman,  Camps  in  the 


504  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§246 

Rockies;  Wm.  Wright  (Dan  de  Quille),  Big  Bonanza:  G.  T.  Ingham, 
Digging  Gold  among  the  Rockies;  Frank  Fossett,  Colorado  (1876); 
Ernest  Ingersoll,  Camp  of  the  Carbonates  (Scribner's  Monthly, 
XVIII,  801,  Col.) ;  A.  A.  Hayes,  Grub  Stakes  and  Millions  (Harper's 
Mag.,  LX,  380,  Col.);  J.  W.  Barclay,  Colorado  (Fortnightly  Review, 
XXXIII,  119);  Helen  H.  Jackson,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  XLIII,  567, 
LII,  753,  and  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  XV,  386,  XVI,  55. 

Bibliography.  —  C.  W.  Smith,  Check-list  relating  to  the  Pacific 
Northwest;  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Works  (footnotes  and  bibliographies); 
J.  N".  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History,  389-394;  Am.  Hist. 
Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  II  (index  under  the  various  states  by  name,  and 
"  Gold,"  "  Gold  Rushes,"  etc.) ;  Poolers  Index  and  supplements, 
and  Readers'  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature  (s.v.  "  Frontier"  and 
"  Pioneer  Life,"  "  Mining,"  etc.);  W.  R.  Crane,  Index  of  Mining 
Engineering  Literature  (s.v.  "Districts"). 

§  246.  Continental  Railroads,  1861-1872 

Summary.  —  Earlier  history  of  railroads  (§  201).  —  Pacific 
railroads:  1819-1846,  projects;  1850-1862,  sectional  rivalry  over 
route;  1853-1855,  surveys;  overland  mail  and  pony  express; 
1862-1871,  congressional  charters,  land  grants,  and  bonds  to 
Central  Pacific,  Union  Pacific,  Kansas  Pacific,  Northern  Pacific, 
Southern  Pacific,  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  Texas  Pacific,  etc.;  1864, 
July  2,  Pacific  Railway  act;  1865,  1866,  amendments;  1864- 
1869,  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific  and  Union  Pacific  rail 
roads;  rivalry  of  the  roads;  Huntington,  Stanford,  Crocker, 
Hopkins;  government's  relations;  bonds;  Credit  Mobilier  (§  249). 
—  Extension  of  the  middle  western  railroads  to  the  prairies.  — 
Development  of  trunk  lines.  —  Later  history  (§§  250,  259,  260). 

General.  —  F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  chs.  xi-xiii, 
xix;  E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  iii;  W.  G. 
Brown,  Tenth  Decade  (Atlantic,  XCVI,  31);  W.  A.  Dunning,  Recon 
struction,  7,  144-146,  225-227;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History, 
ch.  xxii. 

Special.  —  OVERLAND  STAGE:  F.  A.  Root,  and  W.  E.  Connelley, 
Overland  Stage  to  California;  Alex.  Majors,  Seventy  Years  on  the 
Frontier;  A.  L.  Stimson,  Express  Btisiness,  chs.  xix,  xx;  C.  F.  Lum- 
mis,  Pioneer  Transportation  in  America  (McClure's  Mag.,  XXV,  561, 
XXVI,  81) ;  W.  F.  Bailey,  Pony  Express  (Century,  XXXIV,  882).  — 


§247]  CONTINENTAL    RAILROADS  505 

PACIFIC  RAILROADS:  L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways, 
I,  234-269,  II,  49-114;  J.  P.  Davis,  Union  Pacific  Railway;  H.  K. 
White,  Union  Pacific  Railroad;  F.  A.  Cleveland  and  F.  W.  Powell, 
Railroad  Promotion,  chs.  xv,  xvi;  F.  L.  Paxson,  Pacific  Railroads  and 
Disappearance  of  the  Frontier  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  I, 
105);  C.  E.  Russell,  in  Hampton's  Magazine,  XXIV,  XXV  passim; 
Pacific  Monthly,  XIX,  13-27,  201-214,  XX,  67-75,  213-221; 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Chronicles  of  the  Builders,  V,  VI,  and  California, 
VII. -- MIDDLE  WESTERN  RAILROADS  (§  250):  W.  K.  Ackerman, 
Illinois  Central;  Yesterday  and 'To-day  (Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railway);  J.  W.  Gary,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  Railway 
Company;  H.  G.  Pearson,  An  American  Railroad  Builder  (J.  M. 
Forbes),  ch.  v;  C.  F.  Adams,  Railroads,  80-148;  J.  L.  Ringwalt, 
Development  of  Transportation  Systems,  174-211;  E.  R.  Johnson, 
American  Railway  Transportation,  26-28;  B.  H.  Meyer,  Railway 
Legislation  in  Wisconsin,  1853-1874  (Wis.  Acad.  of  Sciences,  Arts, 
and  Letters,  Transactions,  XII,  337);  F,  H.  Spearman,  Strategy  of 
Great  Railroads;  C.  F.  Adams  and  H.  Adams,  Chapters  of  Erie; 
H.  V.  Poor,  Manual  of  Railroads,  1881,  In  trod. 

Sources.  —  (See  also  §§  201,  250.)  —  42  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Exec. 
Docs.,  XII,  No.  213;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  228  (N.  P.  Ry.); 
3  sess.,  House  Reports,  II,  Nos.  77  (Credit  Mobilier),  78  (U.  P.  R.  R.); 
Pacific  Railway  Commission,  Report  (50  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec. 
Docs.,  No.  51);  Pacific  Railroad,  Congressional  Proceedings  in  the 
37//z,  3&th,  and  ^ist  Congresses  (Westchester,  Pa.,  1875);  Apps.  to 
Annual  Reports  of  Commissioner  of  .  Railroads  (federal  statutes); 
G.  M.  Dodge,  How  we  Built  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad;  H.  V.  Poor, 
Manual  of  Railroads  (1868-1872);  reports  of  the  various  railroad 
companies;  periodicals,  reached  by  "Bibliography"  below. 

Bibliography.  —  (See  also  §  250.)  —  Cleveland  and  Powell, 
Railroad  Promotion,  295-342;  L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History 
of  Railways,  II,  chs.  vi,  vii,  footnotes;  F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American 
Frontier,  389,  390,  and  Pacific  Railroads,  footnotes;  A.  P.  C.  Grif 
fin,  List  of  Books  relating  to  Railroads;  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report, 
1905,  II  (index,  under  "  Railroads  "):  Superintendent  of  Documents, 
Transportation,  Price  Lists,  No.  25. 

§  247.  Indian  Relations,  1860-1876 

.  Summary.  — Situation  in  1850  (§  216) ;  army  on  the  frontier.  — 
1850-1865,  Indian  wars:  Pacific  Northwest;  Southwest;  Great 
Plains.  —  1866,  Protecting  the  roads  to  the  mine:  Red  Cloud; 


506  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§247 

Spotted  Tail;  Fort  Philip  Kearny;  Fetterman  massacre.  —  Pro 
tecting  the  railroads.  —  1867-1868,  Peace  commissions.  —  1868, 
War  against  Cheyennes  and  Sioux.  —  1868-1869,  Reservations; 
extinction  of  the  buffalo.  —  Indian  problems;  1871,  March  3,  Indian 
act  (wards  of  the  nation).  — 1874-1876,  Black  Hills;  1876, 
June  25,  Custer  massacre.  —  1877,  Chief  Joseph's  retreat.  —  1887, 
Feb.  8,  Dawes  act  (lands  in  severalty). 

General.  —  F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  chs.  ii,  viii, 
xiv-xviii,  xx,  xxi;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  ch.  vii;  C.  T. 
Brady,  Indian  Fights  and  Fighters,  and  Northwestern  Fights  and 
Fighters;  G.  A.  Forsyth,  Story  of  the  Soldier;  J.  M.  Hanson,  Con 
quest  of  the  Missouri. 

Special.  —  L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  ch.  ix;  F.  W. 
Hodge,  Handbook  of  American  Indians;  E.  S.  Curtis,  American 
Indian;  R.  I.  Dodge,  Our  Wild  Indians;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres  of 
the  Mountains;  F.  A.  Walker,  Indian  Question;  G.  W.  Maypenny, 
Our  Indian  Wards;  J.  B.  Harrison,  Latest  Studies  on  Indian  Reserva 
tions;  Jas.  McLaughlin,  My  Friend  'the  Indian:  S.  K.  Humphrey, 
The  Indian  Dispossessed;  H.  H.  Jackson,  Century  of  Dishonor, 
chs.  iii-vii,  App.  i,  iii ;  L.  E.Textor,  Official  Relations  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Sioux  Indians;  Doane  Robinson,  Dakota  or  Sioux 
Indians  (Dakota  Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  II,  pt.  ii;;  I.  V.  D.  Heard, 
Sioux  War;  C.  S.  Bryant,  Great  Massacre  by  the  Sioux  Indians; 
E.  Swift,  Graduates  of  West  Point  in  Indian  Wars  .(Centennial  of 
U.  S.  Military  Academy,  I,  525);  Henry  Howe,  Times  of  the  Rebel 
lion  in  the  West;  United  States  Military  Service  Institution,  Journal 
passim ;  W.  F.  Drannan,  Thirty-one  Years  on  the  Plains,  and  Chief 
of  Scouts,  N.  A.  Miles,  Rounding  up  the  Red  Men  (Cosmopolitan,  LI, 
105);  C.  A.  Eastman,  Story  of  the  Little  Big  Horn  (Chautauquan, 
XXXI,  353);  Hamlin  Harland,  General  Ouster's  Last  Fight  (Mc- 
Clure's  Mag.,  XI,  443);  J.  G.  Bourke,  General  Crook  in  the  Indian 
Country  (Century,  XLI,  643);  A.  J.  Sowell,  Texas  Rangers;  R.  H. 
Williams,  With  the  Border  Ruffians  (Texas  frontier). —  EXTINCTION 
OF  THE  BISON:  W.  T.  Hornaday,  Passing  of  the  Buffalo  (Cosmopoli 
tan,  IV,  85),  and  Extinction  of  the  American  Bison  (Smithsonian 
Institute,  Report,  1887,  II,  367);  L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American 
History,  63  (map) ;  G.  B.  Grinnell,  Last  of  the  Buffalo  (Scribner's 
Mag.,  XII,  267);  T.  L.  Riggs,  Last  Buffalo  Hunt  (Independent; 
LXIII,  32);  J.  A.  Allen,  American  Bisons  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  gth 
Annual  Report}. 


§248]  INDIAN   RELATIONS  507 

Sources.  —  Public  documents  are  listed  in  Superintendent  of 
Documents,  Indians,  Price  Lists,  No. -24;  Bureau  of  Ethnology, 
1 8th  Annual  Report,  pt.  ii  (cessions) ;  C.  J.  Kappler,  Indian  Affairs. 
Laws  and  Treaties;  annual  reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs,  of  the  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners,  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  of  the  Bureau  of  Engineers  for  this  period;  F.  B.  Heitman, 
Historical  Register  of  the  United  States  Army;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres 
of  the  Mountains  (list  of  Congressional  documents  at  pp.  757-764); 
Record  of  Engagements  .with  Hostile  Indians  within  the  Military  Divi 
sion  of  the  Missouri  from  1868  to  1882;  J.  G.  Bourke,  On  the  Border 
with  Crook;  Chas.  King,  Campaigning  with  Crook;  N.  A.  Miles, 
Personal  Recollections,  chs.  x-xxj  ;  P.  H.  Sheridan,  Personal  Memoirs, 
II,  chs.  xii-xiv;  W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs  (2d  ed.),  II,  410-414, 
434-437;  Sherman  Letters,  287-291,  296,  317-322;  G.  A.  Custer, 
My  Life  on  the  Plains;  Elizabeth  B.  Custer,  Tenting  on  the  Plains, 
and  Boots  and  Saddles,  and  Following  the  Guidon,  and  The  Boy  Gen 
eral;  Martha  Summerhayes,  Vanished  Arizona:  Recollections  of 
the  Army  Life  of  a  New  England  Woman;  Mrs.  H.  B.  Carrington, 
Ab-sa-ra-ka;  H.  M.  Stanley,  My  Early  Travels,  I ;  O.  O.  Howard, 
Nez  Perce  Joseph,  and  My  Life  and  Experiences  among  our  Hostile 
Indians;  R.  W.  Johnson,  A  Soldier's  Reminiscences;  J.  R.  Browne, 
Adventures  in  the  Apache  Country  (1863-1864);  J.  F.  Finerty,  War 
Path  and  Bivouac  (Sioux);  F.  M.  Hans,  Great  Sioux  Nation;  W.  F. 
Cody,  Adventures  of  Buffalo  Bill,  and  Story  of  the  Wild  West,  and 
True  Tales  of  the  Plains;  E.  E.  White,  Service  on  Indian  Reservations; 
D.  C.  Poole,  Am,ong  the  Sioux  (Indian  agent) ;  H.  B.  Whipple, 
Lights  and  Shadows  of  a  Long  Episcopate,  chs.  iii-xvi,  xxi-xxvi; 
M.  A.  D.  W.  Howe,  Bishop  Hare;  J.  H.  Taylor,  Frontier  and  In 
dian  Life,  and  Kaleidoscopic  Lives. 

Bibliography.  —  F.  W.  Hodge,  Handbook  of  American  Indians, 
II,  1179-1221;  E.  Swift,  in  Centennial  of  the  Military  Academy, 
583-585;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres  of  the  Mountains,  757-764;  Am. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  II  (index,  under  "  Indians,"  "  Army," 
names  of  officers,  Indian  chiefs,  tribes,  battles,  etc.) ;  Poolers  Index, 
similarly. 

§  248.  Lands  and  Western  Agriculture,  1862-1880 

Summary.  —  Earlier  history  (§§  201,  202,  208,  220,  229).  — 
Sectional  and  class  contests  over  public  lands:  1850,  Sept.  20,  first 
railroad  land  grant  (Illinois  Central);  1854,  Aug.  4,  Graduation 
act;  1862,  May  20,  Homestead  act;  1862,  July  2,  Morrill  Land 


508  RECONSTRUCTION,  1865-1872  [§248 

Grant  act  for  agricultural  colleges;  1873,  March  3,  Timber  Culture 
act;  1877,  March  3,  Desert  Land  act;  1878,  June  3,  Timber  and 
Stone  act.  —  Evasions;  1879,  Land  Commission.  —  Railroad  land 
sales.  —  Middle  Western  development:  1860-1880,  agricultural 
growth;  prairie  pioneering;  agricultural  machinery;  extension  of 
wheat  culture;  growth  of  North  Central  states  in  population  and 
political  power;  Granger  movement  (§250). — Internal  com 
merce. —  Later  history  (§§  259,  260,  264). 

General. — •  E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  i; 
E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  ch.  xx ;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  His 
tory  (rev.  ed.),  294-297,  306.  307;  W.  C.  Edgar,  Story  of  a  Grain  of 
Wheat,  chs.  viii,  xi;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII, 
719,  720;  F.  J.  Turner,  Middle  West  (Internal.  Monthly,  IV,  808). 

Special.  —  LAND:  S.  Sato,  Land  Question,  168-181;  C.  R.  Van 
Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  280-292;  R.  T.  Hill,  Public 
Domain  and  Democracy,  chs.  ii,  vii,  viii;  J.  B.  Sanborn.  Congressional 
Grants  of  Land  in  Aid  of  Railways,  chs.  ii-iv,  and  Political  Aspects 
of  Homestead  Legislation  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  VI,  IQ);  L.  H.  Haney, 
Congressional  History  of  Railways,  II.  13-33;  B-  Terry,  Die  Heim- 
stdtten-Gesetz-  Bewegung  (Deutsch-Amerikanische  Gcschichtsbldtter, 
II,  III);  J.  R.  Commons,  Documentary  History  of  American  Indus 
trial  Society,  VII,  29-36,  285-364,  VIII,  21-78,  IX.  46-51;  T.  J. 
Middleton,  Andrew  Johnson  and  the  Homestead  Law  (Sewanee  Review, 
XV,  316):  E.  J.  James,  Origin  of  the  Land  Grant  Act  of  1862;  L.  H. 
Bailey,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  IV,  ch.  v.  —  AGRICUL 
TURE,  L.  H.  Bailey,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  IV,  espe 
cially  64-69,  108-125;  C.  L.  Flint,  Hundred  Years1  Progress  (Com 
missioner  of  Agri.,  Report,  1872,  274);  G.  K.  Holmes,  Progress  of 
Agriculture  (Dept.  of  Agri.,  Yearbook,  1899,  3°7)i  G.  B.  Loring, 
American  Agriculture  (Mass.  Board  of  Agri.,  ^6lh  Annual  Report, 
1888,  308);  H.  W.  Quaintance,  Influence  of  Farm  Machinery;  H.  N. 
Casson,  Romance  of  the  Reaper;  Max  Bering,  Die  Landwirth- 
schaftliche  Konkurrenz  N  ordamerikas ;  H.  C.  Taylor,  maps  of  wheat 
production,  in  World's  Work,  XIX,  12,232-12,237,  and  in  Interna 
tional  Harvester  Co.,  A  Imanac,  1911;  J.  G.  Thompson,  Wheat-Growing 
Industry  in  Wisconsin,  chs.  ii,  iii:  P.  T.  Dondlinger,  Book  of  Wheat; 
C.  W.  Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff,  183-193,  200-205,  245~ 
273;  H.  Gannett,  Gazetteer  of  Kansas  (U.S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bulletin, 
No.  154);  Emily  G.  Balch,  Our  Slavic.  Fellow  Citizens,  343-348; 
J.  Jenkins,  The  Northern  Tier;  D.  W.  Wilder,  Annals  of  Kansas 


§248]  LANDS   AND    AGRICULTURE  509 

(2d  ed.),  310-597  passim;  E.  V.  Smalley,  Isolation  of  Life  on  Prairie 
Farms  (Atlantic,  LXXII,  378) ;  P.  Bigelow,  Bonanza  Farms  (Atlantic, 
XLV,  33);  M.  H.  Catherwood,  Prairie  Farmer  (Lippincott's  Mag., 
XXV,  706). 

Sources.  —  PUBLIC  DOMAIN  :  T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain  (Pub 
lic  Land  Commission,  Report,  1880);  [Land]  Laws  of  the  United  States 
Local  or  Temporary,  and  Existing  Laws  (House  Misc.  Docs.,  47  Cong- 
2  sess.,  XVI-XVUI);  General  Land  Office,  Reports;  Congressional 
committees'  reports,  etc.,  listed  in  Superintendent  of  Documents, 
Lands,  Price  Lists,  No  20;  Henry  George,  Our  Land  and  Land  Policy, 
and  Progress  and  Poverty.  —  AGRICULTURE  (§  250) :  Reports  of  the 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  and  of  the  state  agricultural 
boards;  volumes  on  agriculture  in  the  reports  of  the  Census  Bureau 
for  1860,  1870,  1880;  Grain  Trade  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin., 
1899-1900,  p.  1957);  Wages  of  Farm  Labor,  1866-1892  (Dept.  of  Agri., 
Division  of  Statistics,  Reports,  No.  4);  reports  of  the  New  York 
Produce  Exchange,  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade,  etc.  See  also  agri 
cultural  newspapers  and  periodicals,  and  state  and  local  histories 

(§  37). 

Bibliography.  —  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  II  (see  index, 
titles  " Agriculture,"  "  Land ;"  etc.):  S.  J.  Buck,  Granger  Movement 
(in  press,  lists  of  agricultural  newspapers,  etc.)  ;  various  indexes  to  the 
publications  of  the  United  States  Agricultural  Department, —  e.g. 
Index  to  Annual  Reports  (1837-1893),  List  of  Publications,  with 
Index  (1862-1902);  G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals. 


CHAPTER   XXX 
POLITICAL   REACTION,    1872-1880 

§  249.  Administrative  Demoralization  and  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  1869-1875 

Summary.  —  Reaction  against  Republican  reconstruction;  1870, 
Missouri  Liberal  revolt;  Carl  Schurz.  —  1868-1872,  Grant's  lax 
administration;  civil  service  reform  movement;  tariff  reduction 
issue  (§  243).  —  1872,  Liberal  Republican  convention;  tariff  issue 
avoided;  Greeley's  nomination  indorsed  by  Democrats;  Grant's 
reelection.  —  Scandals:  1871,  exposure  of  the  Tweed  Ring;  1872- 
1873,  Credit  Mobilier  investigation;  "  salary  grab  ";  "  moiety 
system  ";  1875  "  whiskey  ring  "  scandal;  1876,  Belknap  scandal; 
cabinet  resignations;  1876,  June  5,  -Elaine's  explanation  of  the 
"Mulligan  letters."  -  —  Financial  crisis  of  1873  (§  252).  —  1874, 
"Tidal  wave";  Democratic  House.  —  1875,  Republican  legis 
lation:  Jan.  14,  Resumption  act  (§  252);  March  3,  repeal  of  tariff 
act  of  1872. 

General.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  chs,  xii,  xv,  xviii; 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  VI,  ch.  xxxix,  VII,  1-29,  64-73,  i75-2°6; 
E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  11-16,  23-32,  57-78,  104-109,200- 
205,  230-242;  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  ch.  xxiv;  W.  Wilson,  Amer 
ican  People,  IV,  78-96;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  chs. 
xxxvii,  xxxviii;  A.  K.  McClure,  Our  Presidents,  221-243;  P-  L. 
Ha  worth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  56-72. 

Special.  —  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  IV,  32,  582,  VII, 
391,  XXVII,  720,  721;  J.  B.  Crawford,  Credit,  Mobilier;  Rowland 
Hazard,  Credit  Mobilier;  H.  K.  White,  Union  Pacific  Railway,  73- 
80;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Second  Birth  of  the  Republican  Party  (Am. 
Hist.  Review,  XVI,  56);  Gustavus  Myers,  Tammany  Hall,  chs.  xxv- 
xxvii;  M.  P.  Breen,  Thirty  Years  of  New  York  Politics,  letters  v- 
xliv;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth  (1910  ed.;  index,  under 


§  249  ]  DEMORALIZATION  5 1 1 

"  Corruption,"  "  Rings,"  etc.);  E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies, 
II,  ch.  xiv;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  171-193;  I.  M.  Tarbell, 
Tariff,  71-81.—  CIVIL  SERVICE  (§§  176,  186,  204,  254):  C.  R.  Fish, 
Civil  Service,  206-214;  L.  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power,  87-99; 

A.  B,  Hart,  Actual  Government,  ch.  xvi,  and  Practical  Essays,  No.  4; 
H.    C.   Lodge,    Historical  and    Political    Essays,    114-137.  —  BIOG 
RAPHIES:   H.  Garland,  Grant,  chs.  xliii-xlvi;  O.  J.  Hollister,  Schuyler 
Coif  ax,  chs.  xi-xiv;  E.  Stanwood,  Elaine,  chs.  v,  vi;  C.  Schurz,  Rem 
iniscences,  III,  315-362;    C.  F.    Adams,  Jr.,  C.  F.  Adams,  389-392; 
W.  A.  Linn,  Greeley,  ch.  ix;   M.  Storey,  Sumner,  ch.  xxiv;  J.  H.  Wil 
son,  C.  A.  Dana,  chs.  xxv,  xxvi;    W.  D.  Foulke,  Morton,  II,  chs.  x, 
xii,  xiv;    C.  E.  Hamlin,  Hannibal  Hamlin,  chs.  xxxix,  xl;   John  Bige- 
low,  S.  J.  Tilden,  I,  chs.  viii-x;    A.  B.  Paine,  Th.   Nast,  chs.  xviii- 
xxx ;    G.  S.  Merriam,  Samuel  Bowles,  II,  chs.  xxxvi,  xxxvii,  xxxix, 
xlii ;  Ed.  Gary,  G.  W.  Curtis,  chs.  xv,  xvi ;  Moorfield  Storey  and  E.  W. 
Emerson,  E.  R.  Hoar,  ch.  v;  J.  D.  Cox  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  LXXVI, 
162. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Globe  and  Congressional  Record  and 
Congressional  Documents,  41-44  Congs.;  E.  McPherson,  Handbook 
of  Politics  (1868-1876);  American  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1870-1876); 
Tribune  Almanac;  American  Almanac;  periodicals  (§  40),  especially 
Nation,  Harper's  Weekly,  and  North  American  Review;  newspapers 
(§  41);  J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years,  II,  chs.  xxii,  xxiv;  G.  F.  Hoar, 
Autobiography,  I,  chs.  xxi-xxv;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Reminiscences,  II, 
chs.  xxxvii,  xxxviii;  G.  W.  Julian,  Political  Recollections,  ch.  xv, 
and  Later  Speeches,  1-57,  79-105;  J.  Tilden,  Writings,  I,  467-471, 
483-606,  and  Letters;  J.  A.  Garfield,  Works,  I,  499-519,  II,  30-45; 

B.  P.  Poore,  Perley' s  Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  xxiii-xxvii;  G.  W.  Curtis, 
Orations  and  Addresses,  II,  Nos.  1-4;   J.  R.  Lowell,  Political  Essays, 
295-326;    A.  D.  White,  Autobiography,  I,  159-181;    R.  Brinkerhoff, 
Recollections,    chs.    xvi,    xvii.  —  CORRUPTION:    42    Cong.    3    sess., 
House  Reports,  II,  Nos.   77,   78,  and  Senate  Reports,  III,  No.    519 
(Credit  Mobilier);   44  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Reports,  I,  Nos.  176,  186, 
II,  No.   345,  V,  No.    784,   VI,    Nos.  789,    7Qi,    793,   VII,   No.    794 J 
House  Misc.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  84,  V,   No.    167,  IX,   No.    186,  X,  No. 
193;  Congressional  Record,  IV,  2724,  2725,  3602-3617  (Blame) ;  [Moor- 
field  Storey],  Elaine's    Record;    J.   McDonald,  Secrets  of  the  Great 
Whiskey  Ring,. 

Bibliography.  —  Good  Government,  XVI,  48  (public  documents  on 
civil  service) ;  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service,  App.  D;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§  no  (lect.  45),  213;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate, 
No.  17;  footnotes  to  Rhodes. 


512  POLITICAL   REACTION,  1872-1880  [§250 

§  250.  Transportation  and  the  Granger  Movement,  1867- 

1877 

Summary.  —  Rapid  agricultural  expansion  of  Middle  West; 
rural  isolation;  slight  share  of  farmers  in  legislation;  deficiency  of 
gold;  competition  of  wheat  soils;  increase  of  production;  decline 
of  agricultural  prices;  mortgages.  —  Railroads:  rapid  extension; 
rates;  capitalization;  cost  of  construction;  discriminations; 
lack  of  effective  public  regulation;  eastern  stockholders  versus 
pioneer  shippers.  —  Grangers:  1867,  Kelley  and  the  Patrons  of 
Husbandry;  1868-1871,  slow  growth;  1872-1874,  rise  to  height; 
1874-1876,  decline;  strongest  in  Mississippi  Valley  and  Pacific 
Northwest;  characteristics  of  granges  and  farmers'  clubs;  co 
operative  enterprises.  —  Granger  demands;  party  fusions;  inde 
pendent  political  action.  —  State  railway  rate  legislation:  regu 
lation  by  commission;  granger  laws.  —  Influence  on  federal  action: 
1874,  April  24,  Windom  report;  1874,  McCrary  bill;  1876,  Hopkins 
bill;  1878,  Feb.  26,  Reagan  report  and  bill.  —  Supreme  Court  deci 
sions  on  power  of  state  to  regulate  common  carriers:  1877,  March  i, 
Munn  ».-  Illinois,  and  Granger  cases.  —  1876-1880,  Railway  re 
ceiverships;  reaction  in  favor  of  railroads.  —  Influence  of  Grangers 
on  later  railway  regulation ;  on  later  reform  programs.  —  Sub 
sequent  farmers'  movements  (§§  256,  262).  —  Relation  to  Cali 
fornia  labor  troubles  (§  268). 

General.  —  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  ch.  xi:  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  (nth  ed.),  X,  181,  182;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction, 
225-229,  264;  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  61-65;  C.  F. 
Adams,  Granger  Movement  (N.  Am.  Review,  CXX,  394);  C.  W. 
Pierson,  Granger  Movement  (Popular  Sci.  Monthly,  XXXII,  199, 
368);  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles  Grangers,  Inter 
state  Commerce  Decisions,  Transportation  (Problems  of  Regulation). 

Special.  —  S.  J.  Buck,  Granger  Movement  (in  press),  and  Inde 
pendent  Parties,  1873-1876  (Turner  Essays,  137),  and  Agricultural 
Organizations  in  Illinois,  1870-1880  (111.  Hist.  Society,  Journal, 
III,  10);  O.  H.  Kelley,  Order  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry;  E.  W.  Mar 
tin,  Grange  Movement;  J.  Perriam,  The  Groundswell;  E.  S.  Carr, 
Patrons  of  Husbandry  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  J.  W.  Darrow,  Patrons 
of  Husbandry;  D.  W.  Aikin,  The  Grange  (Dept.  of  Agri.,  Special 
Reports,  No.  55);  A.  G.  Warner,  Three  Phases  of  Cooperation,  ch.  i; 


§250]  GRANGER   MOVEMENT  513 

H.  B.  Learned,  President's  Cabinet,  ch.  xi;  C.  H.  Greathouse, 
Department  of  Agriculture  (Dept.  of  Agri.;  Division  of  Pubs.,  Bulle 
tin,  No.  3).  —  AGRICULTURAL  DISCONTENT  (§§  259,  260,  262): 
T.  B.  Veblen,  The  Price  of  Wheat  since  1867  (Jour,  of  Political 
Economy,  I,  68);  W.  L.  Fleming,  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in 
Alabama,  710-734;  A.  F.  Bentley,  Condition  of  the  Western  Farmer; 
K.  L.  Butter  field,  Farmers'  Social  Organizations  (Cyclop,  of  Am. 
Agri.,  IV,  280);  J.  R.  Elliott,  American  Farms;  A.  M.  Simons,  Amer 
ican  Farmer,  12-60;  W.  C.  Flagg,  Farmers'  Movement  (Jour.  Soc. 
Sci.,  VI,  100) ;  I.  B.  Ross,  Agrarian  Revolution  (N.  Am.  Review, 
CXC,  376) ;  E.  A.  Pratt,  Organization  of  Agriculture,  ch.  xviii.  — 
RAILROAD  AND  THE  FARMER  (§§  262,  269) :  Cleveland  and  Powell, 
Railroad  Promotion,  chs.  x,  xiv;  L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History 
of  Railways,  II,  21-23,  chs.  xix-xxii ;  E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Rail 
way  Transportation,  ch.  xxv;  S.  F.  Van  Oss,  American  Railroads  as 
Investments,  chs.  iii,  xxx-xxxviii;  B.  H.  Meyer,  Railway  Legislation, 
190-194;  Stuart  Daggett,  Railroad  Reorganization;  A.  D.  Adams, 
Reasonable  Rates  (W.  Z.  Ripley,  Railway  Problems,  ch.  xxiii),  and 
Reasonable  Rates  (Jour,  of  Polit.  Econ.,  XII,  79);  H.  S.  Haines, 
Problems  in  Railway  Regulation,  ch.  iii;  J.  L.  Ringwalt,  Transporta 
tion  Systems,  229-233,  265-269:  W.  W.  Cook,  Corporation  Problem, 
ch.  ii;  C.  F.  Adams,  Railroads,  116-146;  A.  B.  Stickney,  Railway 
Problem,  chs.  viii-x;  Albert  Stickney  State  Control  of  Trade  and 
Commerce,  chs.  iii,  iv:  J.  F  Hudson,  Railways  and  the  Republic, 
ch.  iv;  Wm.  Larrabee,  Railroad  Question,  chs.  x,  xi;  E.  J.  James, 
Agitation  for  Federal  Regulation  of  Railways;  A.  T.  Hadley,  Railroad 
Transportation,  ch.  vii ;  C.  A.  Prouty,  Dependence  of  Agriculture  on 
Transportation  (Mich.  Pol.  Soc.  Assoc.,  Publications,  IV,  116); 
W.  D.  Dabney,  Public  Regulation  of  Railways,  89-281:  H.  C.  Adams, 
Farmer  and  Railway  Legislation  (Century,  XXI,  780);  F.  H.  Dixon, 
State  Railroad  Control,  and  Railroad  Control  in  Nebraska  (Polit.  Sci. 
Quart.,  XII,  617);  A.  G.  Warner,  Railroad  Problems  (ibid.,  VI,  66); 
C.  R.  Aid  rich,  Repeal  of  Granger  Law  (Iowa  Jour,  of  Hist,  and  Poli 
tics,  III,  256);  P.  A.  Dey,  Railroad  Legislation  (Iowa  Hist.  Record, 
IX,  555);  J.  H.  Gordon,  Illinois  Railway  Legislation;  Frank  Hen- 
drick,  Railway  Control  by  Commissions,  ch?.  viii,  xi:  H.  R.  Meyer, 
Government  Regulation  of  Railway  Rates,  pt.  ii;  H.  H.  Swain,  Eco 
nomic  Aspects  of  Railroad  Receiverships,  ch.  ii. 

Sources.  —  (See  also  §§  262,  269.)  —  Many  of  the  special  references 
above  are  contemporaneous.  Congressional  Globe  and  Congressional 
Record,  especially,  Globe,  41  Cong.  2  sess.,  239,  868;  42  Cong.  3 
sess.,  App.,  56;  Record,  II,  1945,  2147,  2427,  2493,  App.,  6,  56,  163; 


514  POLITICAL   REACTION,  1872-1880  [§251 

Report  on  Transportation  Routes  to  the  Seaboard  ("  Windom  report  "; 
Senate  Reports,  43  Cong,  i  sess.,  Ill,  No.  307);  reports  of  state  rail 
way  commissions  (see  R.  R.  Bowker,  State  Publications} ;  J.  R.  Com 
mons,  Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  X,  ch.  vi; 
reports  of  western  state  agricultural  societies  and  boards;  Patrons 
of  Husbandry,  Proceedings  (state  and  national);  railway  reports, 
especially  those  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy,  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul,  and  the  Chicago  Northwestern  for  these 
years;  American  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1872-1876);  Tribune  Almanac 
(1872-1876);  E.  McPherson,  Handbook  (biennial,  1872-1876); 
contemporary  newspapers,  especially  Prairie  Farmer,  Chicago 
Tribune,  American  Agriculturist,  Grange  Bulletin,  American  Patron; 
periodicals,  particularly  Nation,  Atlantic  Monthly.  —  CASES:  Munn 
v.  Illinois  (1877):  94  U.S.,  113;  E.  C.  Boyd,  Cases,  289;  Emlin 
McClain,  Cases,  946.  —  Granger  cases  (1877):  94  U.S.,  155,  164, 
179,  180;  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  1975,  1978  n.  —  Schulenburg  ». 
Harriman  (1875):  21  Wallace,  44. 

Bibliography. —  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  X,  182; 
G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals;  S.  J.  Buck, 
Granger  Movement  (in  press),  passim.  For  references  on  railroad 
regulation,  see  §  269. 

§  251.  Disputed  Election  and  the  Closing  of  Reconstruction, 
1876-1879 

Summary.  —  1876,  Candidacy  of  Hayes  against  Tilden;  finan 
cial  issue  (§  252).  —  Disputed  election:  the  count  in  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  South  Carolina;  Oregon  question;  location  of 
authority  to  count;  1877,  electoral  commission;  decision  for  Hayes. 
—  End  of  Reconstruction:  "  Wormley  agreement";  1877,  with 
drawal  of  troops  from  Louisiana  and  South  Carolina  (§  242); 
effect  upon  white  rule;  policy  of  moderation.  —  Republican  dis 
sension.  —  Republican  executive  against  Democratic  House  of 
Representatives:  election  laws;  riders  to  appropriations;  1879, 
both  houses  Democratic.  —  Southern  development  (§  261). 

General.  —  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  chs.  xix-xxi;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  National  Development,  chs.  i,  vi-viii;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History, 
VII,  206-291,  and  Historical  Essays,  245-264;  E.  B,  Andrews,  Our 
Own  Time,  205-230;  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V,  104-113; 
Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  906-917;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Re 
construction  and  Union,  73-103. 


§251]  DISPUTED    ELECTION  515 

Special.  —  P.  L.  Ha  worth,  Hayes-Tilden  Disputed  Election; 
A.  M.  Gibson,  A  Political  Crime;  Manton  Marble,  Secret  Chapter; 
J.  M.  Rogers,  How  Hayes  became  President  (McClure's  Mag., 
XXIII,  76);  J.  Bigelow,  Tilden,  I,  294-313,  II,  chs.  i-iii,  vi,  and 
Supreme  Court  and  the  Electoral  Court;  E.  Stan  wood,  Presidency, 
ch.  xxv,  and  Blaine,  ch.  vii;  Gail  Hamilton,  Elaine,  ch.  xiv;  T.  E. 
Burton,  John  Sherman,  252-257;  W.  D.  Foulke,  Morion,  II,  chs. 
xix-xxiv;  G.  S.  Merriam,  Samuel  Bowles,  II,  259-263,  278-306, 
350-356;  A.  R.  Conklin,  Roscoe  Conkling,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii;  C. 
Schurz,  Hayes  (Appletons'  Cyclop,  of  Am.  Biog.,  Ill,  134);  Ed. 
Spencer,  T.  F.  Bayard,  ch.  xiii;  B.  H.  Hill,  Jr.,  B.  H.  Hill,  ch.  vi; 
Ed.  Mayes,  Lamar,  chs.  xix,  xxiii;  A.  B.  Paine,  Th.  Nast,  chs. 
xxxviii,  xxxix,  xliv;  J.  H.  Wilson,  C.  A.  Dana,  ch.  xxvi;  E.  W. 
Stoughton,  Electoral  Commission  ( N.  Am.  Review,  CXXXV,  193). 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
44  Cong.  2  sess.,  45  Cong.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers, 
VII,  439-640;  E.  McPherson,  Handbook  (biennial,  1876-1880); 
Applelons'  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1876-1880);  Tribune  Almanac; 
American  Almanac;  periodicals  and  newspapers  (§§  40,  41),  espe 
cially  Nation  and  Harper's  Weekly;  S.  J.  Tilden,  Writings,  II,  354- 
492,  and  Letters  passim;  J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years,  II,  chs.  xxv, 
xxvi,  xxviii;  G.  F.  Hoar,  Autobiography,!,  chs.  xxvi,  xxvii,  II,  chs. 
ii-vi;  J.  Sherman,  Recollections,  I,  ch.  xxviii;  H.  McCulloch, 
Men  and  Measures,  ch.  xxvii;  J.  A.  Garfield,  Works,  II,  393-462, 
543-550,  655-739;  A.  K.  McClure,  Recollections,  98-105;  S.  S. 
Cox,  Three  Decades,  chs.  xxxvi,  xxxvii;  Wm.  Allen,  Governor  Cham 
berlain's  Administration,  chs.  xxii-xxvii ;  B.  P.  Poore,  Perley's 
Reminiscences,  II,  chs.  xxviii,  xxix. —  HAYES-TILDEN  CONTEST: 
Congressional  Documents,  especially  44  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate 
Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  2;  Senate  Reports,  I,  Nos.  536,  548,  561,  598, 
627,  678,  704,  IV,  No.  701;  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  I,  Nos.  i,  5,  8,  16, 
18,  23,  25,  40,  II,  No.  14,  III,  Nos.  44,  45;  House  Exec.  Docs., 
IX,  No.  30;  House  Reports,  I,  Nos.  100,  108,  143,  156,  II,  No.  175; 
House  Misc.  Docs.,  I,  Nos.  6,  26,  31,  34,  35,  38,  II,  No.  13;  45  Cong. 
3  sess.,  House  Reports,  I,  No.  140;  House  Misc.  Docs.,  IV,  V;  Pro 
ceedings  of  Congress  and  Electoral  Commission  (also  in  Congressional 
Record,  V,  pt.  iv);  Statutes  at  Large,  XIX,  227;  M.  H.  Northrup 
(Sec.  of  the  House  committee),  A  Grave  Crisis  (Century,  XL,  923); 
J.  P.  Bradley,  Miscellaneous  Writings,  8-10,  165-223. 

Bibliography.  —  Footnotes  to  the  following  authors:  J.  F.  Rhodes, 
History,  VII,  especially,  279;  W.  A.  Dunning,  Reconstruction,  chs. 
xvii,  xix-xxi;  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  chs.  vi-viii,  x,  and 
ch.  xx ;  P.  L.  Ha  worth,  Hayes-Tilden  Disputed  Election. 


5l6  POLITICAL    REACTION,  1872-1880  [§252 

§  252.  Financial  Questions,  1873-1880 

Summary.  —  Earlier  financial  history  (§  243).  —  Panic  of  1873 
(§  253)  5  era  of  depression  to  1878.  — 1873,  Feb.  12,  Demonetization 
of  silver  ("  crime  of  '73  ").  —  1874,  April  22,  Veto  of  the  Infla 
tion  bill.  —  1874,  Democratic  congressional  victories  (§  249).  — 
1875,  Jan.  14,  Resumption  act:  provisions.  —  1876,  Greenback 
party  in  presidential  campaign:  platform;  1878,  height  of  green 
back  agitation.  —  Silver  question:  increase  of  silver  production 
(§  245);  1871-1875,  demonetization  in  Europe;  1877,  Nov.  5, 
Bland  "  Free  Silver  "  bill  passed  House;  Matthews  concurrent 
resolution  on  payment  of  bonds  in  silver;  sectional  voting;  1878, 
Feb.  28,  Bland-Allison  act.  —  1879,  Resumption:  John  Sherman; 
"  bumper  wheat  crop  ";  fall  in  foreign  exchange;  prosperity  and 
speculation.  —  Later  history  (§254). 

General.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History,  VII,  37-73;  W.  A.  Dunning, 
Reconstruction,  235-241,  258-260,  294,  295;  E.  E.  Sparks,  National 
Development,  ch.  ix;  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  158-161, 
170-175;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  ch.  x;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Eco 
nomic  History,  343-349;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.), 
301-304,  335-337;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  article  Green 
back  Party. 

Special.  —  A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years,  18-72;  C.  J.  Bullock, 
Select  Readings  in  Public  Finance,  §§68,  82;  D.  A.  Wells,  Recent 
Economic  Changes,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv;  T.  E.  Burton,  John  Sherman, 
chs.  xi,  xii;  W.  D.  Foulke,  Morton,  II,  ch.  xv;  E.  N.  Dingley, 
Nelson  Dingley,  chs.  x,  xi;  E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Jay  Cooke,  II,  ch. 
xviii;  W.  V.  Byars,  An  American  Commoner  (Bland),  ch.  xii.  — 
FUNDING:  R.  A.  Bayley,  National  Loans,  95-98,  171-173;  W.  F. 
De  Knight,  Currency  and  Loans,  24,  25,  109,  no,  120-208  passim. 
—  MONEY:  J.  J.  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  139-155;  H.  White, 
Money  and  Banking  (3d  ed.),  153-157,  167-171  ;  J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bi 
metallism,  chs.  vii,  x,  xi,  xiv,  xv,  Apps.  passim;  Report  of  the  Monetary 
Commission  of  the  Indianapolis  Convention,  138-142,  205-208,  214- 
218,  422-432;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Silver  Situation,  pt.  i,  chs.  i-iii,  vii; 
D.  K.  Watson,  American  Coinage,  chs.  viii-xi,  xvii;  H.  B.  Russell, 
International  Monetary  Conference,  chs.  ii-v.  —  BANKING  AND 
INDEPENDENT  TREASURY:  J.  J.  Knox,  Banking  in  the  United  States, 
113-131,  141-165,  273-281,  298,  299;  David  Kinley,  Independent 
Treasury  (Nat.  Monetary  Com.),  225-236;  J.  B.  Phillips,  Methods 


§253]  FINANCIAL   QUESTIONS  517 

'  of  Keeping  the  Public  Money,  chs.  vii,  viii.  —  CRISIS  OF  1873: 
O.  M.  W.  Sprague,  Crises,  ch.  i;  T.  E.  Burton,  Financial  Crises^, 
especially  287-289;  H.  White,  Financial  Crisis  (Fortnightly,  XXV, 
810);  V.  B.  Denslow,  Principles  of  Economic  Philosophy,  390-395; 
C.  A.  Conant,  Modern  Banks  of  Issue,  453-466,  509-514. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
43-46  Congs.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VII;  Report 
on  the  Finances  (annual,  1873-1880);  Statistical  Abstract  (annual, 
1878-1880);  E.  P.  Andrew,  Diagrams,  and  Statistics  for  the  United 
States,  1867-1900;  National  Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concern 
ing  Money,  230-241,  417-430,  530-550,  572-586,  680-693;  C.  F. 
Dunbar,  Laws  relating  to  Finance,  210-219,  24I~249>  295~3°o; 
Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  96-98,  100,  102,  103,  105; 
Appletons'  (American)  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1872-1880). 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §§  153,  162, 
169;  T.  E.  Burton,  Financial  Crises,  369-371. 

§  253.  Commercial  Reorganization,  1865-1880 

Summary.  —  Earlier  history  (§§  201,  202).  —  Civil  War  (§  238): 
Southern  blockade;  cotton;  northern  wheat  exports;  destruction 
by  Confederate  cruisers;  tariff  restrictions  (§  239).  —  Decline  of 
American  merchant  marine;  progress  of  coastwise  and  internal 
shipping;  1865,  opening  of  the  South  to  commerce.  —  1865-1875, 
Imports  exceed  exports  (except  1874);  1876-1887,  exports  exceed 
imports.  —  Exports:  development  of  interior  (§§  246,  248,  250, 
259,  260);  wheat  surplus;  1876,  rise  of  cattle  and  meat  exports; 
corn  feeding;  refrigerator  system;  cheap  railroad  rates  and  Great 
Lakes  shipping  (§§  250,  259,  269);  revived  cotton  exports;  petro 
leum. —  Imports:  increase  of  raw  materials  over  manufactured 
goods;  variety  of  imports;  influence  of  tariff  (§  243).  —  Leading 
ports.  —  Directions  of  foreign  commerce.  —  Increase  of  internal 
commerce  (§  248).  —  Increase  of  manufactures.  —  1876,  Centen 
nial  Exposition.  —  Speculation:  growth  of  Wall  Street;  1869,  gold 
conspiracy  (243);  crisis  of  1873  (§  252);  commercial  depression; 
1877,  railroad  riots.  —  Tariff  (§§  243,  249).  — 1875,  Jan.  30, 
Hawaiian  reciprocity  treaty;  significance.  —  New  fortunes. — 
Capital  and  labor  (§  256),  —  Later  problems  (§§  269,  270). 

General.  —  E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  chs. 
i-vi;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  16-18,  195-200,  351;  E.  E. 


518  POLITICAL   REACTION,  1872-1880  [§253' 

Sparks,  National  Development,  16-19,  53~67,  305-326;  E.  L.  Bogart, 
Economic  History,  chs.  xx,  xxii,  xxiii,  xxv,  xxx;  H.  R.  Hatfield, 
Lectures  on  Commerce,  57-80,  145-174;  *W.  C.  Webster,  General 
History  of  Commerce,  ch.  xxix;  Clive  Day,  History  of  Commerce, 
chs.  li-liii;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  288-294,  307- 
312. 

Special.  —  MERCHANT  MARINE:  W.  L.  Marvin,  American  Mer 
chant  Marine,  chs.  xiv-xvi;  W.  W.  Bates,  American  Marine,  ch.  ix; 
J.  R.  Spears,  American  Merchant  Marine,  ch.  xvi;  D.  A.  Wells, 
Our  Merchant  Marine;  Henry  Fry,  North  Atlantic  Steam  Naviga 
tion,  chs.  xxiii,  xxxi;  Shipping  Industry  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and 
Fin.,  1900-1901,  p.  1369);  J.  R.  Soley,  in  N.  S.  Shaler,  United 
States,  1,  ch.  x;  J.  D.  J.  Kelley,  Question  of  Ships,  chs.  i-vi,  App. 
i,  ii.  —  FOREIGN  COMMERCE:  W.  C.  Ford,  in  C.  M.  Depew,  One 
Hundred  Years,  I,  ch.  iii;  J.  E.  Conner,  Industrial  Causes  affecting 
American  Commercial  Policy  (Am.  Acad.  of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Sci., 
Annals,  XXIII,  43);  J.  L.  Laughlin  and  H.  P.  Willis,  Reciprocity, 
chs.  i,  ii;  Chalfant  Robinson,  Two  Reciprocity  Treaties,  pt.  ii ; 
R.  Mayo-Smith  and  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Commercial  Policy 
(Schriften  des  Vereinsfilr  Socialpolitik,  XLIX,  34) ;  D.  A.  Wells,  Recent 
Economic  Changes,  chs.  i,  i! ;  Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and 
Finance,  1903-1904,  pp.  4337-4367;  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Exports 
of  Manufactures,  1800  to  igo6;  C.  H.  Evans,  Exports,  1789  to  1883 
(House  Misc.  Docs.,  48  Cong,  j  sess.,  XXIV,  No.  49,  pt.  ii).  —  INTER 
NAL  COMMERCE  (§§  243,  246,  248,  250,  252):  G.  G.  Tunell,  Statistics 
of  Lake  Commerce  (House  Docs.,  55  Cong.  2  sess.,  LI,  No.  277),  and 
Transportation  on  the  Great  Lakes  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ.,  IV,  332),  and 
Flour  and  Grain  Traffic  (ibid.,  V,  340) ;  Grain  Trade  (Mo.  Summary 
of  Com.  and  Fin.,  1899-1900,  p.  1957);  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Reports 
on  Internal  Commerce  (Commerce  and  Navigation,  1876-1891,  pt.  ii) ; 
C.  R.  Fish,  Economic  History  of  Wisconsin  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceed 
ings,  1907,  204).  —  IRON  AND  STEEL:  J.  M.  Swank,  Iron  in  All  Ages 
(2d  ed.),  chs.  xlii-liii,  lix,  Ix;  H.  N.  Casson,  Romance  of  Steel,  1-26, 
72-100;  Iron  and  Steel  Trade  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin., 
1900-1901,  p.  197).  —  COAL:  W.  J.  Nicolls,  Story  of  American  Coals; 
Coal  Trade  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin.,  1899-1900,  p.  2815); 
Peter  Roberts,  Anthracite  Coal  Industry;  Fred.  Prime,  Coals  (Tenth 
Census,  XV,  605).  —  PETROLEUM:  I.  M.  Tarbell,  Standard  Oil 
Company,  chs.  ii-ix;  G.  H.  Montague,  Standard  Oil  Company,  1-88 ; 
Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  Petroleum  Industry,  I, 
chs.  i,  ii,  §  i.  —  LUMBER:  J.  E.  Detebaugh,  Lumber  Industry,  I,  491- 
493)  532~556,  II  passim;  G.  W.  Hotchkiss,  Lumber  and  Forest  In- 


§253]  COMMERCIAL    REORGANIZATION  519 

dustry  of  Northwest  passim;  Lumber  Trade  (Mo.  Summary  of 
Com.  and  Fin.,  1900-1901,  p.  1079).  —  COTTON:  M.  B.  Hammond, 
Cotton  Industry,  chs.  iv-vi,  xi,  App.  i;  Tenth  Census,  V,  VI.  — 
WALL  STREET  AND  SPECULATION:  J.  A.  Scoville  (W.  Barrett),  Old 
Merchants  of  New  York;  S.  S.  Pratt,  Work  of  Wall  Street,  ch.  i; 
C.  A.  Conant,  Wall  Street  and  the  Country,  ch.  iv;  John  Moody  and 
G.  K.  Turner,  Masters  of  Capital  (McClure's  Mag.,  XXXVI,  2, 
XXXVII,  185);  Bouck  White,  Book  of  Daniel  Drew,  chs.  xxi-xl; 
Gustavus  Myers,  Great  American  Fortunes,  II,  III;  A.  Youngman, 
Economic  Causes  of  Great  Fortunes,  ch.  iii ;  J.  G.  Cannon,  Clearing 
Houses;  J.  K.  Medbery,  Men  and  Mysteries  of  Wall  Street;  C.  F." 
and  H.  Adams,  Chapters  of  Erie,  chs.  i,  iii;  E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Jay 
Cooke,  II,  chs.  xiv-xvii.  —  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR  (§  256) :  J.  R.  Com 
mons,  Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  LX, 
Introd.;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  Railroad  Riots  (Scribner's  Mag.,  L,  86). 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL  DOCUMENTS:  Commerce  and  Navigation; 
Statistical  Abstract  (1878-1880);  Commercial  Relations  (annual), 
and  Consular  Reports  (monthly  from  1880);  Ninth  and  Tenth  Cen 
sus;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  41  Cong.  2  sess.,  VI,  No.  in;  House 
Reports,  42  Cong.  2  sess.,  I,  No.  28;  Senate  Reports,  52  Cong. 
2  sess.,  Ill,  No.  1394  (Aldrich  report  on  wages,  prices  and  transporta 
tion);  on  Hawaiian  reciprocity  see  122  U.S.,  116  and  124  U.S.,  190. 
—  UNOFFICIAL:  Appletons'  (American)  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1865- 
1880);  reports  of  boards  of  trade  and  chambers  of  commerce;  Com 
mercial  and  Financial  Chronicle  (weekly),  and  Financial  Review 
(annual);  Journal  of  Commerce;  Commercial  Bulletin:  Hunt's 
Merchants'  Magazine  (to  1871);  Bankers'  Magazine;  J.  R.  Commons, 
Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial  Society,  IX,  X;  Great 
Industries  of  the  United  States;  S.  M.  Peto,  Resources  and  Prospects 
of  America  (1865);  Henry  Clews,  Fifty  Years  in  Wall  Street;  Henry 
Villard,  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  xxxviii-xlii;  J.  .M.  Forbes,  Letters  and 
Recollections,  II.  ch.  xx. 

Bibliography.  —  C.  Day,  History  of  Commerce,  551,  552,  616-618; 
A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Mercantile  Marine  Subsidies,  and 
List  of  References  on  Reciprocity. 


CHAPTER   XXXI 
NEW   INDUSTRIAL  FOUNDATIONS,    1880-1890 

§  254.   Administrative  Problems  and  the  Surplus,  1880-1884 

Summary.  —  Campaign  of  1880:  Republican  candidates,  Grant 
and  third  term  issue,  "  senatorial  triumvirate,"  Elaine,  Sherman, 
nomination  of  Garfield;  Democratic  convention,  nomination  of 
Hancock;  Greenback  convention;  blurred  issues;  Greenback 
issues  and  areas;  election  of  Garfield.  —  Garfield's  administration: 
dominance  of  Elaine;  discussions  over  appointments,  Conkling, 
"  Stalwarts,"  and  "  Half-Breeds,"  "  senatorial  courtesy,"  resig 
nation  of  New  York  senators;  1881,  July  2,  assassination  of  Gar- 
field;  Sept.  19,  death;  accession  of  Vice  President  Arthur.  — 
1883,  Jan.  16,  Civil  Service  Reform  act.  —  1882,  Problem  of  the 
surplus:  extravagant  appropriations;  pensions;  1882,  Aug.  2, 
river  and  harbor  act  passed  over  veto;  1884,  bankers'  panic; 
1885,  decline  of  surplus.  —  Tariff:  declining  agricultural  prices; 
Western  discontent;  1882,  May  15,  Tariff  Commission  authorized; 
1883,  March  3,  tariff  and  internal  revenue  act;  1884,  Democratic 
control  of  House;  Morrison  "  horizontal  reduction  "  bill. 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  chs.  xi,  xii, 
xvii,  xix;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  307-356;  W.  Wilson, 
American  People,  V,  151-169;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States, 
II,  ch.  xxxix;  P.  L.  Ha  worth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  103-114. 

Special.  —  CIVIL  SERVICE  (§  249):  C.  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service,  216- 
223;  Henry  Lambert,  Progress  of  Civil  Service  Reform,  10-24. — 
SURPLUS:  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  ch.  xviii;  H.  C.  Adams, 
Surplus  Financiering  (National  Revenues,  45):  A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty 
Years,  ch.  iv.  —  TARIFF:  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  ch.  iv; 
E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  II,  197-221;  I.  M.  Tarbell,  Tariff, 
ch.  v.  —  MISCELLANEOUS:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  National  Republican 
Conventions  (Scribner's  Mag.,  L,  297);  C.  *L.  Becker,  Unit  Rule 

(520) 


§255]  PROBLEMS    AND    SURPLUS  521 

in  Conventions  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  V,  64);  E.  Stanwood,  Presidency, 
ch.  xxvi;  O.  M.  W.  Sprague,  Crises,  108-120.  —  BIOGRAPHIES: 
E.  N.  Dingley,  Nelson  Dingley,  chs.  xii-xiv ;  A.  R.  Conkling,  Roscoe 
Conkling,  chs.  xxxi-xxxv;  Adam  Badeau,  Grant  in  Peace,  chs.  xxxvii- 
xl;  Ferris  Greenslet,  /.  R.  Lowell,  191-212;  Ed.  Gary,  G.  W.  Curtis, 
chs.  xx,  xxii:  E.  Stanwood,  Elaine,  216-241. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
46  Cong.  3  sess.  —  48  Cong.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers, 
VIII;  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopedia  (1880-1884);  Tribune  Almanac; 
American  Almanac;  E.  McPherson,  Handbook  (biennial,  1882-1884); 
campaign  textbooks;  periodicals  (§  40);  National  Civil  Service  Reform 
League,  Proceedings;  Civil  Service  Record,  I-IV;  Civil  Service  Com 
mission,  First  Report.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  J.  G.  Elaine, 
Twenty  Years,  II,  ch.  xxix;  G.  F.  Hoar,  Autobiography,  I,  chs. 
xxviii,  xxix;  G.  S.  Boutwell,  Reminiscences,  ch.  xl,  and  Elaine  and 
Conkling  (McClure's  Mag.,  XIV,  281);  T.  C.  Platt,  Autobiography 
chs.  vi-viii;  S.  M.  Cullom,  Fifty  Years,  ch.  xv;  G.  W.  Curtis,  Ora 
lions  and  Addresses,  III,  ch.  x;  J.  G.  Wilson,  Grant's  Letters  to  a 
Friend,  103-107;  J.  Sherman,  Recollections,  II,  chs.  xl-xlvii;  Sher 
man  Letters,  350-366;  J.  A.  Garfield,  Works,  II,  723-795;  A.  K. 
McClure,  Recollections,  106-123;  A.  D.  White,  Autobiography,  I, 
chs.  xi,  xii ;  H.  L.  Dawes,  Garfield  and  Conkling  (Century,  XXV, 
341);  M.  Halstead,  Tragedy  of  Garfield's  Administration  (McClure's 
Mag.,  VI,  269);  T.  B.  Connery,  Garfield- Conkling  Tragedy  (Cosmo 
politan,  XXIII,  145). 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  176;  C.  R. 
Fish,  Civil  Service,  253-266;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  Nos.  17,  37,  38:  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  ch.  xx; 
Poole's  Index  and  supplements. 

§  255.    Democratic  Administration,  1885-1889 

Summary.  —  Campaign  of  1884:  Elaine;  Grover  Cleveland; 
Independents  ("  mugwumps  ");  Anti-Monopolists;  Greenbackers; 
Prohibitionists;  issues;  personalities;  victory  of  Democrats;  end 
of  an  era.  —  1885-1889,  Cleveland's  administration;  Democratic 
House;  Republican  Senate.  —  Civil  service:  removals;  1887, 
March  3,  repeal  of  Tenure  of  Office  act.  —  1886,  Jan.  19,  Presiden 
tial  Succession  act.  —  1887,  Feb.  3,  Electoral  Count  act.  —Vetoes. 
—  Australian  ballot.  —  1887,  Feb.  4,  Interstate  Commerce  act 
(§§  25o,  256,  269);  industrial  combinations  (§§  256,  269);  1886- 


522      NEW  INDUSTRIAL  FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890   [§255 

1889,  strikes  and  labor  questions  (§  256).  —  1887,  March  3,  Anti- 
Polygamy  act.  —  1888,  Sept.   13,   Chinese  act  (§§   258,   268).  - 
Silver  question  (§  262).  —  Foreign  relations  (§§  257,  263).  —  Sur 
plus:    1886-1890,  rise  in  revenue;    river  and  harbor  bills;    1886- 

1890,  bond  purchases;    reduction  of  national  bank  issues;    1887, 
Dec.  6,  Cleveland's  tariff  message;   1888,  Mills  tariff  bill.  —  1888, 
Presidential  election:    tariff  issue;    political  bosses,  Quay,  Platt; 
money  in  politics;   Prohibitionists;   Harrison's  victory  over  Cleve 
land. 

General.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  chs.  ii,  iv-vi,  viii; 
E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  460-507,  539,  547-558;  H.  T.  Peck, 
Twenty  Years  of  the  Republic,  chs.  i,  ii,  iv;  W.  Wilson,  American 
People,  V,  169-196;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  650-661; 
Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  11,942-9,57,963-968;  E.  Stanwood, 
Presidency,  chs.  xxvii-xxix;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Reconstruction  and  Union, 

114-135- 

Special.  —  J.  F.  Rhodes,  National  Republican  Conventions 
(Scribner's  Mag.,  L,  304-306),  and  Cleveland's  Administrations,  I 
(ibid.,  L,  496);  Rudolph  Blankenburg,  Forty  Years  in  the  Wilder 
ness  (on  Pa.  and  Quay,  Arena,  XXXIII,  i,  113,  225);  H.  C.  Lea, 
Mr.  Cleveland  and  Civil  Service  Reform  (Independent,  XL,  1329); 
T.  Roosevelt,  American  Ideals,  No.  7;  A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays, 
Nos.  4,  9;  C.  F.  Randolph,  Surplus  Revenue  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 
Ill,  226);  A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years,  ch.  v;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff 
History,  251-255,  and  Silver  Situation,  pt.  i,  chs.  iv,  v;  E.  Stanwood, 
Tariff  Controversies,  II,  220-241;  O.  H.  Perry,  Proposed  Tariff  Legis 
lation  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  II,  69);  I.  M.  Tarbell,  Tariff,  chs.  vi,  vii; 
J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimetallism,  ch.  xv;  E.  Stanwood,  Elaine,  ch.  ix; 
Ed.  Mayes,  Lamar,  ch.  xxix;  A.  B.  Paine,  Th.  Nast,  chs.  liii,  Iv- 
Ivii,  lix. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
48-50  Congs.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VIII;  Wm. 
MacDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  111-113;  Appletons'  Annual 
Cyclopedia  (1884-1888);  E.  McPherson,  Handbook  (1884-1888); 
American  Almanac;  Tribune  Almanac.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRIT 
INGS:  G.  Cleveland,  Presidential  Problems,  ch.  i,  and  Writings  and 
Speeches,  chs.  i-iv,  xi,  xii,  xv-xx;  G.  F.  Parker,  Recollections  of  Cleve 
land,  chs.  iv-vii;  Gail  Hamilton,  Elaine,  623-632,  646-650;  E.  L. 
Godkin,  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy,  98-122;  J.  R.  Lowell, 
Literary  and  Political  Addresses,  7-37,  181-221;  S.  M.  Cullom, 


§256]  DEMOCRATIC   ADMINISTRATION  523 

Fifty  Years,  ch.  xvi;  T.  C.  Platt,  Autobiography,  chs.  ix-xii;  G.  F. 
Hoar,  Autobiography,  I,  chs.  xxix,  xxx,  II,  chs.  xi,  xiv;  R.  M.  La 
Follette,  Personal  Narrative,  and  in  American  Magazine,  LXXII, 
660,  LXXIII,  3;  Benjamin  Harrison,  Speeches,  7-222;  J.  Sherman, 
Recollections,  II,  chs.  xlvii,  1,  li,  liii-lv;  Sherman  Letters,  357-378; 
A.  E.  Stevenson,  Something  of  Men  I  have  Known,  ch.  xviii;  A.  D. 
White,  Autobiography,  I.  201-212. 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  ch.  xxi,  and 
Financial  History,  §  176:  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V,  197; 
H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  765-770;  Cambridge  Modern  History, 
VII,  823,  824;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  No.  12; 
R.  R.  Bowker  and  Geo.  lies,  Reader's  Guide,  especially  110-112  (civil 
service). 

§  256.    Capital  and  Labor,  1885-1890 

Summary.  —  Development  of  capital  and  classes  (§§  202,  253, 
269). —  Cities  (§  203) :  North  Atlantic  increase;  improvements,  elec 
tric  lighting,  telephones,  electric  railways  ;  problems  (§§  269,  272, 
274), —  Increase  of  manufactures.  —  Railway  combinations:  Gould 
and  Vanderbilt  systems;  destructive  competition  (§  253);  pools; 
discriminations;  1886,  Oct.  25,  Wabash  decision;  1887,  Feb.  4, 
Interstate  Commerce  act  (§  269).  —  Industrial  combinations 
(§269):  Standard  Oil  trust ;  anthracite  coal  roads ;  other  combina 
tions;  New  Jersey  charters;  state  regulation;  1888,  Republican 
antitrust  platform;  1890,  July  2,  federal  Antitrust  act.  —  1880- 
1890,  Immigration  (§  258).  —  Knights  of  Labor:  1879,  organiza 
tion;  1885-1886,  growth.  —  Strikes:  1886,  Gould  system,  extent; 
Chicago  stockyards;  Chicago  anarchists,  Haymarket  bomb 
throwing.  —  Labor  problems  (§  270):  boycott;  walking  delegate; 
sympathetic  strike;  closed  shop;  eight  hour  day;  immigration 
(§  258);  sweatshops;  woman  and  child  labor.  —  1884,  June  27, 
Federal  Bureau  of  Labor;  1886,  April  22,  Cleveland's  recommenda 
tions;  1886-1888,  federal  and  state  acts  for  voluntary  arbitration. 
—  1886,  American  Federation  of  Labor  (unions)  replaces  Knights 
of  Labor.  —  Single  taxers:  1879,  Henry  George's  Progress  and 
Poverty;  1886,  candidacy  for  Mayor  of  New  York;  1888, 
Edward  Bellamy's  Looking  Backward;  Nationalist  societies. 
—  Farmers'  unrest  (§§  250,  262):  agricultural  prices;  1889, 
Farmers'  Alliance;  1890,  People's  Party,  St.  Louis  convention, 


524    NEW    INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890    [§256 

demands.  —  Silver  issue:    falling  ratio;    1886,  Free  Coinage  bill; 
Aug.  4,  small  silver  certificates  authorized. 

General.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  chs.  i,  iii,  vi,  xii, 
xiv;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  127-141,  220-222;  E.  B.  Andrews, 
Our  Own  Time,  486,  527-536;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States, 
II,  956,  961,  971-973;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  chs.  xxvi- 
xxix;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  347-369;  C.  I). 
Wright,  Industrial  Evolution,  chs.  xiii,  xiv,  xvii,  xix-xxv,  xxviii. 

Special.  —  LABOR  (§§  202,  270):  G.  E.  McNeil,  Labor  Movement; 
T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L.  Sumner,  Labor  Problems,  119-122,  160,  179- 
186,  219-223,  230,  295,  510-519,  526,  536,  540,  542;  Emile  Levasseur, 
American  Workman;  R.  T.  Ely,  Labor  Movement;  Margaret  A.  Schaffner, 
The  Labor  Contract,  46-53;  F.  S.  Hall,  Sympathetic  Strikes;  G.  W.  W. 
Hanger,  Strikes  and  Lockouts  (Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin,  IX,  1097); 
Ira  Cross,  Strike  Statistics  (Am.  Statis.,  Assoc.,  Publications,  n.s., 
XI,  168);  W.  Kirk,  Knights  of  Labor  and  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  (J.  H.  Hollander,  American  Trades  Unionism,  353,  also  in 
C.  J.  Bullock,  Readings  in  Economics,  613);  F.  J.  Stimson,  Hand 
book  to  the  Labor  Laws,  and  Labor  in  its  Relation  to  Law,  —  CAPITAL 
(§§  253,  269).  —  CITY  PROBLEMS  (§  272):  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Story  of 
City  Government;  A.  F.  Weber,  Growth  of  Cities,  especially  20-40; 
M.  R.  Maltbie,  Municipal  Functions  (Municipal  A/airs,  II,  577); 
A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  8;  F.  J.  Goodnow,  Municipal 
Problems;  J  A.  Riis,  How  the  Other  Half  Lives,  and  Making  of  an 
American,  chs.  iii,  ix,  x;  Eleventh  Census,  IX,  679-867;  Bureau  of 
the  Census,  Street  and  Electric  Railways,  1902,  159-171;  Twelfth 
Census,  X,  157-181 ;  H.  N.  Casson,  Telephone.  —  SOCIAL  REFORM 
(§§  272,  274):  W.  D.  P.  Bliss,  New  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform 
passim;  Morris  Hillquit,  Socialism  (5th  ed.),  pt.  ii,  chs.  ii,  iii;  C.  D. 
Wright,  Practical  Sociology;  H.  George,  Jr.,  Henry  George.  —  IN 
TERSTATE  COMMERCE  (§§  250,  269):  E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Rail 
way  Transportation,  chs.  xvi,  xxvi;  C.  S.  Langstroth  and  W.  Stilz, 
Railway  Cooperation;  B.  H.  Meyer,  Railway  Legislation,  189-239; 
W.  Z.  Ripley,  Railway  Problems,  ch.  iv;  H.  S.  Drinker,  Interstate 
Commerce  Act;  A.  H.  Walker,  Sherman  Law,  and  in  North  American 
Review,  CXCIV,  801-803. 

Sources.  —  LABOR:  Congressional  Documents,  especially  49  Cong. 
2  sess.,  House  Reports,  III,  No.  4174  (Gould  system  strike);  50 
Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  XV,  No.  572  (contract  labor); 
2  sess.,  House  Reports,  IV,  No.  4147  (anthracite  miners);  Missouri 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  Official  History  of  the  Great  Strike  of 


§257]  CAPITAL    AND    LABOR  525 

1886 ;  F.  T.  Wilson,  Federal  Aid  in  Domestic  Disturbances,  ch.  x ; 
Wages  of  Farm  Labor  (Dept.  of  Agri.,  Div.  of  Statistics,  Reports, 
No.  4)  ;  J.  R.  Buchanan,  Story  of  a  Labor  Agitator ;  T.  V.  Powderly, 
Thirty  Years  of  Labor;  H.  D.  Lloyd,  A  Strike  of  Millionaires  against 
Miners;  D.  D.  Lum,  Trial  of  the  Chicago  Anarchists;  periodicals 
(indexed  in  Poolers  Index} ;  J.  P.  Altgelt,  Live  Questions.  —  INTER 
STATE  COMMERCE  (§  269)  :  Wabash  Railway  Co.  v.  Illinois  (1886), 
118  U.S.,  557,  and  J.  B.  Thayer,  Cases,  2045;  Senate  Reports,  49 
Cong,  i  sess.,  II,  III  (Cullom  report)  ;  Statutes  at  Large,  XXIV, 
379  (Interstate  Commerce  act,  also  in  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select 
Statutes,  No.  114);  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Annual 
Reports  (1887-  ),  and  Reports  and  Decisions;  G.  F.  Edmunds, 
Anti-Trust  Law  (N.  Am.  Review,  CXCIV,  803). 

Bibliography.  —  (See  also  §§  202,  203,  270.)  —  D.  R.  Dewey, 
National  Problems,  329,  334-337,  339,  340;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of 
Books  on  Labor,  and  List  of  Books  relating  to  Railroads;  Helen  Marot, 
Handbook  of  Labor  Literature;  Commissioner  of  Labor,  Index  of 
All  Reports  issued  by  Bureaus  of  Labor  Statistics  (1902  ed.);  G.  E. 
Barnett,  Trial  Bibliography  of  American  Trade  Union  Publications; 
R.  C.  Brooks,  Bibliography  of  Municipal  Administration  (Municipal 
A/airs,  I);  W.  H.  Tolman  and  W.  I.  Hull,  Handbook  of  Sociological 
Information;  Harvard  University,  Guide  to  Reading  in  Social  Ethics, 
144-210;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  108  (lect.  35),  and  Actual  Government, 
§  95;  C.  D.  Wright,  Practical  Sociology,  pp.  xi-xvii  and  ch.  refer 
ences;  Poolers  Index;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions, 
Nos.  16,  23,  24;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  46, 
5L  58-65. 

§  257.  Canal  Diplomacy,  1866-1889 

Summary.  —  Earlier  phases  (§  224).  —  1866,  Darien  Canal 
Commission;  1867,  Admiral  Davis's  report;  1867,  June  21, 
Nicaragua  treaty;  1869,  completion  of  Suez  Canal;  1869,  1870, 
Colombia  draft  treaties;  1872,  Interoceanic  Canal  Commission; 
1872-1876,  surveys  of  various  routes;  1876,  report  favoring  Nic- 
araguan  route.  —  De  Lesseps's  French  canal:  1876,  Societe  Civile; 
1878,  Colombian  concessions  to  Wyse;  1879,  Paris  International 
Scientific  Congress;  decision  for  Panama  route. — American 
counter  plans:  Grant's  presidency  of  the  Interoceanic  Canal  Com 
pany;  1879,  Monroe  Doctrine  discussions  in  Congress;  House 
committee;  De  Lesseps's  visit  to  United  States;  1880,  naval  sta- 


526     NEW  INDUSTRIAL    FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890    [§257 

tions  established;  1880,  March  8,  Hayes's  message;  French  gov 
ernment's  disavowals.  —  1881,  De  Lesseps  begins  construction.  — • 
1 88 1,  Eads's  Tehuantepec  ship-railway  project;  House  report.  — 
Elaine's  policy:  1881,  June  24,  circular  letter;  England's  Mosquito 
protectorate  revived;  efforts  to  abrogate  the  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty;  1882,  Frelinghuysen's  correspondence.  —  Rival  routes: 
1884,  Nicaragua  draft  treaty;  1885,  Colombian  revolution,  Amer 
ican  intervention;  1885,  March  13,  Nicaragua  treaty  withdrawn 
by  Cleveland;  his  policy;  1887,  Nicaragua  concession;  1888, 
March  22,  Cleveland's  arbitration  of  Nicaragua- Costa  Rica  bound 
ary;  Nov.  23,  Bayard's  note  on  the  Mosquito  territory;  1889, 
receivership  for  De  Lesseps's  company;  New  Panama  company; 
1889,  Feb.  20,  United  States  charter  of  Maritime  Canal  Company 
of  Nicaragua.  —  Later  phases  (§  263). 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  ch.  xiii;  D.  R. 
Dewey,  National  Problems,  117-123:  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time, 
399-405;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  700-703;  Garner  and  Lodge, 
United  Slates,  II,  1055-1062 ;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia, 
articles  Canal  Diplomacy,  Nicaragua  Canal  Policy. 

Special.  —  See  also  §§  263,  267.)  —  Harmodio  Arias,  Panama  Canal, 
ch.  iii;  W.  F.  Johnson,  Four  Centuries  of  the  Panama  Canal,  chs. 
v-vii;  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal,  chs.  xiv-xxi;  J.  H.  Latane, 
United  States  and  Spanish  America,  ch.  iv;  A.  R.  Colquhoun,  Key 
of  the  Pacific,  chs.  i,  ii;  C.  H.  Forbes-Lindsay,  Panama,  46-67,  125- 
152;  Fritz  Regel,  Panamakanal,  21-42;  I.  D.  Travis,  Clayton- 
Bulwer  Treaty,  ch.  vi;  J.  B.  Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Ques 
tions,  65-77,  I37~I67;  T.  B.  Edgington,  Monroe  Doctrine,  ch.  xix; 
E.  R.  Johnson,  Inland  Waterways,  ch.  xii;  T.  S.  Woolsey,  America's 
Foreign  Policy,  133-168 ;  ^  Augustin  Garcon,  Histoire  du  Canal  de 
Panama;  Hector  Petin,  Etats-Unis  et  la  Doctrine  de  Monroe,  ch.  vi; 
Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics,  337-347:  T.  J.  Lawrence, 
Essays  on  Disputed  Questions,  Nos.  2,  3;  M.  M.  de  Peralta,  Canal 
Interocednico,  35-55;  Philippe  Bunau-Varilla,  Panama,  19-41. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL:  Diplomatic  Correspondence  and  Foreign 
Relations  (see  General  Index  under  "  Canal  "  and  nations  by  name) ; 
Parliamentary  Papers,  1882,  LXXX,  [c.  3110],  [c.  3446],  1884, 
LXXXVII,  [c.  3834];  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law, 
§§  339  (PP-  13-19),  341-343,  344  (PP.  37-43),  350,  357-362,  367 
(pp.  222-238),  368;  M.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  Conventions,  and  Agree 
ments,  II,  1284;  Compilation  of  Reports  on  Foreign  Relations  (Senate 


§257]  CANAL   DIPLOMACY  527 

Docs.,  56  Cong.  2  sess.,  XXII),  105-133,  135,  139-158,  187-407; 
J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VII,  33,  569,  585,  586,  610, 
VIII,  41,  238,  256-260,  303,  327,  IX,  35;  Congressional  Documents 
as  follows:  39  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  II,  No.  62  (Davis 
report,  1866)  ;  42  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  Ill,  No.  6  (Shufeldt 
survey,  1871);  3  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  V,  No.  113  (Selfridge  sur 
vey,  1870);  45  Cong.  3  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  II,  No.  75  (Collins 
survey,  1875);  46  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  15  (report 
of  1876);  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  112  (correspondence); 
House  Reports,  IV,  No.  1121;  3  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  No.  16; 
47  Cong.  spec.  sess.  of  Senate,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  No.  5  (corre 
spondence);  i  sess!,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  78,  and  VI,  No.  194 
(correspondence);  Senate  Reports,  III,  No.  368;  House  Reports, 
VI,  No.  1698;  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  I,  No.  952;  House  Exec.  Docs., 
XXIII,  No.  107  (Sullivan's  Report  on  Information,  1883) ;  48  Cong, 
i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  26  (correspondence),  VI,  No.  123 
(Rogers  report,  1884);  2  sess.,  Senate  Misc.  Docs.,  I,  No.  12  (cor 
respondence);  49  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  50  (cor 
respondence);  51  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  No.  5,  and  Senate 
Reports,  I,  No.  1944,  and  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec..  Docs.,  I,  No. 
4  (progress  on  Nicaragua  Canal,  1890).  —  UNOFFICIAL:  Interoceanic 
Canal  Congress,  Compte  Rendu  (1879)  >  E.  L.  Corthell,  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Ship- Railway;  U.S.  Grant,  Nicaragua  Canal  (N.  Am. 
Review,  CXXXII,  107);  Sullivan  and  Cromwell,  Compilation  of  Doc 
uments  relative  to  a  Trans -Isthmian  Canal,  II,  1147-1254,  III;  Nic 
aragua  Canal  Construction  Company,  Interoceanic  Canal  of  Nicaragua 
(1891);  J.  C.  Rodrigues,  Panama  Canal;  Commission  d'Etudes  insti- 
tutee  par  le  Liquidateur  de  la  Compagnie  Universelle,  Rapports 
(1890);  L.  N.  B.  Wyse,  Rapports  sur  VExploration  de  risthme  Amer- 
icain  (1879);  Commission  d'Enquete  sur  les  Affaires  de  Panama, 
Rapport  General  (1893);  Appletons'  (American)  Annual  Cyclopedia 
(1866-1889);  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  34;  contemporary  peri 
odicals  (§  40).  —  CONTEMPORARY  DESCRIPTIONS:  Felix  Belly,  A 
Travers  VAmerique  Centrale  (1867);  Interoceanic  Canal  and  the  Mon 
roe  Doctrine  (1880);  L.  N.  B.  Wyse,  Canal  de  Panama  (1886);  Felix 
Paponot,  Achevement  du  Canal  de  Panama  (1889);  Paul  Ponsolle,  Le 
Tombeau  des  Milliards  (1890);  Gustave  Rouanet,  Complicites  du 
Panama  (1893) ;  articles  in  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 

Bibliography.  —  H.  A.  Morrison,  List  of  Books  relating  to  an  Inter 
oceanic  Canal;  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  357,  358;  H. 
Arias,  Panama  Canal,  pp.  xi-xiv;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  No.  25;  -Poolers  Index,  and  supplements;  L.  M.  Keasbey, 
Nicaragua  Canal,  footnotes;  F.  Regel,  Panamakanal,  118-128. 


528     NEW    INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890  [§258 

§  258.  Problem  of  Immigration,  1878-1898 

Summary.  —  Changing  national  composition  (§§  161,  200).  — 
Statistics. —  Changing  rate  of  immigration:  American  causes; 
foreign  causes.  —  Changing  source  of  immigrants:  height  of 
German  and  Scandinavian  immigration;  increase  of  Southeastern 
Europeans.  —  Stocks:  local  foreign  conditions  leading  to  immi 
gration;  factors  of  assimilability;  proportion  of  various  stock  to 
total  population;  composite  nationality.  —  Chinese  (§  268).— 
Relation  of  railroad  and  steamships  to  immigration.  —  Destination 
of  immigrants:  sections;  city;  country.  —  Economic  aspects: 
labor  market  (§  256);  wages;  standard  of  living;  tariff.  —  Social 
aspects;  assimilation;  intermarriage;  illiteracy;  religion;  crime; 
defectives;  pauperism;  slums.  —  Political  aspects.  —  Federal 
investigations,  legislation,  and  administration:  relation  to  labor 
movement,  to  tariff  legislation;  1882,  Aug.  3,  general  immigration 
act;  1885,  Feb.  26,  1887,  Feb.  23,  contract  labor  acts;  1889,  Ford 
Committee  report;  1891,  March  3,  Immigration  and  Contract 
Labor  act,  Superintendent  of  Immigration  created;  1892,  July  28, 
Stump  report;  1893,  Feb.  22,  Chandler  report;  1893,  March  3, 
act  strengthening  administration;  1895,  March  2,  Bureau  of  Immi 
gration,  Commissioner  General  of  Immigration;  1897,  March  2, 
illiteracy  test  vetoed  by  Cleveland;  March  25,  Lodge  report.— 
Anti-immigration  organizations.  —  Influence  on  Europe. 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  32-34,  229,  230, 
249,  250;  A.  B.  Hart,  National  Ideals,  41-46;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic 
History,  420-422,  434-437;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.), 
369-374;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles  Foreign  Race 
Elements,  Immigration. 

Special.  —  Richmond  Mayo-Smith,  Emigration  and  Immigration; 
J.  W.  Jenks  and  W.  J.  Lauck,  Immigration  Problem;  J.  R.  Commons, 
Races  and  Immigrants;  P.  F.  Hall,  Immigration;  J.  D.  Whelpley, 
Problem  of  the  Immigrant;  W.  F.  Willcox,  Distribution  of  Immigrants 
(Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,'XX,  523);  E.  A.  Steiner,  Immigrant  Tide,  and 
On  the  Trail  of  the  Immigrant;  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Races  in  the  United 
States  (Atlantic,  CH,  745) ;  J.  H.  Senner,  Immigration  Question  (Am. 
Acad.  of  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  X,  i);  Rene  Gonnard,  L' Emigra 
tion  Europeenne;  Broughton  Brandenburg,  Imported  Americans; 
H.  P.  Fairchild.  Immigration  and  Crises  (Am.  Econ.  Review,  I,  753)  ; 


§258]  IMMIGRATION  529 

Peter  Roberts,  Anthracite  Coal  Communities;  R.  A.  Woods,  Ameri 
cans  in  Progress,  and  The  City  Wilderness.  The  "  Bibliography  " 
opens  an  extensive  mass  of  periodical  and  monographic  literature. 
--SPECIAL  NATIONALITIES  (see  the  titles  in  §  161) :  A.  B.  Faust, 
German  Element,  I,  ch.  xvii,  II;  Verein  fur  Socialpolitik,  Schriften,. 
LII,  LXXII  passim;  O.  N.  Nelson,  Scandinavians  in  the  United 
States;  F.  J.  Warne,  Slav  Invasion  and  the  Mine  Workers;  E.  G. 
Balch,  Slavic  Citizens;  Giovanni  Preziosi,  Italiana  negli  Stati  Uniti; 
Eliot  Lord,  Italian  in  America;  Italians  in  Chicago  (Commissioner 
of  Labor,  pth  Special  Report,  also,  condensed,  in  Bureau  of  Labor, 
Bulletin,  II,  691)  ;  E.  F.  Fogg,  Italian  on  the  Land  (ibid., XIV,  473); 
R.  F.  Foerster,  Statistical  Survey  of  Italian  Emigration  (Quart.  J  our. 
Econ.,  XXIII,  66);  H.  P.  Fairchild,  Greek  Immigration;  E.  Hamon, 
Canadiens-Franqais  de  la  N ouvelle- Angleterre ;  C.  E.  Amaron, 
Your  Heritage,  or  New  England  Threatened;  Wm.  MacDonald, 
French  Canadians  in  New  England  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  XII,  245); 
E.  J.  James  and  others,  Immigrant  Jew;  Mary  Antin,  The  Promised 
Land  (autobiography);  American  Jewish  Yearbook;  Jewish  Ency 
clopedia,  XII,  345-378;  Louise  S.  Hough  ton,  Syrians  in  the  United 
States  (Survey,  XXVI,  481,  647).  —  Chinese  and  Japanese  (§  268). 

Sources.  —  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Annual  Reports;  Super 
intendent  of  Immigration,  Annual  Reports  (1892-1894);  Commis 
sioner  General  of  Immigration,  Annual  Reports  (1895-  );  Com 
mercial  Relations  (annual,  1878-  );  Consular  Reports  (monthly, 
1880-  ).  Congressional  Documents:  especially  49  Cong.  2  sess., 
House  Exec.  Docs.,  XXIV,  No.  157  (reports  of  consular  officers, 
1886);  50  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs.,  XV,  No.  572  (contract 
labor);  2  sess.,  House  Reports,  I,  No.  3792  (Ford  report);  51  Cong. 

2  sess.,  House  Reports,  II,  No.  3472;  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Exec. 
Docs.,  XXXVII,  No.  235;    House  Reports,  XII,  No.   2090   (Stump 
report);    2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  II,  No.   1333   (Chandler  report); 
54   Cong,    i    sess.,   Senate   Reports,    XI,   No.    290     (Lodge  report); 
57  Cong,   i  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  IX,  No.   2119    (Penrose   report); 
House  Docs.,  XV,  No.  184,  LXXXII,  No.  380  (Industrial  Commis 
sion);   59  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Docs.,  LIII,  No.  737;   61  Cong.  2  and 

3  sess.,  Senate  Docs,  passim  (reports  of  Immigration  Commission). 
Immigration  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin.,  1902-1903,  p.  4335); 
Bureau  of   Statistics,    Arrivals  of  Immigrants,  1820  to  1892;    New 
York  Commission  of  Immigration,  Report;   Immigration  Restriction 
League,  Publications. 

Bibliography.  —  Harvard  University,  Guide  to  Social  Ethics, 
37,  210-215;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Books  on  Immigration,  and  List 


530    NEW   INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890  [§259 

of  Works  relating  to  Germans  in  the  United  States;  P.  F.  Hall,  Immi 
gration,  369-374;  J.  R.  Commons,  Races  and  Immigrants,  pp.  vi- 
xii;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  225;  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
for  Debate,  Nos.  26,  27;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions, 
No.  5. 

§  259.  Extension  of  Transportation  and  Population  to  the 
Northwest,  1880-1890 

Summary.  —  "  Old  Northwest  "  (§  193).  —  1870,  1880,  1890, 
Settled  area  of  New  Northwest;  interstate  migration;  nativities; 
losses  in  Eastern  rural  counties. — Extension  of  "Granger  rail 
roads"  (§  250):  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul;  Chicago  and 
Northwestern;  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy.  —  Rush  of  set 
tlers  to  the  arid  west  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska;  droughts.  —  Com 
pletion  of  Northern  railroads  to  the  Pacific:  1883,  Northern  Pacific; 
1883,  Canadian  Pacific;  1884,  Oregon  Short  Line;  1893,  Great 
Northern,  James  J.  Hill.  —  Effects  on  frontier.  —  New  wheat 
regions:  railroad  colonization;  Dakota;  1880-1890,  increased 
wheat  production;  bonanza  farming;  Minneapolis  flour  mills; 
hard  wheat;  steel  rollers;  agricultural  machinery;  wheat  maps; 
decline  in  price  of  wheat.  —  Increased  silver  production:  decline 
in  price  (§  262).  —  New  cattle  and  sheep  areas:  Western  Dakota, 
Montana,  Wyoming.  —  Irrigation  and  fruit  raising  in  Pacific 
Northwest. — Lumbering.  —  Great  Lakes  iron  fields:  1873, 
Bessemer  process  (§  253);  need  of  high-grade  ores;  1873,  Mar- 
quette  field;  1884,  Gogebic;  1884,  Vermillion;  1892,  Mesabi; 
statistics  of  ore  production;  pig  iron  production;  revolution  in 
steel  industry;  effects  on  transportation,  construction,  and  manu 
facture;  relation  of  upper  Ohio  Valley  coal  fields  to  Great  Lake 
ores;  growth  of  Pittsburg  and  Great  Lake  cities.  —  Increased  traf 
fic  of  Great  Lakes:  1883,  widening  of  Sault  Canal;  deep  water 
ways  conventions;  steel  fleets;  systematization  of  industry.  — 
Admission  of  new  states:  1889,  Nov.  2,  North  and  South  Dakota; 
Nov.  8,  Montana;  Nov.  u,  Washington;  1890,  July  3,  Idaho; 
July  10,  Wyoming  (44th);  characteristics  of  their  constitutions; 
political  results;  party  tactics;  increased  influence  of  West  in 
Senate;  silver  interests. — Agricultural  depression. 


§259]  NORTHWEST  53! 

General. — E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  17-21,  48,  51, 
53-55,  255-281,  305-326;  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  5-9, 
11-12,  15-17,  19;  N.  S.  Shaler,  United  States,  I,  354-374,  485-517, 
II,  103;  F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  xxii,  and  Admis 
sion  of  the  "  Omnibus  States,"  i88g-i8go  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceed 
ings,  191 1,  77)  ;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  chs.  xxi,  xxiii;  E. 
Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  II,  243-254;  D.  A.  Wells,  Recent 
Economic  Changes,  166-178;  Emerson  Hough,  Settlement  of  the  West 
(Century,  LXIII,  361-369). 

Special.  —  NEW  NORTHWEST  (§§  245,  247):  H.  H.  Bancroft, 
Oregon,  chs.  xxiii,  xxiv,  and  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana,  287- 
392,  535-588,  720-808,  and  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  224- 
322,  446-454,  504-658,  750-763,  783-806,  and  Alaska,  chs.  xxviii- 
xxxiii;  Jos.  Schafer,  Pacific  Northwest,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  E.  S.  Meany, 
Washington,  chs.  xv,  xvi,  xviii;  H.  S.  Lyman,  Oregon,  IV,  ch.  viii; 
Doane  Robinson,  South  Dakota,  chs.  xxvi-xxviii;  C.  P.  Connolly, 
Story  of  Montana  (Me Core's,  XXVII,  451,  XXVIII  passim)-, 
M.  A.  Leeson,  Montana;  W.  Craig,  North  Dakota  Life  (Am.  Geog. 
Soc.,  Bulletin,  XL,  321);  W.  W.  Folwell,  Minnesota,  chs.  xvi-xviii; 
A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  chs.  ix,  x;  W.  E.  Smythe, 
Arid  America,  185-237;  R.  S.  Baker,  Great  Northwest  (Century, 
LXV,  647);  J.  A.  Wheelock,  New  Northwest  (Harper's  Mag., 
XCVI,  299) ;  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Recent  Constitution-Making  (Am.  Acad. 
Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  II,  145);  J.  B.  Ross,  Agrarian  Revolution 
in  the  Middle  West  (N.  Am.  Review,  CXC,  376).  —  RAILROAD 
EXTENSION  (§§  250,  253):  E.  V.  Smalley,  Northern  Pacific  Railroad, 
chs.  xxv-xxxi;  E.  P.  Oberholzer,  Jay  Cooke,  II,  511-540;  F.  L.  Pax- 
son,  Pacific  Railroads  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  I,  105) ; 
L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways,  II,  ch.  x;  J.  Moody 
and  G.  K.  Turner,  Masters  of  Capital  (McClure's,  XXXVI,  123); 
J.  Moody,  Romance  of  the  Railways  (Moody 's  Mag.,  V,  161,  291,  VI,  7, 
327) ;  Mary  H.  Severance,  /.  /.  Hill  (Review  of  Reviews,  XXI,  669,  cf. 
XXXIV,  449);  J.  H.  Baker,  Transportation  in  Minnesota  (Minn. 
Hist.  Soc.,  Collections,  IX,  i);  S.  F.  Van  Oss,  American  Railways  as 
Investments,  chs.  xxx-xxxviii,  xlvi,  xivii;  F.  H.  Spearman,  Strategy 
of  Great  Railroads,  49-89,  177-211.  —  AGRICULTURE  (§§  248,  250): 
H.  N.  Casson,  C.  H.  McCormick,  ch.  xi;  E.  Levasseur  and  H.  L. 
de  Vilmorin,  Agriculture  aux  Etats  Unis,  145-253;  P.  V.  Lawson, 
Invention  of  the  Roller  Flour  Mill  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  1907, 
p.  244);  C.  W.  Thompson,  Movement  of  Wheat-Growing  (Quart.  Jour. 
Econ.,  XVIII,  570);  C.  W.  Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff, 
chs.  vii,  viii.  —  GREAT  LAKES  AND  IRON  FIELDS  (§  253):  F.  W. 


532    NEW   INDUSTRIAL    FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890   [§259 

Taussig,  Iron  Industry  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  XIV,  143,  and  in  C.  J. 
Bullock,  Readings  in  Economics,  193-216);  Herbert  Quick,  American 
Inland  Waterways;  R.  D.  Williams,  P.  A.  White;  D.  H.  Kelton, 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal;  J.  O.  Curwood,  Great  Lakes,  pt.  i;  J.  C.  Mills, 
Our  Inland  Seas,  chs.  xiv-xxv;  H.  R.  Mussey,  Combinations  in 
Mining  Industry,  chs.  iv,  v;  Walter  Thayer,  Transportation  on  the 
Great  Lakes  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXI,  126); 
Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and  Finance,  1899-1900,  p.  2524 
(commerce  through  the  Sault).  — LUMBER  INDUSTRY  (§§  253,  273). 
—  SILVER  MINING  (§  262).  —  CATTLE  AND  SHEEP  (§  260). 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record,  and  Documents,  50,  51  Congs. 
(the  more  important  on  resources,  government,  and  politics  are  cited 
in  F.  L.  Paxson,  Omnibus  States,  above);  Census,  1880,  1890; 
Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopcedia  (1880-1890);  Statistical  Abstract 
(annual);  reports  and  pamphlets  of  boards  of  trade,  state  immigra 
tion  boards,  state  commissioners  of  statistics,  etc.  (§  35);  Detroit 
Deep  Waterways  Convention,  Proceedings  (1891);  Toronto  Deep 
Waterways  Convention,  Proceedings  (1894);  International  Deep 
Waterways  Association,  Proceedings  (1895);  Industrial  Commission, 
Report  (see  index);  C.  H.  Keep  and  S.  J.  Brock,  Commerce  and  Ship 
ping  of  the  Great  Lakes  (House  Exec.  Docs.,  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  XXVII, 
XXVIII);  publications  of  state  historical  societies  (listed  in  Am. 
Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  II);  periodicals  (§  40,  reached  through 
Poolers  Index);  trade  journals,  especially  Northwestern  Miller; 
newspapers  (§  41),  especially  St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press,  Seattle  Post- 
Intelligence  and  Times,  Oregonian  (Portland).  —  RAILROADS:  reports 
and  pamphlets  of  Northern  Pacific  and  Great  Northern  railroads; 
Henry  Villard,  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  xxxix-xlii;  W.  B.  Hazen,  Great 
Middle  Region  (N.  Am.  Review,  CXX,  i);  J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of 
Progress  (also  in  part,  with  maps  and  diagrams,  in  World's  Work, 
XIX,  XX).  —  TYPICAL  DESCRIPTIONS  (§§  245,  247):  Julian  Ralph, 
Our  Great  West  (1893);  R.  P.  Porter,  The  West  from  the  Census  of 
1880;  Paul  de  Rousiers,  American  Life,  chs.  v-x;  R.  D.  Paine, 
Greater  America  (1911);  L.  P.  Brockett,  Our  Western  Empire; 
H.  J.  Winser,  Great  Northwest  Guide  Book  (1883);  G.  H.  Atkinson, 
Northwest  Coast  (1878);  C.  C.  Coffin,  Seat  of  Empire  (1870),  and 
Dakota  Wheat  Fields  (Harper's  Mag.,  LX,  529);  P.  F.  McClure, 
Dakota  (ibid.,  LXXVIII,  347);  F.  J.  Rowbotham,  Trip  to  Prairie 
Land  (Dakota,  1885);  G.  W.  France,  Struggles  for  Life  and  Home 
(1889);  Ethelbert  Talbot,  My  People  of  the  Plains;  F.  T.  Gilbert, 
Resources,  Business,  and  Business  Men  of  Montana  (1888);  R.  M. 
Hall,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho  (1903);  A.  C.  Mason,  Compen- 


§260]  GREAT    PLAINS    AND    SOUTHWEST  533 

dium  concerning  Tacoma  and  Washington  Territory  (1888);  [Northern 
Pacific  Railroad],  Great  Northwest;  J.  L.  Onderdonk,  Idaho  (1885); 
[Oregon  Immigration  Board],  Pacific  Northwest  (1891);  [Oregon  R.  R. 
and  Nav.  Co.],  Eastern  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  (1888);  The 
Oregonian,  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest;  J.  W.  Pace  and  H.  J. 
Mock,  Montana  Blue  Book  (1891);  [Pacific  Northwest  Immigration 
Board],  Pacific  Northwest;  Secretary  of  State,  Resources  of  Wyoming 
(1889);  W.  M.  Thayer,  Marvels  of  the  New  West  (1889);  [Union 
Pacific  Railroad],  Wealth  and  Resources  of  Oregon  and  Washington 
(1889);  Robt.  Vaughn,  Then  and  Now  (1864-1900);  Mrs.  C.  H. 
Strahorn,  Fifteen  Thousand  Miles  by  Stage;  Frances  F.  Victor, 
Atlantis  Arisen  (1891);  W.  S.  Webb,  California  and  Alaska  (1891); 
O.»D.  Wheeler,  Wonderland  (1886);  Stanley  Wood,  Over  the  Range 
to  the  Golden  Gate;  G.  A.  Batchelder,  Dakota  Territory;  New  Empires 
in  the  Northwest  (New  York  Tribune,  Extras,  I:  1889);  G.  N.  Lam- 
phere,  Wheat  Raising  in  the  Red  River  Valley  (Minn.  Hist.  Soc., 
Collections,  X,  i);  T.  T.  V.  Smith,  New  Wheat  Fields  in  the  North 
west  (Nineteenth  Century,  VI,  10);  Wheat  Fields  of  the  Northwest 
(Harper's  Mag.,  LXIII,  572). 

Bibliography.  —  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Pacific  States,  XXV,  XXVI, 
XXVIII  (authorities  and  footnotes);  C.  W.  Smith,  Check  List 
relating  to  the  Pacific  Northwest;  K.  B.  Judson,  Pacific  Northwest; 
Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1905,  II;  Poolers  Index  and  supplements. 

§  260.  Extension  of  Transportation  and  Population  to  the 
Great  Plains  and  the  Southwest,  1880-1896 

Summary.  — 1870,  1880,  1890,  Settled  area  in  Southwest;  inter 
state  migration;  nativities.  —  Extension  of  railroads  through  Texas 
and  to  Pacific:  1881,  Southern  Pacific  (Huntington) ;  1883,  Santa 
Fe  System  (Strong);  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  (Palmer);  Texas 
Pacific  (Scott) ;  Missouri  Pacific.  —  Cattle  industry  on  the 
Great  Plains:  origin;  ranches;  the  cattle  trail;  the  cowboy; 
range  wars;  fencing;  public  domain  problems,;  presidential  proc 
lamations;  1884,  height  of  range  cattle  industry;  extension  to 
Northwest;  railroad  influence;  advance  of  packing  industry;  re 
frigerator  cars;  Chicago;  Kansas  City;  Omaha.  —  Indian  terri 
tory:  cattle  leases;  1889,  Oklahoma  opened;  April  22,  the  "  rush  ": 
1890,  May  2,  Oklahoma  Territory.  —  Arid  America  (§  273): 
beginnings  of  irrigation.  —  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  —  The  Mor- 
man  question  (§  229):  1887,  March  3,  Edmunds  Anti-polygamy 


534    NEW   INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890  [§260 

act;  1896,  Jan.  4,  admission  of  Utah  (45th).  —  Growth  of  Texas. 
— •  Southwestern  frontier  traits. 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  21-28,  251-264, 
310,  311;  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  10,  n,  16  (map); 
E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  536,  585-588;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic 
History,  276,  277,  299-301. 

Special.  —  NEW  SOUTHWEST  (§  245) :  R.  S.  Baker,  The  Great 
Southwest  (Century,  LXIV  passim};  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico,  530-536,  541,  542,  569-577,  582-590,  596-607,  712- 
7i5,  723,  734-736,  739,  740,  746,  752-757,  77i,  and  Utah,  677-699, 
720-750,  759-770,  and  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas,  II,  chs.  xx, 
xxi;  W.  A.  Linn,  Mormons,  bk.  vi,  chs.  xx-xxiv;  S.  J.  Buck,  Okla 
homa  (Wis.  Acad.  of  Sci.,  Arts,  and  Letters,  Transactions,  XV,  325) ; 
H.  Gannett,  Gazetteer  of  Kansas;  W.  E.  Smythe,  Arid  America, 
106-118,  238-257;  Isaiah  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography,  chs.  xiv- 
xvii,  xxii;  A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  chs.  viii,  ix;  J.  C. 
Van  Dyke,  The  Desert;  G.  W.  James,  Wonders  of  the  Colorado  Desert; 
R.  T.  Hill,  Wonders  of  the  American  Desert  (World's  Work,  III,  1818); 
I.  M.  Strobridge,  In  Miners'  Mirage  Land;  J.  A.  Munk,  Arizona 
Sketches;  R.  J.  Hinton,  Handbook  to  Arizona;  Mary  Austin,  Land 
of  Little  Rain;  Randall  Parrish,  Great  Plains;  National  Geographic 
Magazine,  I,  277,  XI,  337,  438;  C.  F.  Lummis,  Land  of  Poco-Tiempo, 
and  Some  Strange  Corners,  and  Tramp  across  the  Continent;  state 
and  territorial  histories  (§  37);  periodicals  (§  40),  including  World's 
Work,  Overland  Monthly,  Sunset  Magazine,  Land  of  Sunshine,  Out 
West,  Irrigation  Age,  Southwest  Illustrated  Magazine,  and  illustrated 
weeklies.  —  RAILROAD  EXTENSION  TO  SOUTHWEST:  F.  L.  Paxson, 
Pacific  Railroads  (Am.  Hist.  Assoc.,  Report,  1907,  I),  113-115,  117; 
L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways,  II,  ch.  ix;  Stuart 
Daggett,  Railroad  Reorganization,  ch.  vi;  F.  A.  Cleveland  and  F.  W. 
Powell,  Railroad  Promotion,  275;  H.  V.  Poor,  Manual  (annual, 
especially  1881);  J.  Moody,  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  (Moody' s 
Mag.,  VI,  145);  F.  Spearman,  Strategy  of  Great  Railroads,  115-174; 
William  Palmer  (World's  Work,  XV,  9899).  —  CATTLE  AND  SHEEP 
INDUSTRY:  Emerson  Hough,  Story  of  the  Cowboy;  Paul  de  Rousiers, 
American  Life,  chs.  i-iv;  W.  H.  Miller,  Kansas  City;  Jos.  Nimmo, 
American  Cowboy  (Harper's  Mag.,  LXXIII,  880);  Owen  Wister, 
Evolution  of  the  Cow  Puncher  (ibid.,  XCI,  602);  C.  W.  Wright, 
Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff,  250-275,  304;  R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Do 
main  and  Democracy,  179-188  (fencing);  H.  L.  Bentley,  Cattle  Ranges 
of  the  Southwest  (Dept.  of  Agri.,  Farmers'  Bulletin,  No.  72);  J.  L. 


§260]  GREAT   PLAINS   AND   SOUTHWEST  535 

Cowan,  Knights  and  Barons  of  Our  Western  Empire  (Overland,  n.s., 
XLVIII,  251);  R.  Doubleday,  Where  the  Beef  doth  Grow  (Munsey's, 
XXIII,  45).  —  FRONTIER  LAWLESSNESS:  E.  Hough,  Story  of  the 
Outlaw;  A.  B.  Paine,  Capt.  Bill  McDonald;  D.  G.  Wooten,  Texas, 
II,  330-367;  A.  J.  Sovvell,  Texas  Rangers;  Arthur  Chapman,  The 
Men  who  tamed  the  Cow  Towns  (Outing,  XLV,  131);  Edgar  Rye, 
The  Quirt  and  the  Spur  (Texas);  W.  J.  L.  Sullivan,  Twelve  Years  in 
the  Saddle  for  Law  and  Order  (Texas). 

Sources.  —  CATTLE  AND  SHEEP  INDUSTRY  (§  273):  Clarence 
Gordon,  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Swine  (Tenth  Census,  III,  952);  F.  H. 
Newell,  Agriculture  by  Irrigation  (Eleventh  Census,  III);  Jos.  Nimmo, 
Report  on  the  Range  and  Cattle  Business  (also  in  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
Internal  Commerce,  1885,  pt.  iii);  H.  M.  Taylor,  Importance  of  the 
Range  Industry  (Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Report,  1885,  p.  293), 
and  Condition  of  the  Range  Cattle  Industry  (ibid.,  1886,  p.  105); 
Carmen,  Heath,  and  Minto,  History  and  Present  Condition  of  the 
Sheep  Industry  (1892).  —  FENCING  THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN:  48  Cong, 
i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  VI,  No.  127;  House  Exec.  Docs.,  XXVL 
No.  119;  House  Reports,  V,  No.  1325;  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  I, 
No.  979;  49  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Exec.  Docs.,  XXIV,  No.  166; 
Commissioner  of-  the  General  Land  Office,  Annual  Reports;  J.  D. 
Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VIII,  308  (Cleveland's  proclama 
tion,  1885);  Public  Lands  Commission,  Report  (Senate  Docs.,  58 
Cong.  3  sess.,  IV,  No.  189,  with  map).  —  RANCH  LIFE:  T.  Roosevelt, 
Ranch  Life  (Northwest) ;  Andy  Adams,  Log  of  a  Cowboy,  and  Reed 
Anthony,  Cowman,  and  Texas  Match  Maker,  and  The  Outlet;  Fred 
eric  Remington,  Pony  Tracks,  and  In  the  Sierra  Madre  with  the 
Punchers  (Harper's  Mag.,  LXXXVIII,  350);  J.  A.  Lomax,  Cow- 
boy  Songs;  Reginald  Aldridge,  Ranch  Notes;  E.  B.  Bronson,  Remi 
niscences  of  a  Ranchman;  R.  M.  Allen,  Harvard  Men  in  the  Range 
Cattle  Business  (Harvard  Graduates  Mag.,  II,  185);  John  Ambulo, 
Cattle  on  a  Thousand  Hills  (Overland,  n.s.,  IX,  225);  John  Baumann, 
On  a  Western  Ranche  (Fortnightly  Review,  XLVII,  516);  W.  B. 
Grohman,  Cattle  Ranches  (ibid.,  XXXIV.  438);  G.  R.  Buckman, 
Ranches  (Lippincott's,  XXIX,  425);  Nation,  XLI,  172-174; 
Cattle  Herding  (Littell's  .Living  Age,  CXXXIII,  126);  Cowboy 
Life  (Outing,  XIX,  181,  269,  357);  C.  M.  Harger,  Modern  Methods 
in  the  Cattle  Industry  (Outlook,  LXXII,  39),  and  Sheep  and  Shep 
herds  (ibid.,  689;  see  also  LXXIII,  839),  and  Cattle  Trails  of  the 
Prairies  (Scribner's  Mag.,  XI,  732);  W.  J.  Hornaday,  Cowboys  of 
the  Northwest  (Cosmopolitan,  II,  219);  Fannie  McCormick,  Kansas 
Farm;  Chas.  Michelson,  War  for  the  Range  (Munsey's,  XXVIII, 


536    NEW   INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890  [§261 

380);  Minnie  J.  Reynolds,  Texas  Trail  (ibid.,  XXIX,  576);  Wil 
liam  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences  in  Handling  Cattle  and  Sheep; 
Frank  Wilkeson,  Cattle  Raising  on  the  Plains  (Harper's  Mag., 
LXXII,  788). 

Bibliography.  —  H.  H.  Bancroft,  Pacific  States,  XI,  .XII,  XIX 
(authorities  and  footnotes);  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American 
History,  389-394;  American  Historical  Association,  Report,  1905, 
II  (see  index):  J.  A.  Munk,  Arizona  Bibliography  (1908);  C.  W. 
Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff,  footnotes  to  chs.  vii,  viii ; 
University  of  Chicago,  Bibliography  of  Economics  for  1909,  78; 
Poolers  Index  and  supplements. 

§  261.  The  New  South,  1870-1895 

Summary.  —  South  in  1870  (§  242).  — White  ascendancy 
(§  242).  —  Changes  in  position  of  "poor  whites."  —  Cotton 
raising:  black  belt;  white  farmer;  fertilizers;  by-products,  cotton 
seed.  —  Cotton  manufacture:  1870-1890,  statistics  of  textile  mills; 
woman  and  child  labor.  —  Fruit  and  truck  gardening.  —  Rice.  — 
Sugar.  — Longleaf  pine  lumbering.  —  Iron  and  coal:  fields;  iron 
and  steel  works,  Birmingham,  Atlanta;  statistics;  northern  capital. 

—  Negro:     progress;    education;    crime   and  lynch   law;     penal 
system;   race  question. — •  Negro  disfranchisement  (§241):  1890, 
defeat  of  "  force  bill  ";  1890,  Mississippi  constitution;  1895,  South 
Carolina;    later   action.  —  Virginia   "  readjusters."  —  Education. 

—  Literature.  —  Churches. 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  33-36,  314; 
D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  17-19,  162.  171-173;  H.  T.  Peck, 
Twenty  Years,  33,  49,  199,  215,  296,  457,  721;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our 
Own  Time,  113,  540-546,  579-585,  749-770;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic 
History,  272-276,  296,  297,  302,  360,  382-284,  390,  391,  449-451; 
K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  307-312;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Industrial  Evolution,  ch.  xii;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth 
(1910  ed.),  chs.  xcii,  xciii;  The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation 
passim  (see  contents). 

Special.  —  E.  G.  Murphy,  Problems  of  the  Present  South,  and  Basis 
of  Ascendancy;  H.  ,W.  Grady,  New  South,  and  Cotton  and  its  King 
dom  (Harper's  Mag.,  LXIII,  719);  J.  C.  Harris,  H.  W.  Grady,  83- 
207;  A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South;  E.  A.  Alderman,  The  Growing 
South  (World's  Work,  XVI,  10,373);  W.  P.  Trent,  Dominant  Forces 


§261]  NEW   SOUTH  537 

(Atlantic,  LXXXIX,  42),  and  Tendencies  of  Higher  Life  (ibid., 
766);  S.  B.  Weeks,  Negro  Suffrage  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  IX,  671); 
A.  E.  McKinley,  Two  Southern  Constitutions  (ibid.,  XVIII,  480); 

F.  G.    Caffey,  Suffrage   Limitations  in  the  South    (ibid.,   XX,    53); 
L.    C.    Willcox,    The   South   in    Fiction    (Bookman,    XXXIII,    44). 
More  recent  phases  of  the  New  South  are  in  the  following:  World's 
Work,  XIV    (Southern   number,   June,    1904);     Edwin    Mims,    The 
South  Realizing  Itself  (ibid.,  XXII,  14,972);   R.  H.  Edmonds,  South's 
Amazing  Progress  (Review  of  Reviews,  XXX,  177);    The   New  South 
(Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXV,  No.  i);    F.  T.  Carlton, 
The  South  during  the  Last  Decade  (Sewanee  Review,   XII,  174).  — 
ECONOMIC:  M.  B.  Hammond,  Cotton  Industry,  chs.  iv-vi;  J.  C.  Hardy, 
South's  Supremacy  in   Cotton  Growing;    Ethel  Armes,  Story  of  Coal 
and  Iron  in  Alabama;  W.  L.  Fleming,  Reorganization  of  the  Industrial 
System  in  Alabama  (Am.  Jour.  Sociology,  X,  473).  —  NEGRO  (§  242) : 
A.  H.  Stone,  Studies  in  the  American  Race  Problem;  Andrew  Carnegie, 
Negro  in  America;    America's  Race  Problems  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc. 
Sci.,  Annals,   XVII),  95-140;    Economic  Future  of  the  Negro  (Am. 
Econ.  Assoc.,   Publications,  3d   ser.,    VII,    219-324);    Kelly   Miller, 
Race  Adjustments;  B.  T.  Washington  and  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Negro  in 
the  South;   B.  T.  Washington,  Negro  Problem,  and  Story  of  Negro,  II, 
and  Future  of  Negro;  W.  H.  Thomas,  American  Negro;  J.  A.  Tilling- 
hast,  Negro  in  Africa  and  America,  pt.  iii;  W.  D.  Weatherford,  Negro 
Life  in  the  South;   G.  S.  Merriam,  Negro  and  the  Nation,  chs   xxxvi- 
xl  :  F.  L.  Hoffman,  Race  Traits  and  Tendencies  of  the  American  Negro; 

G.  W.  Cable..    Negro  Question,  and  Silent  South;  T.  N.  Page,   The 
Negro;    D.  W.  Gulp,    Twentieth   Century   Negro    Literature;    W.  B. 
Smith,    Color   Line;    Carl  Kelsey,    Negro  Farmer;    W.  A.   Sinclair, 
Aftermath  of  Slavery;   R.  S.  Baker,  Following  the  Color  Line;    W.  P. 
Pickett,     Negro    Problem;    J.  E.    Cutler,    Lynch    Law,    chs.    vi-ix; 
R.    A.    Patterson,     Negro    and    his    Needs.  —  MOUNTAIN    WHITES: 
S.  T.  Wilson,  Southern  Mountaineer;    E.  C.  Semple,  Anglo-Saxons  of 
the  Kentucky  Mountains  (Geog.  Jour.,   XVII,  588);    Southern  Edu 
cation   Board,    Bulletin,   I;     John   Fox,   Jr.,   Southern   Mountaineer 
(Scribner's  Mag.,  XXIX,  387,  556);   W.  G.  Frost,  Our  Contemporary 
Ancestors    (Atlantic,    LXXXIII,    311);     T.    R.     Dawley,     Southern 
Mountaineers   (World's   Work,    XIX,   12,704);    G.    E.    Vincent,   Re 
tarded  Frontier  (Am.  Jour.  Sociology,  IV,  i);   J.  A.  R.  Rogers,  Birth 
of  Berea    College;    Felix  Adler,    Child    Labor  in  Southern  Industry 
(Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXV,  491). 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS:    Census  (187^0-1900),  especially  Bureau 
of  Census,  Bulletin,  No.  8  (Negroes),  and  Tenth  Census,  V  (cotton 


538     NEW  INDUSTRIAL   FOUNDATIONS,  1880-1890  [§261 

production);  Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin,  Nos.  10,  14,  22,  32,  37, 
38,  48,  52,  62;  Statistical  Abstract  (annual);  Senate  Reports,  53  Cong. 
3  sess.,  Ill,  No.  986  (cotton  growers);  Bureau  of  Labor,  Report  on 
Woman  and  Child  Wage-Earners  (also  in  Senate  Docs.,  61  Cong.  2  sess., 
No.  645),  especially  I,  VI,  ch.  v,  XVI,  chs.  i,  ii;  W.  L.  Fleming,  Docu 
mentary  History  of  Reconstruction,  II,  450-455;  reports  of  boards  of 
trade  of  New  Orleans,  Richmond,  Atlanta,  Memphis,  etc.,  Appletons' 
Annual  Cyclopedia.  — NEGRO:  American  Negro  Academy,  Occasional 
Papers;  Atlanta  University,  Publications;  Hampton  Negro  Con 
ference,  Reports,  and  Proceedings;  John  F.  Slater  Fund,  Occasional 
Papers;  B.  T.  Washington,  Up  from  Slavery,  and  Working  with 
the  Hands,  and  Tuskegee  and  its  People;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  Souls 
of  Black  Folk.  —  DESCRIPTIONS  (§  242):  C.  D.  Warner,  Studies  in 
the  South  and  West  (1889),  chs.  i-vi,  and  On  Horseback  (1888),  3-151; 
W.  H.  Page  (Nich.  Worth),  The  Southerner;  Julian  Ralph,  Dixie 
(1896);  W.  F.  Tillett,  The  White  Man  of  the  New  South  (Century, 
XXXIII,  769:  1887);  Wm.  Archer,  Through  Afro- America  (1910); 
A.  K.  McClure,  The  South  (1886). 

Bibliography.  —  A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South,  7-19;  South  in  the 
Building  of  the  Nation  (ch.  bibliographies);  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  Select 
Bibliography  of  the  American  Negro,  and  Select  Bibliography  of  the 
Negro  American;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List  on  the  Negro  Question,  and 
List  of  Discussions  of  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Amendments;  Har 
vard  University,  Guide  to  Readings  in  Social  Ethics,  90-99;  Brookings 
and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for  Debate,  Nos.  1-3;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs 
on  Public  Questions,  No.  3. 


CHAPTER   XXXII 

ECONOMIC    UNREST,    1890-1898 
§  262.  Money  and  Tariff,  1890-1898 

Summary.  —  1889,  Republican  control  (§  255);  Reed  rules.  — 
Silver  legislation:  1889-1890,  new  Western  states  (§  259);  1890, 
July  14,  Sherman  Silver  Purchase  act.  —  1890,  July  2,  Sherman 
Antitrust  act  (§§  256,  269).  —  1890.  Force  bill  (§  261).  —  Surplus: 
1890,  June  27,  Dependent  Pension  act;  pension  investigations; 
1890,  Oct.  i,  McKinley  Tariff  act;  1891,  March  2,  refund  of  direct 
war  tax;  naval  expenditures;  "billion  dollar  Congress." — 1890, 
"Tidal  wave"  election;  influence  of  People's  party  (Populists); 
Democratic  House;  1892,  "popgun"  tariff  bills.  —  Election  of 
1892:  Republican  convention,  compromise  silver  plank,  protec 
tion  plank,  Harrison  renominated;  Democratic  convention,  rev 
enue  tariff  plank,  ambiguous  monetary  plank,  Cleveland  nomi 
nated;  Populist  convention,  prophetic  platform,  Weaver  nomi 
nated;  other  conventions;  influence  of  Homestead  strike;  Cleve 
land's  second  election;  complete  Democratic  control  (first-  since 
1859);  free  silver  balance  of  power.  —  Financial  reaction:  1890, 
stringency;  agricultural  depression;  railroad  receiverships;  1891, 
agricultural  and  gold  exports;  1892,  speculative  activity;  1893, 
panic,  causes,  results;  special  session  of  Congress;  Nov.  i,  repeal 
of  Silver  Purchase  act;  "  endless  chain  "  drain  on  gold  reserve; 
1894,  Jan.,  Nov.,  1895,  Feb.,  sale  of  bonds  for  gold,  Morgan  syndi 
cate;  1895,  March  29,  veto  of  bill  to  coin  the  seigniorage;  1896, 
Jan.,  popular  loan;  1893-1896,  era  of  depression.  —  1894,  Indus 
trial  unrest  (§  270).  —  1894,  Aug.  27,  Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  act; 
Democratic  dissensions;  income  tax  declared  unconstitutional  by 
Supreme  Court.  —  Free-silver  campaign:  1894,  silver  propaganda 
in  all  parties;  June,  Omaha  free-silver  convention;  "  Coin's 
Financial  School  ";  "  land-slide  "  election;  Republican  Congress; 

(539) 


540  ECONOMIC    UNREST,   1890-1898  [  §  262 

1894-1900,  free-silver  balance  in  Senate;  1896,  Republican  conven 
tion,  gold  standard,  bolt  of  silver  men,  protection  plank,  McKin- 
ley  nominated;  Democratic  convention,  free  silver,  Bryan's  speech 
and  nomination;  Populist  fusion  with  Democrats;  Gold  Demo 
cratic  convention;  character  of  campaign;  election  of  McKinley; 
1900,  March  14,  Gold  Standard  act  (§  272).  —  1897,  July  24, 
Dingley  Tariff  act;  failure  of  reciprocity  treaties. 

General.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  chs.  iv-vi,  ix-xi, 
xiv-xvii,  xx ;  J.  F.  Rhodes,  Cleveland's  Administrations,  II  (Sarib- 
ner's  Mag.,  L,  602-605)  ;  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V,  198-269; 
E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  556,  562,  577,  691-699,  773-787,  797, 
798;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  166-176,  193-215,  252-372,  389- 
407,  437-529;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  968-975,  988- 
997,  1002-1007,  1011-1021;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  661- 
674;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  349^352,  395,  396,  444-448; 
E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  chs.  xxx,  xxxi ;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Reconstruc 
tion  and  Union,  143-174;  Herbert  Croly,  Marcus  A.  Hanna,  chs. 
xiii-xix. 

Special.  —  CURRENCY  :  F.  W.  Taussig,  Silver  Situation,  pt.  i, 
chs.  vi-viii,  pt.  ii  and  Treasury  in  1894-1896  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ., 
XIII,  204);  A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years,  chs.  vi-xi;  D.  R.  Dewey, 
Financial  History,  ch.  xix;  W.  R.  Lawson,  American  Finance, 
119-180  ;  D.  K.  Watson,  American  Coinage,  chs.  xii-xvi ;  F.  A.  Walker, 
International  Bimetallism;  A.  B.  Hepburn,  Coinage  and  Currency, 
297-414;  Horace  White,  Money  and  Banking  (3d  ed.),  175-192; 
J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimetallism,  chs.  xvi,  xvii;  C.  A.  Conant,  Mod 
ern  Banks  of  Issue,  377-385,  524-551;  H.  B.  Russell,  Interna 
tional  Monetary  Conference,  chs,  vii-ix;  O.  M.  W.  Sprague,  Crises, 
124-215;  T.  E.  Burton,  Financial  Crises,  and  John  Sherman,  336- 
400;  M.  S.  Wildman,  Money  Inflation,  173-215;  R.  F.  Hoxie, 
Debate  of  1890  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ.,  I,  535);  C.  J.  Bullock,  Monetary 
History,  ch.  viii;  W.  J.  Lauck,  Panic  of  1893;  H.  C.  Nicholas,  in 
Van  Norden's  Magazine,  Dec.,  1907;  W.  C.  Ford,  Movement  of  Gold 
and  Foreign  Exchanges,  1894-1895  (Yale  Review,  IV,  128);  F.  A. 
Cleveland,  Bank  and  the  Treasury,  ch.  i.  —  TARIFF  AND  INCOME  TAX: 
I.  M.  Tarbell,  Tariff,  chs.  viii-x;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History, 
chs.  v-vii,  and  Reciprocity  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  VII,  26);  E.  Stan- 
wood,  Tariff  Controversies,  chs.  xvi-xviii;  C.  W.  Wright,  Wool- 
Growing  and  the  Tariff,  ch.  viii;  Wm.  Hill,  Votes  on  McKinley  and 
Wilson  Bills  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ.,  II,  290);  Geo.  Tunell,  Second 


§262]  MONEY   AND   TARIFF  541 

Income  Tax  (ibid.,  Ill,  311);  A.  C.  Miller,  National  Finance  and  the 
Income  Tax  (ibid.,  255);  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Income  Tax,  chs.  iv-vi; 
J.  M.  Gould  and  G.  F.  Tucker,  Federal  Income  Tax  Explained; 
F.  C.  Howe,  Internal  Revenue  System,  233-252.  —  PENSIONS: 
W.  H.  Glasson,  Military  Pension  Legislation,  chs.  iii-vii;  E.  H.  Hall, 
Civil  War  Pensions  (Mass.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proceedings,  XLII,  113); 
W.  B.  Hale,  Pension  Carnival  (World's  Work,  XX,  13,  485,  XXI 
passim);  C.  F.  Adams,  Pensions  (ibid.,  XXIII,  188,  327,  385). 
—  POPULISTS  (§§  250,  252):  F.  L.  McVey,  Populist  Movement; 
F.  E.  Haynes,  New  Sectionalism  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  X,  269)  ; 
J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  110-130;  W.  F.  Mappin,  Farm 
Mortgages  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  IV,  433);  J.  P.  Dunn,  Mortgage  Evil 
(ibid.,  V,  65);  F.  M.  Drew,  Farmers'  Movement  (ibid.,  VI,  282); 
C.  F.  Emerick,  Agricultural  Discontent  (ibid.,  XI,  433,  601,  XII,  93) ; 

E.  W.  Bemis,  Discontent  of  the  Farmer  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ,,  I.  193); 
C.  W.  Davis,  Why  the  Farmer  is   not  Prosperous  (Forum,  IX,  231, 
348);    C.  S.  Gleed,  True  Significance  of  Western   Unrest  (ibid.,  XVI, 
252);    C.  S.  Walker,  Farmers'   Movement  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci., 
Annals,  IV,  790);    A.  F.  Bentley,  Condition  of  the  Western  Farmer; 

F.  J.    Turner,    Problem    of   the    West    (Atlantic,    LXXVIII,    289); 
W.  Wilson,  Making  of  the  Nation,  (ibid.,  LXXX,  i) ;  C.    M.   Harger, 
A      New      Business     Alliance     (N.     Am.    Review,     CLXV,     380); 
Samuel    Williston,   Semi-Arid    Kansas    (Univ.   of   Kan.,    Quarterly, 
III,    211).  —  LABOR   (§§   256,    270).  —  CONGRESSIONAL    ORGANIZA 
TION:   L.   G.   McConachie,  Congressional  Committees;   M.  P.  Follett, 
The  Speaker,  especially  §§  69-71,  127-129;  H.   B.  Fuller,  Speakers 
of  the  House,  ch.  viii;  J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth  (1910  ed.), 
I,  chs.  xiv,  xv. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
51-54  Congs.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  IX;  Finance 
Report  (annual);  Statutes  at  Large,  XXVI- XXX,  especially 
XXVI,  182  (pensions),  289  (silver  purchase),  567  (tariff),  822  (re 
turn  of  direct  tax),  XXVIII,  4  (repeal  of  silver  purchase),  509 
(tariff  and  income  tax),  XXX,  151  (tariff),  the  silver  acts  are  re 
printed  in  Wm.  MacDonald,  Select  Statutes,  Nos.  121,  125;  National 
Monetary  Commission,  Laws  concerning  Money,  245-257,  439-448, 
589-614,  698-710;  A.  P.  Andrew,  Statistics,  1867-1909,  and  Finan 
cial  Diagrams;  R.  G.  Proctor,  Tariff  Acts,  1789  to  1897  (House  Docs., 
55  Cong.  2  sess.,  LXXII,  No.  562),  314-565;  United  States  Reports: 
especially  Field  v.  Clark  (1892),  143  U.S.,  650  (tariff);  United 
States  v.  Ballin  (1892),  144  U.S.,  i  (Reed  rules);  Pollock  v.  Far 
mers'  Loan  (1895),  157  U.S.,  429,  158  U.S.,  601  (income  tax); 


542  ECONOMIC  UNREST,   1890-1898  [§262 

United  States  v.  Realty  Company  (1896),  163  U.S.,  427  (sugar 
bounty);  Statistical  Abstract  (annual);  Report  of  the  Monetary  Com 
mission  of  the  Indianapolis  Convention;  Commissioner  of  Pensions, 
Annual  Reports;  pension  investigations,  in  House  Exec.  Docs., 
48  Cong,  i  sess.,  XXVIII,  No.  172,  House  Reports,  51  Cong.  2 
sess.,  Ill,  No.  3732,  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  VIII,  IX;  Republican  National 
Convention,  Proceedings  (1892,  1896);  Democratic  National  Con 
vention,  Proceedings  (1892,  1896);  campaign  handbooks  (1892, 
1896);  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopedia;  E.  McPherson,  Handbook 
(to  1894);  Tribune  Almanac;  World  Almanac;  Sound  Currency; 
Nation;  Commercial  and  Financial  Chronicle;  Journal  of  Commerce 
and  Commercial  Bulletin;  general  periodicals  of  the  period  as  listed 
in  supplements  to  Poolers  Index.  —  REED  RULES:  T.  B.  Reed  and 
others,  in  North  American  Review,  CLI,  90,  229,  237,  367;  H.  C. 
Lodge,  .Obstruction  (Nineteenth  Century,  XXIX,  423).  — -  CON 
TEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  G.  Cleveland,  Presidential  Problems,  121- 
170,  and  Writings  and  Speeches,  especially  100-106,  303-328,  374; 
R.  W.  Gilder,  Grover  Cleveland;  B.  Harrison,  Speeches;  J.  Sherman, 
Recollections,  II,  chs.  Ivii,  lix-lxv;  A.  D.  White,  Autobiography,  I, 
chs.  xiii,  xiv;  G.  F.  Hoar,  Autobiography,  II,  ch.  xxii;  T.  C.  Platt, 
Autobiography,  chs.  xiii-xvii;  W.  M.  Stewart,  Reminiscences,  chs. 
xxxi-xxxvi,  and  Silver  (Forum,  XI,  429);  E.  L.  Godkin,  Problems, 
249-274;  W.  J.  Bryan,  First  Battle;  W.  V.  Byars,  An  American 
Commoner  (Bland),  chs.  xviii-xxvii;  R.  P.  Bland  on  silver,  in  North 
American  Review,  CLI,  344,  CLVIII,  554;  W.  H.  Harvey,  Coin's 
Financial  School;  W.  A.  Peffer,  Farmer's  Side,  and  on  Populist 
party,  in  North  American  Review,  CLVII,  665,  and  Cosmopolitan, 
X,  694,  and  Forum,  VIII,  464;  W.  V.  Allen,  Principles  of  Populism 
(Independent,  XLVIII,  1223);  J.  B.  Weaver,  Call  to  Action; 
H.  R.  Chamberlain,  Farmers'  Alliance;  W.  A.  White,  Kansas 
(Forum,  XXIII,  75),  and  Typical  Kansas  Community  (Atlantic, 
LXXX,  171). 

Bibliography.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  §  185,  and 
National  Problems,  ch.  xxi;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  relating  to  Taxation 
of  Incomes,  and  List  on  Reciprocity  (2d  ed.);  H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  List 
on  Sugar,  and  List  on  Wool;  F.  L.  McVey,  Populist  Movement, 
footnotes;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  X,  181;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Manual,  §  54  (lects.  84,  85);  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Briefs  for 
Debate,  Nos.  7,  32-35",  42-45;  American  Historical  Association,  Report, 
1905,  II. 


§263]  FOREIGN   RELATIONS  543 

§  263.  Foreign  Relations,  1885-1897 

Summary.  —  Earlier  phases  (§  244).  —  Fisheries  (§§  194,  224, 
244):  Northeastern,  1885,  expiration  of  treaty  of  Washington 
(1871);  1885,  Cleveland's  withdrawal  of  draft  treaty  from  Senate; 
bait  question;  1887,  commission;  1888,  treaty  defeated  by 
Senate;  modus  vivendi. — •  Isthmian  Canal  (§§  224,  257):  1889-1898, 
Maritime  Canal  Company  of  Nicaragua;  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty 
obstacle;  activity  of  the  New  Panama  Company;  1897,  Walker's 
Isthmian  Canal  Commission.  —  Incidents:  1885,  Austrian  refusal 
of  Minister  Keiley;  1888,  Sackville-West.  —  South  America: 
Elaine's  policy;  1890,  Pan-American  Congress;  1891-1892, 
Chilian  episode;  1895,  Dec.  17,  Cleveland's  Venezuela  message 
(Monroe  Doctrine);  Olney  Doctrine;  1896,  commission  of  investi 
gation;  1897,  arbitration;  failure  of  general  arbitration  treaty. — 
Pacific  (§§  264,  268):  Increase  of  Western  population;  doctrine 
of  dominant  interest;  1886,  Bering  Sea;  seals;  Elaine;  1893, 
arbitration;  1889,  June  14,  Samoan  Islands,  Tripartite  treaty; 
1893,  Hawaiian  revolution;  American  protectorate;  disavowals; 
Feb.  14,  annexation  treaty,  March  9,  withdrawn  by  Cleveland; 
Commissioner  Blount;  withdrawal  of  flag;  the  Queen  and  the 
Republic;  1894,  May  31,  Senate  declaration;  1898,  July  7,  annex 
ation  by  joint  resolution.  —  Later  diplomatic  questions  (§  267). 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  chs.  xiii,  xiv; 
D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  chs.  vii,  xiii,  xix;  J.  B.  Moore,  in 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  VII,  ch.  xxi;  E.  Stan  wood,  Elaine, 
ch.  x;  J.  B.  Henderson,  Jr.,  American  Diplomatic  Questions  passim; 
W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V,  185,  186,  196,  240-252;  E.  B. 
Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  409^16,  508-516,  605-614,  700-708; 
Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  957-961,  975-981,  997-1002; 
T.  S.  Woolsey,  America's  Foreign  Policy,  115,  169,  195,  213,  223; 
McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles  Fisheries,  Pan-Amer 
ican  Congresses,  Reciprocity. 

Special.  —  NORTHEASTERN  FISHERIES:  C.  B.  Elliot,  North 
eastern  Fisheries,  90-100;  J.  I.  Doran,  Our  Fishery  Rights;  J.  B. 
Moore,  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  iv;  Raymond  McFarland,  New 
England  Fisheries,  ch.  xix;  Freeman  Snow,  Treaties  and  Topics, 
427-470.  —  VENEZUELA:  J.  F.  Rhodes,  Cleveland's  Administrations, 
II  (Scribner's  Mag.,  L,  607-612);  J.  H.  Latane,  United  States  and 


544  ECONOMIC   UNREST,   1890-1898  [§263 

Spanish  America,  ch.  vi;  T.  B.  Edgington,  Monroe  Doctrine,  ch.  xvi; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Monroe  Doctrine  (U.S.  Naval  Institute,  Proceedings, 
XXII,  No.  3);  Rich.  Olney,  International  Isolation  (Atlantic, 
LXXXI,  577).  — PACIFIC  (§§  264,  268):  A.  C.  Coolidge,  United 
States  as  a  World  Power,  ch.  xvii;  J.  W.  Foster,  American  Diplomacy 
in  the  Orient,  chs.  xi,  xii  ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Interest  of  America  in  Sea 
Power,  Nos.  1-3:  J.  M.  Callahan,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific, 
chs.  viii,  ix;  S.  B.  Stanton,  Behring  Sea  Controversy;  C.  Calvo,  Droit 
International  (4th  ed.),  I,  471,  489,  VI,  370-446;  T.  D.  Woolsey, 
International  Law  (6th  ed.),  §§  59,  60;  VV.  E.  Hall,  International 
Law  (6th  ed.),  140-154,  252  n.;  T.  J.  Lawrence,  International 
Law,  §  106;  T.  A.  Walker,  International  Law,  175-204;  Fur  Seal 
Question  (Am.  Jour,  of  Internal.  Law,  I,  742):  J.  Stanley-Brown, 
Bering  Sea  Controversy  (Yale  Review,  II,  196) ;  E.  J.  Phelps,  Behring 
Sea  Controversy  (Harper's  Mag.,  LXXXII,  766);  T.  B.  Browning, 
Bering  Sea  Controversy  (Law  Quart.  Review,  VII,  128);  G.  H.  Knott, 
Arbitration  of  Behring  Sea  Controversy  (Am.  Law  Review,  XXVII, 
684) ;  H.  E.  Chambers,  Hawaii;  E.  J.  Carpenter,  America  in  Ha 
waii;  W.  D.  Alexander,  Hawaiian  People.  —  ISTHMIAN  CANAL 
(§§  257,  267):  L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaragua  Canal,  chs.  xxi,  xxii; 
W.  F.  Johnson,  Four  Centuries,  ch.  viii ;  C.  H.  Hunerich,  Trans- 
Isthmian  Canal;  F.  Regel,  Panamakanal,  42-50;  Achille  Viallate, 
Etats-Unis  et  le  Canal  Interoceanique  (Revue  General  de  Droit  Inter 
nal.  Public,  X.  5);  C.  H.  Forbes-Lindsay,  Panama,  ch.  vii;  E.  R. 
Johnson,  Nicaragua  Canal  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  VII, 
38):  H.  L.  Abbot,  Problems  of  the  Panama  Canal,  ch.  i. 

Sources. —  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional  Documents, 
49-54  Congs.;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  VIII,  IX; 
Foreign  Relations  (1885-1897) ;  W.  M.  Malloy,  Treaties,  185,  729- 
762,  1576;  J.  B.  Moore,  International  Law  Digest,  §§  166-168  (North 
eastern  fisheries),  172,  173  (seal  fisheries),  361-365  (Isthmian  Canal), 
297  (Chile),  966  (Venezuelan  boundary),  no  (Samoan  Islands), 
108  (pp.  494-510,  Hawaiian  Islands),  638  (pp.  480-484,  Keiley  case), 
640  (pp.  536-548,  Sackville-West),  and  International  Arbitrations, 
!>  755-Q61,  V,  4759-4767  (fur  seals  and  Bering  Sea),  5017,  5018  (Ven 
ezuela  boundary).  Among  the  more  significant  public  documents 
are:  (Canal)  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  4;  53  Cong. 
2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  I,  No.  5:  3  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs., 
I,  No.  20;  54  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  XIII,  No.  315  ;  Senate 
Reports,  VI,  No.  1109;  55  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  VIII,  No. 
1265;  (Fisheries)  49  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  I,  No.  1683; 
50  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  IX,  No.  113;  (Seals)  52  Cong. 


§264]  PACIFIC   COAST  545 

i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  V,  No.  55,  Fur  Seal  Arbitration  (16  vols.) ; 
D.  S.  Jordan  and  others.  Fur  Seals;  (Hawaii)  53  Cong.  2  sess.' 
Senate  Reports,  II,  No.  227 ;  56  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  XXIV,' 
pp.  361-1169;  (Chile)  52  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Exec.  Docs.] 
XXXIV,  No.  91;  (Venezuela and  general  arbitration)  Foreign  Relations', 
1895,  I,  542-576,  1896,  222-255  J  58  Cong.  3  sess.,  Senate  Do.cs.,  iv', 
No.  161.  British  and  Foreign  State  Papers;  Annual  Register; 
Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopaedia;  International  Bureau  of  American 
Republics,  Bulletins.  —  CONTEMPORARY  WRITINGS:  G.  Cleveland, 
Presidential  Problems,  ch.  iv;  A.  D.  White,  Autobiography,  II, 
13-21,  117-130;  J.  W.  Foster,  Diplomatic  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  xxv- 
xxvii,  xxxiv;  G.  F.  Hoar,  Autobiography,  II,  ch.  xii. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  References  on  International 
Arbitration,  and  List  on  Samoa  and  Guam,  and  List  relating  to  Hawaii; 
H.  A.  Morrison,  List  relating  to  Interoceanic  Canal;  R.  MacFarland, 
New  England  Fisheries,  344-363;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  84  (lects. 
78,  79),  86  (lects.  80-82);  Brookings  and  Ringwalt,  Brief s  for  Debate, 
Nos.  24,  25. 

§  264.  Development  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  1890-1910 

Summary.  —  Increased  interest  in  the  Pacific:  Alaskan  gold; 
Spanish- American  War,  insular  annexations  (§  265) ;  Panama  Canal 
(267);  Japanese  activity;  growth  of  population  and  wealth.— 
Physical  geography;  resources;  size.  —  Relations  to  Asia  and  other 
Pacific  countries  (§  268).  —  1890-1910,  Population;  city  growth; 
development  of  particular  industries;  irrigation  (§  273);  transpor 
tation  (§§  259,  260);  influence  of  Southern  Pacific  Railway; 
1900-1910,  new  railroads,  their  strategic  significance;  Oriental 
commerce  (§268),  rivalry  of  ports;  improvements  of  harbors.  — 
Alaska:  fur  seal  question  (263);  1896,  Klondike  gold  discoveries; 
1899,  Nome;  development,  effect  on  Seattle;  1903,  Oct.  20,  boundary 
decision;  1905,  Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  Exposition  at  Port 
land;  1909,  Alaska- Yukon-Pacific  Exposition  at  Seattle;  1909- 
1910,  Ballinger-Pinchot  controversy  (§  273);  Cunningham  coal 
claims,  the  Guggenheims;  question  of  government.  —  1906,  April 
18-20,  San  Francisco  earthquake  and  fire;  1911,  selection  of  San 
Francisco  for  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  of  1915.  —  Labor  ques 
tions:  scarcity  of  supply;  Chinese  and  Japanese  immigration 
(§  268);  1891-1893,  labor  contests;  1901,  San  Francisco  strike, 


546  ECONOMIC   UNREST,   1890-1898  [§264 

triumph  of  labor  unions;  1903-1904,  anti-injunction  struggle; 
1910,  Los  Angeles  dynamiting.  —  California  politics  and  corrup 
tion:  Southern  Pacific  Railway  influences;  1906-1909,  San  Fran 
cisco  graft  exposures;  municipal  reform  and  public  works  in  Los 
Angeles  and  Seattle;  campaign  of  1910.  —  Oregon  political  system 
(§  272).  —  Pacific  Coast  ideals  and  traits;  literature  and  art. 

General.  —  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  356-381,  734~737, 
790-796;  Jos.  Schafer,  Pacific  Slope  and  Alaska,  357-359,  365, 
366,  395-417;  W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America,  121-160, 
197-212;  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  articles  on  the  various 
Pacific  Coast  states  and  Alaska. 

Special. — Josiah  Royce,  Race  Questions,  No.  4;  A.  P.  Brigham, 
Geographic  Influences,  ch.  x;  Isaiah  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography, 
chs.  ix-xiii;  J.  E.  Chapman,  Pacific  Civilization  (Collier's,  XLIII, 
32);  L.  Pease,  Boosters  (ibid.,  22);  Herbert  Bashford,  Literary 
Development  (Atlantic,  XCII,  i);  C.  R.  Enock,  The  Great  Pacific 
Coast,  and  Farthest  West;  J.  B.  Meikle,  American  Mastery  of  the 
Pacific  (World's  Work,  X,  6467) ;  C.  M.  Keys,  Contest  for  Pacific  Traf 
fic  (ibid.,  6503),  and  Country  Ready  for  Capital  (ibid.,  XVIII,  1922); 
H.  T.  Finck,  Progressive  Pacific  Coast  (Scribner's  Mag.,  XL VII, 
213);  J.  E.  Hodgson,  Dredging  of  Gold  Placers;  E.  S.  Holmes, 
Agricultural  Conditions  (Scientific  Am.,  Sup.,  LII,  21,695);  C.  F. 
Hodder,  Big  Things  of  the  West  (ibid.,~LV,  22,805);  A.  Hovey-King, 
Lumber  Industry  (Review  of  Reviews,  XXVII,  317);  R.  P.  Jennings, 
Building  up  a  State  (World  To-Day,  VIII,  320),  and  The  West  that 
has  become  the  East  (ibid.,  XV,  1124);  H.  H.  Bancroft,  New  Pacific; 
J.  Barrett,  Our  Pacific  Opportunity  (Overland,  n.s.,  XXXV,  149). 
—  ALASKA:  A.  W.  Greely,  Handbook  of  Alaska  (1909) ;  J.  S.  Maclain, 
Alaska  and  the  Klondike  (1905);  Hugo  Erdmann,  Alaska  (1909) ;  Ella 
Higginson,  Alaska;  E.  R.  Scidmore,  Appletons'  Guide  Book  to  Alaska 
(1893);  Geo.  Davidson,  Alaska  Boundary  (with  history  of  Alaska); 
T.  W.  Balch,  Alaska  Frontier;  A.  H.  Brooks,  Coal  Fields  of  Alaska 
(Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  XXI,  83);  Collier's  Weekly,  XLIV,  XLV 
passim;  World's  Work,  VI,  3955,  X,  6528,  XVIII,  11,941;  Hamp 
ton's  Magazine,  XXIV,  451,  631,  XXV,  691.  — THE  NORTHWEST: 
J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress,  chs.  vii-ix;  Jos.  Schafer,  Pacific 
Northwest,  ch.  xix;  W.  D.  Lyman,  The  Columbia  River,  pt.  i,  ch. 
xii,  pt.  ii,  chs.  iii/vi;  F.  G.  Young,  Columbia  River  Improvement  (Am. 
Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXI,  189);  E.  S.  Meany,  Wash 
ington,  pt.  v;  A.  B.  Hart,  Obvious  Orient,  chs.  iv-vii ;  R.  S.  Baker, 
Great  Northwest  (Century,  LXV,  647);  N.  H.  Darton,  Our  Pacific 


§264]  PACIFIC   COAST  547 

Northwest  (Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  XX,  645);  World's  Work,  II,  813,  X, 
6445,  6459,  6474,  6491,  6511,  XV,  9992,  XXI,  13,767;  J-  F.  Carr, 
in  Outlook,  LXXXVI,  363,  868:  Outing,  XLVII,  579,  LI,  432, 
LIII,  77;  R.  A.  Ballinger,  Puget  Sound  Region  (Independent,  LXVI, 
1374),  and  Seattle  (Review  of  Reviews,  XXXIX,  714);  A.  M.  Field, 
Lumbering  in  Washington  (Independent,  LXIII,  1108);  Caroline  Shel 
don,  Puget  Sound  Country  and  Alaska  (Chautauquan,  LI,  175) ;  D.  B. 
Bogie,  Coming  Industrial  Empire  of  Puget  Sound  (Engineering  Mag., 
XX,  989);  W.  D.  Lyman,  Washington  (Atlantic,  LXXXVII,  505); 

A.  Berglund,    Wheat  Situation  in   Washington   (Polit.   Sci.   Quart., 
XXIV,  489);    J.  J.  Hill,    Looking    Forward  (Putnam's,  VII,  62); 

B.  H.  Elford,  Inland    Empire  (Overland,  n.s.,  XLV,    541) ;    Wallace 
Nash,  Settler's  Handbook  to  Oregon;  Louise  G.  Stephens  (Katharine), 
Letters  from  an  Oregon  Ranch;    R.  L.  Jones,  World's  Fruit  Basket 
(Collier's,  XLIII,  16).  —  CALIFORNIA:  D.  S.  Jordan,   California  and 
Californians;  B.  I.  Wheeler,  Forecast  for  California  (Outlook,  XCIX, 
167) ;     T.    J.    Vivian,    Commercial,   Industrial,   Transportation,   and 
Other  Industries  of  California;  G.  T.    Daniels,  California   (1904)  ;   E. 
W.   Maslin,   Resources  of  California   (1893);    W.   H.   Hall,  Physical 
Data  and  Statistics  of   California;    A.   G.   McAdie,    Climatology  of 
California;  C.  F.   Lummis,  in  The  Americana,  article  "  California  " 
(1911),  and   The  Right   Hand  of  the  Continent  (Harper's  Mag.,  C, 
171);    John  Muir,   The   Mountains  of   California;     C.   D.   Warner, 
Our  Italy   (1891) ;    Walter  Lindley  and  J.  P.  Widney,  California  of 
the  South   (3d  ed.,  1896);   J.  W.    Hansom,   American  Italy   (1896); 
Kate  Sanborn,  A    Truthful  Woman  in  Southern    California   (1893); 

C.  A.   Keeler,  San  Francisco  and    Thereabout  (1903);  A.  J.  Wells, 
A  New   California   (World   To-Day,  XIX,   1155);  R-  T.  Fisher,  The 
Big   Trees    of  California  (World's  Work,  III,  1714);   Douglas  White 
and  W.  A.  Lawson,  Northern  California  ( Harper's  Weekly,  XLVII, 
2099) ;   see  periodicals  indexed  in  Poole's  Index  and  Readers'  Guide, 
under  "  California."  —  CALIFORNIA   POLITICS:    Lucile   Eaves,    Cali 
fornia  Labor  Legislation;  T.  F.  Bonnet,  The  Regenerators  (San  Fran 
cisco  graft);     Franklin  Hichborn,  Story  of  the  California  Legislature 
(1909,   1911);   Lincoln  Steffens,  in  American  Magazine,  LXIV,  339, 
LXV,    26,   140,    390,    614,    LXVI,    120    (San    Francisco  graft);    C. 
E.  Russell,  in  Hampton's  Magazine,  XXIV,   843,  XXV,  364  (state 
politics);  McClure's  Magazine, XXLX,  547,  XXXIII,  277,  XXXVI, 
386  (San  Francisco  graft). 

Sources. —  Census  Reports  (1890-1910);  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
Bulletins,  and  Mineral  Resources,  and  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation 
Papers;  state  documents  (see  Bowker's  State  Publications  and 


548  ECONOMIC   UNREST,    1890-1898  [§264 

Hasse's  Index  in  §  24  above),  especially  bureaus  of  labor  statistics, 
state  boards  of  trade,  immigration  boards,  publicity  bureaus,  state 
blue  books,  and  annuals;  also  publications  of  chambers  of  commerce, 
etc.,  of  Pacific  Coast  cities.  Newspapers  (§  41)  and  periodicals 
(§  40),  .especially  Sunset,  Overland,  Land  of  Sunshine,  Out  West, 
Pacific  Monthly,  The  Coast,  West  Shore,  World's  Work,  Collier's; 
annuals  and  handbooks  issued  by  leading  newspapers;  railroad 
literature.  —  ALASKA:  Marcus  Baker  and  Jas.  McCormick,  Geo 
graphic  Dictionary  of  Alaska  (26.  ed.,  Geol.  Survey,  Bulletins, 
No.  299);  A.  H.  Brooks  and  others,  Mining  and  Mineral  Wealth  of 
Alaska  (ibid.,  No.  442),  and  Geography  and  Geology  of  Alaska 
(Geol.  Survey,  Profes.  Papers,  No.  45);  W.  L.  Fisher,  Alaska  Coal 
Problems  (Bureau  of  Mines,  Bulletins,  No.  36);  Commercial  Alaska, 
1867-1903  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin.,  1903-1904,  p.  37); 
Congressional  Record,  .XLV,  927,  1026,  1880;  Harriman  Alaska 
Expedition  (1899),  I,  II;  Explorations  in  Alaska  (1869-1900, 
Senate  Reports,  56  Cong,  i  sess.,  XI,  No.  1023);  Alaskan  Boundary 
Tribunal,  Proceedings;  Sheldon  Jackson,  Introduction  of  Reindeer 
(Com.  of  Educ.,  Reports,  1890-1906);  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Reports 
(see  Supt.  of  Documents,  Price  Lists,  No.  32);  Alaska  Salmon  Com 
mission,  Preliminary  Report,  and  monographs  in  Bulletins  of  Bureau 
of  Fisheries;  Tappan  Adney,  Klondike  Stampede  (1900);  W.  S. 
Edwards,  Into  the  Yukon  (1909);  Eugene  McElwaine,  Truth  about 
Alaska  (1901);  Jeremiah  Lynch,  Three  Years  in  the  Klondike 
(1904);  Lanier  McKee,  Land  of  Nome  (1902);  Fred.  Palmer,  In  the 
Klondyke  (1899);  Fred.  Schwatka,  Along  Alaska's  Great  River 
(1885);  J.  E.  Spurr,  Through  the  Yukon  Gold  Diggings  (1900); 
May  K.  Sullivan,  A  Woman  who  went  to  Alaska  (1902);  H.  S.  Well 
come,  Story  of  Mellakahtla  (1887). 

Bibliography.  —  C.  W.  Smith,  Check- List  relating  to  the  Pacific 
Northwest;  K.  B.  Judson,  Pacific  Northwest;  Superintendent  of 
Documents,  Documents  relating  to  Non-contiguous  Territory,  Price 
Lists,  No.  32;  Governor  of  Alaska,  Report  (1910,  with  list  of  govt. 
pubs,  on  Alaska);  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  Bulletins,  No.  442; 
Readers1  Guide;  supplements  to  Poolers  Index ;  Annual  Library  Index; 
these  indexes  should  be  consulted  under  the  names  of  the  states, 
regions,  and  special  topics. 


CHAPTER   XXXIII 

THE    TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910 
§  265.  Cuba  and  the  Spanish-American  War,  1895-1899 

Summary.  —  Cuba:  earlier  American  interests  (§§224,244); 
1895,  revolution:  reconcentration ;  1896,  April  6,  Congressional 
resolution;  Dec.  7,  Cleveland's  message;  1897,  June  27,  American 
protest;  Spanish  negotiations;  1898,  Feb.,  De  Lome  letter  inci 
dent;  Feb.  15,  Maine  explosion;  March  9,  Congressional  appro 
priation  for  defense;  March  17,  Senator  Proctor's  speech;  March 
29,  American  ultimatum;  April  6,  appeal  of  European  ambassadors; 
April  n,  McKinley's  message;  April  20,  intervention  in  Cuba 
declared,  disclaimer  of  acquisition.  —  War:  April  24,  Spanish 
declaration  of  war;  May  i,  Manila  Bay,  Dewey,  German  incident; 
voyage  of  the  Oregon;  Watson's  fleet;  June,  blockade  of  Spanish 
fleet  in  Santiago,  Schley,  Sampson;  naval  efficiency,  sea-power; 
invasion  of  Cuba,  military  unpreparedness;  June  22,  Shafter's 
landing;  June  3o-July  3,  San  Juan  Hill;  July  3,  destruction  of 
Spanish  fleet,  Cervera;  July  17,  surrender  of  Santiago;  fever, 
"  round  robin";  Aug.  4,  return  of  troops;  July  25,  invasion  of 
Porto  Rico. — Investigations:  Alger;  Schley.  —  Peace  negotia 
tions:  Aug.  12,  protocol;  Aug.  13,  surrender  of  Manila;  Philippine 
question;  Paris  conference;  Dec.  10,  treaty  of  peace  signed; 
terms;  1899,  Feb.  6,  ratified  by  Senate;  April  14,  proclaimed.  — 
End  of  Spanish  empire.  — America  a  world  power:  new  colonial 
possessions;  sea-power  in  Pacific  (§  266). 

General.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  chs.  i-iv; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXV,  594;  J.  N.  Lamed, 
History  for  Ready  Reference,  VI,  170-182,  583-638;  Cambridge 
Modern  History,  VII,  674-686;  W.  Wilson,  American  People,  V, 
269-300;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  531-608;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our 
Own  Time,  796,  799-823;  Garner  and  Lodge,  United  States,  II,  1021- 

(549) 


550        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910     [§265 

1048;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles  Cuba,  Spanish 
War;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  175-186. 

Special.  —  WAR:  F.  E.  Chad  wick,  Spanish-American  War, 
I,  II,  chs.  i-xix;  R.  H.  Titherington,  Spanish- American  War;  H.  H. 
Sargent,  Campaign  of  Santiago  de  Cuba;  M.  F.  Steele,  American  Cam 
paigns,  I,  ch.  xxvii,  II.  299-311  (maps) ;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Lessons  of 
War  with  Spain;  J.  R.  Spears,  Our  Navy  in  War  with  Spain;  E.  S. 
Maclay,  United  States  Navy,  III,  39-440;  G.  R.  Clark,  United 
States  Navy,  chs.  xxv-xxvii ;  H.  W.  Wilson,  Downfall  of  Spain;  John 
Barrett,  Dewey;  Emile  Bujac,  Precis  de  Campagnes  Contemporaines, 
IV;  Hermann  Kunz,  Taktische  Beispiele  aus  den  Kriegen  der  neu- 
esten  Zeit,  II,  pt.  ii;  Severe  Gomez  Nunez,  Guerra  Hispano- Amer 
icana;  Chas.  Benoist,  Espagne,  Cuba,  et  les  Etats-Unis.  —  DIP 
LOMATIC:  F.  E.  Chadwick,  United  States  and  Spain,  Diplomacy, 
chs.  xx-xxix,  Spanish- American  War,  II,  chs.  xx,  xxi;  H.  E.  Flack, 
Spanish- American  Diplomatic  Relations;  Louis  Le  Fur,  Guerre  His 
pano- Americaine;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Interesi  of  America  in  Sea  Power, 
271;  J.  I.  Rodriguez,  Idea  de  la  Anexion  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba;  Henry 
Bonfils,  Droll  International  Public  (2d  ed.),  §§  295-325;  A.  G.  de 
Lapradelle,  Question  Cubaine  (Revue  du  Droit  Public,  XIII,  70-81). 

Sources.  —  DOCUMENTS:  Congressional  Record  and  Congressional 
Documents,  54,  55  Congs. ;  J.  D.  Richardson,  Messages  and  Papers,  X ; 
Foreign  Relations  (1895-1900,  especially  1898);  Spanish  Diplomatic 
Correspondence  and  Documents,  i8g6-igoo  (translation  issued  by 
U.  S.  Dept.  of  State);  Compilation  of  Reports  of  Committee  on  For 
eign  Relations  (Senate  Docs.,  56  Cong.  2  sess.,  XXV,  No.  231),  pt. 
vii;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  I,  48,  243,  IV,  611,  V, 
2I3,  375»  VI,  105;  "Maine"  Court  of  Inquiry,  Report  (Senate 
Docs.,  55  Cong.  2  sess.,  XXI,  No.  207);  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
Annual  Report  (1898);  Secretary  of  War,  Annual  Reports  (1898- 
1900);  Notes  on  the  Spanish- American  War  (Senate  Docs.,  56  Cong- 
i  sess.,  XXXIV,  No.  388);  Commission  on  War  Department,  Report 
(ibid.,  XVII- XXIV,  No.  221);  Court  of  Inquiry  on  Schley,  Proceed 
ings  (House  Docs.,  57  Cong,  i  sess.,  CHI,  CIV,  No.  485);  Treaty 
of  Peace  (Senate  Docs.,  55  Cong.  3  sess.,  VIII,  No.  62);  Papers  re 
lating  to  the  Treaty  with  Spain  (ibid.,  56  Cong.  2  sess.,  XI,  No.  148) ; 
Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopcedia  (1897,  1898).  —  ACCOUNTS  OF  PAR 
TICIPANTS:  Fred.  Funston,  Memories  of  Two  Wars,  pt.  i;  J.  D.  Long, 
New  American  Navy;  R.  A.  Alger,  Spanish- American  War;  C.  D. 
Sigsbee,  Battle  Ship  Maine;  W.  S.  Schley,  Forty-five  Years  under 
the  Flag,  chs.  xxiv-xxxvi;  R.  D.  Evans,  A  Sailor's  Log,  chs.  xxxiv- 
xxxix;  W.  A.  M.  Goode,  With  Sampson;  V.  M.  Concas  y  Palau, 


§266]  SPANISH    WAR  55l 

Escuadra  del  Almirante  Cervera;  Jos.  Wheeler,  Santiago  Campaign; 
T.  Roosevelt,  Rough  Riders;  Stephen  Bonsai,  Fight  for  Santiago; 
Jose  Muller  y  Tejeiro,  Santiago  de  Cuba;  R.  H.  Davis,  Cuban  and 
Porto  Rican  Campaigns;  History  of  Troop  A;  O.  O.  Howard,  Fight 
ing  for  Humanity;  F.  D.  Millet,  Expedition  to  the  Philippines; 
Century  Magazine,  LVI,  LVII  passim;  Scribner's  Magazine,  XXIV, 
XXV  passim. 

Bibliography.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  ch 
xix;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Spanish- American  War,  II,  475-478;  A.  P.  C.' 
Griffin,  List  relating  to  Cuba,  and  List  on  Porto  Rico,  and  List  relat 
ing  to  the  Occupation  of  the  Philippine  Islands  (1905  ed.),  and  Select 
List  relating  to  the  Far  East,  and  List  on  Samoa  and  Guam;  T.  H. 
Pardo  de  Tavera,  Biblioteca  Filipina;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  86 
(lect.  83),  194;  R.  W.  Neeser,  United  Stales  Navy,  I,  especially 
73-76,  131-133,  153  (index,  title  "  War  with  Spain");  C.  T.  Harbeck, 
Bibliography  of  the  United  States  Navy,  56-65;  Poolers  Index,  Fourth 
Supplement;  Readers'  Guide. 

§  266.  Government  of  Dependencies,  1899-1910 

Summary. — Annexations:  Hawaiian  Islands  (§263);  Philip 
pines  (§  265);  Guam  (§  265);  Porto  Rico  (§  265);  1899,  Dec.  2, 
division  of  Samoan  Islands  (Tutuila);  Caribbean  Sea;  Isthmian 
Canal  (§267).  —  Philippine  revolt:  reinforcements;  Aguinaldo; 

1899,  Feb.  4,  outbreak  of  hostilities;    problems;    military  opera 
tions;    1902,  restoration  of  order.  —  Election  of  1900  (§  272).— 
Government  of  dependencies,  Philippines:   1899,  first  Commission; 

1900,  March  16,  second  Commission  appointed;   W.  H.  Taft;   in 
structions   (theory  of   dependencies);    acts  of  the   Commission; 

1901,  March    2,    Spooner   amendment    (civil   authority);     1902, 
July  i,  Organic  act;  Taft's  Philippine  administration;  1903,  Dec.,. 
Friars'  Lands  agreement;  1905,  completion  of  census;  1907,  gen 
eral  election   and  first  Assembly.  — 1900,   April   12,   Territorial 
government    for   Porto    Rico    (Foraker   act).  — 1900,    April   30, 
Territorial  government  for  Hawaii.  —  Cuban  government:    con 
tinued  occupation  by  United  States  troops;  Governor  Leonard 
Wood;    sanitation;    1901,  March  2,  Platt  amendment;    accepted 
in  Cuban  constitution;   1902,  May  20,  withdrawal  of  United  States; 
Cuban  republic;    1902,  Dec.  n,  reciprocity  treaty;    1906,  insur 
rection;    Sept.    29,  American  provisional  government  instituted 


552         THE    TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910       [§266 

under  Secretary  Taft;  1909,  Jan.  28,  withdrawal  of  troops.  — 
Tariff  questions:  1900,  April  12,  Porto  Rican  tariff  act;  1901, 
May  27,  Insular  Cases  decision  (status  of  dependent  territory); 
1902,  March  8,  Philippine  Tariff  act;  relation  of  tariff  for  depen 
dencies  to  general  tariff  system.  —  Alaska  (§  264).  —  Canal  Zone 
(§  267).  —  Later  phases. 

General.  —  J.  H.  Latan6,  America  as  a  World  Power,  chs.  viii-x; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXI,  399,  400;  J.  N.  Lamed, 
History  for  Ready  Reference,  VI,  182-190,  255-258,  367-403,  409-419, 
646-673,  VII,  174-181,  492-498,  503-505;  Garner  and  Lodge, 
United  States,  II,  1035-1048;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  608-620; 
O.  K.  Davis,  Our  Conquests  in  the  Pacific;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own 
Time,  823-862,  913;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles 
Dependencies,  Hawaii,  Insular  Cases,  Philippines,  Porto  Rico ;  P.  L. 
Haworth,  Reconstruction  and  Union,  187-194. 

Special.  —  W.  F.  Willoughby,  Territories  and  Dependencies,  chs. 
iii-ix;  W.  W.  Willoughby,  Constitutional  Law,  I,  chs.  xxvii-xxxi. 
D.  Y.  Thomas,  Military  Government  in  Newly  Acquired  Territory, 
281-330;  C.  F.  Randolph,  Law  and  Policy  of  Annexation;  J.  A. 
Woodburn,  American  Republic,  373-397;  C.  A.  Conant,  United 
States  in  the  Orient;  S.  E.  Baldwin,  Acquisition  and  Government  of 
Island  Territory;  J.  B.  Moore,  Four  Phases  of  American  Develop 
ment,  chs.  iii,  iv;  A.  H.  Snow,  Administration  of  Dependencies; 
A.  E.  McKinley,  Island  Possessions;  American  Colonial  Policy  and 
Administration  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXX,  No,  i); 
Foreign  Policy  (ibid.,  Sup.,  May,  1899);  A.  T.  Mahan,  Retrospect 
and  Prospect,  39,  89;  A.  B.  Hart,  Foundations,  chs.  v,  vi;  A.  R., 
Colquhoun,  Mastery  of  the  Pacific;  H.  H.  Bascroft,  New  Pacific; 
Harvard  Law  Review,  especially  XII,  XIII,  XV;  North  American 
Review,  CLXXII,  i,  CLXXIII,  45,  1545  Review  of  Reviews,  XIX, 
67,  XXI,  451;  J.  M.  Callahan,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific, 
135-164;  L.  S.  Rowe,  United  States  and  Porto  Rico.  —  PHILIPPINES: 
D.  P.  Barrows,  Philippines,  ch.  xiii;  F.  W.  Atkinson,  Philippine 
Islands;  C.  H.  Forbes-Lindsay,  Philippines  under  Spanish  and 
American  Rules;  H.  P.  Willis,  Our  Philippine  Problem;  John  Foreman, 
Philippine  Islands;  H.  M.  Wright,  Handbook  of  the  Philippines; 
J.  R.  Arnold,  Official  Handbook  of  the  Philippines,  and  Philippine 
Service  (N.  Am.  Review,  CXCV,  238);  F.  H.  Sawyer,  Inhabitants 
of  the  Philippines;  G.  J.  Younghusband,  Philippines;  D.  C.  Worces 
ter,  Philippine  Islands  and  their  People;  A.  J.  Brown,  New  Era 
in  the  Philippines;  J.  A.  Le  Roy,  Philippine  Life;  Mrs.  Campbell 


§266]  GOVERNMENT   OF   DEPENDENCIES  553 

Dauncey,  An  Englishwoman  in  the  Philippines;  W.  B.  Freer, 
Philippine  Experiences  of  an  American  Teacher;  Edith  Moses, 
Unofficial  Letters  of  an  Officer's  Wife;  Friedrich  Rinne,  Zwischen 
Filipinos  und  Amerikanern  auf  Luzon;  Edwin  Wildman,  Aguinaldo; 
Henri  Turot,  Aguinaldo  et  les  Philip  pines.  —  CUBA:  A.  G.  Robinson, 
Cuba  and  the  Intervention;  C.  M.  Pepper,  To-morrow  in  Cuba; 
J.  Bryce,  Cuba  (N.  Am.  Review,  CLXXIV,  445).  —  IMPERIALISM: 
A.  C.  Collidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power,  chs.  vi-ix,  xvii; 
F.  H.  Giddings,  Democracy  and  Empire,  ch.  xvii;  J.  Bryce.  American 
Commonwealth  (1910  ed.),  II,  chs.  xcvi,  xcvii;  Brooks  Adams, 
America's  Economic  Supremacy,  1-25,  and  New  Empire,  ch.  vi; 
Moorfield  Storey,  What  shall  we  do  with  our  Dependencies?  D.  S. 
Jordan,  Imperial  Democracy;  W.  G.  Sumner,  Conquest  of  the  United 
States  by  Spain;  C.  F.  Adams,  Imperialism;  C.  Schurz,  American 
Imperialism;  G.  F.  Hoar,  No  Power  to  conquer  Foreign  Nations; 
Ed.  Atkinson,  Cost  of  War  and  Warfare;  Albert  Shaw,  Political 
Problems  of  American  Development,  ch.  ix;  Seth  Low  and  others, 
United  States  as  a  World  Power;  Josiah  Strong,  Expansion  under 
New  World  Conditions:  periodicals  as  cited  in  bibliographies  below. 
Sources.  —  OFFICIAL:  Congressional  Record,  especially  the  presi 
dent's  messages;  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  §§  94, 
109,  no;  C.  E.  Magoon,  Law  of  Civil  Government  in  Territory  sub 
ject  to  Military  Occupation,  and  Legal  Status  of  the  Islands  Acquired; 
Compilation  of  Acts,  Treaties,  and  Proclamations  relating  to  Insu 
lar  and  Military  Affairs  (1897-1903,  Senate  Docs.,  58  Cong.  2  sess.,  XII, 
No.  105);  Secretary  of  War,  Annual  Reports  (1899-1903,  especially 
1902,  Apps.  A,  B);  Insular  cases,  182  U.S.,  i,  223,  244,  183  U.S.,  151, 
176  (the  briefs,  arguments,  and  other  documents  are  in  House  Docs., 
56  Cong.  2  sess.,  XCVII,  No.  509);  Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce 
and  Finance,  1901-1902,  pp.  19-290;  [First]  Philippine  Commission, 
Report  (4  vols.);  Philippine  Commission,  Annual  Reports  (in  Annual 
Reports  of  the  War  Dept.,  there  is  a  reprint,  with  omissions,  as 
Reports,  1900-1903),  and  Acts  (1902-1907),  and  Official  Gazette 
(weekly,  1902-  )  :  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs,  Gazetteer  of  the  Phil 
ippine  Islands  (Senate  Docs.,  57  Cong,  i  sess.,  XXI,  No.  280); 
Coast  Survey,  Atlas  of  the  Philippine  Islands;  Bureau  of  the  Census, 
Census  of  the  Philippine  Islands  (1903,  4  vols.);  Special  Report  of 
Wm.  H.  Taft  on  the  Philippines  (1908,  Senate  Docs.,  60  Cong, 
i  sess.,  VII,  No.  200);  Affairs  in  the  Philippine  Islands  (Senate 
Docs.,  si  Cong,  i  sess..  XXIII-XXV,  No.  331;  hearings  before  the 
Senate  committee,  1902);  H.  K.  Carroll,  Report  on  Porto  Rico  (1899); 
Laws  effective  in  Porto  Rico,  1000  (House  Docs.,  60  Cong.  2  sess., 


554        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910     [§267 

XXIX-XXXII,  No.  1484) ;  Register  of  Porto  Rico  (annual,  1901-  ) ; 
Governor  of  Porto  Rico,  Annual  Report,  and  Governor  of  Hawaii, 
Annual  Report  (1901-  ,  in  Annual  Reports  of  the  Dept.  of  Inte 
rior)  ;  Report  of  the  Military  Governor  of  Cuba  (1901,  House  Docs.,  56 
Cong.  2  sess.,  XII,  XIII,  in  8  pts.) ;  Establishment  of  Free  Government 
in  Cuba  (Senate  Docs.,  58  Cong.  2  sess.,  VII,  No.  312);  Foreign  Rela 
tions,  1902,  pp.  320-364  (Cuban  correspondence).  —  UNOFFICIAL: 
C.  A.  Beard,  Readings  in  American  Government,  ch.  xxi:  R.  L.  Met- 
calfe,  The  Real  Bryan,  245-254;  T.  Roosevelt,  Addresses  (index  under 
"  Cuba,"  "  Navy,"  "  Philippines");  Roosevelt  and  Taft,  The  Philip 
pines;  W.  H.  Taft,  Four  Aspects  of  Civic  Duty,  ch.  iii,  and  Present 
Day  Problems,  1-42;  Whitelaw  Reid,  Problems  of  Expansion', 
G.  F.  Hoar,  Atitobiography,  II,  ch.  xxxiii;  J.  G.  Schurman,  Philip 
pine  Ajfairs;  Fred.  Funston,  Memories  of  Two  Wars,  pt.  ii;  J.  A. 
LeRoy,  Mabini  on  the  Failure  of  the  Filipino  Revolution  (Am.  Hist. 
Review,  XI,  843);  W.  C.  Forbes,  Decade  of  American  Rule  in  the 
Philippines;  C.  H.  Allen,  Civil  Government  in  Porto  Rico  (N.  Am. 
Review,  CLXXIV,  159). 

Bibliography.  —  W.  F.  Willoughby,  Territories  and  Dependencies, 
App.;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin  (see  "  Bibliography  "  §265),  List  relating  to 
Colonization,  Dependencies,  Protectorates,  and  Related  Topics;  Super 
intendent  of  Documents,  Public  Documents  relating  to  Non-contigu 
ous  Territory,  Price  Lists,  No.  32;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §§  85, 
86  (lects.  84,  86),  153,  194,  219;  J.  H.  Latane,  America  as  a  World 
Power,  ch.  xix;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  No.  10; 
T.  H.  Pardo  de  Tavera,  Biblioteca  Filipina;  W.  E.  Retana,  Aparato 
Bibliogrdfico  de  la  Historia  General  de  Filipinas,  III,  1410-1492. 

§  267.  American  Diplomatic  Problems,  1901-1910 

Summary.  —  Earlief  problems  (§  263). — 1901-1909,  Roose 
velt's  "big  stick"  policy.  —  Isthmian  Canal  (§  263):  1901,  Nov. 
18,  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty  (abrogation  of  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty) ; 
1902,  June  28,  Canal  act,  alternative  routes;  purchase  of  French 
Canal  Company's  rights;  1903,  Sept.  14,  Colombian  rejection  of 
treaty;  1903,  Nov.,  Panama  revolution;  Nov.  6,  recognition  of 
Panama  Republic;  Nov.  18,  Panama  treaty;  1904,  April  28, 
Canal  Zone  act,  1005,  1906,  1907,  reorganizations  of  Canal  Zone 
administration;  1905,  Dec.  21,  Panama  Bonds  act;  1906,  June  29, 
lock  system  accepted;  1907,  construction  begun;  Colonel  Goe- 
thals.  —  The  Orient  (§  268), —  International  peace:  1899,  1907, 


§267]  DIPLOMATIC    PROBLEMS  555 

Hague  Conferences;  1901,  1906,  1910,  Pan-American  Congresses; 
1903,  Alaskan  boundary  arbitration  (§  264);  1904,  general  arbi 
tration  treaties,  Senate  amendments,  Roosevelt's  withdrawal; 
1905,  Pan-American  arbitration  treaty  ratified;  1906,  April  7, 
Algeciras  Convention  (proviso);  1907,  Nobel  Peace  Prize  foun 
dation;  1909,  Feb.  23,  Hague  Conference  treaties  ratified 
(proviso);  international  scientific  and  humanitarian  congresses; 
1910,  Dec.  14,  Carnegie  Peace  fund.  —  Collection  of  public 
debts:  Latin- American  problems;  claims  against  Venezuela; 
1901,  Dec.  3,  Roosevelt's  message,  limits  of  Monroe  Doc 
trine;  Drago  Doctrine;  1902,  European  states'  blockade  of 
Venezuela;  1903,  diplomatic  intervention  by  United  States, 
submission  to  Hague  Tribunal;  1904,  Santo  Domingo's  debt; 
Dec.  6,  Roosevelt's  message  ("international  police  power");  1905, 
Feb.  4,  Dominican  protocol,  Senate  opposition,  modus  vivendi, 
1907,  Feb.  25,  ratification  by  Senate  of  revised  treaty.  —  Cuba 
(§  266).  —  1909,  Jan.  27,  Bryce-Root  treaty  on  North  Atlantic 
coast  fisheries;  1910,  Sept.  7,  Hague  Tribunal  decision.  —  1910, 
Maximum  and  minimum  tariff  negotiations.  —  1910,  March  25, 
Report  of  Liberian  Commission. 

General. — J.  H.  Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  chs.  xi, 
xii,  xiv-xvi;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  VII,  666- 
668,  671-674,  678,  680,  683,  and  special  articles  there  cited;  Ency 
clopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXIII,  709-711;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty 
Years,  698-704;  United  States  as  a  World  Power  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc. 
Sci.,  Annals,  XXVI,  No.  i);  McLaughlin  and  Hart, Cyclopedia,  arti 
cles  Arbitration  and  Peace,  Canal  Diplomacy,  Claims  (International), 
Drago  Doctrine,  Fisheries,  Hague  Conference,  San  Domingo. 

Special.  —  PANAMA  CANAL  (§§  257,  263):  W.  F.  Johnson,  Four 
Centuries  of  the  Canal,  chs.  ix-xxi;  Harmodio  Arias,  Panama  Canal; 
F.  Regel,  Panamakanal,  50-117;  H.  L.  Abbot,  Problems  of  the 
Panama  Canal,  chs.  ii-vi;  H.  C.  Weir,  Conquest  of  the  Isthmus; 
on  the  fortification  of  the  canal,  see  American  Journal  of  International 
Law,  III,  354,  885,  IV,  314,  V,  298,  615,  620.— ORIENT  (§  268). 
—  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE:  American  Year  Book,  1910,  87-90, 
100-108;  J.  B.  Moore,  American  Diplomacy,  ch.  viii ;  J.  W.  Foster, 
Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Second  Hague  Con 
ference  (Am.  Polit.  Sci.  Review,  II,  204);  A.  S.  Hershey,  [Hague] 
Convention  (Am.  Jour.  Internal.  Law,  II,  29);  President  Taft  on 


556        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910      [§267 

International  Peace  (ibid.,  V,  718);  Lake  Mohonk  Conference  on 
International  Arbitration,  Proceedings.  — VENEZUELA  AND  SANTO 
DOMINGO:  Marquis  Barral  de  Montferrat,  De  Monroe  a  Roosevelt, 
ch.  xii;  T.  B.  Edgington,  Monroe  Doctrine,  ch.  xxix;  F.  G.  Newlands, 
San  Domingo  Question  (N.  Am.  Review,  CLXXX,  885);  J.  H. 
Hollander,  Convention  of  1907  (Am.  Jour.  Internal.  Law,  I,  287) ; 
W.  C.  Dennis,  Orinoco  Steamship  Case  (ibid.,  V,  35);  J.  H.  Latane, 
Forcible  Collection  of  International  Debts  (Atlantic,  XCVIII,  542). 

—  LIBERIA:   American   Year  Book,  1910,  99,  100  (with  bibliography). 

—  FISHERIES:  P.  T.  McGrath,  Atlantic  Fisheries  Dispute  (Review  of 
Reviews,  XLI,  718);    American  Journal  of  International  Law,  I,  144, 
III,  461,  IV,  903,  V,  i. 

Sources.  —  GENERAL:  Foreign  Relations  (1901-1910) ;  Congres 
sional  Record  (1901-1910);  American  Journal  of  International  Law; 
American  Political  Science  Review.  —  PANAMA  CANAL:  T.  Roosevelt, 
How  we  acquired  the  Panama  Canal  (Outlook,  XCIX,  314,  also  sep 
arate)  ;  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  Reports;  v  Foreign  Relations, 
1903,  132-349;  Congressional  Documents  as  follows:  58  Cong. 

1  sess.,  House  Docs.,  I,  No.  8  (Panama  revolt);    2  sess.,  Senate  Docs., 
Ill,  No.  95,  and  IV,  No.  143,  and  V,  No.  166  (Panama  relations); 
59  Cong,   i  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  XV,  No.   231   (report  of  consulting 
engineers);    2   sess.,  Senate   Docs.,  XXX-XXXIII    (hearings   before 
the  Senate  committee);    60  Cong.   2  sess.,  Senate    Docs.,    XX,  No. 
542    (Colombia  and   Panama).     Opinions   of  the  Attorneys-General, 
XXIV,  144  (title  to  Panama  Canal);    W.    M.    Malloy,   Treaties,  I, 
782  (Hay-Pauncefote),  II,  1349  (Panama);    Parliamentary  Papers, 
1901,  XCI,   [Cd.  438],  1902,  CXXX,  [Cd.  905];    American  History 
Leaflets,  No.  34.  —  VENEZUELA:  J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International 
Law,  VI,  586-597,  VII,  140,  141;    Foreign  Relations,  especially  1901, 
pp.  xxxvi,  193,  195,  1903,  pp.  419,  420,  429;   Senate  Docs.,  58  Cong. 

2  sess.,  XV,  No.  316,  3  sess.,  VII,  No.  119,  59  Cong,  i  sess.,  XXIX, 
No.   533;     R.   Tello   Mendozo,     Venezuela  ante  il    Conflicto  con  las 
Potencias  aliadas.  —  SANTO  DOMINGO:    J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  In 
ternational   Law,  VI,  §  962;    Foreign  Relations,   1904,  p.  xli,   1905, 
pp.  298,  302;    Senate  Docs.,  59  Cong.  2  sess.,  V,  No.   307   (Samana 
Bay  Co.);   S.  M.  Cullom,  Recollections,  387-389.  —  CUBA  (§  266).  — 
LIBERIA:    Senate  Docs.,  61    Cong.  2    sess.,  LX,  No.    457  (report  of 
Commission).  —  ALASKA  (§  264).  —  ORIENT  (§  268).  —  THE  HAGUE 
CONFERENCES  AND  TRIBUNAL:    J.   B.  Scott,    Hague   Peace   Confer 
ences  of  1899  and  IQO?,  and   Text  of  the  Peace   Conferences  at   The 
Hague,  and   American   Addresses  at  the  Second    Hague   Conference; 
F.  W.  Holls,  Peace  Conference  (1899);    American  Journal  of  Inter- 


268]  THE    ORIENT 


557 


national  Law  and  supplements  passim;  A.  D.  White,  Autobiography, 
II,  chs.  xlv-xlix.  —  FISHERIES:  American  Journal  of  International 
Law,  I,  Sup.,  350-377;  North  Atlantic  Coast  Fisheries  Arbitration 
(Senate  Docs.,  61  Cong.  3  sess.,  No.  870,  in  8  vols.). 

Bibliography.  —  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  on  International  Arbitra 
tions,  77  (debts),  114  (Venezuela),  132  (Santo  Domingo);  H.  A.  Mor 
rison,  List  relating  to  Inter  oceanic  Canal;  A.  B.  Hart,  Manual, 
§§86  (lect.  88),  196;  P.  M.  Pearson,  Intercollegiate  Debates,  No.  12; 
American  Journal  of  International  Law  (each  number  contains  a  list 
of  periodical  literature);  Poole's  Index,  Fifth  Supplement,  and 
Readers'  Guide,  and  Annual  Library  Index  afford  access  to  the  mass 
of  magazine  material. 

§  268.  The  Orient,  1861-1910 

Summary.  —  Intercourse  with  Japan  and  China  (§224): 
1863-1864,  Shimonoseki  incidents;  1868,  July  28,  Burlingame's 
Chinese  treaty;  1865-1869,  railroad  building  and  Chinese  immi 
gration  (§  246);  1877-1878,  California  "Sand  Lots"  agitation. 
-  Restriction  of  Chinese  immigration:  1879,  March  i,  Hayes's 
veto;  1880,  campaign  pledges;  treaties  of  Nov.  17,  1880,  and 
March  17,  1894;  1882,  April  4,  Arthur's  veto;  acts  of  May  6, 
1882,  July  5,  1884,  Sept:  13,  1888,  May  5,  1892  (Geary  law), 
Nov.  3,  1893,  July  7,  1898  (Hawaiian  joint  resolution),  March  3, 
1901,  April  29,  1902;  mob  questions.  —  Opium  trade.  —  American 
missionaries  in  the  Orient.  —  Increased  interests  in  the  Pacific 
(§§  244,  257,  263,  267):  Hawaii;  Samoa;  Philippines;  Guam; 
Panama  Canal.  —  Problem  of  Oriental  trade:  Chinese  boycotts; 

1899,  Hay's  policy  of  "  Open  Door  "   and  integrity  of  China; 

1900,  Boxer    insurrection;     1903,    Oct.    8,    Chinese    commercial 
treaty;   1904-1905,  Japanese-Russian  War;   1905,  Sept.  5,  peace  of 
Portsmouth. — Japanese  relations:   1906-1907,  school  question  in 
San  Francisco;    1907,  Feb.  20,  compromise  immigrant  act;   cruise 
of  the  American  fleet  into  Pacific.  —  Problems  of  Chinese  loans, 
concessions,  railroads.  —  1909,  Feb.,  Shanghai  Opium  Conference. 

General.  —  E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  ch.  xiv;  J.  H. 
Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  295-302;  J.  W.  Foster,  American 
Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  chs.  vi,  viii,  x,  xiii;  C.  A.  Conant,  United 
States  in  the  Orient;  A.  C.  Coolidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power, 
chs.  xvii-xix;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  World  Politics,  86-202,  309-362; 


558        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910      [§268 

A.  T.  Mahan,  America's  Interest  in  International  Relations,  chs.  iii, 
iv;    J.  C.  Hannah,  Eastern  Asia,  ch.  xx;    W.  E.  Griffis,  America  in 
the  East;  J.   M.  Callahan,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific,  82-84, 
108-113;    Wolf    von  Schierbrand,   America,   Asia,  and  the   Pacific, 
chs.  iv-vi,  xi-xx;    J.  J.   Hill,    Highways  of  Progress,  chs.  viii,  ix; 
J.  N.  Lamed,   History  for  Ready  Reference,  I,  352,  V,  3570,  3585, 
VI,  668,  VII,  666,  668,  672,  674,  and  cross  references;  E.  B.  Andrews, 
Our    Own    Time,    356-381,    507,    905-907,  913,    914;    McLaughlin 
and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles,  China,  Chinese  Immigration,  Japan. 

Special.  —  CHINESE  IMMIGRATION:  Mary  R.  Coolidge,  Chinese 
Immigration;  Lucile  Eaves,  California  Labor  Legislation,  chs. 
iii-vi;  J.  R.  Commons,  Races  and  Immigrants,  117,  152,  235;  G.  F. 
Seward,  Chinese  Immigration  (1881);  Chinese  and  Japanese  in  Amer 
ica  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXIV,  No.  2).  The  peri 
odicals  contain  much  polemic  literatures;  see  "Bibliography."  — 
CHINA:  F.  W.  and  S.  W.  Williams,  China,  chs.  vii,  viii;  G.  H. 
Blakeslee,  China  and  the  Far  East;  A.  H.  Smith,  China  in  Convulsion, 
and  China  and  America  To-day;  Henri  Cordier,  Relations  de  la 
Chine  avec  les  Puissances  Occidentals,  i86o-iQOo;  A.  R.  Colquhoun, 
Mastery  of  the  Pacific;  J.  H.  Wilson,  Political  Affairs  in  the  Far  East 
(Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXVI,  59);  Alleyne  Ireland, 
China  and  the  Powers;  H.  C.  Thompson,  China  and  the  Powers; 

B.  L.  P.  Weale,  Reshaping  of  the  Far  East  (1905),  and  Truce  in  the 
East  (1907);   T.  F.  Millard,  New  Far  East;  A.  S.  Daggett,  America 
in  the    China    Relief  Expedition. — JAPAN:    I.    O.    Nitobe,    United 
States  and  Japan   (1891);     K.    K.   Kawakami,    American- Japanese 
Relations;  Louis  Aubert,  Americains  et  Japonais;  Japanese  and  Ko 
rean  Exclusion  League,    Publications.  —  JAPANESE-RUSSIAN    WAR  : 
A.  S.  Hershey,  International  Law  and  Diplomacy  of  the  Russo-Jap 
anese  War;  F.   E.  Smith  and  N.   W.   Sibley,  International   Law  as 
Interpreted  during  ihe  Russo-Japanese  War;   L.  Aubert,  Paix  Japo- 
naise,  ch.  iii;  Kanichi  Asakawa,  Russo-Japanese  Conflict;  T.  J.  Law 
rence,  War  and  Neutrality  in   the  Far  East.  —  MISSIONARIES:   J.  S. 
Dennis,  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress,  and  Centennial  Sur 
vey  of  Foreign  Missions;  H.   O.    Dwight   and    others,  Encyclopedia 
of  Missions;    Donald  MacGillivray,  Protestant  Missions  in  China; 
A.  H.  Michie,  Englishman  in  China,  II,  ch.  xxii;    J.  B.  Scott,  Gov 
ernment  of  the  United  States  and  Foreign  Missionaries  (Am.  Jour. 
Internal.  Law,  VI,  70);   S.  W.  Williams,  Middle  Kingdom,  II,  ch.  xix; 
Christian  Movement  in  Japan  (annual,  1902-         );    Count  Okuma, 
Fifty    Years  of  New  Japan,  II;    A.  H.  Smith,   China  and  America 
To-day;    Frank  Brinkley,  Oriental  Series,   X-XII  (see   index  under 


§268]  THE   ORIENT  559 

"  Christianity  ").  —  AMERICAN  VIEWS  OF  THE  ORIENTAL  PROBLEM: 
E.  A.  Ross,  The  Changing  Chinese;  A.  T.  Mahan,  Problem  of  Asia, 
and  Lessons  of  the  War  with  Spain;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Intellectual 
and  Political  Currents  in  the  Far  East;  Brooks  Adams,  America's 
Economic  Supremacy,  and  The  New  Empire;  A.  B.  Hart,  Obvious 
Orient;  A.  J.  Beveridge,  Russian  Advance;  H.  C.  Potter,  East  of 
To-day  and  To-morrow;  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  Awakening  of  China. 

Sources.  —  (See  also  §  267.)  —  OFFICIAL:  .Foreign  Relations, 
especially  1900  under  "  China,"  and  RockhilFs  report  on  China  in 
App.  to  1901;  Congressional  Globe;  Congressional  Record;  Con 
gressional  Documents;  federal  judicial  decisions,  see  the  "  Bibliog 
raphy  "  for  detailed  references.  Among  the  more  important 
official  sources  are:  j.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  IV, 
§§  567-578  (Chinese  exclusion),  V,  §§  799-813  (relations  with  China), 
VI,  §  1025  (mobs),  and  I,  pp.  504-509,  III,  p.  331,  V,  §§  848-851 
(Japanese);  Compilation  of  Laws,  Treaties,  and  Regulations  relating 
to  the  Exclusion  of  Chinese  (Senate  Docs.,  57  Cong,  i  sess.,  XX, 
Nos.  291,  300);  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Treaties,  Laws, 
etc.,  governing  Admission  of  Chinese  (1912) ;  Congressional  Docu 
ments,  as  follows:  44  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Reports,  III,  No.  689 
(1876,  report  and  testimony  of  special  joint  committee  to  investigate 
Chinese  on  Pacific  Coast);  45  Cong,  i  sess.,  House  Misc.  Docs., 

I,  No.  9  (1877,  petition  of  Calif.  Senate);    46  Cong.  2  sess.,   House 
Reports,    II,    No.    572    (1880,    Blackburn   report   on   immigration); 
48  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  IV,  No.  62   (1887,  enforcement 
of   exclusion    act);    49    Cong,    i    sess.,    House    Exec.   Docs.,  XXX, 
No.  102  (1886,  anti-Chinese  mobs);   51  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Reports, 
VI,  No.  4048  (1891,  Lehlbach  report  and  testimony  on  immigration); 
52  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Exec.  Docs.,  II,  54  (1893,  treaty  stipulations 
and  exclusion);    55  Cong,  i  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  V,  No.  120,  VI,  No. 
167  (1897,  illegal  entry);    56  Cong,  i  sess.,   House   Docs.,  XCVIII, 
No.    547    (1900,   message   on   "Open   Door");     57    Cong,    i    sess., 
Senate  Reports,   X,  No.  776  (1902,  report  and  testimony  on  exclu 
sion);  59  Cong.  2  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  Ill,  No.  147  (1906,  message  and 
Sec.  Metcalf's  report  on  Japanese  in    San   Francisco)  ;   61    Cong.   2 
and   3   sess.,   Senate  Docs,  passim,  especially  No.  633  (reports  of  Im 
migration    Commission).      Commercial    China  in' 1904    (Mo.    Sum 
mary  of  Com.  and  Fin.,  1903-1904,  p.  2325);    Commercial  Japan  in 
1904  (ibid.,  2871). —  UNOFFICIAL:  J.  W.  Foster,  Diplomatic  Memoirs, 

II,  chs.  xxx-xxxiii,  xxxvii,  xxxviii;  J.  B.  Angell,  Reminiscences,  ch. 
vi;    J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years,  II,  651-656;  G.  F.  Hoar,  Autobio 
graphy,  II,  ch.  ix;    S.  W.  William,  Life  and  Letters;  Yung  Wing,  My 


560         THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910     [§269 

Life  in  China  and  America.     There  is  an  extensive  source  literature 
of  missions  ;  see  the  "  Bibliography." 

Bibliography.  —  Henri  Cordier,  Bibliotheca  Sinica,  especially 
IV,  2509-2520,  2551-2626;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List  relating  to 
the  Far  East  (1904),  and  Chinese  Immigration  (1904);  Harvard 
University,  Guide  to  Reading  in  Social  Ethics,  215,  236-242;  M.  R. 
Coolidge,  Chinese  Immigration,  505-517;  R.  E.  Cowan  and  Boutwell 
Dunlap,  Bibliography  of  the  Chinese  Question;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Na- 
tional  Development,  358;  J.  H,  Latane",  American  as  a  World  Power, 
330-332;  R.  C.  Ring  wait,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  No.  6;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Manual,  §§  86  (lect.  87),  155,  195;  J.  S.  Dennis,  Christian  Mis 
sions,  end  of  lectures  i-iv,  also  III,  557-573;  H.  B.  Morse,  Inter 
national  Relations  of  Chinese  Empire,  693-698;  Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc. 
Sci.,  Annals,  XXXIX,  151  (China);  E.  H.  Parker,  China  and 
Religion,  pp.  xi-xiii. 

§  269.  The  Trust  Problem  1898-1910 

Summary.  —  1890,  end  of  the  frontier  line;  1896-1898,  return 
of  prosperity;  agricultural  readjustment;  gold  increase;  1900, 
March  14,  Gold  Standard  act.  —  1898-1902,  Era  of  economic  com 
binations:  Morgan's  reorganizations  of  railroads;  rise  of  trusts; 
Standard  Oil,  Rockefeller;  Harriman's  railroad  combinations; 
development  of  high  finance;  Wall  Street  groups;  banking  al 
liances;  1899,  New  Jersey  act.  —  Supreme  Court  limitation  of  scope 
of  Sherman  Antitrust  act  (§  256):  1895,  Jan.  21,  Knight  case;  1897, 
March  22,  Trans-Missouri  Freight  Association  case;  1899,  Dec.  4, 
Addyston  Pipe  case;  extension  to  labor:  1908,  Feb.  3,  Danbury 
Hatters'  case  (§  270);  1911,  May  15,  Gompers  contempt  case. 
-Individual  trusts:  Standard  Oil,  Amalgamated  Copper,  Sugar, 
Tobacco,  Whiskey,  etc.;  1901,  promotion  mania;  United  States 
Steel  Corporation;  1902,  Feb.  10,  Industrial  Commission's  final 
report;  President  Roosevelt's  regulative  policy;  1902,  Anthracite 
Coal  Strike  Commission.  —  Interstate  commerce:  Supreme 
Court's  restrictive  interpretations  of  Interstate  Commerce  act; 
1902,  Interstate  Commerce  Commission's  report  on  rebates;  1903, 
Feb.  14,  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Corpora 
tions;  Feb.  19,  Elkins  Antirebate  act;  Harriman's  railroad  pur 
chases;  1904,  March  14,  dissolution  of  Northern  Securities  ("  hold 
ing  company"  device);  1906,  June  29,  Hepburn  Railway  Rate 


§269]  TRUST    PROBLEM  561 

act,  commodities  clause.  —  State  regulation  of  public  service  cor 
porations  (§  272),  types:  1897,  Iowa;  1905,  1907,  Wisconsin; 
1907,  New  York.  —  State  regulation  of  trusts.  —  1904,  Election  of 
Roosevelt;  1904-1905,  New  York  trust  companies  and  the  insur 
ance  scandal;  1904-1907,  prosecutions  of  trusts,  "immunity," 
investigations;  1907,  Jan.  26,  act  forbidding  corporation  contribu 
tions  to  politics;  panic  of  1907;  Tennesse  Coal  and  Iron  inci 
dent;  reaction;  1908,  May  30,  Emergency  Currency  act;  1909, 
merger  of  telephone  and  telegraph  interests;  Sugar  Trust  scan 
dals.  — 1909-1910,  Taft's  trust  prosecutions;  1910,  June  18, 
Mann-Elkins  Railway  act;  1911,  May  15,  30,  Supreme  Court's 
dissolution  of  American  Tobacco  Co.  and  Standard  Oil,  the  "  rule 
of  reason."  — Waterpower  combinations.  —  Trust  leaders'  attitude 
toward  federal  regulation. 

General.  —  J.  H.  Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  ch.  xviii; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII,  334;  J.  L.  Laughlin, 
Industrial  America,  chs.  iv-vii;  E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History, 
ch.  xxvii;  K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  (rev.  ed.),  355-361;  W.  Z. 
Ripley,  Trusts,  Pools,  and  Corporations,  Introd.;  E.  B.  Andrews, 
Our  Own  Time,  915-928;  A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  Finance, 
chs.  xi-xiv,  and  Future  of  High  Finance  (Atlantic,  CV,  229);  J. 
Moody  and  G.  K.  Turner,  Masters  of  Capital  (McClure's,  XXXVI, 
3,  123,  334,  564,  XXXVII,  73,  185,  418);  McLaughlin  and  Hart, 
Cyclopedia,  articles  Corporations,  Interstate  Commerce;  J.  N. 
Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  VII,  116-135,  263-270. 

Special.  —  CONCENTRATION  OF  WEALTH  (§  253):  R.  T.  Ely, 
Evolution  of  Industrial  Society,  ch.  vi;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Principles  of 
Economics,  I,  ch.  vi;  C.  B.  Spahr,  Present  Distribution  of  Wealth; 
R.  Mayo-Smith,  Statistics  and  Economics,  bk.  iii;  Gustavus  Myers, 
Great  American  Fortunes;  Anna  Youngman,  Economic  Causes  of 
Great  Fortunes,  ch.  iv,  and  Tendency  of  Modern  Combination  (Jour. 
Polit.  Econ.,  XV,  193,  284);  G.  K.  Holmes,  Concentration  of  Wealth 
(Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  VIII,  589);  B.  J.  Hendrick,  Great  American 
Fortunes  (McClure's,  XXX,  33,  236,  323),  and  Story  of  Life  In 
surance,  especially  ch.  vii;  Yale  University,  Morals  in  Modern  Busi 
ness;  Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  chs.  viii,  xii;  E.  A. 
Ross,  Sin  and  Society,  chs.  v,  vi;  F.  L.  McVey,  Modern  Industrial 
ism;  R.  S.  Baker,  Our  New  Prosperity;  C.  J.  Bullock,  Concentration 
of  Banking  Interests  (Atlantic,  XCII,  182);  C.  M.  Keys,  Money 
Kings  (World's  Work,  XIV,  9475>  XV,  9519,  9705,  9779,  XVI, 


562        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910      [§269 

10,571,  10,683);  F.  N.  Doubleday,  Rockefeller  (ibid.,  XV,  10,703); 
I.  M.  Tarbell,  Rockefeller  (McClure's,  XXV,  227);  C.  A.  Conant, 
Wall  Street;  Henry  Clews,  Wall  Street  Point  of  View;  H.  C.  Emery, 
Speculation  on  the  Stock  and  Produce  Exchanges;  Carl  Hovey, 
/.  P.  Morgan;  C.  M.  Keys,  Harriman  (World's  Work,  XIII,  8455, 
8537);  Edwin  Le  Fevre,  Harriman  (Am.  Mag.,  LXIV,  115); 
B.  J.  Hendrick,  on  Harriman  (McClure's,  XXXIII,  641);  Barnard 
Alderson,  Carnegie;  H.  W.  Lanier,  The  Many-Sided  Carnegie 
(World's  Work,  I,  618);  C.  M.  Schwab,  Carnegie's  Enterprises 
(Engineering  Mag.,  XX,  505);  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  Annals  passim.  The  periodicals  of  the  past  decade 
abound  in  popular  criticisms  of  leading  capitalists  and  trusts; 
see  the  "  Bibliography." 

TRUSTS:  J.  W.  Jenks,  The  Trust  Problem  (1902);  W.  Z.  Ripley 
and  others,  Trusts,  Pools,  and  Corporations  (1905);  C.  R.  Van  Hise, 
Concentration  and  Control  (1912)  ;  R.  T.  Ely,  Monopolies  and  Trusts 
(1900);  W.  F.  Willoughby,  The  Integration  of  Industry  (Quart.  Jour. 
Econ.,  XVI,  94);  J.  B.  Clark,  The  Control  of  Trusts  (1901),  and 
The  Problem  of  Monopoly  (1904);  G.  H.  Montague,  Trusts  of  To 
day  (1904);  H.  L.  Higginson,  Justice  to  the  Corporations  (Atlantic, 
CI,  9);  recent  economic  treatises,  as  those  of  F.  W.  Taussig,  A.  T. 
Hadley,  H.  R.  Seager,  etc.,  have  useful  discussions.  —  DEFENSE  OF 
TRUSTS:  S.  C.  T.  Dodd,  Combinations  (1894),  and  Trusts  (1900); 
George  Gunton,  Trusts  and  the  Public  (1899);  Henry  Apthorp, 
Trusts  (1899);  C.  R.  Flint,  Industrial  Combinations  (1900);  J.  H. 
Bridge,  The  Trust,  Its  Book  (1902);  J.  R.  Day,  Raid  on  Prosperity 
(1908).  —  ATTACKS  ON  TRUSTS:  H.  D.Lloyd,  Wealth  against  Com 
monwealth;  C.  W.  Baker,  Monopolies  and  the  People;  A.  B.  Net- 
tleton,  Trusts  or  Competition;  W.  M.  Collier,  The  Trusts;  Henry 
Wallace,  Trusts  and  how  to  deal  with  Them;  W.  H.  Harper,  Re 
straint  of  Trade;  Franklin  Pierce,  Tariff  and  the  Trusts;  G.  L. 
Bolen,  Plain  Facts  as  to  the  Trusts  and  the  Tariff.  —  TRUST  FI 
NANCE:  E.  S.  Meade,  Trust  Finance;  W.  H.  Lough,  Corporation 
Finance;  Francis  Cooper,  Financing  an  Enterprise.  —  LEGAL  AS 
PECTS:  W.  C.  Noyes,  The  Law  of  Intercorporate  Relations  (3d.  ed., 
1912)  ;  Bruce  Wyman,  Control  of  the  Market;  A.  J.  Eddy,  Law  of 
Combinations;  M.  S.  Hottenstein,  Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law  (Am.  Law 
Review,  XLIV,  827);  A.  H.  Walker,  Standard  Oil  and  Tobacco 
Cases  (ibid.,  XLV;  718);  H.  R.  Seager,  Recent  Trust  Decisions 
(Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXVI.  581);  R.  L.  Raymond,  Federal  Anti- 
Trust  Act  (Harvard  Law  Review,  XXIII,  353),  and  Standard  Oil 
and  Tobacco  Cases  (ibid.,  XXV,  31);  W.  L.  Snyder,  Interstate  Com- 


§269]  TRUST   PROBLEM  563 

merce  Act  and  the  Federal  Anti-Trust  Laws  (1906);  F.  H.  Cook,  Law 
of  Combinations,  Monopolies,  and  Labor  Unions  (20!.  ed.,  1909); 
W.  B.  Hornblower,  Anti-Trust  Legislation  and  Litigation  (Am.  Bar 
Assoc.,  Reports,  XXXVI,  304)  ;  G.  W.  Wickersham,  Recent  Interpre 
tations  of  the  Sherman  Act  (Mich.  Law  Review,  X,  i) ;  Frank  Hendrick, 
Power  to  regulate  Corporations;  North  American  Review,  CXCIV,  i- 
95.  See  also  the  legal  periodicals,  especially  Harvard  Law  Review, 
American  Law  Register,  American  Law  Review  (see  §  24  for  indexes). 
-  HISTORY  OF  SHERMAN  ANTITRUST  ACT  (§  256)  :  A.  H.  Walker,, 
Sherman  Law;  G.  F.  Edmunds,  Interstate  Trust  and  Commerce  Act 
(N.  Am.  Review,  CXCIV,  803). 

INDIVIDUAL  TRUSTS:  I.  M.  Tarbell,  History  of  the  Standard  Oil 
Company;  G.  H.  Montague,  Standard  Oil;  Commissioner  of  Cor 
porations,  Report  on  Petroleum  Industry  (1905),  and  Report  on  Trans 
portation  of  Petroleum  (1906);  United  States  v.  Standard  Oil,  173 
Fed.  Rep.,  177,  and  221  U.  S.,  i  (hist,  resume;  more  extended  his 
tories  are  in  the  Briefs  of  the  case  in  the  Circuit  Court).  C.  P. 
Connolly,  Montana  (Heinze  and  Amalgamated,  Me  Clare's,  XXIX, 
i,  214,  317).  J.  H.  Bridge,  Carnegie  Steel  Company;  H.  L.  Wilgus, 
United  States  Steel  Corporation;  Abraham  Berglund,  United  States 
Steel  Corporation;  F.  W.  Taussig,  Iron  Industry  (Quart.  Jour. 
Econ.,  XIV,  143,  also  in  C.  J.  Bullock,  Select  Readings  in  Economics, 
193);  N.  H.  Casson,  Romance  of  Steel;  Hearings  before  the  House 
(Stanley]  Committee  to  investigate  the  Steel  Trust;  H.  R.  Mussey, 
-  Combinations  in  Mining  Industries.  Meyer  Jacobstein,  Tobacco 
Industry,  pt.  ii,  ch.  iv;  Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  the 
Tobacco  Industry,  pt.  i*  (1909)  ;  United  States  v.  American  Tobacco 
Company,  164  Fed.  Rep.,  700,  and  221  U.  S.,  106  (brief  history  of 
trust).  P.  L.  Vogt,  Sugar- Refining  Industry  ;  Herbert  Myrick,  Amer 
ican  Sugar  Industry;  J.  C.  Welliver,  Mormon  Church  and  Sugar 
Trust  (Hampton's,  XXIV,  82),  and  Annexation  of  Cuba  by  the 
Sugar  Trust  (ibid.,  375);  A.  D.  Albert,  Chase  of  Sugar  Smugglers 
(Senate  Docs.,  61  Cong,  i  sess.,  VIII,  No.  60;  cf.  IX,  No.  87); 
C.  P.  Norcross,  Tragedies  of  the  Sugar  Trust  (Cosmopolitan,  XL VIII, 
192,  also  in  Cong.  Record,  XLV,  4850);  Hearings  held  before  the 
Special  (House]  Committee  on  Investigation  of  American  Sugar- 
Refining  Company.  J.  O.  Armour,  The  Packers,  the  Private  Car 
Lines,  and  the  People;  C.  E.  Russell,  Greatest  Trust  in  the  World; 
R.  S.  Baker,  Railroads  on  Trial  (McClure's,  XXVI,  319);  Commis 
sioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  the  Beef  Industry  (1905).  A.  W. 
Atwood,  Great  Express  Monopoly  (Am.  Mag.,  LXXI,  427)-  Com 
missioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  Water  Power  Development  (1912). 


564        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910      [§269 

PUBLIC  SERVICE  CORPORATIONS:  Bruce  Wyman,  Public  Service 
Corporations;  National  Civic  Federation,  Report  on  the  Municipal  and 
Private  Operation  of  Public  Utilities  (1907);  Ivins  and  Mason,  Pub 
lic  Utilities;  C.  L.  King,  Municipal  Utilities;  L.  S.  Rowe,  Problems 
of  Municipal  Government,  chs.  x-xiv;  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Municipal 
Franchises;  O.  L.  Pond,  Municipal  Control  of  Public  Utilities; 
Proceedings  of  Pittsburgh  Conference  for  Good  City  Government 
(1908),  257,  269,  288;  B.  H.  Meyer,  Central  Utilities  Commissions 
and  Home  Rule  (Am.  Polit.  Sci.  Review,  V,  374);  W.  Z.  Ripley, 
Capitalization  of  Public  Service  Corporations  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ., 
XV,  106).  —  RAILROADS  (§§  250,  256):  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Railway  Prob 
lems  (1907),  and  Roosevelt's  Railway  Policy  (Atlantic,  XCVI,  377), 
and  Federal  Railroad  Regulation  (ibid.,  CV,  414),  and  Railroad  Rate 
Making  in  Practice  (Railway  Age  Gazette,  XLVI  passim);  H.  S. 
Haines,  Restrictive  Railway  Legislation  (1905),  and  Railway  Cor 
porations  as  Public  Servants  (1907),  and  Problems  in  Railway  Regu 
lations  (1911);  C.  L.  Raper,  Railway  Transportation  (1912);  B.  H. 
Meyer,  Northern  Securities  Case,  and  Railway  Legislation,  and  Past 
and  Future  of  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart., 
XVII,  394);  F.  H.  Dixon,  Mann-Elkins  Act  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ., 
XXIV,  593);  F.  J.  Swayze,  Regulation  of  Railway  Rates  tinder  Four 
teenth  Amendment  (ibid.,  XXVI,  389)  ;  S.  W.  Briggs,  Regulation  of  In 
terstate  Commerce,  History  of  Bills  and  Resolutions  (1862-1911) ;  Cleve 
land  and  Powell,  Railway  Promotion  passim ;  Stuart  Daggett,  Rail 
road  Reorganization  passim ;  F.  A.  Delano,  Perkins  of  the  Burlington 
(Appleton's  Mag.,  XI,  294);  C.  S.  Langstroth  and  Wilson  Stilz, 
Railway  Cooperation  passim;  C.  S.  Vrooman,  American  Railway 
Problems  (1910);  F.  L.  McVey,  Railroad  Transportation  (1910); 
Frank  Parsons,  Railways,  the  Trusts,  and  the  People  (1906),  and 
Heart  of  the  Railroad  Problem  (1906);  M.  M.  Kirkman,  Railway 
Rates  and  Government  Ownership  (1907);  F.  H.  Spearman,  Strat 
egy  of  Great  Railroads  (1904);  C.  M.  Keys,  in  World's  Work, 
XX,  13,045,  13,419,  13,555,  XXI,  13,680;  R.  S.  Baker,  Railroads 
on  Trial  (McClure's,  XXVI,  318,  398,  535);  J.  H.  Beale  and  B. 
Wyman,  Law  of  Railroad  Rate  Regulation  (1906);  C.  H.  Hull,  Rail 
way  Alliance  and  Trade  Districts  (Internal.  Monthly,  III,  703); 
Howard  Elliot,  Cooperation  between  the  Railway  Owner,  the  Railway 
Employee,  and  the  Railway  User  (1910);  E.  P.  Ripley,  Railroads  and 
the  People  (Atlantic,  CVII,  12);  M.  A.  Knapp  and  others,  Federal 
Regulations  of  Corporations  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals, 
XXVI,  613)  ;  M.  B.  Hammond,  Railway  Rate  Theories  of  the  Inter 
state  Commerce  Commission  (1911),  and  Recent  Efforts  to  Advance 


§269]  TRUST   PROBLEM  565 

Freight  Rates  (Am.  Econ.  Review,  I,  766);  L.  G.  McPherson,  The 
Working  of  the  Railroads  (1907),  and  Railroad  Freight  Rates  (1909); 
Henry  Fink,  Regulation  of  Railway  Rates  (1905);  H.  R.  Meyer, 
Government  Regulation  of  Railway  Rates  (1905);  H.  T.  Newcomb, 
Work  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  (1905);  W.  C.  Noyes, 
American  Railroad  Rates  (1905);  G.  O.  Virtue,  Anthracite  Combina 
tions  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  X,  296). 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL:  T.  Roosevelt,  Works  (1902),  and  Addresses 
and  Presidential  Messages  (1904);  W.  H.  Taft,  Presidential  Addresses 
and  State  Papers  (1910).  Congressional  Records  and  Documents  of  the 
period  (see  "  Bibliography  "  for  Lists  by  Griffin  and  Superintendent 
of  Documents  of  references  to  important  documents  and  speeches). 
Supreme  Court  decisions  in  United  States  Reports;  leading  cases  are: 
United  States  v.  E.  C.  Knight  Co.  (1895),  156  U.  S.,  i;  In  re  Debs 
(1895),  158  U.S.,  564;  United  States  v.  Trans-Missouri  Freight  As- 
soc.  (1897),  166  U.  S.,  290;  United  States  v.  Joint  Traffic  Assoc. 
(1898),  171  U.  S.,  505;  Stock  Yards  cases  (1898),  171  U.  S.,  578,  604; 
Addyston  Pipe  and  Steel  Co.  v.  United  States  (1899),  J7S  U.  S.}  211; 
Northern  Securities  Co.  v.  United  States  (1904),  193  U.  S.,  197; 
Swift  and  Co.  v.  United  States  (1905),  196  U.  S.,  375;  Loewe  v. 
Lawlor  (1908,  Danbury  Hatters'  case),  208  U.  S.,  274;  Standard  Oil 
Co.  v.  United  States  (1911),  221  U.  S.,  i;  United  States  v.  American 
Tobacco  Co.  (1911),  221  U.  S.,  106;  Gompers  v.  Bucks  Stove  Co. 
(1911),  221  U.  S.,  418.  Collections  and  lists  of  cases  are  Bruce 
Wyman,  Cases  on  Restraint  of  Trade  (1903);  J.  A.  Finch  and  J.  L. 
Lott,  Federal  Anti-Trust  Decisions  (1890-1911)  ;  Department  of  Jus 
tice,  Civil  and  Criminal  Cases  instituted  under  the  Antitrust  Law  and 
Act  to  Regulate  Commerce  (1908),  and  Sherman  Antitrust  Law  with 
Amendments  and  Lists  of  Decisions  (1911).  The  testimony,  briefs, 
and  arguments  of  the  Standard  Oil  case  in  the  Circuit  Court  have 
been  printed  in  29  vols.  Industrial  Commission,  Reports,  especially 
I,  II,  IV,  IX,  XIII,  XVIII  (Europe),  XIX  (resume",  index,  etc.); 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Annual  Reports,  and  Special 
Reports,  and  Bulletins,  and  Decisions,  and  Indexes;  Secretary  of 
Commerce  and  Labor,  Reports;  Commissioner  of  Corporations, 
Reports;  Twelfth  Census,  Manufactures,  and  Bulletins,  No.  122 
(industrial  combinations);  Regulation  of  Railway  Rates,  Hearings 
before  the  Committee  on  Interstate  Commerce  (1904,  with  Digest;  Sen 
ate  Docs.,  59  Cong,  i  sess.,  XV- XXI);  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  Evidence  taken  on  Proposed  Advances  in  Freight 
Rates  (1911);  Railroad  Securities  Commission,  Report  (1911,  House 
Docs.,  62  Cong.  2  sess.,  No.  256) ;  Bills  and  Debates  relating  to  Trusts 


566        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910      [§270 

(1888-1902,  Senate  Docs.,  57  Cong.  2  sess.,  XIV,  No.  147);  J.  W. 
Jenks,  Trusts  and  Industrial  Combinations  (1900,  Bureau  of  Labor, 
Bulletin,  No.  29,  p.  661);  Amendment  of  Antitrust  Law,  Hearings  be 
fore  the  (Senate)  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  (1908);  Wages  and  Hours 
of  Labor,  i8go  to  1907  (Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin,  No.  77,  p.  i);  Retail 
Prices  of  Food,  1890  to  igoj  (ibid.,  p.  181);  Wholesale  Prices,  1890 
to  1908  (ibid.,  No.  81,  p.  195);  New  York  Legislature,  Report  and 
Proceedings  of  Joint  Committee  to  Investigate  Trusts  (1897,  Senate 
Docs.,  No.  60);  New  York  (Armstrong)  Legislative  Insurance  Inves 
tigating  Committee,  Testimony  and  Report.  —  UNOFFICIAL:  Chi 
cago  Conference  on  Trusts,  Speeches  and  Resolutions  (1899) ;  T. 
Roosevelt,  New  Nationalism;  Andrew  Carnegie,  Triumphant 
Democracy  (1886),  and  Gospel  of  Wealth  (1900),  and  Empire  of  Busi 
ness  (1902);  J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress,  ch.  vi;  J.  D.  Rocke 
feller,  Random  Reminiscences;  American  Year  Book  (1910,  1911); 
Commercial  Year  Book  (1898-1900);  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclo 
pedia  (1898-1902);  Moody's  Manual  of  Corporation  Securities 
(1900-1909). 

Bibliography.  —  C.  J.  Bullock,  in  W.  Z.  Ripley,  Trusts,  Pools, 
and  Corporations,  ch.  xviii;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Lists  relating  to  Trusts 
(3d  ed.,  1907),  and  List  on  Federal  Control  (1904),  and  List  of  More 
Recent  Works  on  Federal  Control  (1907),  and  List  relating  to  Iron 
and  Steel  in  Commerce  (1907),  and  List  relating  to  Railroads  in  their 
Relation  to  Government  (1907),  and  Select  List  on  Government  Owner 
ship  (1903);  H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  Select  List  on  the  Valuation  and  Cap 
italization  of  Railroads  (1909),  and  Select  List  on  the  Cost  of  Living 
and  Prices  (1910);  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Price  Lists, 
No.  54,  Political  Economy  (s.v.  "  Corporations"),  No.  25,  Transpor 
tation;  List  of  Works  relating  to  Railroad  Rates  (N.  Y.  City  Public 
Library,  Bulletin,  X,  184);  University  of  Chicago,  Bibliography 
of  Economics  for  1909;  Writings  on  American  History  (see  above, 
§  24);  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  341;  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII,  339;  S.  S.  Huebner,  Bibliography  on  Secur 
ities  and  Stock  Exchanges  (1910,  Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals, 
XXXV,  699);  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  No.  16; 
Poolers  Index,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Supplement;  Readers1  Guide;  An 
nual  Library  Index. 

%  270.  Labor  and  Injunction,  1894-1910 

Summary.  —  Earlier  phases  (§§  202,  256).  —  Panic  of  1893; 
unemployment;  federal  injunctions  in  strikes.  —  1893,  Western 


§270]  LABOR   AND    INJUNCTION  567 

Federation  of  Miners;  1894,  Cripple  Creek  strike.  — 1894, 
Coxey's  army.  — 1894,  Pullman  strike:  President  Cleveland's 
interference  ;  federal  injunctions;  Debs  case.  —  1898,  June  i, 
Interstate  Commerce  Arbitration  act.  —  1898,  Federal  Industrial 
Commission  formed.  —  1901,  Steel  strike.  —  1902,  Anthracite 
Coal  strike:  President  Roosevelt's  interference;  1903,  March  18, 
Commission's  report.  —  1902,  Labor  Conference  of  National  Civic 
Federation. —  1903,  Feb.  14,  Department  of  Commerce  and  La 
bor  established.  —  Increase  of  large-scale  industry.  —  1900-1904, 
rapid  growth  of  American  Federation  of  Labor;  Gompers.  -- 
1903-1904,  Second  Cripple  Creek  strike:  dynamite  and  deporta 
tion;  1907,  Moyer  and  Haywood  trial.  —  1905,  Industrial  Workers 
of  the  World  (socialistic).  —  Employers'  protective  associations. 
— 1906,  American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation.  —  1906, 
June  n,  Liability  of  Common  Carriers  act:  overturned  by  Supreme 
Court.  —  1907,  March  4,  Hours  of  Railroad  Employees  act.  — 
1908,  Jan.  31,  Roosevelt's  message  on  employers'  liability;  April  22, 
new  act;  sustained  by  the  Court.  —  1908,  Feb.  3,  Danbury  Hatters' 
case.  —  1908,  Injunction  issue  in  presidential  campaign.  —  1908- 
1910,  Bucks  Stove  case.  —  1909-1910,  Shirtwaist  strike.  —  1910, 
Ritchie  (Illinois)  woman  labor  case.  —  Labor  problems  (§  256): 
tendencies  of  state  and  federal  labor  legislation;  industrial  educa 
tion;  insurance;  employers'  liability;  cooperation  and  profit 
sharing;  social  betterment  efforts;  socialism;  labor  in  politics 
(§§  264,  272);  growing  class  consciousness;  attitude  toward  law 
and  courts. 

General.  —  D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  ch.  xviii;  J.  H. 
Latane,  America  as  a  World  Power,  308-313;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our 
Own  Time,  711-733;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  372-388,  689- 
698;  J.  N.  Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  V,  2957,  2958,  VI, 
268,  VII,  384-410,  412;  McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia,  articles 
Labor,  Strikes,  Wages,  Women's  Labor. 

Special.  —  T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L.  Sumner,  Labor  Problems; 
F.  T.  Carlton,  Organized  Labor;  J.  R.  Commons,  Trade  Unionism, 
and  Class  Conflict  (Am.  Jour.  Sociology,  XIII,  756);  W.  D.  P.  Bliss, 
New  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform,  624-627;  J.  P.  Peters,  Labor  and 
Capital;  W.  H.  Tolman,  Social  Engineering  (welfare  work);  E.  A. 
Pratt,  Organization  of  Agriculture. —  TRADE  UNIONS:  C.  W.  Eliot, 
Future  of  Trade  Unionism;  J.  O.  Fagan,  Labor  and  the  Railroads; 


568        THE    TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910      [§270 

C.  D.  Wright,  Labour  Organisations  (Contemp.  Review,  LXXXII, 
516);  M.  A.  Schaffner,  Labor  Contract;  J.  H.  Hollander  and  G.  E. 
Barnett,  American  Trades  Unionism;  M.  A.  Aldrich,  American 
Federation  of  Labor;  E.  L.  Spedden,  Trade  Union  Label.  —  WAGES 
(§§  256,  274):  Scott  Nearing,  Wages,  1908-1910;  R.  C.  Chapin, 
Standard  of  Living  among  Workingmen's  Families  in  New  York; 
C.  H.  Henderson,  Pay-day.  —  WOMAN  AND  CHILD  LABOR:  Edith 
Abbott,  Women  in  Industry ;  Florence  Kelley,  Some  Ethical  Gains 
through  Legislation;  Annie  M.  MacLean,  Wage-Earning  Women; 
Sue  A.  Clark,  Making  Both  Ends  Meet;  Scott  Nearing,  Solution  of 
Child  Labor  Problem;  Child  Labor  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals, 
XXV,  No.  3);  Josephine  Goldmark,  Child  Labor  Legislation  (ibid., 
Sup.,  May,  1908). —  STRIKES:  W.  D.  P.  Bliss,  New  "Cyclopedia  of 
Social  Reform,  1167;  O.  T.  Crosby,  Strikes;  B.  M.  Rastall,  Labor 
History  of  'the  Cripple  Creek  District;  T.  S.  Adams,  Violence  in 
Labor  Disputes  (Am.  Econ.  Assoc.,  Publications,  3d  ser.,  VII,  176). — 
LEGAL  ASPECTS:  F.  H.  Cook,  Law  of  Combinations,  Monopolies, 
and  Labor  Unions  (2d  ed.,  1909);  G.  G.  Groat,  Attitude  of  American 
Courts  in  Labor  Cases;  L.  D.  Clark,  Law  of  Employment  of  Labor; 
Crystal  Eastman,  W ork- Accidents  and  the  Law;  T.  C.  Spelling, 
Injunctions  (2d  ed.,  1901);  J.  L.  High,  Law  of  Injunctions  (1905); 
W.  H.  Dunbar,  Government  by  Injunction;  Lucile  Eaves,  California 
Labor  Legislation,  especially  ch.  xix.  —  SOCIALISM:  M.  HillquSt, 
Socialism  (5th  ed.),  pt.  ii,  chs.  iv,  v;  J.  W.  Hughon,  American  Social 
ism.  —  PERIODICALS:  A  mass  of  important  data  is  in  such  periodicals 
as  the  Annals  of  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science, 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Journal 
of  Political  Economy,  American  Economic  Review,  and  the  law  reviews 
listed  in  §  40;  see  "  Bibliography." 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL:  Commissioner  of  Labor,  Reports  (annual 
and  special);  Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin  (bimonthly);  reports  of 
state  labor  bureaus;  Industrial  Commission,  Report,  V,  VII,  VIII, 
X,  XII,  XIV,  XVII,  XIX;  Twelfth  Census,  especially  Employees 
and  Wages;  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Special  Reports;  Thirteenth  Census 
(in  preparation);  Senate  Docs.,  53  Cong.  3  sess.,  II,  No.  7,  and  57 
Cong.  2  sess.,  XV,  No.  209,  pp.  228-239  (Pullman  strike,  1894)  ;  58 
Cong.  spec,  sess.,  I,  No.  6  (anthracite  coal  strike,  1902;  also  in  Bureau 
of  Labor,  Bulletin,  No.  46);  3  sess.,  Ill,  No.  122  (Colorado,  1880- 
1904);  58  Cong.  spec,  sess.,  I,  No.  6  (anthracite  coal  strikes,  1902; 
also  in  Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin,  No.  46);  61  Cong.  2  sess., 
XL VI  (prices,  wages,  and  hours  of  labor,  1910);  LXXXVI-CIV, 
No.  645  (woman  and  child  labor,  1910);  62  Cong,  i  sess.,  No.  no 


§270]  LABOR   AND   INJUNCTION  569 

(iron  and  steel  laborers,  1911,  in  4  vols.);  Major-General  Command 
ing  the  Army,  Annual  Report,  1899,  pt.  i,  28-74  (Idaho  miners' 
riots,  1899).  —  LAWS,  DECISIONS,  INJUNCTIONS:  Congressional 
Record,  XLII,  2361,  7849-7864  (injunctions);  Senate  Docs.,  57 
Cong,  i  sess.,  XVI,  No.  190,  and  60  Cong,  i  sess.,  XXXIII, 
No.  525  (injunctions);  Commissioner  of  Labor,  22d  Annual  Report 
(1908,  laws);  Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin  (digest  of  laws  and  decisions 
in  almost  every  number).  Federal  and  other  decisions  can  be 
reached  through  American  Digest,  X,  1095-1200,  XXVII,  1415,  and 
American  Digest  Decennial  Edition,  X,  1765,  and  American  Digest 
Annotated  under  "  Conspiracy  "  and  "  Injunction."  -—  UNOFFICIAL: 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  Proceedings  of  Annual  Conventions; 
National  Civic  Federation,  Conference  on  Industrial  Conciliation 
(1901);  American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation,  Review  (and 
its  other  publications);  National  Labor  Committee,  Proceedings 
(1905-  );  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  Publications,  especially 
The  Pittsburgh  Survey;  Charities  and  the  Commons,  and  the  Survey; 
G.  Cleveland,  Presidential  Problems,  79-110;  T.  Roosevelt,  The 
Roosevelt  Policy,  I,  340,  II,  444,  676,  703,  738,  and  New  Nationalism; 
W.  H.  Taft,  Presidential  Addresses  and  State  Papers,  142,  191,  and 
Political  Issues,  161,  203,  and  Present-Day  Problems,  241,  290; 
W.  J.  Bryan,  Speeches,  II,  164;  John  Mitchell,  Organized  Labor; 
Jane  Addams,  Twenty  Years  at  Hull  House;  E.  V.  Debs,  Debs; 
J.  F.  Willard  (Josiah  Flynt),  Tramping  with  Tramps;  J.  R.  Buchanan, 
Story  of  a  Labor  Agitator;  Harry  Orchard,  Confession  and  Auto 
biography  (McClure's,  XXIX  passim,  XXX,  113);  the  Appeal  to 
Reason  (Girard,  Kan.),  the  Call  (N.Y),  and  International  Socialist 
Review  (Chicago)  represent  the  socialist  movement. 

Bibliography.—  (See  also  §  256.)  —  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  Select  List 
on  Labor  and  Strikes  (1903),  on  Industrial  Arbitration  (1903),  on 
Child  Labor  (1906),  en  Employers'  Liability  (1906),  on  Eight- Hour 
Working  Day  (1908),  and  on  Workingmen's  Insurance  (1908); 
H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  Select  List  on  Cost  of  Living  and  Prices  (1910), 
and  on  Boycotts  and  Injunctions  (1911);  Superintendent  of  Docu 
ments,  Labor  Question,  Price  Lists,  No.  33 ;  F.  T.  Carlton,  Organized 
Labor  (topical  references  at  end  of  chs.);  Adams  and  Sumner,  Labor 
Problems  passim  ;  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  No.  25; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  229  (injunctions);  University  of  Chicago,  Bib 
liography  of  Economics  for  1909;  Cumulative  Index  of  Labor  Laws 
and  Decisions  (1910,  Labor  Bureau,  Bulletin,  No.  91,  pp.  1161-1196) ; 
Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  Bulletins  of  Information,  No.  44  (labor 
collection);  E.  Abbott,  Women  in  Industry,  392~399- 


5/0        THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910     [§271 

§  271.  Tariff,  1898-1910 

Summary.  — 1897-1909,  Dingley  tariff  (§  262):  reasons  for 
long  continuance;  antitrust  influence;  1902,  "  Iowa  idea  ";  other 
state  demands  for  revision.  1904,  subordination  of  tariff  issue  in 
campaign.  —  European  tariff  tendencies;  nationalism;  increased 
cost  of  living;  effects  of  panic  of  1907.  —  1908,  Republican  tariff 
plank  on  equalization  of  cost  of  production  and  reasonable  profits; 
Democratic  plank;  Taft's  campaign  speeches  for  revision  down 
ward;  1908,  Nov.-Dec.,  tariff  hearings.  —  Payne-Aldrich  act:  1909, 
March  15,  special  session  of  Congress  to  consider  tariff;  March  16, 
bill  presented;  limitation  of  amendments  under  the  rules;  April  10, 
passage  in  House;  features;  Senator  Aldrich's  leadership;  pro 
tective  amendments  in  Senate;  attacks  by  Middle  Western 
"  Insurgent  Republicans  ";  sectional  divisions  and  combinations; 
log-rolling;  "jokers";  problem  of  American  trust  ownership  of 
foreign  raw  materials;  duties  restored  on  iron  ore,  hides,  and  coal; 
lumber  schedule;  July  8,  passage  in  Senate;  non-concurrence  of 
House;  presidential  influence;  conference  report;  Aug.  5,  enact 
ment;  provision  for  Tariff  Commission.  —  Public  discontent: 
1909,  Sept.  17,  Taft's  Winona  speech;  "  Schedule  K  ";  wood  pulp 
and  paper  schedule;  hostility  of  the  press;  1910,  Nov.,  elections 
favor  Democrats  and  "  Insurgent  Republicans "  Democratic 
House;  .Insurgent  (Progressive  Republican)  balance  of  power  in 
Senate.  — Problems  of  maximum  and  minimum  clause;  discussion 
of  Canadian  reciprocity;  1911,  April  4,  extra  session  to  consider 
reciprocity;  July  26,  reciprocity  act;  rejected  by  Canada. 

General.  —  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  VII,  640- 
647;  New  International  Year  Book,  1909,  pp.  686-689,  1910,  pp. 
701-703;  American  Year  Book,  1910,  pp.  33-36,  321-325,  1911, 
pp.  45-48,  90-93,  123,  291. 

Special.  —  F.  W.  Taussig,  Tariff  History  (5th  ed.),  ch.  viii,  in 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  XXIV,  i,  and  in  Atlantic  Monthly, 
CI,  334  (sugar),  CVI,  721  (tariff  commission);  I.  M.  Tarbell,  Tariff, 
chs.  xi-xiii;  C.  W.  Wright,  Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff,  ch.  viii; 
G.  M.  Fisk,  Payne-Aldrich  Tariff  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXV,  35); 
H.  P.  Willis,  Tariff  of  1909  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ.,  XVII,  i,  589,  XVIII, 
i,  173);  S.  W.  McCall,  Payne  Tariff  Law  (Atlantic,  CIV,  562); 
R.  L.  Bridgman,  Passing  of  the  Tariff;  H.  C.  Emery,  New  Protec- 


272]  TARIFF 


571 


tionism  (Yale  Alumni  Weekly,  XIII,  51),  and  Tariff  Board  (Senate 
Docs.,  6 1  Cong.  3  sess.,  No.  700);  S.  K.  Hornbeck,  Most-Favored 
Nation  Clause;  R.  G.  Blakey,  Beet-Sugar  Industry  and  the  Tariff. 
See  also  periodicals,  especially  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Po 
litical  Science  Quarterly,  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  American 
Economic  Review. 

Sources.  —  Congressional  Record,  XLIV,  especially  the  speeches 
of  Aldrich,  Cummins,  Dolliver,  La  Follette,  and  Payne;  Congres 
sional  Documents  (see  "  Bibliography  "  and  §  262) :  60  Cong.  2 
sess.,  House  Docs.,  CXXXIII-CXXXVI,  No.  1502  (pulp  and  paper 
investigation),  CXXXVII,  No.  1503  (notes  on  tariff  revision), 
CXXXVIII,  No.  1504  (imports  and  duties,  1894-1907), 
CXXXIX-CXLVI,  No.  1505  (tariff  hearings);  61  Cong,  i  sess., 
Senate  Docs.,  X,  No.  68  (wages  in  Germany);  2  sess.,  Senate  Docs., 
LVIII,  No.  164  (Taft's  Winona  speech);  House  Docs.,  CXXIX, 
No.  671  (tariff  acts,  1789-1909),  CXXX,  No.  948  (comparison  of 
tariffs  of  1897  and  1909);  3  sess.,  Senate  Docs.,  No.  831  (collected 
reciprocity  treaties);  62  Cong.  2  sess.,  House  Docs.,  Nos.  342  (mes 
sage  and  report  of  Tariff  Board  on  wool  schedule  —  "  Schedule  K"), 
643  (report  of  Board  on  cotton  manufactures  —  "  Schedule  I ")  ; 
Statutes  at  Large,  XXXVI,  n  (Payne- Aldrich  act) ;  Bureau  of  Census, 
Manufactures,  1905. 

Bibliography.  —  Superintendent  of  Documents,  List  of  Documents 
relating  to  Tariff,  Price  Lists,  No.  37  (2d  ed.);  University  of  Chicago, 
Bibliography  of  Economics  for  1909;  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  on  Reci 
procity  (1902). 

§  272.  Politics  and  Parties,  1900-1910 

Summary.  —  1900,  March  4,  Gold  Standard  act.  —  Campaign 
of  1900:  Republican  convention,  McKinley  and  Roosevelt  nom 
inated,  "  full-dinner  pail  "  slogan;  Democratic  convention,  Bryan 
nominated,  platform  subordinates  free  silver  to  anti-imperialism 
(§266);  Populists;  Socialists;  Republican  success.  —  1901,  Sept. 
6,  McKinley  assassinated;  Sept.  14,  death;  accession  of  Roosevelt; 
his  traits  and  prior  career. — Labor  and  capital  (§§  269,  270); 
1903,  Feb.  14,  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor.  —  1901-1903, 
Panama  question  (§  267);  other  diplomatic  issues  (§  267). — 
Campaign  of  1904:  Republicans  renominate  Roosevelt  and  ignore 
tariff  issue;  Democratic  convention,  Parker  nominated,  omission  of 
money  and  income  tax  planks,  Parker's  gold-standard  telegram; 


5/2        THE  TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910      [§272 

trust  issue;  corporation  contributions;  election  of  Roosevelt; 
Democratic  governors  in  Roosevelt  states;  party  splits  in  state 
politics.  —  Reform  wave:  1905-1906,  New  York  insurance  inves 
tigation  (§  269),  C.  H.  Hughes;  trust  suits  (§  269);  1907,  postal 
and  land  frauds  investigations;  beginning  of  congressional  insur 
gency,  control  by  Aldrich  and  Cannon,  La  Toilette's  roll-call  tactics. 
—  Progressive  legislation:  1906,  June  29,  Railway  Rate  act  (§  269) ; 
June  30,  Meat  Inspection  act;  June  30,  Pure  Food  act;  Roosevelt 
and  Congress;  business  reaction  against  administration.  —  1907, 
Oct.  22,  Panic;  Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  incident.  —  Conservation 
(§  273);  betterment  commissions  (§  274).  —  Campaign  of  1908: 
Republicans  nominate  Taft,  Roosevelt's  influence,  La  Follette's 
rejected  platform;  Democrats  nominate  Bryan;  platforms;  con 
servatives  and  radicals;  minor  parties;  election  of  Taft.  —  1909, 
Extra  session:  July  12,  income  tax  amendment  submitted; 
tariff  (§  271).  —  Alaskan  lands  dispute  (§  271).  —  Insurgent  revolt: 
1909,  tariff;  1910,  March  19,  Speaker  Cannon  overruled  by  Pro 
gressives  and  Democrats;  rules  question  (§  262);  Republican  dis 
sensions;  program  of  Progressives.  —  1909-1910,  Presidential 
legislative  bills;  Progressives  dissent;  1910,  May  5,  Senator 
Bourne's  speech  on  the  Oregon  system;  1910,  June  18,  Mann- 
Elkins  Interstate  Commerce  act  (§  269),  Commerce  Court;  June  25, 
enabling  act  for  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  June  25,  Publicity  of 
Campaign  Contributions  act.  —  Campaign  of  1910:  high  cost  of 
living  (§  273);  popular  unrest;  Democratic  House  elected;  Pro 
gressives'  balance  of  power  in  Senate;  increased  socialistic  vote; 
Dec.  17,  Senator  Lorimer  acquitted  of  bribery  charge  by  con 
servative  combination;  political  effects.  —  1911,  Jan.  23,  National 
Progressive  Republican  League  organized. — 1900-1910,  State  and 
municipal  governmental  reforms. 

General.  —  J.  H.  Latane",  America  as  a  World  Power,  chs.  vii, 
xiii;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  VI,  639-641,  646- 
666,  VII,  665-683;  H.  T.  Peck,  Twenty  Years,  641-682,  704-716; 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXIII,  707-711,  XXVII, 
733-735;  E.  B.  Andrews,  Our  Own  Time,  865-878,  897-912;  Ameri 
can  Year  Book,  1910,  chs.  iii,  vi,  1911,  chs.  iv,  viii;  McLaughlin 
and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  passim;  P.  L.  Haworth,  Reconstruction  and 
Union,  195-283. 


§272]  POLITICS   AND   PARTIES  573 

Special.  —  W.  A.  White,  The  Old  Order  Changeth;  Herbert 
Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life;  W.  E.  Weyl,  New  Democracy; 
Lyman  Abbott,  Rights  of  Man;  Albert  Shaw,  Political  Problems; 
C.  W.  Eliot,  Conflict  between  Individualism  and  Collectivism;  M. 
Ostrogorski,  Democracy  and  the  Party  System,  ch.  xiv;  F.  J.  Turner, 
Social  Forces  in  American  History  (Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  217), 
and  Contributions  of  the  West  to  American  Democracy  (Atlantic, 
XCI,  83);  N.  M.  Butler,  Why  should  we  Change  our  Form  of  Gov 
ernment?  J.  R.  Day,  Raid  on  Prosperity;  C.  R.  Atkinson  and  C. 
A.  Beard,  Syndication  of  Speakership  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXVI, 
381);  H.  B.  Fuller,  Speakers,  ch.  ix.  Contemporary  newspapers  and 
periodicals  abound  in  material  (§§  24,  40,  41);  consult  especially  the 
North  American  Review,  Review  of  Reviews,  Literary  Digest,  American 
Political  Science  Review,  World's  Work,  Outlook,  Independent,  Arena, 
Harper's  Weekly,  Nation.  Such  popular  magazines  as  Collier's 
Weekly,  La  Follette's  Weekly,  The  American,  Me Clure's,  Everybody's, 
Hampton's,  etc.,  afford  evidence  of  radical  public  sentiment.  Chron 
ological  summaries  are  in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Literary  Digest, 
World  Almanac,  American  Year  Book,  etc.  The  references  below  to 
periodicals  are  illustrative  merely.  —  POLITICAL  CAMPAIGNS: 
E.  Stanwood,  Democratic  Predicament  (Atlantic,  XCV,  145:  1904); 
C.  A.  Conant,  Meaning  of  the  Election  (ibid.,  CIII,  93:  1908).  — 
POLITICAL  LEADERS,  ROOSEVELT:  P.  L.  Allen,  America's  Awakening; 
J.  A.  Riis,  Roosevelt;  F.  E.  Leupp,  The  Man  Roosevelt,  and  Taft  and 
Roosevelt  (Atlantic,  CVI,  648);  "  E.  S.,"  Mr.  Roosevelt  (Atlantic, 
CIX,  577);  G.  W.  Douglas,  Many-Sided  Roosevelt;  J.  S.  Bennett, 
Roosevelt  and  the  Republic  (anti);  M.  E.  Stone,  Roosevelt,  Please 
Answer  (Metropolitan,  XXIV);  R.  A.  Benedict,  Malefactors  of 
Great  Wealth  1  (anti) ;  Leslie  Chase,  Rooseveltiana  (anti);  Albert 
Shaw,  Cartoon  History  of  Roosevelt's  Career;  Raymond  Gross, 
T.  R.  in  Cartoon.  —  BRYAN:  H.  J.  Ford,  Explanation  of  Bryan 
(World's  Work,  XVI,  10,215);  F.  J.  Giddings,  Bryan  (Century, 
LXXIII,  154);  Lincoln  Steffens,  Bryan-Johnson  (Everybody's, 
XIX,  3).  — TAFT:  President  Taft  (Atlantic,  CIX,  164);  Political 
Balance  Sheet  (Outlook,  XCIV,  742);  President  and  the  People 
(World's  Work,  XIX,  12,648).  —  LA  FOLLETTE:  L.  Steffens,  Ene 
mies  of  the  Republic:  La  Follette  (McClure's,  XXII,  563);  W.  B. 
Hale,  La  Follette  (World's  Work,  XXII,  U,S9i);  R-  S.  Baker, 
Meaning  of  Insurgency  (Am.  Mag.,  LXXII,  59);  F.  C.  Howe, 
Wisconsin,  an  Experiment  in  Democracy;  C.  McCarthy,  Wisconsin 
Idea;  L.  Steffens,  Sending  a  State  [Wisconsin]  to  College  (Am.  Mag., 
LXVII,  349);  E.  L.  Philipp,  Political  Reform  in  Wisconsin  (anti 


574        THE    TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910      [§272 

La  Follette);  the  opposition  is  best  expressed  in  the  conservative 
daily  press.  —  OTHERS:  B.  J.  Hendrick,  Hughes  (McClure's,  XXX, 
521,  670,  see  also  XXV,  495);  I.  M.  Tarbell,  How  about  Hughes 
(Am.  Mag.,  LXV,  451) ;  Herbert  Croly,  Marcus  Hanna,  chs  xx-xxvi; 
W.  B.  Hale,  Woodrow  Wilson;  Carl  Lorenz,  Tom  L.  Johnson. 

POPULAR  GOVERNMENT:  W.  B.  Munro,  Initiative,  Referendum, 
and  Recall ;  A.  N.  Holcombe,  Popular  Government  and  Current  Pol 
itics  (Am.  Year  Book,  1910,  138);  C.  E.  Merriam,  Primary  Elec 
tion;  J.  R.  Commons,  Proportional  Representation  (2d  ed.),  App. 
ii-v;  E.  C.  Meyer,  Nominating  Systems;  G.  H.  Haynes,  Election 
of  Senators,  and  People's  Rule  in  Oregon  (Polit.  Sci.  Quart.,  XXVI, 
32);  D.  F.  Wilcox,  Government  by  all  the  People  (in  press);  C.  A. 
Beard,  Initiative,  Referendum,  and  Recall  Documents,  and  Digest 
of  Short  Ballot  Charters;  Jon.  Bourne,  Jr.,  Initiative,  Referendum,  and 
Recall  (Atlantic,  CIX,  122,  143);  S.  W.  McCall,  Representative  and 
Direct  Government  (ibid.,  CVIII,  454);  R.  L.  Owen,  Code  of  the  Peo 
ple's  Rule  (Senate  Docs.,  61  Cong.  2  sess.,  LXI,  No.  603) ;  Direct  Legis 
lation  Record  (quarterly,  1894-1903)  ;  J.  W.  Sullivan,  Direct  Legislation 
(origins)  ;  Margaret  A.  Schaffner,  Initiative,  Referendum,  and  Recall 
(Am.  Polit.  Sci.  Review,  II,  32);  E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Referen 
dum;  B.  J.  Hendrick,  Initiative  in  Oregon  (McClure's,  XXXVIII, 
235>  435,  505);  C.  G.  Dawes,  Initiative  and  Referendum;  F.  V. 
Holman,  Some  Unsatisfactory  Results  in  Oregon.  —  MUNICIPAL 
GOVERNMENT  (§  274):  Conference  for  Good  City  Government, 
Reports;  W.  B.  Munro,  Government  of  American  Cities  (in  press); 
C.  R.  Woodruff,  City  Government  by  Commission;  E.  S.  Brad 
ford,  Commission  Government  in  American  Cities;  J.  A.  Fairlie, 
Municipal  Administration,  pts.  ii-iv,  and  Essays  in  Municipal 
Administration,  Nos.  1-14;  A.  R.  Hatton,  Digest  of  City  Charters.  — 
STATE  GOVERNMENT:  J.  Q.  Dealey,  Our  State  Constitutions;  J.  B. 
Phillips,  Recent  State  Constitution  Making;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  American 
Legislatures,  and  Readings  on  American  State  Government;  C.  A. 
Beard,  Readings  in  American  Government  and  Politics,  and  American 
Government  and  Politics;  Herbert  Putnam,  Legislative  Reference  Bu 
reaus  (Library  of  Congress,  Report,  1911,  App.  iv). — PROGRESSIVE 
REPUBLICANS:  J.  P.  Dolliver,  Forward  Movement  (Outlook,  XCVI, 
161);  R.  S.  Baker,  in  American  Magazine,  LXXI,  3,  LXXII,  59; 
W.  A.  White,  Storming  the  Citadel  (ibid.,  LXXII,  570);  G.  H. 
Shibley,  Progressive  Movement  (Twentieth  Century  Mag.,  II,  44). — 
CORRUPTION  :  B.  B.  Lindsey  and  H.  J.  O'Higgins,  The  Beast; 
L.  Steffens,  Shame  of  the  Cities,  and  in  McClure's  Magazine,  XX, 
XXI  passim  (cities),  XXIV,  XXV  passim  (states),  and  American 


§272]  POLITICS   AND   PARTIES  575 

Magazine,  LXIV,  489  (land  frauds);  C.  P.  Connolly,  Montana 
(Clark  election,  1898,  McClure's,  XXVII,  627,  XXVIII.  27); 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Significance  of  Political  Parties  (Atlantic,  CI, 
145);  Franklin  Hichborn,  Story  of  California  Legislature  (1909, 
1911);  R.  C.  Brooks,  Corruption  in  American  Politics  and  Life; 
R.  Blankenburg,  Forty  Years  in  the  Wilderness  (on  Pa.  politics, 
Arena,  XXXIII,  XXXIV  passim};  T.  W.  Lawson,  Frenzied 
Finance,  and  in  Everybody's,  XII- XV  passim.  —  CRITICISM  OF 
JUDICIARY:  J.  A.  Smith,  Spirit  of  American  Government,  ch.  v; 
F.  J.  Goodnow,  Social  Reform  and  the  Constitution,  ch.  viii;  C.  A. 
Beard,  Supreme  Court  and  the  Constitution  (in  press);  Frank  Par 
sons,  Legal  Doctrine  and  Progress;  H.  S.  Smalley,  Nullifying  the 
Law  by  Judicial  Interpretation  (Atlantic,  CVII,  452);  G.  W.  Alger, 
Criticising  the  Courts  (ibid.,  CVIII,  656);  G.  E.  Roe,  Our  Judicial 
Oligarchy;  National  Bar  Association  Proceedings;  legal  periodicals 
(§§  27,  40).  —  SOCIALISM  (§  270)  :  R.  F.  Hoxie,  Rising  Tide  of  Social 
ism  (Jour.  Polit.  Econ.,  XIX,  609). 

Sources.  —  PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS  (§§  266,  267,  269-271,  273): 
The  Price  Lists  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Documents,  espe 
cially  Political  Economy  (No.-  54),  Tariff  (No.  37),  Lands  (No.  20), 
give  useful  indications.  Presidential  messages  are  particularly  im 
portant  for  this  section.  The  Price  Lists  and  the  special  works  in 
§§  cited  above  give  references  to  significant  speeches  in  Congress. 
In  Congressional  Record,  XLV,  3240-3251,  3281-3335,  3388-3417, 
3425-3439,  6274-6282,  is  the  account  of  the  insurgent  movement  in 
the  House,  and  5823-5830  contain  Senator  Bourne's  speech  on  the 
Oregon  system.  In  Pacific  States  Telephone  Company  v.  Oregon 
(1912)  the  Supreme  Court  refused  to  interfere  with  the  Oregon  system. 
—  WRITINGS  OF  LEADERS:  W.  J.  Bryan,  Commoner  Condensed  (1902), 
and  Speeches  (1909),  and  Commoner  passim  (editor),  and  in  North 
American  Review,  CLXX,  753  (1900),  CLXXI,  788  (1901) ;  R.  L. 
Metcalf,  The  Real  Bryan  (selections).  T.  Roosevelt,  American  I  deals 
(1897),  and  Strenuous  Life  (1901),  and  Works  (1902),  and  Addresses 
and  Presidential  Messages  (1904),  and  African  and  European  Ad 
dresses  (1910),  and  New  Nationalism  (1910);  Outlook  (1910-1912, 
articles  by  Roosevelt  as  contributing  editor);  Alan  Warner,  The 
Real  Roosevelt  (selections).  W.  H.  Taft,  Four  Aspects  of  Civic 
Duty  (1906),  and  Present-Day  Problems  (1908),  and  Political  Issues 
and. Outlooks  (1909),  and  Presidential  Addresses  and  State  Papers 
(1910).  R.  M.  La  Follette,  Autobiography  (Am.  Mag.,  LXXII, 
LXXIII  passim),  and  Personal  Narrative  of  Political  Experiences, 
and  Railway  Regulation  (1905);  speeches  in  the  Senate,  Congres- 


576        THE   TRANSFORMING  NATION,   1898-1910      [§273 

sional  Record,  XL,  5684-5733  (railway  rates,  1906),  XLII,  3434,  3566, 
3793  (trusts  and  panic,  1908),  XLV,  7372  (interstate  commerce, 
1910).  La  Follelte's  Weekly  (editor,  1909-  ).  W.  Wilson,  Con 
stitutional  Government  (1908),  and  Civic  Problems  (1909).  T.  L. 
Johnson,  My  Story. 

Bibliography.  —  A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  References  on  Political  Parties, 
and  References  on  Primary  Elections;  H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  Additional 
References  relating  to  Popular  Election  of  Senators;  C.  E.  Fanning, 
Election  of.  Senators,  and  Direct  Primaries;  Edith  M.  Phelps,  Initi 
ative  and  Referendum  (2d  ed.);  R.  C.  Ringwalt,  Briefs  on  Public 
Questions,  Nos.  7-9;  C.  A.  Beard,  American  Government  and  Pol 
itics,  755-759;  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Readings  on  American  State  Government, 
465-470;  W.  B.  Munro,  Initiative,  Referendum,  and  Recall,  ch.  xvi ; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  §  205;  Poolers  Index,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Supple 
ment;  Annual  Library  Index  (1907-  );  Readers'  Guide.  These 
references  to  periodicals  are  of  especial  importance  in  view  of  the 
unorganized  contemporaneous  political  discussion. 

§  273.  Conservation 

Summary.  —  Termination  of  free  land  era;  large-scale  exploita 
tion  of  remaining  natural  resources  (§  269);  contests  for  Rocky 
Mountain  and  Alaskan  mines;  Southwestern  development;  influ 
ence  of  arid  lands.  —  "  Rushes  "  to  newly  opened  Indian  reserva 
tions;  migration  to  Canadian  Northwest;  investments  in  Mexico; 
prospective  exhaustion  of  minerals,  soils,  public  domain.  —  Irri 
gation,  experience  in  Utah  and  the  arid  Southwest  (§§  216,  260).  — 
1873,  1890,  Agitation  by  American  Association  for  Advancement  of 
Science;  1888,  March  20,  Irrigation  Division  of  the  Geological 
Survey  authorized;  1891,  March  3,  Forest  Reserves  act;  1891- 
1893,  succeeding  acts;  1891,  March  3,  repeal  of  Preemption  and 
Timber  Culture  acts;  1897,  President  Cleveland's  vast  forest  reser 
vations;  1898,  Gifford  Pinchot,  Chief  of  Division  of  Forestry; 
his  training  and  influence.  —  Beginnings  of  Reclamation:  1877, 
March  3,  Desert  Land  act;  1894,  Aug.  18,  Carey  act.  —  Roosevelt's 
policy:  1901,  Dec.  3,  message;  1902,  June  17,  Reclamation  act, 
Senator  Newlands.  —  1905,  Jan.  2-6,  American  Forestry  Congress; 
Feb.  i,  the  Forestry  Service;  1907,  March  2,  extension  of  forest 
reserves;  March  14,  Inland  Waterways  Commission;  Dec.  3, 
message;  1908,  Oct  7,  Lakes  to  Gulf  Deep  Waterways  Convention 


§273]  CONSERVATION  577 

at  Chicago;  May  13-15,  Dec.  8,  White  House  conferences  of  gov 
ernors,  etc.,  on  conservation;  1909,  Jan.  22,  report  of  Conservation 
Commission  presented  to  Congress;  Feb.  23,  North  American  Con 
servation  Conference;  March  3,  National  Waterways  Commission 
act;  water  powers  question;  land  frauds;  Appalachian  Reserve 
bills.  —  Taft's  policy:  1909,  Oct.  30,  Lakes  to  Gulf  Deep  Water 
way  Convention  at  New  Orleans;  July  29,  organization  of  National 
Conservation  Association;  Aug.  26-28,  first  National  Conservation 
Congress  at  Seattle.  —  Pinchot's  attack  on  Secretary  of  Interior 
Ballinger:  Alaskan  coal  fields  (§  264);  Cunningham  claims;  1910, 
Jan.  6,  removal  of  Pinchot;  Sept.  9,  Dec.  5,  reports  of  investigating 
committee.  —  1910,  Jan.  14,  President  Taft's  conservation  mes 
sage;  June  22,  land  act  providing  for  entry  of  surface  and  reserva 
tion  of  minerals;  June  25,  Reclamation  Certificates  act;  June  25, 
act  asserting  President's  power  to  reserve  lands  from  entry;  Sept. 
5-8,  Conservation  Congress  at  St.  Paul,  state  or  national  control, 
Roosevelt  and  Taft;  1911,  March  i,  Conservation  of  Navigable 
Waters  act.  —  Significance  of  conservation  issue.  —  Problems  of 
public  domain:  minerals;  water  powers;  inland  waterways; 
irrigation;  forests;  soils;  drainage  of  swamp  lands;  application  of 
conservation  principles  to  scientific  business  management,  health, 
etc. 

General.  —  C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources; 
O.  W.  Price,  The  Land  we  tive  In  ;  J.  N.  Lamed,  History  for  Ready 
Reference,  VII,  145;  American  Year  Book,  1910,  pp.  39-44,  162,  293- 
311,  687,  688,  1911,  pp.  53-56,  418-440;  McLaughlin  and  Hart, 
Cyclopedia,  articles  Conservation,  Irrigation,  Public  Lands;  Conser 
vation  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXIII,  No.  3);  F.  B. 
Vrooman,  Roosevelt,  Dynamic  Geographer;  C.  A.  Beard,  Readings 
in  American  Government,  ch.  xx;  G.  Pinchot,  Fight  for  Conservation; 
M.  H.  Gregory,  Checking  the  Waste. 

Special. —  THE  CHANGING  WEST  (§§  259,  260):  B.  H.  Hibbard, 
Tenancy  (Quart.  Jour.  Econ.,  XXV,  105,  710);  E.  A.  Ross,  Middle 
West  (Century,  LXXXIII,  609);  F.  W.  Blackmar,  Kansas  after 
the  Drought  (Review  of  Reviews,  XXIV,  314);  H.  N.  Casson,  New 
American  Farmer  (ibid.,  XXXVII,  598);  C.  H.  Matson,  Awakening 
of  Nevada  (ibid.,  XXXIV,  56);  S.  A.  Thompson,  Great  Northwest 
(ibid.,  VIII,  524);  W.  S.  Harwood,  The  New  Earth;  T.  B.  Collins, 
New  Agriculture;  A.  C.  Laut,  End  of  Free  Land  (Collier's,  XL VII, 


578         THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910     [§273 

I5)>  W.  B.  Thornton,  Revolution  by  Farm  Machinery  (World's 
Work,  VI,  3766);  M.  G.  Cunniff,  Texas  and  the  Texans  (ibid.,  XI, 
7267),  and  Oklahoma  (ibid.,  XII,  7603);  R.  E.  Rinehart,  Seizing  the 
Desert's  Last  Stronghold  (ibid.,  XV,  10,147);  G.  W.  Ogden,  Newest 
Land  of  Promise  (Everybody's,  XVII,  654);  Herbert  Kaufman, 
Southwestward  Ho  (ibid.,  XXII,  723);  D.  H.  MacAdam,  Enter  Ari 
zona  and  New  Mexico  (Metropolitan,  XXIV,  627);  J.  A.  Munk, 
Arizona  Sketches;  B.  S.  McGuire,  Big  Oklahoma  (Nat.  Geog.  Mag., 
XVII,  103);  B.  F.  Yoakum,  Ten  Years  of  Oklahoma  (World's 
Work,  XXI,  13,928);  Emerson  Hough,  Oklahoma  (Appleton's 
Mag.,  IX,  387);  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Agricultural 
Opportunities  .  .  .  Western  States  (Southern  Group,  1912) ;  American 
Immigration  into  Canadian  Northwest  (Daily  Consular  Reports,  Nov. 
17,  1903,  etc.).  See  advertising  literature  of  railroads,  state  boards, 
trade  periodicals,  etc.;  Readers'  Guide  under  "  Frontier  "  and  names 
of  states  opens  periodical  literature. 

PUBLIC  LANDS:  R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Domain  and  Democracy,  chs. 
vii,  viii;  S.  A.  D.  Puter  and  Horace  Stevens,  Looters  of  the  Pub 
lic  Domain;  Frank  Parsons,  Railways,  the  Trusts,  and  the  People, 
ch.  viii;  J.  D.  Whelpley,  Nation  as  a  Landowner  (Harper's  Weekly, 
XLV,  1204,  1238,  1283,  reprint  in  Senate  Docs.,  57  Cong,  i  sess., 
XVI,  No.  183);  E.  F.  C.  Bohm,  Carey  Act;  C.  W.  Wilber,  Way 
of  the  Land  Transgressor  (Pacific  Monthly,  XVIII,  XIX  passim)', 
L.  Steffens,  Taming  of  the  West  (Am.  Mag.,  LXIV,  489,  585).— 
WATERWAYS  (§  259):  American  Waterways  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci., 
Annals,  XXXI,  No.  i,  XXXIII,  521);  Herbert  Quick,  American 
Inland  Waterways;  E.  R.  Johnson,  Ocean  end  Inland  Water  Transpor 
tation,  chs.  xxiv-xxix;  W  J  McGee,  Our  Dawning  Waterway  Era 
(World's  Work,  XV,  10,121);  J.  L.  Mathews,  Remaking  the  Missis 
sippi;  J.  C.  Mills,  Our  Inland  Seas,  chs.  xvi-xxv.  —  RECLAMATION  : 
F.  H.  Newell,  Irrigation;  W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America; 
Elwood  Mead,  Irrigation  Institutions;  E.  W.  Hilgard,  Report  on  Rela 
tion  of  Soil  to  Climate,  and  Alkali  Lands  and  Soils;  F.  H.  King 
Irrigation  and  Drainage,  and  The  Soil;  F.  W.  Blackmar,  Mastery 
of  the  Desert  (N.  Am.  Review,  CLXXXII,  676),  and  Economics  and 
Politics  of  the  Reclamation  Service  (Forum,  XXXVIII,  131); 
H.  C.  Taylor,  Economic  Problems  in  Agriculture  by  Irrigation  (Jour. 
Polit.  Econ.,  XV,  209);  J.  H.  Beacom,  Irrigation  (Geog.  Jour., 
XXIX,  400);  P.  Rogers,  Law  of  New  Conditions  illustrated  by  the 
Law  of  Irrigation  (Am.  Bar  Assoc.,  Reports,  XXIV,  376);  F.  G. 
Newlands,  F.  H.  Newell  and  others,  in  Pacific  Monthly,  XVI  passim; 
H.  M.  Wright,  Government  as  a  Home  Maker  (World  To-Day,  X, 


§273]  CONSERVATION  579 

156);  French  Strother,  Building  a  Wonderful  Community  (World's 
Work,  IX,  5827);  A.  W.  Page,  Real  Conquest  of  the  West  (ibid.,  XV, 
9691);  H.  M.  Wilson,  Reclaiming  the  Swamp  Lands  (Nat.  Geog.  Mag., 
XVIII,  292).  See  files  of  Irrigation  Age,  general  periodicals  (see 
"Bibliography"),  and  Pacific  Coast  periodicals  (§  264).  —  DRY 
FARMING:  J.  A.  Widtsoe,  Dry  Farming,  chs.  xvii,  xviii;  J.  L.  Cowan, 
Dry  Farming  (Century,  LXXII,  435);  H.  Quick,  Desert  Farming 
without  Irrigation  (World's  Work,  XII,  7886).  —  WATER  POWERS 
(see  "Sources").  —  FORESTS:  I.  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography; 
J.  E.  Defebaugh,  Lumber  Industry  of  America;  G.  W.  Hotchkiss, 
Lumber  and  Forest  Industry  of  the  Northwest;  National  Cyclopaedia 
of  American  Biography,  XIII,  136  (Fernow),  340  (Hough,  Eggles- 
ton),  Sup.  I,  30  (Pinchot);  B.  E.  Fernow,  Forestry,  398-438,  and 
Economics  of  Forestry,  ch.  xi;  John  Muir,  Our  National  Parks; 
W.  H.  Page,  Gi/ord  Pinchot  (World's  Work,  XIX,  12,662);  W.  C. 
Barnes,  Gifford  Pinchot  (McClure's  XXXI,  319);  S.  E.  White, 
Fight  for  the  Forests  (Am.  Mag.,  XLV,  252).  —  MINERALS  (§§  253, 
259,  261;  and  see  "  Sources,"  especially  Report  of  National  Conserva 
tion  Commission).  —  SOILS  (see  "  General "  and  "Sources"):  I.  P. 
Roberts,  Fertility  of  the  Land.  —  COST  OF  LIVING  (§  270):  Irving 
Fisher,  Purchasing  Power  of  Money;  G.  R.  Askwith,  Report  on  Cost  of 
Living  and  Wages;  J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress  (see  the  index),  and 
Address  before  Farmers'  National  Congress  (1908);  Independent, 
LXVIII,  LXIX  passim;  Cosmopolitan,  XLIX  passim;  Review 
of  Reviews,  XLI,  XLII  passim.  —  HEALTH  (§  274).  —  INDUSTRIAL 
EFFICIENCY:  F.  W.  Taylor,  Principles  of  Scientific  Management, 
and  Shop  Management;  Arthur  Shadwell,  Industrial  Efficiency,  II, 
ch.  xviii.  —  BALLJNGER- PINCHOT  INCIDENT  (§264):  see  the  files  of 
current  periodicals  in  1909-1910  for  criticism  of  Secretary  Bal- 
linger,  especially  Collier's,  Outlook,  Hampton's  Magazine,  American 
Magazine,  and  Me  Clure's  Magazine;  the  daily  press,  Leslie's  Weekly, 
etc.,  exhibit  less  opposition.  —  MAPS  (See  Superintendent  of  Docu 
ments,  Maps,  Price  Lists,  No.  53):  United  States,  showing  the  Ex 
tent  of  Public  Surveys  (General  Land  Office,  1909);  National  Forests 
(Forest  Service,  1910);  Natural  Forest  Regions  (ibid.,  1910);  I.  Bow 
man,  Forest  Physiography;  Principal  Irrigation  Projects  (Reclama 
tion  Service,  1908);  Grazing  Lands  (Public  Lands  Commission,  1905); 
Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  Transportation  by  Water, 
pt.  i,  60,  pt.  ii  passim  (water-borne  traffic);  National  Conservation 
Commission,  Report  passim. 

Sources.  —  Government   documents    are   too    abundant   for   de 
tailed  citation;    see  the  "  Bibliography,"  especially  the  Price  Lists 


580        THE   TRANSFORMING  NATION,   1898-1910      [§273 

of  the  Superintendent  of  Documents.  Among  the  more  important 
reports  are  the  following:  National  Conservation  Commission,  Report 
(Senate  Docs.,  60  Cong,  i  sess.,  X-XII,  No.  676);  Proceedings  of  a 
Conference  of  Governors  in  the  White  House,  May  13-15,  1905  ( House 
Docs.,  60  Cong.  2  sess.,  CXXVII,  No.  1425);  Industrial  Commis 
sion,  Report,  especially  XIX  (general  index);  National  Conserva 
tion  Congress  in  St.  Paul,  Report  (1910,  Pres.  Taft's  address  is  also  in 
Cong.  Record,  XLVI,  34);  National  Conservation  Association, 
Publications,  including  American  Conservation;  Forestry  and  Irri 
gation,  continued  under  the  titles  Conservation  and  American  For 
estry  (issued  monthly  by  the  Am.  Forestry  Assoc.).  —  BALLINGER- 
PINCHOT  INCIDENT:  Senate  hearings  and  reports  in  Senate  Docs., 
61  Cong.  2  sess.,  XLIV,  No.  248,  3  sess.,  XXXIV-XLV,  No.  719; 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Annual  Reports  (1909,  1910);  comment 
on  Pres.  Taft's  letter  to  Sec.  Ballinger,  March  7,  1911,  in  Outlook, 
XCVII,  566;  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  Decision  on  Cunning 
ham  Coal  Entries.  —  LANDS:  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands;  Annual 
Reports;  Public  Lands  Commission,  Report  (1905,  Senate  Docs.,  58 
Cong.  3  sess.,  IV,  No.  189);  G.  K.  Holmes,  Changes  in  Farm 
Values,  1900-1905  (Dept.  of  Agri.,  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Bulletin,  No. 
43).  —  WATERWAYS:  Inland  Waterways  Commission,  Preliminary 
Report  (Senate  Docs.,  60  Cong,  i  sess.,  XVII,  No.  325);  National 
Waterways  Commission,  Hearings  on  Development  and  Control  of  Water 
Power  (ibid.,  62  Cong.  2  sess.,  No.  274),  and  Final  Report  (ibid.,  No. 
654)  ;  Twelfth  Census,  Water  Transportation;  Commissioner  of  Cor 
porations,  Report  on  Transportation  by  Water  (3  pts.) ;  War  De 
partment,  Chief  of  Engineers,  Annual  Reports;  Chicago  Harbor 
Commission,  Report  (1909).  See  also  reports  of  Ohio  River  Valley 
Improvement  Association,  Lakes  to  Gulf  Deep  Waterway  Associ 
ation,  Missouri  River  Improvement  Association,  Upper  Mississippi 
River  Improvement  Association,  Western  Waterways  Association, 
Columbia  River  Association,  Lake  Carriers'  Association,  Atlantic 
Deeper  Waterways  Association,  Interstate  Inland  Waterways  As 
sociation,  National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Congresses.  —  RECLAMA 
TION:  Reclamation  Service,  Annual  Reports  and  Reclamation  Record 
(monthly,  1908-  );  Irrigation  (1902,  Census  Bureau,  Bulletins, 
No.  1 6);  Geological  Survey,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Papers; 
Senate  Committee  on  Irrigation  and  Reclamation,  Report  (1911, 
Senate  Reports,  61  Cong.  3  sess.,  No.  1281;  cf.  the  report  for  1890, 
ibid.,  51  Cong,  i  sess.,  V,  VI,  No.  928).  —  DRY  FARMING:  Re 
sources  oflhe  Semiarid  Region  (Senate  Docs.,  58  Cong.  3  sess.,  IV,  No. 
191),  Congressional  Record,  XLII,  4367-4371;  Dry  Farming  Con- 


§274]  AMERICAN    SOCIETY  581 

gresses,  Reports;  H.  W.  Campbell,  Soil  Culture  Manual.  —  FORESTS: 
Publications  of  the  Forest  Service  (see  Supt.  of  Docs.,  Price  Lists, 
No.  43 ;  3d  ed.),  especially  Annual  Reports  of  Forester,  in  Reports  of 
the  Agricultural  Department;  G.  Pinchot,  Use  of  the  National  Forests 
(Forest  Service,  1907);  Manufactures,  Lumber  and  Timber  Products 
(1905,  Census  Bureau,  Bulletins,  No.  77);  Commissioner  of  Corpora 
tions,  Report  on  the  Lumber  Industry  (Senate  Docs.,  61  Cong.  3  sess., 
No.  818);  Geological  Survey,  Forest  Reserves  (pt.  v  in  iglh-2ist 
Annual  Reports,  1898-1900),  and  Professional  Papers,  Nos.  6-9, 
22,  23,  29,  30,  33,  37  (Southern  Appalachians),  39;  American  Forest 
Congress,  Proceedings  (1905);  Lumber  Trade  (Mo.  Summary  of  Com. 
and  Fin.,  1900-1901,  p.  1081).  —  COST  or  LIVING  (see  Supt.  of 
Docs.,  Price  Lists,  No.  54)  :  Wages  and  Prices  (Senate  Docs.,  61 
Cong.  2  sess.,  XLVI);  Mass.  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Living  Conditions 
of  the  Wage-earning  Population  (1911). 

Bibliography.  —  C.  R.  Van  Rise,  Conservation,  footnotes;  A.  P. 
C.  Griffin,  List  relating  to  Deep  Waterways  from  Great  Lakes  to 
Atlantic  (1908);  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Price  Lists,  No.  20, 
Lands  (1911),  No.  43,  Forest  Service  Publications  (1911),  No.  54, 
Political  Economy  (1911);  E.  A.  Hedrick,  List  relating  to  Irrigation 
and  Land  Drainage  (1902,  Dept.  of  Agri.,  Library  Bulletin,  No.  41); 
H.  M.  Wilson,  Irrigation  Engineering  (1909,  ch.  bibliographies); 
J.  A.  Widtsoe,  Dry  Farming,  417-427;  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Bureau  of  Soils,  List  of  Publications  (1907);  Forestry  Quarterly  (arti 
cles  on  current  literature  and  periodical  literature  in  each  number). 

§  274.  American  Society  in  the  Twentieth  Century 

Summary.  —  Population:  numbers;  rate  of  increase;  density; 
distribution;  composition;  immigration  (§  258);  interstate  migra 
tion;  negro  question  (§  261);  Indians.  —  Sections:  geographic 
provinces;  resources;  interrelations.  —  Government  and  politics 
(§  272).  —  Defense:  army;  navy.  —  Social  stratification  (§§  269, 
270);  distribution  of  wealth.  —  Industry  (§§  269,  270,  271,  273): 
inventions;  business  methods;  "  scientific  management  "  (§  273); 
improvements  in  communication  and  transportation;  professions. 
—  Rural  conditions;  urban  conditions  (§  258).  —  Education:  higher; 
common;  public;  private;  extension;  vocational.  —  Social  life: 
health  and  sanitation;  manners  and  morals;  libraries;  philan 
thropy,  huge  benefactions  for  education,  medicine,  libraries,  etc., 
by  Carnegie,  Rockefeller,  and  others;  amusements  and  recrea- 


582         THE   TRANSFORMING   NATION,    1898-1910      [§274 

tion,  museums,  arts  galleries,  theaters,  out-of-door  life;  arts,  paint 
ing,  sculpture,  architecture,  landscape  gardening  and  city  planning, 
music.  —  Social  reform:  woman's  movement;  temperance;  labor 
(§270);  charities  and  correction;  defectives;  "  uplift  movements." 

—  Churches  and  religious  activities.  —  Literature,  sectional  traits. 

—  Psychological  traits  and  tendencies;  sectional   characteristics; 
American  spirit  and  ideals. 

General. —  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (nth  ed.),  XXVII,  634- 
663;  W.  M.  Davis  in  H.  R.  Mill,  International  Geography,  710-773; 
J.  F.  Muirhead  (ed.),  K.  Baedeker,  United  States  (1909);  J.  Bryce, 
American  Commonwealth  (1910  ed.),  II,  chs.  Ixxvi-cxxiii;  P.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu,  United  States  in  the  Twentieth  Century;  C.  D.  Wright, 
Practical  Sociology;  American  Year  Book  (annual  since  1910); 
J.  H.  Wright,  History  of  all  Nations,  XXIII,  ch.  v;  J.  N.  Lamed, 
History  for  Ready  Reference,  VI,  VII,  article  "  United  States  "  ;  A.  B. 
Hart,  American  Ideals;  Story  of  Ten  Wonderful  Years  (World's 
Work,  XXI,  13,838,  13,869);  World  Almanac  (annual);  H.  T.  Peck, 
Twenty  Years,  ch.  xvi. 

Special.  —  TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION  (§  38) :  Hugo  Mimster- 
berg,  The  Americans,  and  Die  Amerikaner,  and  American  Traits, 
and  Aus  Deutsch-Amerika;  J.  G.  Brooks,  As  Others  see  Us;  H.  S. 
Wells,  Future  in  America;  •  J.  F.  Muirhead,  Land  of  Contrasts; 
Wm.  Archer,  America  To-day;  Henry  James,  The  American  Scene; 
H.  P.  Robinson,  The  Twentieth- Century  American;  N.  M.  Butler, 
The  American  as  he  Is;  A.  M.  Low,  America  at  Home;  R.  de  Bary, 
Land  of  Promise;  Therese  Blanc  (Th.  Bentzon),  Choses  et  Gens 
d' Amerique,  and  Les  Americaines  chez  elles  (ad.  ed.),  and  Questions 
Americaines;  Paul  Bourget,  Outre- Mer;  Paul  Adam,  Vues  d'Amer 
ique;  Emile  Boutmy,  Psychologie  Politique  du  Peuple  Americain; 
Abbe  Felix  Klein,  Au  Pays  de  "  la  Vie  Intense,"  and  L'  Amerique 
de  Demain;  Chas.  Wagner,  My  Impressions  of  America;  Marie 
Dugard,  Societe  Americaine;  Jules  Huret,  En  Amerique;  Raymond 
Gros,^w  Pays  du  Dollar;  Urbain  Gohier,  Peuple  du  XX*  Siecle 
aux  Etats-  Unis;  Emil  Deckert,  Nordamerika;  Wilhelm  von  Polenz, 
Das  Land  der  Zukunft;  Karl  Lamprecht,  Amerikana;  Ludwig  Fulda, 
Amerikanische  Eindru'cke;  Alberto  Gutierrez,  Notas  e  Impresiones 
de  los  Estados  Unidos. — SECTIONS  (§§  269,  270,  East,  261,  South, 
264,  273,  West)  :  Geo.  French,  New  England;  E.  A.  Ross,  Middle 
West  (Century,  LXXXIII  passim).  —  AMERICAN  APPRECIATIONS: 
Herbert  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life;  E.  A.  Ross,  Changing 
America;  Henry  Van  Dyke,  The  American  Spirit;  T.  Roosevelt, 


§274]  AMERICAN    SOCIETY  583 

The  Strenuous  Life,  and  New  Nationalism;  Barrett  Wendell,  Lib 
erty,  Union,  and  Democracy;  C.  E.  Eliot,  American  Contributions 
to  Civilization;  F.  H.  Giddings,  Democracy  and  Empire;  A.  M.  Low, 
American  People,  II;  F.  J.  Turner,  Social  Forces  in  American  History 
(Am.  Hist.  Review,  XVI,  217).  —  SOCIAL  REFORM  (§§  269,  270, 
273):  W.  D.  P.  Bliss,  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform;  F.  H.  Streightoff, 
Standard  of  Living  among  the  Industrial  People;  J.  G.  Brooks,  Social 
Unrest;  F.  G.  Peabody,  Approach  to  the  Social  Question;  W.  H. 
Tolman,  Social  Engineering;  H.  R.  Seager,  Program  of  Social  Reform; 
W.  B.  Bailey,  Modern  Social  Conditions;  P.  U.  Kellogg,  The  Pitts 
burgh  Survey;  Robt.  Hunter,  Poverty;  Studies  in  Philanthropy  and 
Social  Progress;  Jane  Addams,  Twenty  Years  in  Hull  House,  and 
Democracy  and  Social  Ethics,  and  Newer  Ideals  of  Peace,  and  The 
Spirit  of  Truth;  Chas.  McCarthy,  Wisconsin  Idea,  chs.  vi,  x.  —  CITY 
PROBLEMS  (§§  256,  269,  272):  D.  F.  Wilcox,  American  Cities;  F.  C. 
Howe,  The  City  the  Hope  of  Democracy;  R.  W.  De  Forest  and  Law 
rence  Veiller,  Tenement  House  Problem;  C.  M.  Robinson,  Improve 
ment  of  Towns  and  Cities;  John  Nolen,  What  is  needed  in  American 
City  Planning,  and  Replanning  Small  Cities;  B.  C.  Marsh,  Intro 
duction  to  City  Planning;  R.  M.  Hurd,  Principles  of  City  Land 
Values;  J.  A.  Riis,  Battle  with  the  Slum;  Chas  Zueblin,  American 
Municipal  Progress.  —  TEMPERANCE:  F.  G.  Peabody  and  others  (Com 
mittee  of  50),  The  Liquor  Problem;  Regulation  of  the  Liquor  Traffic 
(Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XXXII,  No.  3);  Raymond  Cal 
kins,  Substitutes  for  the  Saloon;  John  Koren,  Economic  Aspects  of 
the  Liquor  Problem;  Anti-Saloon  Year  Book;  American  Prohibition 
Year  Book;  United  States  Brewers'  Association,  Year  Book.  —  RURAL 
PROBLEMS:  L.  H.  Bailey,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  IV, 
and  The  State  and  the  Farmer,  and  Training  of  Farmers;  Commission 
on  Country  Life,  Report  (also  in  Senate  Docs.,  60  Cong.  2  sess.,XXI, 
No.  705);  Country  Life  (Am.  Acad.  PoK  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals,  XL); 
Sir  H.  C.  Plunkett,  Rural  Life  Problem;  K.  L.  Butterfield,  Chapters 
in  Rural  Progress;  W.  A.  McKeever,  Farm  Boys  and  Girls.  —  WO 
MAN  MOVEMENT  (§  270,  labor):  E.  A.  Hecker,  Woman's  Rights; 
Woman's  Work  and  Organizations  (Am.  Acad.  Pol.  Soc.  Sci.,  Annals, 
XXVIII,  No.  2);  Significance  of  the  Woman  Suffrage  Movement 
(ibid.,  Sup.,  May,  1910);  W.  H.  Allen,  Woman's  Part  in  Government; 
Therese  Blanc  (Th.  Bentzon),  Femmes  d' Amerique;  C.  V.  C.  de 
Varigny,  Women  of  the  United  States;  Scott  Nearing,  Women  and 
Social  Progress.  —  RECREATION  AND  AMUSEMENT:  R.  L.  Hartt,  The 
People  at  Play;  W.  P.  Eaton,  American  Stage  of  To-day;  P.  H. 
Davis,  Football;  A.  G.  Spalding,  American  National  Game  (baseball); 


584        THE    TRANSFORMING   NATION,   1898-1910      [§274 

World  Almanac,  index  under  various  sports,  games,  etc.  —  EDUCA 
TION:  B.  I.  Wheeler,  Unterricht  und  Demokratie  in  Amerika;  C.  F. 
Thwing,  Education  since  the  Civil  War;  F.  H.  Swift,  Public  Per 
manent  Common  School  Funds;  C.  S.  Cooper,  American  Undergrad 
uate  (Century,  XXXIII  passim);  R.  S.  Bourne,  Two  Generations 
(Atlantic,  CVII,  591),  and  The  College,  an  Undergraduate  View  (ibid., 
CVIII,  667);  H.  S.  Pritchett,  Spirit  of  the  State  Universities  (At 
lantic,  CV,  741);  Mosely  Educational  Commission  to  the  United 
States,  Reports;  Paul  Monroe,  Cyclopedia  of  Education;  C.  W. 
Eliot,  Education  for  Efficiency;  D.  S.  Snedden,  Problem  of  Voca 
tional  Education;  H.  S.  Person,  Industrial  Education;  Educational 
Review;  John  Corbin,  Which  College  for  the  Boy?  E.  E.  Slossen, 
Great  American  Universities;  W.  T.  Foster,  Administration  of  the 
College  Curriculum;  L.  F.  Snow,  The  College  Curriculum;  C.  F. 
Birdseye,  Reorganization  of  our  Colleges;  Abraham  Flexner,  American 
College;  C.  S.  Slichter,  Recent  Criticism  of  American  Scholarship 
(Wis.  Acad.  of  Sci.,  Arts,  and  Letters,  Transactions,  XIV,  i).  — 
LITERATURE  (§§  261,  South,  264,  Pacific  Coast):  G.  E.  Woodberry, 
America  in  Literature,  205-253;  Barrett  Wendell,  Literary  History  of 
America,  514-530.  For  reviews  of  current  literature,  see  Nation, 
Bookman,  Dial,  and  other  literary  periodicals.  — THE  NEWSPAPERS: 
J.  E.  Rogers,  The  American  Newspaper ;  Will  Irwin,  American  News 
paper  (Collier's,  XLVI  passim}',  various  writers  in  Atlantic  Monthly, 
CV,  145,  303,  646;  Francis  Fenton,  Influence  of  Newspapers  on  Crime 
(Am.  Jour.  Sociology,  XVI,  342,  538).  —  ART:  Win.  Walton,  Art 
Institutions  (Scribner's  Mag.,  L,  253);  Samuel  Isham,  American  Paint 
ing,  chs.  xvi-xxviii;  Lorado  Taft,  American  Sculpture,  pt.  iii;  L.  C. 
Elson,  American  Music;  Henry  Tyrrell,  Act  Progress  (World  Al 
manac,  1911,  p.  473,  1912,  p.  496);  Alfred  Hopkins,  American  Ren 
aissance  (Outlook,  XCVIII,  187);  Jos.  Pennell,  Sky  Scrapers  of  New 
York  (Century,  LXIX,  776);  American  Art  Annual  (1898-  );  Art 
and  Progress  (issued  by  Am.  Federation  of  Arts,  1909-  ).  — 
BENEFACTIONS  (see  also  §  269  under  references  to  Carnegie  and  Rocke 
feller):  World  Almanac,  index  under  "  Benefactions."  -—  RELIGION: 
H.  K.  Carroll,  Religious  Forces;  Henry  Bargy,  Religion  dans  la 
Societe  aux  Etats-Unis;  Wilhelm  Miiller,  Religiose  Leben  in  Amerika. 

Sources.  —  OFFICIAL:  United  States  Census  publications  for 
1900  and  1910  (a  mine  of  material  on  subjects  of  this  section)  ;  Indus 
trial  Commission,  Report  (§  269);  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  Reports,  and  Bulletins,  e.g.  Special  Report  on  Marriage  and 
Divorce,  II  (1867-1906);  Commissioner  of  Labor,  Workmen's  In 
surance  (in  2jd  Annual  Report};  G.  W.  W.  Hanger,  Housing  of 


§274]  AMERICAN   SOCIETY  585 

the  Working  People  by  Employers  (Bureau  of  Labor,  Bulletin,  No. 
54,  p.  1191),  and  Building  and  Loan  Associations  (ibid.,  No.  55, 
p.  1491);  Commissioner  of  Education,  Reports.  —  UNOFFICIAL:  Pub 
lications  of  the  National  Civic  Federation ;  National  Conference  on 
Charities  and  Corrections,  Proceedings  (cumulative  index,  1907),  also 
the  Proceedings  of  the  different  state  conferences;  Charities  and  The 
Commons,  and  its  successor,  the  Survey;  National  League  for  the 
Protection  of  the  Family,  Reports;  Journal  of  Social  Science;  Na 
tional  Conference  on  City  Planning,  Proceedings;  Carnegie  Founda 
tion  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching,  Annual  Reports,  and  Bul 
letins;  National  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Education, 
Bulletins.  Congress  of  Arts  and  Science  of  the  Universal  Exposition  at 
St.  Louis  (1904)  contains  surveys  of  most  of  the  topics  dealt  with  in 
this  section.  A  multitude  of  national  organizations  devoted  to  reli 
gion,  education,  art,  social  reform,  science,  learning,. etc.,  publish 
reports,  and  organs  of  their  work;  the  above  list  is  merely  suggestive. 
For  lists  of  national  organizations,  and  indications  of  their  activity, 
see  American  Year  Book  (annual  since  1910),  and  World  Almanac. 

Bibliography.  —  Harvard  University,  Guide  to  Reading  in  Social 
Ethics  and  Allied  Subjects  (more  comprehensive  than  is  indicated  by 
the  title);  Economic  Bulletin  (published  quarterly  by  the  Am.  Econ. 
Assoc.,  1908-1910);  W.  D.  P.  Bliss,  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform; 
H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  Select  List  on  City  Planning,  and  Select  List  on 
Workingmen's  Insurance;  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Price 
Lists,  No.  24,  Indians,  No.  54,  Political  Economy;  J.  B.  Reynolds, 
Civic  Bibliography  for  Greater  New  York;  R.  C.  Brooks,  Bibliog 
raphy  of  Municipal  Administration  and  City  Conditions  (Municipal 
Affairs,  I);  G.  E.  Howard,  General  Sociology,  an  Analytical  Reference 
Syllabus,  66-86;  W.  S.  Monroe,  Bibliography  of  Education;  Bibli 
ography  of  Education  (1899-1909,  annual  summaries,  of  which  those 
for  1899-1906  appeared  in  Educational  Review,  and  for  1907-1909 
in  Bulletin,  Nos.  386,  410,  of  U.-S.  Bureau  of  Educ.);  E.  C.  Richard 
son,  Index  to  Periodical  Articles  on  Religion;  Poole's  Index,  Fourth 
and  Fifth  Supplement;  Readers1  Guide.  Others  of  the  references 
in  "  Bibliography  "  of  §  200  are  applicable  here. 

Note 

In  view  of  the  lack  of  organization  of  the  material  on  recent  his 
tory,  especial  importance  is  attached  to  such  helps  as  the  subject 
titles  in  Writings  in  American  History,  American  Catalogue,  United 
States  Catalog,  the  Supplements  to  Poole's  Index,  Readers'  Guide, 
and  Annual  Library  Index  (see  §  24). 


INDEX 


[In  this  index  works  are  entered  but  once,  the  reference  being  to  the  page  on  which  the 
title  of  a  work  is  cited  in  full,  or,  in  the  case  of  a  book  not  so  cited,  to  the  page  on  which 
it  first  appears.  The  index  includes  only  a  selection  of  the  articles  from  periodicals  and 
proceedings.] 


ABBOTT,  H.  L.,  Panama  Canal,  544. 

Abbott,  B.  V.,  U.  S.  Digest,  150;  Digest 
of  Law  of  Corporations,  408. 

Abbott,  Edith,  Women  in  Industry,  406; 
Wages,  406. 

Abbott,  L.  J.,  Oklahoma,  81. 

Abbott,  Lyman,  Beecher,  394. 

Abbott,  S.  W.,  Public  Hygiene,  394. 

Abbott,  Samuel,  Fac-similes  of  Hist.  Am. 
Maps,  51. 

Abdy,  E.  S.,  Journal,  go. 

Abel,  A.  H.,  Indian  Consolidation,  377. 

Abert,  J.  J.,  exploration,  433. 

Ableman  v.  Booth,  449. 

Abolitionists,  movement,  423 ;  mails  contro 
versy,  425;  petitions,  425;  literature, 
449 ;  polit.  activity,  449.  —  See  also 
Antislavery,  Slavery. 

Abridgement  of  the  [Plantations]  Laws,  131. 

A cademy,  articles  on  hist,  methods,  19. 

Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History,  Publi 
cations,  158. 

Acadia,  settlement  and  cession,  251,  288; 
removal  of  Acadians,  288. 

Account  of  a  Journey  to  Niagara,  294. 

Accurate  Journal,  289. 

Ackerman,  W.  K.,  Ill-Central  R.  R.,  402; 
Early  III.  R.Rs.,  402. 

Acrelius,  Israel,  New  Sweden,  66. 

Acton,  Baron,  Study  of  History,  17. 

Acts  of  Trade,  revision,  295,  298. 

Adair,  Jas.,  Am.  Indians,  242. 

Adam,  Paul,  Vues  d'Amerique,  582. 

Adams,  Abigail,  Familiar  Letters,  169; 
Letters  of  Mrs.  Adams,  298. 

Adams,  Alice  D.,  Neglected  Period  of  Anti- 
Slavery,  385. 

Adams,  Alton  D.,  Reasonable  Rates,  513. 

Adams,  Andy,  Log  of  Cowboy,  535 ;  Reed 
Anthony,  535;  Texas  Match  Maker,  535; 
Outlet,  535. 

Adams,  Brooks,  Emancipation  of  Mass.,  70; 
Laird  Rams,  482  ;  Am.  Econ.  Supremacy, 
553;  New  Empire,  553. 

Adams,  C.  F.  (i),  biog.,  103;  John  Adams, 
103 ;  Eng.  mission,  480. 

Adams,  C.  F.  (2),  Mass^.,  Historians  and 
History,  70;  Three  Episodes,  70;  Brain- 
tree,  71 ;  C.  F.  Adams,  103  ;  R.  H.  Dana, 
107;  Studies,  Milit.  and  Dipt.,  169: 
Railroads,  402 ;  Const.  Ethics  of  Seces 
sion,  465;  Trent  Affair,  482;  /.  Q. 
Adams  and  Emancipation,  487;  Lee  at 
Appomatlox,  501;  Chapters  of  Erie,  505; 


Granger  Movement,  512;    Pensions,  541; 

Imperialism,  553. 

Adams,  C.  K.,  Manual  of  Hist.  Lit.,  30. 
Adams,  E.  D.,  Brit.  Interests  in  Texas,  440; 

Eng.  Interest  in  Cal.,  442. 
Adams,  F.  C.,  Uncle  Tom  at  Home,  423. 
Adams,  H.  B.,  History  in  Am.  Colleges,  17; 

Sparks,     118;     Germanic    Origin,    279; 

Md.'s  Influence,  312;    Contribs.  to  Am. 

Educ.  Hist.,  393. 
Adams,  H.  C.,  Taxation,  349;  Public  Debts, 

349;     Farmer    and     Ry.     Legis.,     513; 

Surplus  Financiering,  520. 
Adams,  Hannah,  Memoir,  169. 
Adams,  Henry,  U.  S.,  41;    Gallatin,  108; 

Randolph,  116;  N.  Eng.  Federalism,  176; 

Chapters  of  Erie,  505. 
Adams,    John,    biogs.,    103;    Works,    163; 

Familiar  Letters,  169;  peace  negotiations, 

310;      Defence     of    Constitutions,     314; 

administration,     358-362;      defeat     for 

reelection,  361. 
Adams,  John  Q.,  biogs.,  103;  Madison  and 

Monroe,  114;    Memoirs,  169;    Eng.  mis 
sion,  335  ;    Jubilee  of  Constitution,  344  ; 

and  Monroe  doctrine,  386;   election  and 

admin.,   388;     antislavery  congressman, 

425;     abolition    petitions  and    censures, 

425;  and  Texas,  439. 
Adams,  Natl.,  Portsmouth,  75. 
Adams,  Nehemiah,  South  Side  View,  422. 
Adams,  Samuel,  biogs.,  103;  Writings,  163; 

Appeal,  296;  Instructions,  297. 
Adams,  T.  S.,  Labor  Problems,  524;    Vio 
lence  in  Labor  Disputes,  568. 
Adams,  W.  H.  D.,  Eng.  Party  Leaders,  309. 
Addams,  Jane,  Twenty  Years  at  Hull  House, 

569;    Democracy  and  Social  Ethics,  583; 

Newer  Ideals  of  Peace,   583;    Spirit  of 

Truth,  583. 

Addis,  W.,  Bibl.  of  Negro  Educ.,  498. 
Addyston  Pipe  case,  560. 
Adler,    Felix,    Child    Labor    in     Southern 

Industry,  537. 

Administration.  —  See  Executive. 
Admissions  of  states,   205,  206,  375,   4°9» 

483,  489,  502,  530,  534,  572. 
Adney,  Tappan,  Klondike,  548. 
Adolphus,  John,  England,  41. 
Agassiz,  E.  C.,  L.  Agassiz,  103. 
Agassiz,  Louis,  biogs.,  103. 
Agnew,  D.  H.,  Phila.  Almshouse,  395. 
Agnew,  Daniel,  Pa.  North  of  the  Ohio,  82. 
Agriculture,  colon.,  291,  327 ;  pioneer,  375 ; 


(587) 


588 


INDEX 


trans-Alleghany  surplus  of  products,  375 ; 
conditions  (1820-60),  398;  land  grants 
for  colleges,  508 ;  growth  of  western 
(1862-80),  508;  Granger  movement,  512; 
Alliance  and  People's  party,  523,  539; 
northwestern  wheat  region,  530;  depres 
sion  (1890),  530;  modern  cotton  rais- 
mK>  536 ;  southern  development,  536. 
—  See  also  Economic  conditions,  Irriga 
tion,  and  products  by  name. 

Aguilar,  Martin  de,  voyage,  331. 

Aguinaldo,  Emilio,  revolt,  551. 

Aikin,  D.  W.,  Grange,  512. 

Aikin,  J.  G.,  Digest,  132. 

Akins,  T.  B.,  Docs,  of  U.  S.,  150. 

Alabama,  bibl.,  63;  hists.,  63;  records  and 
statutes,  132  ;  hist,  soc.,  158;  territory, 
375;  admission,  375;  secession,  466; 
reconstruction,  490,  whites  regain  con 
trol,  495. — 'See  also  South,  States. 

Alabama,  and  Kearsarge,  475 ;  depredations, 
480. 

Alabama  claims,  origin,  480;  negotiation 
and  arbitration,  500. 

Alabama  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 

Alaska,  bibl.,  63;  hists.,  63;  Russian 
claims  and  delimitation,  386;  purchase, 
500;  fur  seals  question,  543;  gold  dis 
coveries,  545;  boundary,  545;  mineral 
claims  controversy,  545,  577;  govt.,  545. 

Alaska  Salmon  Com.,  Report,  548;  mono 
graphs,  548. 

Alaskan  Boundary  Tribunal,  Proceedings, 
548. 

Albach,  J.  R.,  Annals  of  the  West,  58. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  annals,  143. 

Albany  Congress,  289. 

Albany  Institute,  pubs.,  161. 

Albemarle,  Earl  of,  Rockingham,  117. 

Alcott,  L.  M.,  hist,  novel,  184. 

Alden,  G.  H.,  New  [Western]  Govts.,  321 ;  State 
of  Franklin,  338. 

Alderson,  Barnard,  Carnegie,  562. 

Aldrich,  C.  R.,  Repeal  of  Granger  Law,  513. 

Aldrich,  M.  A.,  Am.  Fed.  of  Labor,  568. 

Aldrich,  N.  W.,  control  in  Congress,  572. 

Aldrich,  P.  E.,  Origin  ofN.  Eng.  Towns,  279. 

Aldrich,  T.  B.,  hist,  novel,  187. 

Aldridge,  Reg.,  Ranch  Notes,  535. 

Alexander,  D.  S.,  Polit.  History,  342. 

Alexander,  E.  P.,  Memoirs,  477. 

Alexander,  J.  E.,  Transatlantic  Sketches,  90. 

Alexander,  W.  D.,  Hawaiian  People,  544. 

Alexander,  Wm.,  biog.,  118. 

Alfriend,  F.  H.,  Davis,  107. 

Algeciras  Convention,  555. 

Alger,  R.  A.,  investigation,  549;  Span.- 
Am.  War,  550. 

Algerine  war,  379. 

Alien  and  Sedition  acts,  360. 

Allen,  A.  V.  G.,  Phillips  Brooks,  104;  Jon. 
Edwards,  107. 

Allen,  C.  H.,  Govt.  in  Porto  Rico,  554. 

Allen,  Ethan,  biog.,  103;   Narrative,  303. 

Allen,  G.,  Reminiscences,  169. 

Allen,  G.  W.,  Naval  War  with  France,  359; 
Navv  and  Barbary  Corsairs,  364. 

Allen,  "Ira,  Vermont,  86. 

Allen,  J.  A.,  Am.  Bisons,  506. 


Allen,  J.  G.,  Topical  Studies,  12. 

Allen,  J.  L.,  hist,  novels,  184. 

Allen,  P.  L.,  Am.'s  Awakening,  573. 

Allen,  Paul,  ed.  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  97. 

Allen,  W.  A.,  Chamberlain's  Admin.,  497. 

Allen,  W.  F.,  Reader's  Guide,  183;  Essays, 
279;  Hist.  Topics,  325. 

Allen,  W.  H.,  Woman's  Part  in  Govt.,  583. 

Allen,  W.  V.,  Populism,  542. 

Allibone,  S.  A.,  Diet,  of  Eng.  Lit.,  38. 

Allinson,  Samuel,  Acts  of  N.  J.,  142. 

Allison,  W.  B.,  silver  bill,  516. 

Allison,  W.  H.,  Materials  for  Am.  Relig. 
Hist.,  181. 

Almon,  John,  Chatham,  116;  Collection  oj 
Papers,  131 ;  Charters,  131 ;  Remem 
brancer,  306. 

Altamira,  Rafael,  Ensenanza  de  la  Hist.,  17. 

Altgelt,  J.  P.,  Live  Questions,  525. 

Altsheler,  J.  A.,  hist,  novel,  184. 

Alvord,  C.  W.,  St.  Joseph,  307;  Vincennes, 
307;  Cahokia  Records,  320;  Kaskaskia 
Records,  320;  Proc.  of  1763,  321 ;  Treaty 
of  Ft.  Stanwix,  321;  County  of  III.,  333. 

Alvord,  J   W.,  Letters,  496. 

Amadas,  Philip,  voyage,  257. 

Amalgamated  Copper  trust,  560 

Amaron,  C.  E.,  Your  Heritage,  529. 

Ambler,  C.  H.,  Sectionalism  in  Va.,  321 ; 
Va.  and  Pres.  Succession,  440;  Disfran- 
chisemenl  in  W.  Va.,  491. 

Amendments  to  constitution,  first  ten,  341 ; 
eleventh,  381;  proposed,  486;  thir 
teenth,  486;  fourteenth,  489;  fifteenth, 
489;  for  income  tax  submitted,  572. 

America,  naming,  246. 

American  Academy  of  Polit.  and  Soc.  Sci., 
Annals,  123;  New  South,  537;  Am.'s 
Race  Problems,  537;  Am.  Colon.  Policy 
and  Admin.,  552;  Foreign  Policy,  552; 
U.  S.  as  World  Power,  555;  Chinese  ani 
Japanese  in  Am.,  558;  Child  Labor,  568; 
Am.  Waterways,  578;  Regulation  of 
Liquor  Traffic,  583;  Country  Life,  583; 
Woman's  Work  and  Organizations,  583; 
Woman's  Suffrage,  583. 

American  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Soc., 
423. 

American  Antiq.  Soc.,  article  on  hist, 
methods,  19;  pubs.,  158. 

American  Anti-Slavery  Soc.,  423. 

American  Archives,  156. 

American  Art  Annual,  584. 

American  Assoc.  (Revolutionary),  298. 

American  Assoc.  for  Advancement  of  Sci., 
and  conservation,  576. 

American  Assoc.  for  Labor  Legis.,  567; 
Review,  569. 

American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
Annual  Reports,  397. 

American  Catalogue,  33. 

American  Catholic  Hist.  Researches,  292. 

American  Church  Hist.  Ser.,  58. 

American  Commonwealth  Ser.,  62. 

American  Colonization  Soc.,  385;  Reports, 
386. 

American  Convention,  385;    Minutes,  386. 

American  Digest,  156. 

American  Federation  of  Labor,  523   567. 


AGUILAR  —  ARBITRATION 


589 


American  Forestry  Congress,  576;  Pro 
ceedings,  581. 

American  Geog.  Soc.,  Bulletin,  47. 

American  Geologist  47. 

American  history,  scope,  i ;  relation  to 
hist,  of  other  nations,  2,  4;  materials,  3; 
relation  to  other  studies,  4;  educ.  value, 
5 ;  value  as  training  in  use  of  materials, 
5  ;  complexity  and  unity,  6,  7  ;  truth  in, 
8-ip;  point  of  view,  10-12. 

American  Hist.  Leaflets,  178. 

American  Hist.  MSS.   Com.,  Reports,  180. 

American  Historical  Assoc.,  reports, 
conferences,  and  articles  on  study  of 
history,  16,  19;  Bibl.  of  Am.  Hist.  Socs., 
32;  Writings  on  Am.  Hist.,  34;  confer 
ence  report  on  geog.  and  hist.,  45;  pubs., 
158. 

American  Hist.  Review,  articles  on  hist, 
methods,  19;  value,  122. 

American  History  Ser.,  40. 

American  Home  Missionary  Soc.,  Reports, 
3Q7- 

American-Irish  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 

American  Jewish  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 

American  Jewish  Yearbook,  529. 

American  Library  Assoc.,  bibl.  aids,  32,  33. 

American  Negro  Academy,  Papers,  538. 

American  Pioneer,  377. 

American  Prohibition  Year  Book,  583. 

American  Revolution,  value  of  study,  5 ; 
important  dates,  201,  202;  underlying 
causes,  291 ;  passive  resistance  (1761- 
66),  295;  active  resistance  (1767-74), 
298;  outbreak,  301;  siege  of  Boston, 
301 ;  invasion  of  Canada,  301 ;  inde 
pendence,  303 ;  in  middle  states  and 
west,  304;  French  alliance,  308;  con 
ciliation  plan,  308;  in  south,  309; 
peace,  310;  Confederation,  311 ;  finances, 
312;  state  govts.,  313. 

American  State  Papers,  154. 

American  Statesmen  Ser.,  102. 

American  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  560;  in 
vestigation,  563. 

American  system,  379. 

American  Tobacco  Co.,  560;   case,  561. 

American  Year  Book,  38. 

Ames,  Fisher,  biog.,  103;  Works,  163; 
Speeches,  348. 

Ames,  H.  V.,  Outlines,  31 ;  State  Docs.,  176; 
X.  Y.  Z.  Letters,  359;  Proposed  Amend 
ments,  410. 

Ames,  J.  G.,  Comprehensive  Index,  37. 

Ames,  M.  C.,  Ten  Years,  169. 

Ames,  Seth,  F.  Ames,  103. 

Amesbury,  Mass/,  history,  71. 

Amherst,  Jeffrey,  Journal  from  Letters,  289. 

Amnesty  act,  495. 

Amory,  T.  C.,  Jas.  Sullivan,  118;  John 
Sullivan,  118. 

Ampere,  J.  J.,  Promenade  en  Am.,  90. 

Amphlett,  Wm.,  Emigrant's  Directory,  53. 

Amusements  (1820-60),  391;  present  day, 
581.  —  See  also  Social  life. 

Anarchists  in  Chicago,  523. 

Anburey,  Thos.,  Travels,  91. 

Anderson,  Adam,  Commerce,  292. 

Anderson,  E.  H.,  [Mormon\  Church,  434. 


Anderson,  F.  M.,  Conlemp.  Opinion  of  Va. 

and  Ky.  Resolutions,  360. 
Anderson,  J.  S.  M.,  Colon.  Church,  287. 
Anderson,  R.  B.,  Norweg.  Immigration,  392. 
Anderson,  Robt.,  at  Ft.  Sumter,  468,  470. 
Anderson  v.  Dunn,  381.- 
Andre,  John,  biog.,  103. 
Andreas,  A.  T.,  Chicago,  67. 
Andrew,    A.    P.,    Finan.    Diagrams,    499; 

Statistics,  499. 
Andrew,  J.  A.,  biogs.,  103. 
Andrews,  C.  M.,  Bibl.  of  Hist.,  30;    Guide 
to    Materials    in    Brit.    Museum,    181; 
Colon.    Self-Govt.,    260;    River   Towns  of 
Conn.    279;    Brit.  Committees,  324. 
Andrews,  E.  B.,  U.  S.,  40;  Our  Own  Time, 

58. 

Andrews,  Sidney,  South  since  War,  494. 
Andros,    Edmund,  govt.    and    overthrow, 

286. 

Andros  Tracts,  286. 
Angell,  J.  B.,  Reminiscences,  559. 
Ann,  Cape,  settlements  at,  276. 
Annals  of  Congress,  153. 
Annapolis,  history,  70. 
Annapolis  Convention,  339. 
Annexations,   316;    La.,   365;     Fla.,   365, 
383;    Ore.,  365,   437;  Texas,  439;    Cal., 
New  Mex.,  442  ;  Gadsden  purchase,  442  ; 
desire    for     Cuba,    451;     Alaska,    500; 
attempts  in  W.   I.,   500;    Hawaii,   543; 
after    Span,    war,    551;     Tutuila,    551; 
Canal  Zone,  554. — See  also  Territory. 
Annual  Library  Index,  33. 
Annual  Literary  Index,  33. 
Annual  Register,  297. 
Anson,  W.  R.,  Law  and  Custom,  324. 
Anthony,  S.  B.,  Woman  Sufrage,  58. 
Anthracite  Coal  Strike  Com.,  560,  567. 
Antietam,  battle,  475. 
Antifederalists,  341. 

Anti-imperialism,  571.  —  See  also    Depen 
dencies. 

Antimasonic  party,  412. 
Antin,  Mary,  Promised  Land,  529. 
Antinomianism,  280. 
Antirent  agitation  in  N.  Y.,  430. 
Anti-Saloon  Year  Book,  583. 
Antislavery,   movement   and   societies   be 
fore    1830,    385,    423. — See   also  Aboli 
tionists,  Slavery. 
Appalachian  Reserve  bills,  577. 
Applegarth,  A.  C.,  Quakers  in  Pa.,  327. 
Applegate,  J.,  Day  with  Cow  Column,  436. 
Appleton,    Nathan,    Corresp.    with    Lowell, 

403;   Power  Loom,  403;   Labor,  407. 
Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopaedia,  38. 
Appletons'  Cyclop,  of  Am.  Biog.,  40. 
Appletons'  Hand-Book  of  Travel,  53. 
Apthorp,  Henry,  Trusts,  562. 
Arber,  Ed.,  Pilgrim  Fathers,  274. 
Arbitrary  arrests  during  Civil  war,  483. 
Arbitration,  industrial.  —  See  Labor. 
Arbitration,      international,      northeastern 
boundary,   437;    Alabama  claims,   500: 
San  Juan  boundary,  500;    Halifax  com 
mission,   500;     Venezuela-Guiana   boun 
dary,   543;    draft  general  treaties,   543, 
555;   Bering  Sea,  543;  Alaska  boundary, 


590 


INDEX 


545  J  Pan-Am,  treaty,  555 ;  fishery,  by 
Hague  tribunal,  555.  —  See  also  Foreign 
relations,  International  peace. 

Arbuthnot  affair,  383. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  Am.,  Reports 
and  Papers,  158. 

Archaeology  of  N.  Am.,  240. 

Archer,  Gabriel,  narrative,  258. 

Archer,  Wm.,  Afro-America,  538;  America 
To-day.  582. 

Archives.  —  See  Public  records. 

Arfwedson,  C.  D.,  U.  S.  and  Canada,  91. 

Arias,  H.,  Panama  Canal,  526. 

Arizona,  bibl.,  63  ;  hists.,  63  ;  records,  132  ; 
mining  rush,  502 ;  territory,  502 ;  en 
abling  act,  572.  See  also  Southwest. 

Arkansas,  hists,,  63 ;  records  and  statutes, 
132;  hist,  soc.,  158;  territory,  375,  385; 
admission,  409;  secession,  470;  milit. 
govt.,  489;  reconstruction,  490;  whites 
regain  control,  495.  —  See  also  South, 
States. 

Arkansas  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 

Armes,  Ethel,  Coal  and  Iron  in  Ala.,  537- 

Armour,  J.  O.,  Packers,  563. 

Armroyd,  Geo.,  Internal  Nav.,  404. 

Armstrong,  E.  C..  biog.,  496. 

Armstrong,  John,  Wayne,  310;  War  of 
1812,  372. 

Armstrong,  M.  K.,  Early  Empire  Builders, 
65. 

Army,  after  Revolution,  333;  fed.  and 
confed.,  472,  483;  negro  troops,  486. 
—  See  also  wars  by  name. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  biogs.,  103;  treason,  304. 

Arnold,  Sir  Edwin,  Seas  and  Lands,  91. 

Arnold,  I.  N.,  Benedict  Arnold,  103; 
Lincoln,  112. 

Arnold,  J.  R.,  Handbook  of  Philippines, 
552;  Philippine  Service,  552. 

Arnold,  S.  G.,  Rhode  Island,  83. 

Art  and  Progress,  584. 

Arthur,  C.  A.,  administration,  520;  veto 
of  Chinese  immigration  bill,  557. 

Articles  of  Confederation,  312;  attempted 
finan.  amendments,  334.  —  See  also  Con 
federation. 

Arts,  condition  (1820-60),  391 ;  Pacific 
coast,  546;  present  day, .582.  —  See  oho 
Social  life. 

Asakawa,  K.,  Russo-Jap.  Conflict,  558. 

Asbury,  Francis,  biog.,  377;  Heart  of 
Journal,  378. 

Ashburton  treaty,  437. 

Ashe,  S.  A.,  North  Carolina,  79. 

Ashe,  Thos.,  Travels,  91. 

Asher,  G.  M.,  Henry  Hudson,  266. 

Ashley,  R.  L.,  Am.  Fed.  State,  410. 

Ashley's  men,  exploration,  432. 

Askwith,  G.  R.,  Cost  of  Living,  579. 

Association  of  History  Teachers  of  Middle 
States,  Conventions,  16. 

Assumption  of  state  debts,  348. 

Astoria,  366,  372,  431. 

Athens  Co.,  O.,  history,  81. 

Atkinson,  C.  R.,  Syndication  of  Speaker- 
ship,  573. 

Atkinson,  Ed.,  Cost  of  War,  553. 

Atkinson,  F.  W.,  Philippine  Islands,  552. 


Atkinson,  G.  H.,  Northwest  Coast,  532. 

Atkinson,  Henry,  exploration,  433. 

Atkinson,  Jos.,  Newark,  75. 

Atlanta,  capture,  475. 

Atlanta  University,  Publications,  538. 

Atlantic  City,  history,  75. 

Atlantic  Monthly,  articles  on  hist,  methods, 

19. 

Attleborough,  Mass.,  history,  71. 
Attorneys  -General,  Opinions,  155.  —  See  also 

Dept.  of  Justice. 
Atwater,  Caleb,  Ohio,  80. 
Atwater,  E.  E.,  New  Haven,  64. 
Atwood,  W.  W.,  Topog.  Maps,  48. 
Aubert,  Louis,  Americains  el  Japonais,  558  ; 

Paix  Jap.,  558. 
Auckland  Correspondence,  308. 
Audubon,  J.  W.,  Western  Journal,  91. 
Auger,  Edouard,  Voyage,  436. 
Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  histories,  87,  88. 
Austin,  G.  L.,  Phillips,  116. 
Austin,  J.  G.,  hist,  novels,  184. 
Austin,  J.  T.,  Gerry,  108. 
Austin,  Mary,  Land  of  Little  Rain,  534. 
Austin,  O.  P.,  Expansion,  316. 
Austin,  S.  F.,  Journal,  435. 
Austin,  Stephen,  in  Texas,  433. 
Australian  ballot,  521. 
Austria,  Keiley  incident,  543. 
Autobiographies;    value,   168;    select  list, 

169-176. 

Avary,  Mrs.  M.  L.,  Dixie,  493. 
A  very,  E.  M.,  United  Slates,  41. 
Avezax,  Armand  d',  Waltzeemiiller,  246. 
Ayllon,  L.  V.  de,  colony,  248. 

B.,  A.,  Account  of  Revolutions,  286. 
Babcock,    K.    C.,    Scandinavian    Element, 

318;    Rise  of  Am.  Nationality,  370. 
Babson,  J.  J.,  Gloucester,  72. 
Bache,  R.  M.,  Gen.  Meade,  114. 
Bacheler,  A.  W.,  Reference  Handbook,  13. 
Backus,  Isaac,  biog.,  103;    Baptists,  292. 
Bacon,  E.  M.,  Provincial  Press,  126. 
Bacon,  L.  W.,  Am.  Christianity,  327. 
Bacon,  Leonard,  Hist.  Discourses,  282. 
Bacon,  Thos.,  Laws  of  Md.,  137. 
Bacon's  rebellion,  260. 
Bacourt,  A.  F.  de,  Souvenirs,  91. 
Badeau,  Adam,  Grant,  109. 
Bailey,  L.  H.,  Cyclop,  of  Am.  Agri.,  400; 

State    and    Farmer,    583;     Training    of 

Farmers,  583. 

Bajley,  W.  B.,  Social  Conditions,  583. 
Bailie,  Wm.,  /.  Warren,  407. 
Baillie-Grohman,    W.    A.,    Camps    in    the 

Rockies,  503. 

Baily,  Francis,  Journal,  91. 
Baird,  C.  W.,  Rye,  78;  Huguenot  Emigra 

tion,  250. 

Baird,  S.  J.,  New  School,  394. 
Baker,  C.  W.,  Monopolies,  562. 
Baker,  E.  A.,  Best  Fiction,  183  ;   History  in 

Fiction,  183. 


Baker,  J.  H.,  Transp.  in  Minn.,  531. 
,  J.  M., 

548. 
Baker,  R.  S.,  Color  Line,  537;    New  Pros 


Baker,  J.  M.,  Finding  List,  35. 
Baker,  Marcus,  Geog.  Diet,  of  Alaska, 


perity,  561. 


ARBUTHNOT  —  BEARD 


591 


Balboa,  V.  N.  de,  discovery,  245. 

Balch,  E.  G.,  Our  Slavic  Fellow  Citizens, 
318. 

Balch,  T.  W.,  Alabama  Claims,  501; 
Alaska  Frontier,  546. 

Baldwin,  Henry,  General  View,  344. 

Baldwin,  J.  D.,  Ancient  Am.,  240. 

Baldwin,  J.  G.,  Flush  Times,  396. 

Baldwin,  S.  E.,  Am.  Judiciary,  347  ;  Island 
Territory,  552. 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  history,  402. 

Ballads,  special,  and  collections,  189,  190. 

Ballagh,  J.  C.,  White  Servitude,  328; 
Slavery  in  Va.,  422. 

Ballard,  Ed.,  Popham  Colony,  283. 

Ballinger,  R.  A.,  Pinchot  controversy,  577. 

Ballou,  Adin,  Hopedale,  408. 

Baltimore,  Cecil,  Baron,  biog.,  105 ;  settle 
ment  of  Md.,  262. 

Baltimore,  George,  Baron,  biog.,  105; 
career,  262. 

Baltimore,  history,  70. 

Bancroft,  Fred.,  Seward,  117;  Negro  in 
Politics,  496. 

Bancroft,  Geo.,  U.  S.,  41;  biog.,  103; 
Hist,  of  Constitution,  312;  Plea  for 
Constitution,  350;  Van  Buren  Corresp., 
441. 

Bancroft,  H.  H.,  Literary  Industries,  17 ; 
Pacific  States,  41;  (Alaska,  63;  Arizona 
and  N.  Mex.,  63;  Cat.,  64;  Nev.,  Col., 
and  Wy.,  64;  Wash.,  Idaho,  and  Man., 
67 ;  Oregon,  81 ;  North  Mex.  States  and 
Texas,  85;  Utah,  86;  Mexico,  241; 
Central  Am.,  245;)  Native  Races,  241; 
Chronicles  of  Builders,  505 ;  New  Pacific, 
546. 

Bandelier,  A.  F.,  Investigations,  240; 
various  papers  on  Indians,  241 ;  on 
Cabeza  and  Marcos,  249 ;  Zuni  Tribe,  249. 

Bandini,  A.  M.,  Vespucci,  247. 

Bank  of  United  States,  first,  348;  its 
constitutionality,  350;  second  estab 
lished,  379;  Jackson's  war  on  second, 
414;  removal  of  deposits,  417  ;•  fate, 
418;  attempts  to  revive,  430. 

Banks,  N.  P.,  speaker,  456. 

Banks,  land,  in  provincial  Mass.,  286; 
of  North  America,  333 ;  state,  after  War 
of  1812,  379;  pet,  418;  speculation,  419; 
Whig  attempts  under  Tyler,  430;  after 
Civil  War.  498;  tax  on  circulation  of 
state,  498. —  See  also  Bank  of  U.  S., 
Finances,  National  banks,  Panics. 

"Barbarossa,"  Lost  Principle,  463. 

Barbary  powers,  relations  with,  354,  363, 

Barbe-Marbois,    Francois,    Louisiane    and 

Louisiana,   69;    Complot  d' Arnold,  307. 
Barber,  J.  W.,  New  York,  76;   Conn.,  282; 

New  Jersey,  294. 
Barbeyrac,  Jean,  Supplement,  52. 
Barcia,  A.  G.,  Florida,  248. 
Barclay,  Robt.,  Agri.  Tour,  91. 
Barclay,  Thos.,  Corresp.,  169. 
Bargy,  Henry,   Relig.  dans  la  Societe,  584- 
Barker,  E.  C.,  Finances  of  Texas  Rev.,  435; 

Slave  Trade  in  Texas,  435 ;   Jackson  and 

Texas,  440. 


Barlow,  Arthur,  voyage,  257. 

Barlow,  Joel,  Writings,  163. 

Barnard,     Henry,     biog.,     393;      Normal 

Schools,  396;    Am.  Jour,  of  Educ.,  396; 

Educ.  Biog.,  407;   Educ.  and  Labor,  407. 
Barnburners,  445. 
Barneby,  W.  H.,  Life,  91. 
Barnes,  Albert,  Scriptural  View,  422. 
Barnes,  M.  S.,  Hist.  Methods,  17. 
Barnes,  T.  W.,  T.  Weed,  120. 
Barnett,  G.  E.,  Bibl.  of  Am.  Trade  Union 

Pubs.,  525;    Am.  Trades  Unionism,  568. 
Barney,  Joshua,  biog.,  104. 
Barney,  Mary,  J .  Barney,  104. 
Barns,  C.  R.,  Missouri,  73. 
Barr,  W.  W.,  Mental  Defectives,  394. 
Barral  de  Monteferrat,  Marquis,  De  Monroe 


a  Roosevelt,  452. 


>/ 1787,  80. 


Barrett,  J.  A.,  Ordinance  of 

Barrett,  John,  Dewey,  550. 

Barrett,  Lawrence,  Forrest,  _ 

Barringer,  G.  A.,  Cat.  de  I' Hist.  d'Am.,  34. 

Barrows,  D.  P.,  Philippines,  552. 

Barrows,  H.  H.,  Geog.  of  III.  Valley,  67. 

Barrows,  Wm.,  Oregon,  81. 

Barry,  J.  S.,  Massachusetts,  71. 

Barry,  T.  A.,  San  Francisco,  436. 

Bartlett,  D.  W.,  Pres.  Candidates,  461. 

Bartlett,  J.  R.,  Bibl.  of  R.  I.,  83;   Personal 

Narrative,    91;     Gaspee,    300;     Lit.    of 

Rebellion,  472. 

Bartlett,  Josiah,  Medical  Science,  293. 
Barton,  R.  T.,  Va.  Colon.  Decisions,  151. 
Bartram,  Wm.,  Travels,  91. 
Bary,  R.  de,  Land  of  Promise,  582. 
Basanier,  Martin,  Floride,  251. 
Baskin  &  Co.,  O.  L.,  Denver,  64. 
Bassett,  J.   S.,  Jackson,   in;     Regulators, 

321;   Writings  of  Wm.  Byrd,  321;  Const. 

Beginnings  in  N .  C.,  326 ;  Servitude  in  N. 

C.,  328;   Federalist  System,  346;   Slavery 

in  N.  C.,  422. 

Bastidas,  Rodrigo  de,  voyage,  245. 
Batchelder,  G.  A.,  Dakota  Ter.,  65. 
Bateman,  W.  O.,  Polit.  and  Const.  Law,  318. 
Bates,  A.  C.,  Conn.  Statute  Laws,  133. 
Bates,  F.  G.,  R.  I.  and  Union,  338. 
Bates,  Mary,  Calhoun,  105. 
Bates,  S.  A.,  Records  of  Brainlree,  139. 
Bates,  W.  W.,  Am.  Navigation,  357;   Am. 

Marine,  400. 

Batts,  Thos.,  Journal,  321. 
Baxter,  J.  B.,  Gorges,  276. 
Bayard,  J.  A.,  Documents,  362. 


1,  J.  A., 
1,  Jas.,  E 
1,  R.  H., 


Bayard,  Jas.,  Exposition,  344. 

Bayard,  R.  H.,  Documents,  362. 

Bayard,  T.  F.,  biog.,  515;  canal  diplo 
macy,  526. 

Bayley,  R.  A.,  National  Loans,  313- 

Baylies,  Francis,  New  Plymouth,  274. 

Beadle,  J.  H.,  Undeveloped  West,  503; 
Western  Wilds,  503. 

Beale,  J.  H.,  Law  of  R.  R.  Rate  Regulation, 
564. 

Beaman,  C.  C.,  Ala.  Claims,  481. 

Beaman,  M.  G.,  Index  Analysis,  152. 

Bean,  T.  W.,  Valley  Forge,  306. 

Beard,  C.  A.,  Readings  in  Am.  Govl.,  326; 
Syndication  of  Speakership,  573 ;  /«»'- 


592 


INDEX 


tialive  Docs.,  574;    Short  Ballot  Charters, 

574;    Am.  Govt.,  574;    Supreme  Ct.  and 

Constitution,  575. 
Beardsley,  E.  E.,  Seabury,  118. 
Beatson,      Robt.,     Naval     and     Military 

Memoirs,  302. 

Beaumarchais,  Caron  de,  biogs.,  308. 
Beauregard,  P.  G.  T.,  biog.,  467. 
Beazley,  C.  R.,  Dawn  of  Modern  Geog.,  337 ; 

Cabots,  255. 

Becher,  A.  B.,  Landfall,  244. 
Becker,  C.  L.,  Unit  Rule,  520. 
Bedford,  Duke  of,  Carres  p.,  296. 
Bee,  Thos.,  Reports,  151. 
Beecher,  C.  E.,  True  Remedy,  397;    Do 
mestic  Economy,  407. 
Beecher,  H.  W.,  biogs.,  104,  394.       * 
Beecher,  Lyman,  Autobiog.,  169. 
Beecher,  W.  C.,  H.  W.  Beecher,  104. 
Beer,    G.    L.,    Commercial    Policy,     292; 

Brit.  Colon.  Policy,  324. 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  New  Hampshire,  75. 
Belknap  scandal,  510. 
Bell,  C.  H.,  Exeter,  75. 
Bell,  H.  C.,  Leilersburg,  320. 
Bell,  John,  campaign  of  1860,  460. 
Bell,  W.  A.,  New  Tracks,  503. 
Bellamy,  Ed.,  Looking  Backward,  523. 
Belligerency,  in  Civil  war,  480. 
Belly,  Felix,  Am.  Centrale,  527. 
Belmont,  battle,  475. 
Beltrami,  G.  C.,  Pilgrimage,  91. 
Bemis,  E.  W.,  Discontent  of  Farmer,  541. 
Benedict,  David,  Baptists,  292. 
Benedict,  R.  A.,  Malefactors  of  Great  Wealth, 

573- 

Benedict,  W.  A.,  Sutton,  72. 
Benjamin,  J.  P.,  biog.,  452. 
Bennett,  E.  H.,  Mass.  Digest,  151. 
Bennett,  J.  G.,  biog.,  394. 
Bennett,  J.  S.,  Roosevelt,  573. 
Bennett,  Rich.,  in  Md.,  263. 
Bennington,  Vt.,  history,  86;    battle,  ,305. 
Benoist,     Chas.,     Espagne,     Cuba,     Etats- 

Unis,  550. 

Bentley,  A.  F.,  Western  Farmer,  513. 
Bentley,  H.  L.,  Cattle  Ranges,  534- 
Benton,  E.  J.,  Wabash  Trade  Route,  401. 
Benton,  T.  H.,  biogs.,  104;    Thirty  Years' 

View,  169;  Abridgment,  349;  and  Texas, 

439;  Hist,  and  Legal  Exam.,  458. 
Bentzon,  Th.  —  See  Blanc  (Therese). 
Berglund,  A.,  Wheat  in  Wash.,  547 ;  U.  S. 

Steel  Corporation,  563. 
Bering,  Vitus,  voyage,  431. 
Bering  Sea  arbitration,  543. 
Berkeley,  Lord,  and  New  Jersey,  268. 
Berkeley,  Sir  Wm.,  in  Va.,  260. 
Bernard,   Sir   Francis,  biog.,   104;    Letters 

on  Trade,  292. 

Bernard,  John,  Retrospections,  169. 
Bernard,  Mountague,  Neutrality,  466. 
Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Reise 

and  Travels,  91. 
Bernheim,  Ernst,  Lehrbuch  der  hist.  Methode, 

17- 

Bernheim,  G.  D.,  German  Settlements,  264. 
Bernheimer,  C.  S.,  Russian  Jew,  318. 
Besse,  Jos.,  Quakers,  270. 


Beste,  J.  R.,  Wabash,  91. 

Beveridge,  A.  J.,  Russian  Advance,  559. 

Beverly,  Robt.,  Virginia,  86. 

Bibliographies,  of  methods,  15,  16;  use, 
23;  special  aids,  28-30;  formal,  30,  31; 
outlines,  31,  32;  indexes,  32-34;  library 
cats.,  34,  35;  indexes  to  fed.  docs.,  35- 
37;  of  N.  Am.  geology,  47;  general 
state  and  local,  62 ;  special  state,  63-88 
passim. 

Bibliography  of  Educ.,  585. 

Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Cat.,  34. 

Biddle,  Chas.,  Autobiog.,  169. 

Biddle,  Nich.,  Bank  of  U.  S.,  414. 

Biddle,  Rich.,  Cabots,  255. 

Bienville,  Sieur  de,  biog.,  104;   in  La.,  253. 

Bigelow,  John,  Tilden,  119;  ed.  of  Frank 
lin's  Works,  165;  Retrospections,  169; 
France  and  Confederate  Navy,  481 ; 
Supreme  Ct.  and  Electoral  Court,  515. 

Biggar,  H.  P.,  Trading  Companies,  251. 

Billon,  F.  L.,  St.  Louis,  73. 

Binney,  C.  C.,  //.  Binney,  104. 

Binney,  Horace,  biog.,  104 ;  Habeas  Corpus, 
.484- 

Binns,  John,  Recollections,  169. 

Biographical  Cong.  Directory,  38. 

Biographies,  series,  102;  select  list  of 
individual,  103-121. 

Bioren,  John,  Laws  of  U.  S.,  46;  LO.WS  of 
Pa.,  145. 

Bird,  Isabella,  Englishwoman  in  Am.,  91. 

Birdseye,  C.  F.,  Reorgan.  of  Colleges,  584. 

Birkbeck,  Morris,  Notes  of  Journey,  91  ; 
Letters  from  III.,  91. 

Birkhimer,  W.  E.,  Milil.  Govt.,  491. 

Birney,  C.  H.,  Grimke  Sisters,  424. 

Birney,  J.  G.,  biog.,  104;   abolitionist,  423. 

Birney,  Wm.,  /.  G.  Birney,  104. 

Bishop,  A.  L.,  Geography,  48;  State  Works 
of  Pa.,  401. 

Bishop,  C.  F.,  Elections,  278. 

Bishop,  Geo.,  N.  Eng.  Judged,  284. 

Bishop,  J.  L.,  Am.  Manufactures,  58. 

Bisset,  Jas.,  Abridgment,  137. 

Bittinger,  L.  F.,  Germans  in  Colon.  Times, 
320;  Ger.  Relig.  Life,  320. 

Black,  Alex.,  Ohio,  80. 

Bhck,  H.  C.,  Const.  Law,  318. 

Black,  J.  S.,  Slanton,  118;  Reports,  155; 
and  secession,  468. 

Black  codes,  489. 

Black  Friday,  498. 

Black  Hawk  war,  419. 

Black  Hills,  mining  rush,  502. 

Black  Warrior  affair,  451. 

Blackburn,  W.  M.,  N.  and  S.  Dak.,  65. 

Blackmar,  F.  W.,  Robinson,  117 ;  Span,  in 
Southwest,  248;  Fed.  and  State  Aid  to 
Higher  Educ.,  393;  Mastery  of  Desert, 
578;  Economics  and  Politics  of  Reclama 
tion,  578. 

Blackstone,  Wm.,  Commentaries,  297. 

Elaine,  J.  G.,  biogs.,  104;  Twenty  Years, 
169;  S.  Am.  policy,  500,  543;  Mulligan 
letters,  510;  candidacy  (1880),  520; 
(1884),  521;  canal  dipl.,  526;  and  fur 
seals,  543. 

Blair,  E.  H.,  Indian  Tribes,  242. 


BEARDSLEY  —  BRADFORD 


593 


Blair,  Jas.,  in  Va.,  261 ;   Va.,  261. 

Blake,  Jas.,  Dorchester,  72. 

Blakeslee,  G.  H.,  China,  558. 

Blakey,  R.  G.,  Beet-Sugar  and  Tariff,  571. 

Blanc,  Theresa,  Chases  et  Gens  d'Amerique, 
582;  Americaines  chez  dies,  582;  Ques 
tions  Am.,  582;  Femmes  d'Amerique,  583. 

Blanchard,  Claude,  Journal,  203. 

Blanchard,  Rufus,  Northwest,  So. 

Bland,  Ed.,  Discovery,  321. 

Bland,  R.  P.,  biog.,  104;  and  silver,  516; 
articles  on  silver,  542. 

Bland,  Rich.,  Enquiry,  296. 

Bland- Allison  act,  516. 

Blane,  W.  N.,  Excursion,  91. 

Blankenburg,  R.,  Forty  Years  in  Wilder 
ness,  522. 

Blauvelt,  M.  T.,  Cabinet  Govt.,  324. 

Blaxton,  Wm.,  settlement,  276. 

Bledsoe,  A.  T.,  Liberty  and  Slavery,  422; 
Is  Davis  a  Traitor?,  465. 

Blennerhassett,  Harman,  biog.,  368;  Pa 
pers,  368. 

Bliss,  E.  M.,  Missions,  394- 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.,  New  Encyc.  of  Social 
Reform,  524. 

Bliss,  W.  F.,  History  in  Elementary  Schools, 
13- 

Blockade  in  Civil  war,  475,  480. 

Blouet,  Paul,  Jonathan,  99. 

Blount,  J.  H.,  in  Hawaii,  543. 

Blowe,  Daniel,  View  of  U.  S.,  53. 

Blunt,  Jos.,  Confederacy,  237. 

Boardman,  Jas.,  America,  92. 

Boardman,  Tim.,  Log-Book,  169. 

Bodge,  G.  M.,  Soldiers  in  King  Philip's 
War,  285. 

Bogart,  J.  L.,  Economic  Hist.,  58. 

Boggess,  A.  C.,  Settlement  of  III.,  67. 

Bohm,  E.  F.  C.,  Carey  Act,  578. 

Boker,  G.  H.,  Poems  of  War,  477. 

Bole,  J.  A.,  Harmony  Soc.,  406. 

Bolen,  G.  L.,  Trusts  and  Tariff,  562. 

Boiler,  H.  A.,  Indians,  503. 

Bolles,  A.  S.,  Finan.  Hist.,  313;   Pa.,  337. 

Bolton,  C.  K.,  Scotch-Irish  Pioneers,  320. 

Bolton,  H.  E.,  Span,  in  Texas,  435. 

Bond,  B.  W.,  Monroe's  Mission,  355. 

Bond,  Phineas,  Letters,  336. 

Bonds.  —  See  Public  debt. 

Bone,  J.  H.  A.,  Petroleum,  403. 

Bonfils,  H.,  Droit  Internal.,  550. 

Bonham,  Jeriah,  Recollections,  169. 

Bonnet,  T.  F.,  Regenerators,  547. 

Bonsai,  Stephen,  Santiago,  551. 

Bonus  bill,  379. 

Boone,  Daniel,  biogs.,  104;   in  Ky.,  319. 

Boone,  R.  G.,  Education,  327. 

Booth,  Edwin,  biog.,  394. 

Booth,  J.  B.,  biog.,  394. 

Booth,  M.  L.,  New  York,  78. 

Borcke,  Heros  von,  Confed.  War,  474- 

Borgeaud,  Chas.,  Democracy,  297 ;  Pre 
miers  Constitutions,  314;  Adoption  and 
Amendment  of  Constitutions,  314. 

Boscawen,  Ed.,  Journal  from  Letters,  289. 

Boston,  hists.,  71;  Records,  139;  settle 
ment,  277;  Instructions  (1764),  296; 
Liberty  affair,  298;  Massacre,  298; 


Tea  Party,  298;    Port   act,  298;    siege, 
301. —  See  also  Suffolk  Co. 

Boston   Public  Library,  Annual  List, 
Bulletin,  34;   Index,  36;   Bibl.  of 
Educ.  of  Women,  397. 

Botume,  E.  H.,  Contrabands,  423. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  biog.,  104. 

Boudinot,  J.  J.,  E.  Boudinot,  104. 

Boundaries,  intercolon.  disputes,  137; 
Va.  charter,  258;  Md.,  262;  N.  Y.,  268; 
Pa.  disputes,  269,  332,  337;  Ga.  charter, 
265;  Conn.,  281,  337;  in  treaty  of  1783, 
310;  summary  of  internal,  disputes, 
316;  colon.  Indian  line,  319;  Mass.- 
N.  Y.  preemption  line,  332;  Pa.-Va. 
line,  332 ;  S.  C.-Ga.,  337 ;  La.  purchase, 
365,  383;  northeastern  controversy, 
437 ;  northern  line,  437 ;  Oregon  con 
troversy,  437 ;  San  Juan  arbitration,  500; 
Alaska,  545. — 'See  also  Territory. 

Bourget,  Paul,  Outre-Mer,  92. 

Bourgmont,  Sieur  de,  exploration,  431. 

Bourke,  J.  G.,  On  the  Border,  507. 

Bourne,  E.  G.,  Northmen,  243;  Spain  in 
Am.,  244;  Bull  of  Demarcation,  245; 
De  Soto,  249;  Champlain,  251;  Use  of 
History  by  Framers,  340;  Surplus 
Revenue,  401 ;  Essays  in  Hist.  Criticism, 
435  J  Aspects  before  1840,  438. 

Bourne,  H.  E.,  Teaching  of  History,  17. 

Bourne,  Jon.,  speech  on  Oregon  system, 
572;  Initiative,  574. 

Boutell,  L.,H..  R.  Sherman,  117. 

Boutmy,  Emile,  Eng.  Constitution,  324; 
Const.  Law,  344;  Psychologic  Polit.  du 
Peuple  Am.,  582. 

Bouton,  Natl.,  Concord,  75. 

Boutwell,  G.  S.,  Speeches,  163;  Constitu 
tion,  464;  Reminiscences,  493. 

Bowden,  Jas.,  Friends  in  Am.,  270. 

Bowditch,  N.  I.,  Mass.  General  Hospital,  395. 

Bowen,  C.  W.,  Boundary  Disputes,  282. 

Bowen,  Francis,  Otis,  115. 

Bowker,  R.  R.,  Reader's  Guide,  30;  State 
Pubs.,  32;  Am.  Cat.,  33. 

Bowles,  Samuel,  biog.,  104;  Across  the 
Continent,  503  ;  Our  New  West,  503. 

Bowles's  New  Map,  53. 

Bowman,  Isaiah,  Forest  Physiog.,  432. 

Boxer  insurrection,  557. 

Boyd,  Andrew,  Lincoln  Bibl.,  472. 

Boyd,  C.  E.,  Cases,  177  ;  County  of  III.,  333- 

Boyd,  D.,  Greeley,  64. 

Boyd,  W.  K.,  Antecedents  of  N.  C.  Conven 
tion,  321;  W.  W.  Holder,,  496. 

Boykin,  Samuel,  H.  Cobb,  106. 

Bozman,  L.  L.,  Maryland,  70. 

Brackenridge,  H.  H.,  hist,  novel,  184; 
Insurrection,  358. 

Brackenridge,  H.  M.,  Western  Insurrec 
tion,  357. 

Brackett,  J.  R.,  Negro  in  Md.,  328. 

Bradbury,  John,  Travels,  92. 

Braddock,  Ed.,  defeat,  289. 

Bradford,  Alden,  Mass.,  71 ;  May  hew,  114; 
Speeches  of  Govs.,  138;  Mass.  Stale 
Papers,  297. 

Bradford,  E.  S.,  Commission  Govt.,  574, 

Bradford,  T.  L.,  Bibliographer's  Manual,  32. 


594 


INDEX 


Bradford,  Wm.,  Plymouth  Plantation,  163; 
as  a  source,  273;  in  Holland  and  Plym 
outh,  273—275;  Letter  Book,  274. 

Bradford,  Wrn.,  of  Phila.,  biog.,  305. 

Bradley,  J.  B.,  Misc.  Writings,  493. 

Bradley,  M.  M.,  Polit.  Beginnings,  438. 

Brady,  C.  T.,  Indian  Fights,  506;  North 
western  Fights,  506. 

Brainerd,  Ezra,  Emma  Willard,  393. 

Braintree,  Mass.,  hists.,  71;    records,  139. 

Brandenburg,  B.,  Imported  Americans,  528. 

Brann,  H.  A.,  John  Hughes,  no. 

Brannan,  John,  Official  Letters,  373. 

Brant,  Jos.,  biog.,  306. 

Braytpn,  G.  A.,  Samuel  Gorton,  109. 

Breckinridge,  J.  C.,  campaign  (1860),  460. 

Breen,  M.  P.,  N.  Y.  Politics,  510. 

Breese,  Sidney,  Illinois,  67. 

Bremer,  Fredrika,  Homes  of  the  New  World, 
92. 

Brenaman,  J.  N.,  Va.  Conventions,  148. 

Brereton,  John,  narrative,  258. 

Bretz,  J.  P.,  Postal  Extension,  376. 

Brevard,  Jos.,  Digest,  146. 

Brevoort,  J.  C.,  Verrazano,  249. 

Brewer,  W.,  Alabama,  63. 

Brewster,  C.  W.,  Portsmouth,  75. 

Brewster,  Wm.,  Pilgrim,  273. 

Brice,  W.  A.,  Fort  Wayne,  67. 

Bridge,  J.  H.,  The  Trust,  562;  Carnegie 
Steel  Co.,  563. 

Bridgman,  Laura,  biog.,  395. 

Bridgman,  R.  L.,  Passing  of  Tariff,  570. 

Briggs,  C.  A.,  Am.  Presbyterianism,  273. 

Briggs,  S.  W.,  Regulation  of  Interstate  Com  , 
§64. 

Brigham,  A.  P.,  Geog.  Influences,  48. 

Brigham,  C.  S.,  Bibl.  of  R.  I.,  83;  Archives 
ofR.  I.,  83;  R.I.,  83. 

Brigham,  Wm.,  Laws  of  New  Plymouth,  275. 

Bright,  John,  Speeches  on  Am.  Question,  482. 

Brightly,  F.  C.,  Digest  of  Decisions  of  Pa., 
151;  Analytical  Digest,  152;  Law  of 
Elections,  411. 

Brinkerhoff,  R.,  Recollections,  511. 

Brinkley,  Frank,  Oriental  Series,  558. 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  Aboriginal  Am.  Authors,  243. 

Briscoe  v.  Kentucky,  412. 

Brissot  de  Warville,  J.  P.,  Nouveau  Voyage 
and  New  Travels,  92. 

Bristed,  C.  A.,  Upper  Ten  Thousand,  396. 

Bristed,  John,  Resources,  381. 

Bristol,  R.  I.,  history,  83. 

Bristol  Parish,  Va.,  history,  87. 

British  and  Foreign  State  Papers,  473. 

British  Dominions  in  N.  Am.,  58. 

British  Museum,  Cat.,  34 ;  Subject  Index,  34. 

Brock,  Isaac,  biog.,  372. 

Brock,  R.  A.,  Virginia,  86;  Huguenot 
Emigration,  294. 

Brock,  S.  J.,  Com.  and  Shipping  of  Gt. 
Lakes,  532. 

Brockett,  L.  P.,  Western  Empire,  532. 

Broderick,  D.  C.,  biog.,  460. 

Brodhead,  J.  R.,  New  York,  76;  Address 
before  N.  Y.  Hist.  S6c.,  286. 

Bromme,  Traugott,  Reisen,  92. 

Bromwell,  W.  J.,  Immigration,  395. 

Bronson,  E.  B.,  Reminiscences,  535. 


Brook,  Lord,  and  Conn.,  281. 

Brook,  Benj.,  Relig.  Liberty,  273. 

Brookings,  W.  D.,  Brief  for  Debate,  32. 

Brookline,  Mass.,  history,  71;  Records,  139. 

Brooklyn,  histories,  77. 

Brooks,    A.    H.,   Mining   of  Alaska,    548; 

Geog.  and  Geol.  of  Alaska,  548. 
Brooks,  E.  S.,  New  York,  76. 
Brooks,  J.  G.,  As  Others  see  Us,  89;   Social 

Unrest,  583. 

Brooks,  J.  T.,  Gold  Finders,  436. 
Brooks,  Noah,  Knox,  112;    Washington  in 

Lincoln's  Time,  170. 
Brooks,  Phillips,  biog.,  104. 
Brooks,  R.  C.,  Bibl.  of  Munic.  Admin.,  412; 

Corruption,  575. 

Brothers,  Thomas,  United  Stales,  92. 
Brough,  C.  H.,  Irrigation,  86. 
Brown,  A.  E.,  /.  Hancock,  109. 
Brown,  A.  J.,  Philippines,  552. 
Brown,  Alex.,  First  Republic,  87;    Genesis 

of  U.  S.,  87. 

Brown,  B.  F.,  Maryland,  263. 
Brown,  C.  B.,  hist,  novel,  184. 
Brown,  C.  R.,  Govt.  of  Ind.,  67. 
Brown,  E.  E.,  Middle  Schools,  58;  Origin  of 

State  Universities,  393. 
Brown,  G.  W.,  John  Brown,  104. 
Brown;  Henry,  Illinois,  67. 
Brown,  Ignatius,  Indianapolis,  67. 


.  C.,  Merchant  Banking,  407. 

.  E.,  biog.,  492. 

.  II.,  Texas,  85. 

.  H.,  Lamb's  Biog.  Diet.,  38. 

acob,  in  War  of  1812,  372. 

ohn,  British  Churches,  292. 


Brown, 

Brown, 

Brown, 

Brown, 

Brown, . 

Brown,  J 

Brown,  John,  biogs.,  104;    in  Kan.,  454; 

raid,  458. 

Brown,  John,  Pilgrim  Fathers,  273. 
Brown,  S.  G.,  Choate,  105. 
Brown,  S.  R.,  Western  Gazetteer,  53. 
Brown,  W.  G.,  Lower  South,  58;   Ala.,  63; 

Douglas,  107 ;    Ellsworth,   107 ;  Jackson, 

in  ;   Tenth  Decade,  490. 
Brown,  W.  H.,  First  Locomotives,  404. 
Brown  v.  Maryland,  381. 
Browne,  A.  G.,  J.  A.  Andrew,  103. 
Browne,  C.  F.,  Artemus  Ward,  485. 
Browne,  J.  H.,  Secessia,  477. 
Browne,  J.  R.,  Pacific  SloDe,  53;  Report  of 

Col.  Convention,  132;  Mineral  Resources, 

503;  Apache  Country,  507. 
Browne,  N.  E..  A.  L.  A.  Portrait  Index,  33. 
Browne,    W.   H.,   Barons    Baltimore,  105; 

A.  H.  Stephens,  118. 

Bruce,  H.  A.,  Boone,  104;   Expansion,  316. 
Bruce,    Henry,   Sam   Houston,    no;    Ogle- 

thorpe,  115. 

Bruce,  P.  A.,  Econ.  Hist  of  Va.,  87 ;   Insti 
tutional    Hist,    of    Va.,    87;     Plantation 

Negro,  496. 

Bry,  Theodor  de,  Voyages,  242. 
Bryan,  W.  J.,  biog.,  104;  campaign  (1896), 

540;    First  Battle,   542;    Speeches,   569; 

campaign     (1900),     571;     (1908),    572; 

Commoner  Condensed,  575;    Real  Bryan, 

Bryant,  C.  S.,  Great  Massacre,  506. 
Bryant,  W.  C.,  United  States,  41. 


BRADFORD  —  CABLE 


595 


Bryce,  Geo.,  Canadian  People,  252;  Hud 
son's  Bay  Co.,  252. 

Bryce,  Jas.,  Am.  Commonwealth,  58; 
Predictions  of  Hamilton,  392;  Cuba,  553. 

Bryce-Root  treaty,  555. 

Buchanan,  Jas.,  biog.,  104;  Works,  163; 
Mr.  Buchanan's  Administration,  170; 
and  abolition  petitions,  425;  Mex. 
policy,  452;  and  Kan.,  454;  election, 
456;  and  Dred  Scott  decision,  458; 
Covode  investigation,  460;  and  seces 
sion,  468. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.,  Labor  Agitator,  525. 

Buchanan,  Roberdeau,  McKean,  113. 

Buck,  Ed.,  Ecclesiastical  Law,  279. 

Buck,  J.  S.,  Milwaukee,  88. 

Buck,  S.  J.,  Oklahoma,  81 ;  Granger  Move 
ment,  512;  Independent  Parties,  512; 
Agri.  Organs,  512. 

Buck,  W.  J.,  Penn,  115  ;  Indian  Walk,  271. 

Buckingham,  Lord,  Courts,^  311. 

Buckingham,  J.  S.,  America,  92;  Eastern 
and  Western  States,  92;  Slave  States,  92. 

Buckingham,  J.  T.,  Newspaper  Lit.,   126. 

Buckle,  H.  T.,  Civilization,  273. 

Buckley,  J.  M.,  Methodism,  496. 

Buckman,  D.  L.,  Old  Steamboat  Days,  401. 

Bucks  Stove  case,  567. 

Budd,  Thos.,  Good  Order  in  Pa.,  270. 

Buell,  Rowena,  Rufus  Putnam,  322. 

Buffalo,  history,  77. 

Buffalo  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Bugbee,  J.  M.,  Govt.  of  Boston,  411. 

Bugbee,  L.  G.,  Texas  Empresario,  435; 
Slavery  in  Early  Texas,  435. 

Bujac,  Emile,  Campagnes  Contemp.,  550. 

Bulfinch,  Thos.,  Oregon,  81. 

Bull  of  Demarcation,  244. 

Bull  Run,  battles,  475. 

Bullen,  F.  T.,  Men  of  Merchant  Service,  404. 

Bulloch,  J.  D.,  Secret  Service,  481. 

Bullock,  C.  J.,  Finances,  334;  Finan.  Hist, 
of  Mass.,  338;  Monetary  Hist.,  338; 
Readings  in  Finance,  516;  Readings  in 
Economics,  524;  Concentration  of  Banking 
Interests,  561. 

Bullock,  Wm.,  Journey,  92. 

Bump,  O.  F.,  Notes,  464. 

Bunau-Varilla,  P.,  Panama,  526. 

Bunker  Hill,  battle,  301. 

Bureau  of  Census,  Century  of  Pop.  Growth, 
291;  Street  Rys.,  524;  Census  of  Philip 
pine  Islands,  553;  Manufactures,  571; 
Irrigation,  580;  Lumber  and  Timber 
Products,  5^1. 

Bureau  of  Corporations,  Reports:  Petro 
leum,  518;  Trans  p.  of  Petroleum,  563; 
Tobacco,  563;  Beef,  563;  Water  Power 
Development,  563;  Transp.  by  Water, 
580;  Lumber,  581. 

Bureau  of  Education,  Bulletin,  15;  Public 
Libraries,  392;  Reports,  393. 

Bureau  of  Immigration,  origin,  528; 
Reports,  529. 

Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs,  Gazetteer  of  Phil 
ippine  Islands,  553. 

Bureau  of  Labor,  origin,  523;  Bulletin, 
524;  Index  of  Reports,  525;  Italians  in 
Chicago,  529;  Woman  and  Child  Wage 


Earners,  538 ;  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor 
566;  Retail  Prices  of  Food,  566;  Whole 
sale  Prices,  566 ;  Cumulative  Index  of  Labor 
Laws,  559;  Workmen's  Insurance,  584. 

Bureau  of  Statistics,  Exports  of  Manufac 
tures,  518;  Arrivals  of  Immigrants,  529. 

Burgess,  J.  W.,  Middle  Period,  40;  Civil 
War,  40;  Reconstruction,  40;  Present 
Proble  us,  490;  Polit.  Sci.,  490. 

Burgoyne,  John,  biog.,  104;  campaign, 
304 ;  Expedition,  306. 

Burk,  J.  D.,  Virginia,  87. 

Burke,  Edmund,  European  Settlements, 
58;  Works,  296;  Conciliation,  300; 
biog.,  308. 

Burnaby,  Andrew,  Travels,  92. 

Burnet,  Jacob,  North-Western  Ter.,  So. 

Burnet,  Wm.,  frontier  builder,  319 

Burnett,  F.  H.,  hist,  novel,  184. 

Burnett,  P.  H.,  Recollections,  436. 

Burns,  J.  A.,  Catholic  Schools,  393. 

Burns  rendition,  449. 

Burnside,  A.  E..  Expedition,  477. 

Burr,  Aaron,  biogs.,  105;  Journal,  170; 
in  election  of  1800,  361 ;  Hamilton  duel, 
367;  conspiracy,  367;  bibl.,  368. 

Burr,  G.  L.,  on  gebg.  and  hist.,  45. 

Burrage,  H.  S.,  Early  Eng.  and  French 
Voyages,  250. 

Burrows,  Montagu,  Foreign  Policy  of  Great 
Britain,  355. 

Burton,  R.  F.,  City  of  Saints,  503. 

Burton,  Rich.,  Whittier,  120. 

Burton,  T.  E.,  /.  Sherman,  117  ;  Crises,  517. 

Bury,  J.  B.,  Inaugural  Lecture,  17. 

Bush,  G.  G.,  Higher  Educ.  in  Mass.,  393. 

Bushnell,  Henry,  Granville,  So. 

Bushnell,  Horace,  Life  and  Letters,  396. 

Business,  scientific  management,  577.  —  See 
also  Commerce,  Economic  conditions. 

Butel-Dumont,  G.  M.,  Louisiane,  242. 

Butler,  B.  F.,  Own  Book,  493. 

Butler,  C.  H.,  Cases,  155. 

Butler,  F.  A.  (Kemble),  Journal,  92; 
Records,  172:  Ga.  Plantation,  422. 

Butler,  Mann,  Kentucky,  68. 

Butler,  N.  M.,  Influence  of  War  of  1812, 
380;  Educ.  in  U.  S.,  395;  Why  should 
we  change  our  Form  of  Govt.  ?,  573 ;  Ameri 
can,  582. 

Butler,  Pierce,  J.  P.  Benjamin,  452. 

Butler,  W.  F.,  Wild  Northland,  92. 

Butterfield,  C.  W.,  Girtys,  So. 

Butterfield,  Daniel,  biog.,  105. 

Butterfield,  J.  L.,  D.  Butterfield,  105. 

Butterfield,  K.  L.,  Rural  Progress,  583. 

Butterworth,  Benj.,  Indus.  Art,  400. 

Buttrick,  Tilly,  Voyages,  92. 

Byars,  W.  V.,  Am.  Commoner,  104. 

Byfield,  Natl.,  Revolution  in  N.  Eng.,  286. 

Bynner,  E.  L.,  hist,  novels,  184. 

Byrd,  Wm.,  Writings,  321. 

Byrdsall,  F.,  Loco-Foco  Party,  410. 

Byrne,  Stephen,  Irish  Emigration,  392. 

CABEZA  DE  VACA,  journey,  248 
Cabinet,  346.  —  See  also  Department. 
Cable,   G.    W.,   hist,   novels,    184;    Silent 
South,  496 ;   Negro  Question,  490. 


596 


INDEX 


Cabot,  Geo.,  biog.,  105. 

Cabot,  J.  E.,  Emerson,  107. 

Cabot,  John,  voyages,  255. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  255. 

Cabot  map,  255. 

Cabrillo,  J.  R.,  voyage,  431. 

Caffey,  F.  G.,  Suffrage  Limitations,  537. 

Caird,  Jas.,  Prairie  Farmer,  403. 

Cairnes,  J.  E.,  Slave  Power,  421. 

Cairns,  W.  B.,  Am.  Literature,  393. 

Caldvvell,  H.  W.,  Studies  in  Hist.,  17;  Am. 
Ter.  Development,  177;  Survey,  177; 
Am.  Legislators,  177;  Am.  Hist.,  177. 

Caldwell,  J.  W.,  Const.  Hist,  of  Tenn.,  85. 

Calef,  Robt.,  More  Wonders,  287. 

Calender  of  Home  Office  Papers,  130. 

Calendar  of  State  Papers,  130. 

Calhoun,  J.  C.,  biogs.,  105;  Corresp.,  164; 
Works,  164;  and  second  bank,  379;  and 
western  trade,  399;  "Exposition"  and 
nullification,  415;  Calhoun  by  Polit. 
Friends,  417;  and  distribution  of  sur 
plus,  419;  and  antislavery  in  Congress, 
425;  and  Texas,  439;  and  compromise 
(1850),  447. 

California,  hists.,  64;  records  and  statutes, 
132;  hist,  socs.,  159;  admission,  409, 
447;  Span,  in,  431;  Am.  settlers  and 
Bear  Flag  republic,  434 ;  gold,  434 ;  con 
quest,  442;  and  Wilmot  proviso,  445; 
self-organ.,  447;  corrupt  politics,  546; 
Chinese  question,  557. — See  also  Far 
West,  Pacific  coast,  States. 

California  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Calkins,  Raymond,  Substitutes  for  Saloon, 
583- 

Call,  Daniel,  Reports,  151. 

Call  from  Death  to  Life,  285. 

Callahan,  J.  M.,  Am.  Relations  in  Pacific, 
58;  Cuba,  58;  Dipl.  Hist,  of  Confed 
eracy,  58. 

Callender,  E.  B.,  Stevens,  118. 

Callender,  G.  S.,  Econ.  History,  327;  Early 
Transportation,  401. 

Callender,  John,  Rhode  Island,  83. 

Callender,  Thos.,  sedition  case,  360. 

Calvert.     See  Baltimore  (Baron). 

Calvert  Papers,  262. 

Calvin,  Jean,  Institutes,  273. 

Calvo,  C.,  Droit  Internal.,  544. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  history,  71. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  40. 

Camden,  S.  C.,  hist.,  84,  battle,  309. 

Campbell,  Lord,  Lord  Chancellors,  296; 
Lord  Chief  Justices,  296. 

Campbell,  Chas.,  Virginia,  87. 

Campbell,  Douglas.  Puritan,  273. 

Campbell,  H.  C.,  Wisconsin,  88. 

Campbell,  H.  W.,  Soil  Culture  Manual,  581. 

Campbell,  J.  A.,  and  confed.  commis 
sioners,  470. 

Campbell,  J.  W.,  R.  J.  Meigs,  114. 

Campbell,  Maria,  Wm.  Hull,  no. 

Campbell,  W.  W.,  Tryon  County,  79; 
Clinton,  106. 

Canada,  records,  150;  French  voyages, 
250;  settlement,  251;  conditions  under 
French,  252 ;  French-Eng.  conflicts, 
288,  289;  invasion  (1775),  301;  and 


fugitive     slaves,     427 ;      Caroline     and 
McLeod     cases,     428;      Fenians,     500. 

—  See  also  Boundaries,    Fisheries,  Reci 
procity. 

Canal  Zone  act,  554. 

Canals,  development  (1820-60),  309.  — See 

also    Internal    improvements,    Isthmian 

transit,  Waterways. 
Candler,  Isaac,  Summary  View,  92. 
Canning,  Geo.,  biogs.,   105;    and  Monroe 

doctrine,  386. 

Cannon,  Jas.  G.,  Clearing  Houses,  519. 
Cannon,  Jos.  G.,  as  speaker,  572. 
Cape  May  Co.,  N.  J.,  history,  76. 
Capen,  E.  W.,  Poor  Laws,  394. 
Capers,  H.  D.,  Memminger,  114. 
Capital,  early  capitalists,  406;    postbellum 

fortunes,    517,    560;    philanthropy,   581. 

—  See  also  Labor,  Trusts. 

Capital,   federal,   location,   348,   353.     See 

also  Washington. 

Carey,  H.  C.,  Underground  Railroad,  427. 
Carey,  Mathew,  Laws  of  Pa.,   145;    Am. 

Remembrancer,  356;    Olive  Branch,  369. 
Carey  act,  576. 

Carlier,   A.,    Republiquc  Am.,   318;     Mar 
riage  in  U.S.,  394. 
Carlton,  F.  T.,  Organized  Labor,  58;  Econ. 

Influences  on  Educ.,  392;    Workingmen's 

Party,     406;      Humanilarianism,     406; 

Am.    Utopia,    406;     South    during    Last 

Decade,  537. 

Carman,  E.  A.,  Sheep  Industry,  535. 
Carnegie,    Andrew,    Negro    in   Am.,    537; 

biog.,  562;    Triumphant  Democracy,  566; 

Gospel  of  Wealth,  566 ;    Empire  of  Busi 
ness,  566;    philanthropy,  581. 
Carnegie  Foundation  for  Advancement  of 

Teaching,  Reports,  585;   Bulletins,  585. 
Carnegie  Institution,  proposed  hist,  atlas, 

50;     work   on   treaties,    52;     guides   to 

foreign    archives,     181 ;     Handbook     of 

Learned  Socs.,  392. 

Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh,  Cat.,  34. 
Carnegie  Peace  fund,  555. 
Carolina,    charter    and    settlement,    264; 

divided,  and    charter    surrendered,   264. 

See  also  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina. 
Caroline  affair,  428. 
Carpenter,  A.,  Trial  of  Burr,  368. 
Carpenter,    A.    H.,    Habeas    Corpus,    326; 

Naturalization,  326;   Milit.  Gpvt.,  491. 
Carpenter,  E.  J.,  Am.  in  Hawaii,  544. 
Carpenter,  F.  B.,  Six  Months  at  the  White 

House,  170. 

Carpetbag  rule  in  South,  495. 
Carr,  E.  S.,  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  512. 
Carr,  Lucien,  Mo.,  73;    Mounds,  240. 
Carrington,  H.  B.,  Battles,  302. 
Carrington,  Mrs.  H.  B.,  Ab-sa-ra-ka,  507. 
Carroll,  B.  R.,  Hist.  Collections  of  S.  C.,  84. 
Carroll,  Chas.,  biog.,  105.;    Letters,  164. 
Carroll,  H.  K.,  Relig.  Forces,  496;    Report 

on  Porto  Rico,  553. 
Carson,  H.  L.,  Supreme  Court,  329;    woth 

Anniversary  of  Const.,  340. 
Carson,  Jos.,  Medical  Dept.  of  University  of 


Pa.,  393- 
Carter,  C.  E.,  Ct.  Br. 


and  III.,  321. 


CABOT  — CHICAGO 


597 


Carter,  N.  H.,  Reports,  143. 

Carteret,  Geo..  and  N.  J.,  268. 

Carteret,  Philip,  in  N.  J.,  268. 

Cartier,  Jacques,  voyages,  249. 

Cartwright,  Peter,  Autobiog.,  378. 

Caruthers,  R.  L.,  Compilation,  147. 

Caruthers,  Wm.,  hist,  novels,  184. 

Carver,  Jon.,  Travels,  242. 

Gary,  Ed.,  G.  W.  Curtis,  106. 

Gary,  J.  W.,  C.  M.  &•  St.  P.  Ry.,  505. 

Case,  J.  W.,  Southold  Records,  143. 

Case's  Map  of  U.S.,  50. 

Cass,  Lewis,  biog.,   105;    pres.  campaign, 

445;    resignation  from  cabinet,  468. 
Casseday,  Benj.,  Louisville,  68. 
Casson,  H.  N.,  AfcCormick,  400;    Reaper, 

508;   Steel,  518;    Telephone,  524. 
Castaneda,  Pedro,  Relacion,  241. 
Catherwood,  M.  H.,  hist,  novels,  184. 
Catlin,  Geo.,  Indians,  242. 
Catterall,  R.  C.  H.,  Second  Bank,  380. 
Cattle,  sheep,  and  meat,  industry  (1820- 

60),  398 ;  export,  517  ;  industry  in  North 
west,  530;   in  Southwest,  533. 
Caulkins,  F.  M.,  New  London,  64;    Nor 
wich,  64. 

Cavendish,  Henry,  Debates,  300,  301. 
Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  history,  70. 
Celoron  de  Bienville,  Journal,  289. 
Census,     bibl.,    397.  —  See    also     Bureau, 

Population. 

Centennial  Exposition,  517. 
Century  Co.,  Battles  and  Leaders,  58. 
Century  Cyclop,  of  Names,  39. 
Centz,  P.  C.,  Republic  of  Republics,  314. 
Cervera,  Pasqual,  in  Span. -Am.  war,  549. 
Chaddock,  R.  E.,  Ohio,  376. 
Chadsey,     Reconstruction,    491 ;      Johnson 

and  Congress,  491. 
Chadwick,   F.    E.,    U.S.   and  Spain,    58; 

Causes  of  Civil  War,  402. 
Chalmers,  Geo.,  Collection  of  Treaties,  51; 

Political    Annals,    58;     Opinions,    150; 

Revolt,  304. 
Chamberlain,  D.  H.,  Chamberlain's  Admin., 

497 ;    Legal    Tender,    499 ;    Sumner   and 

Treaty  o/  Washington,  501. 
Chamberlain,  H.  R.,  Farmers'  Alliance,  542. 
Chamberlain,     Mellen,     Authentication    of 

Declaration  of  Independence,  304. 
Chamberlain,  N.  H.,  Sewall,  117. 
Chambers,  H.  E.,  West  Fla.,  366;   Hawaii, 

544- 

Chambers,  T.  F.,  Early  Germans  ofN.  J.,  75. 
Chambers,  Wm.,   Things  as  they  Are,  92; 

Am.  Slavery  and  Colour,  422. 
Champlain,     Samuel,     in     Canada,   '250; 

CEuvres,  251. 
Champlain,  Lake,  history,  77;    discovery, 

251- 

Chancellor,  W.  E.,  United  States,  42. 
Chancellorsville,  battle,  475. 
Chandler,  J.  A.  C.,  Representation  in  Va., 

326;   Suffrage  in  Va.,  410. 
Chandler,  P.  W.,  Am.  Crim.  Trials,  268. 
Chandler,  Zach.,  biog.,  491. 
Channing,  E.,  Students'  History,  13;  U.  S., 

1765-1865,  40;    U.  S.,  42;    Am.  Hist. 

Leaflets,   178;    Town  and  County  Go-lit., 


278;   Navigation  Laws,  292;   Eng.  Hist., 
324;  Jejfersonian  System,  363. 
Channing,  W.  E.,  biog.,  105;    Works,  397; 
Elevation    of    Labouring    Portion,    407; 
Labor  Assocs.,  407. 
Channing,  W.  H.,  W.  E.  Channing,  105. 

Chapin,  R.  C.,  Standard  of  Living,  568. 

Chapman,  J.  A.,  Wyoming,  82. 

Charities  and  the  Commons,  569. 

Charity,  conditions  (1820-60),  391;  pres 
ent  day,  582.  — See  also  Reform. 

Charlemagne  Tower  Collection  of  Colon. 
Laws,  131., 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  hist.,  84;  ordinances, 
146;  founded,  264;  in  Am.  Rev.,  301, 
309;  attack  on  Ft.  Sumter,  468,  470. 

Charleston  Year  Books,  264. 

Charlestown,  Mass.,  history,  71. 

Charlestown,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 

Charlevoix,  P.  F.  X.  de,  Nouvelle France,  242. 

Charnay,  D.,  Cites  et  Ruines,  242. 

Charter  of  Liberties  in  N.  Y.,  267. 

Charter  of  Privileges  in  Pa.,  270. 

Charters,  text  of  colon.,  131;  Va.,  258; 
Md.,  262;  Carolina,  264;  Ga.,  265; 
Pa.,  269;  Council  for  N.  Eng.,  275; 
first  Mass.,  277;  R.  I.,  281;  Conn., 
281;  overthrow  of  Mass.,  285;  second 
Mass.,  286. 

Chase,  Benj.,  Old  Chester,  75. 

Chase,  C.  W.,  Haverhill,  72." 

Chase,  Ellen,  Beginnings  of  Am.  Rev.,  302. 

Chase,  Leslie,  Rooseveltiana ,  573. 

Chase,  S.  P.,  Ohio,  80;  biogs.,  105;  aboli 
tionist,  423;  Diary  and  Corresp.,  424; 
in  Senate,  447;  and  compromise  (1850), 
447;  and  Kan.-Neb.  bill,  453;  as  sec. 
of  treasury,  478. 

Chase,  Samuel,  impeachment,  363. 

Chastellux,  Marquis  de,  Voyages  and 
Travels,  92,  93. 

Chateaubriand,  Vicomte  de,   Voyages,  93. 

Chatham,  Earl  of,  biogs.,  116;  and  con 
quest  of  Canada,  289;  Corresp.  with 
Colon.  Govs.,  290;  Corresp.,  296;  minis 
try  with  Grafton,  298. 

Chattanooga,  campaign,  475. 

Chauncy,  Chas.,  Letter,  287. 

Cheetham,  Jas.,  Paine,  115. 

Cheever,  G.  B.,  Guilt  of  Slavery,  422. 

Cheney,  E.  P.,  Europ.  Background,  324; 
Anti-Rent,  430. 

_heney,  H.  V.,  hist,  novel,  184. 

Cherokee  Indians,  in  Am.  Rev.,  305;  and 
Ga.,  354,  419- 

Cherokee  Nation  v.  Ga.,  419. 

Chesney,  C.  C.,  Grant,  109. 

Chesnut,  M.  B.,  Diary,  474. 

Chesnutt,  C.  W.,  F.  Douglass,  107. 

Chester,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 

Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  history,  306. 

Chevalier,  Michel,  Lettres,  93;  Society 
in  U.  S.,  93 ;  Votes  de  Communication, 
404 ;  Fall  in  Value  of  Gold,  435. 

Cheyenne  Indians,  wars,  506. 

Chicago,  history,  67;  anarchists,  523; 
meat  packing,  533. 

Chicago  Conference  on  Trusts,  Speeches,  566. 

Chicago  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 


598 


INDEX 


Chicago,  Univ.  of,  Bibl.  of  Economics,  566. 
Chickamauga,  battle,  475. 
Checkering,  Jesse,  Immigration,  395. 
Child,  John,  N.  Eng.'s  Jonah,  279. 
Child,  L.  M.,  hist,  novels,  184;  Oasis,  422; 


Child  labor  (1820-60),  405;  present  con 
ditions,  523,  568;  in  southern  mills,  536. 

Childs,  G.  W.,  Grant,  109. 

Chile  episode  (1891),  543.  —  See  also  Latin- 
America. 

Chilton,  Ed.,  Virginia,  261. 

China,  early  Am.  trade,  356,  398;  early 
relations  with  U.  S.,  451;  problem  of 
integrity  and  trade,  557;  Boxer  insur 
rection,  557;  missionaries,  557.  —  See 
also  Chinese  immigration. 

Chinese  immigration  question,  557. 

Chipman,  Daniel,  T.  ChUtenden,  105 ;  Seth 
Warner,  306. 

Chisholm  v.  Georgia,  381. 

Chittenden,  H.  M.,  Am.  Fur  Trade,  58; 
Steamboat  Nav.  on  Mo.,  432;  De  Smet, 
436. 

Chittenden,  L.  E.,  Reminiscences,  170; 
Conference  Convention,  469. 

Chittenden,  Thos.,  biog.,  105. 

Chitwood,  O,  P.,  Justice  in  Va.,  326. 

Choate,  Rufus,  biog.,  105;    Works,  164. 

Christian  Commission,  483. 

Christian  Movement  in  Japan,  558. 

Christiana  affair,  449. 

Church,  E.  D.,  cat.  of  library,  34. 

Church,  Thos.,  Entertaining  Passages,  285. 

Church  of  England,  estab.  in  Md.,  263. 
—  See  also  Religion. 

Churchill,  Winston,  hist,  novels,  184. 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Chronica  del  Peru,  248. 

Cincinnati,  hists.,  80;    settlement,  332. 

Circourt,  A.  de,  Hist.  Conclusions,  308. 

Cist,  Chas.,  Cincinnati,  80. 

Cities,  transportation  (1820-60),  399; 
govt.  (1820-60),  409;  conditions  and 
improvements  (1885-90),  523;  govt. 
reform,  546,  572;  present  conditions, 
581 ;  planning,  582. 

Civil  Rights  acts  (1866),  489;  (1875), 
495 ;  cases,  495. 

Civil  service,  beginning  under  constitution, 
346;  Jefferson's  policy,  363  ;  Four  Years' 
Tenure  act,  383;  Jackson's  policy,  412; 
Tenure  of  Office  act,  489;  reform  act, 
520;  under  Cleveland,  521;  repeal  of 
Tenure  of  Office  act,  521. 

Civil  Service,  Commission,  Reports,  521. 

Civil  Service  Record,  521. 

Civil  war,  Official  Records,  157;  conditions 
of  sections  (1861),  462;  process  of  se 
cession,  466;  Buchanan  and  secession, 
468;  attempts  at  compromise,  468; 
Ft.  Sumter,  468,  470;  principles  of 
coercion,  468;  outbreak,  470;  loyal 
slave  sections,  470;  southern  army,  472 ; 
intercombatant  relations,  472;  milit. 
events,  475;  northern  finances,  478; 
foreign  relations  during,  480;  northern 
admin.,  483;  northern  army,  483; 
arbitrary  govt.,  483;  popular  sentiment, 
483 ;  slavery  conditions  during,  485 ; 


negro  troops,  486.  See  also  Confeder 
ate  States,  Reconstruction,  Secession. 

Claiborne,  J.  F.  H.,  Mississippi,  73 ;  Sam. 
Dale,  170. 

Claiborne,  Wm.,  and  Md.,  262,  263. 

Clap,  Roger,  Memoirs,  277. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  and  Carolina,  264. 

Clark,  A.  H.,  Clipper  Ship  Era,  400. 

Clark,  G.  R.,  conquest  of  Northwest,  305; 
grant,  332;  corresp.  with  Genet,  356. 

Clark,  G.  R.,  U.  S.  Navy,  58. 

Clark,  J.  B.,  Control  of  Trusts,  562;  Prob 
lem  of  Monopoly,  562. 

Clark,  J.  V.  H.,  Onondaga,  320. 

Clark,  L.  D.,  Law  of  Employment  of  Labor, 
568. 

Clark,  R.  C.,  Beginnings  of  Texas,  432. 

Clark,  S.  A.,  Making  Both  Ends  Meet,  568. 

Clarke,  A.  B.,  Booths,  394. 

Clarke,  H.  D.,  Hand-Book,  156. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Anti-Slavery  Days,  170. 

Clarke,  L.  H.,  Report,  143. 

Clarke,  M.  S.,  Bank  of  U.  S.,  349. 

Clarkson,  Thos.,  Penn,  115. 

Clason,  A.  W.,  Seven  Conventions,  342. 

Classes,  development,  408,  567.  —  See  also 
Capital,  Labor. 

Classroom  papers,  229. 

Clay,  Mrs.  C.,  Belle  of  Fifties,  493. 

Clay,  C.  M.,  Life,  170;    abolitionist,  423. 

Clay,  Henry,  biogs.,  105,  106;  Works, 
164;  and  War  of  1812,  371;  and  Am. 
system,  379;  Mo.  compromise,  385  ;  and 
Span.  Am.,  386;  candidacy  (1832),  414; 
censure  of  Jackson,  418;  and  distribu 
tion  of  surplus,  419;  financial  plans 
under  Tyler,  430;  Texas  and  cam 
paign  of  1844,  440;  compromise  of 
1850,  447. 

Clay,  J.  C.,  Swedes  on  Delaware,  66. 

Clay,  T.  H.,  H.  Clay,  105. 

Clayton,  V.  V.,  White  and  Black,  494. 

Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  451;  attempts  to 
abrogate,  526,  543;  abrogated,  554. 

Clemens,  S.  L.,  Life  on  Mississippi,  170; 
hist,  novels,  185;  Roughing  It,  503. 

Clement,  C.  E.,  Cushman,  394. 

Cleveland,  F.  A.,  R.  R.  Promotion,  402; 
Bank  and  Treasury,  540. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  biogs.,  106;  election 
(1884),  521;  first  admin.,  521;  defeat 
(1888),  522;  Pres.  Problems,  522;  Writ 
ings,  522;  and  labor,  523;  and  canal 
diplomacy,  526;  and  immigration,  528; 
election  (1892),  539;  financial  policy  of 
second  admin.,  539;  foreign  affairs, 
543>  549J  and  Pullman  strike,  567; 
forest  reserves,  576. 

Cleveland,  Henry,  A.  H.  Stephens,  118. 

Cleveland,  histories,  80,  81. 

Clewell,  J.  H.,  Wachovia,  ^g. 

Clews,  Henry,  Watt  Street,  519. 

Clinton,  DeWitt,  biogs.,  106;  Vindication 
of  Jefferson,  362;  candidacy  (1812),  374. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  attacks  on  Charleston, 
301,  309;  Observations  on  Sledman's  His 
tory,  303 ;  Cornwallis  Controversy,  310. 

Clowes,  W.  L.,  Black  America,  497. 

Clute,  J.  J.,  Staten  Island,  79- 


CHICAGO  —  COMMITTEE 


599 


Coast  Survey,  379;  Atlas  of  Philippine 
Islands,  553. 

Coal,  industry,  398,  518;  southern  fields, 
538;  anthracite  strike,  560,  567. 

Cobb,  Howell,  biog.,  106. 

Cobb,  R.  L.,  Laws  of  Tenn.,  147. 

Cobb,  S.  H.,  Palatines,  320. 

Cobb,  T.  R.  R.,  Hist.  Sketch  of  Slavery, 
328;  Law  of  Slavery,  422;  Corresp.,  467. 

Cobbett,  Pitt,  Leading  Cases,  482. 

Cobbett,  Wm.,  Emigrant's  Guide,  53; 
Year's  Residence,  93;  biog.,  106;  Por 
cupine's  Works,  356. 

Cobden,  Rich.,  Letters  to  Sumner,  482. 

Coburn,  F.  W.,  Bennington,  306. 

Cochin,  Aug.,  Results  of  Slavery,  422; 
Results  of  Emancipation,  424. 

Cockrum,  W.  M.,  Indiana,  67. 

Cod,  Cape,  hist.,  71. 

Codman,  J.  T.,  Brook  Farm,  408. 

Codman,  John,  Arnold's  Expedition,  303; 
Round  Trip,  503. 

Cody,  W.  F.,  Adventures,  507;  Wild  West, 
507  ;  True  Tales,  507. 

Coe,  I.  J.,  La  Salle,  252. 

Coffin,  C.  C.,  hist,  novel,  185;  Seal  of 
Empire,  532. 

Coffin,  Joshua,  Newbury,  72;  Slave  In 
surrections,  422. 

Coffin,  Leyi,  Remininiscences ,  170. 

Coffin,  Victor,  Quebec  Act,  301;  Quebec 
and  Am.  Rev.,  321. 

Coggeshall,  Geo.,  Am.  Privateers,  373. 

Cohens  v.  Virginia,  381. 

Coin's  Financial  School,  539. 

Coke,  E.  T.,  Subaltern's  Furlough,  93. 

Coke,  Ed.,  Institutes,  297. 

Colburn,  Jer.,  Bibl.  of  Local  Hist,  of  Mass., 

Colby,  C.,  Am.  Slalis.  Annual,  54. 

Colby,  C.  W.,  Selections,  177. 

Colby,  F.  M.,  Internal.  Year  Book,  38. 

Golden,  Cadwallader,  Five  Nations,  242. 

Cole,  Cornelius,  Memoirs,  494. 

Cole,  G.  W.,  Cat.  of  Library  of  E.  D. 
Church,  34. 

Coleccion  de  Docs.  Ineditos,  245. 

Coleccion  de  Librosque  Tratan  de  America, 
245- 

Coleman,  A.  M.,  Crittenden,  106. 

Coleman,  Wm.,  Death  of  Hamilton,  368. 

Coles,  E.,  Ordinance  (1787),  331. 

Colfax,  Schuyler,  biog.,  492. 

Colgrove,  K.  C.,  Congress  and  Pioneers, 
333,  434- 

Collectanea  Adamanlcza,  251. 

Colleges,  hist,  work  in,  24;  use  of  great 
libraries,  195 ;  special  use  of  libraries, 
196;  recitations,  198;  use  of  textbooks, 
199;  quiz,  207;  debates,  212;  student 
lectures,  212;  seminaries,  213  ;  examina 
tions,  215;  methods  of  reading,  217-220; 
lectures,  222,  223;  note  taking,  223- 
226;  giving  out  references,  227;  class 
room  papers,  229;  topical  written  work, 
229-231;  special  reports,  232;  theses, 
232-234;  monographs,  234;  William 
and  Mary,  261 ;  in  1820-60,  391 ;  pres 
ent  day,  581. — See  also  Education. 


Collie,  G.  L.,  Govt.  Maps  for  Schools,  48. 

Collier,  W.  M.,  Trusts,  562. 

Collins,  Lewis,  Kentucky,  68. 

Collins,  T.  B.,  New  Agriculture,  577. 

Collins,  W.  H.,  Domestic  Slave  Trade,  427. 

Colombia.  —  See  Isthmian  transit,  Latin- 
America. 

Colonies,  English,  Brit,  records  on,  130; 
collections  of  statutes,  131;  charters, 
131;  important  dates  in  hist.,  200,  201; 
wars  with  French  colony,  288,  289 ;  con 
ditions  (1760),  291;  Brit,  control, 
291,  324;  govt.,  325;  social  conditions 
and  slavery,  327.  —  See  also  American 
Revolution,  and  colonies  by  name. 

Colonization  of  negroes,  movement,  385; 
Lincoln's  plan,  486. 

Colorado,  bibl.,  64;  hists.,  64;  mining 
rush,  502 ;  State  of  Jefferson,  502  ;  terri 
tory,  502  ;  admission,  502.  —  See  also 
Far  West,  States. 

Colorado  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Colquhoun,  A.  R.,  Key  to  Pacific,  526; 
Mastery  of  Pacific,  558. 

Colton,  Calvin,  Clay,  105. 

Colton,  Walter,  Three  Years  in  Cal.,  436. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  biogs.,  106;  life 
and  discoveries,  244;  companions  and 
successors,  245. 

Columbus,  O.,  history,  81. 

Coman,  Katharine,  Indus.  Hist.,  58. 

Combe,  Geo.,  Notes  on  U.  S.,  93. 

Comet  case,  427. 

Commerce,  colon.,  291,  327  ;  Acts  of  Trade, 
295,298;  Townshend  acts,  298 ;  French 
treaty  (1778),  308;  questions  under 
Confederation,  335 ;  early  fed.  regula 
tions,  356;  conditions  of  foreign,  after 
War  of  1812,  379;  questions  under 
J.  Q.  Adams,  388;  development  of  for 
eign  (1820-60),  398;  of  coastwise,  398; 
of  internal,  398;  sectional  rivalry  for 
western  trade,  399;  organization  (1820- 
60),  406;  prosperity  (1845),  443;  south 
ern  conventions  (1860),  460;  blockade 
during  Civil  war,  475,  480;  prosperity 
during  Civil  war,  483,  517;  foreign 
(1865-80),  517;  postbellum  development 
of  internal,  517;  of  Great  Lakes,  530; 
of  Pacific  coast,  545 ;  problem  of  Orien 
tal,  557;  fed.  department,  560;  state 
regulation  of  public  service  corporations, 
561.  —  See  also  Economic  conditions, 
Immigration,  Internal  improvements, 
Interstate  commerce,  Isthmian  transit, 
Neutral  trade,  Panics,  Post  office,  Rail 
roads,  Reciprocity,  Shipping,  Slave  trade, 
Tariff,  Travel,  Trusts. 

Commerce  and  Navigation,  403. 

Commerce  court,  572. 
Commercial  Relations,  519. 

Commission  on  Country  Life,  Report,  583. 

Commissioner.  —  See  Bureau,  or  office  by 

name. 
Committee  of  Eight,  Hist,  in  Elementary 

Schools,  16. 

Committee  of  50,  Liquor  Problem,  583. 
Committee  on  Conduct  of  War,  Reports, 
476. 


6oo 


INDEX 


Committees  of  correspondence,  301. 

Commons,  J.  R.,  Doc.  Hist,  of  Am.  Indus. 
Soc.,  58;  Races  and  Immigrants,  58; 
Labor  Organ,  and  Politics,  406;  Greeley 
and  Working  Class,  406;  Trade  Union 
ism,  567 ;  Class  Conflict,  567 ;  Propor 
tional  Representation,  574. 

Compact  theory,  in  state  constitutions, 
313 ;  of  fed.  constitution,  343. 

Compilation  of  Reports  on  For.  Rel.,  526. 

Compiled  Statutes,  154. 

Compromise  of  1850,  447 ;   finality,  456. 

Conant,  C.  A.,  Banks  of  Issue,  517;  Wall 
Street,  519;  U.  S.  in  Orient,  552. 

Concas  y  Palau,  V.  M.,  Cervera,  550. 

Concessions  of  New  Jersey,  268. 

Concord,  Mass.,  histories,  71,  302;  battle, 
301. 

Concord,  N.  H.,  hist.,  75;   records,  141. 

Concord  Lyceum,  Proceedings,  3Q2. 

Condy,  T.  D.,  Digest,  146. 

Cone,  Mary,  Putnam,  116. 

Confederate  Milit.  History,  476. 

Confederate  States,  records,  156,  157,  179; 
organization  and  career,  47  2 ;  foreign 
relations,  480.  —  See  also  Civil  war. 

Confederation,  journals  of  Congress,  152, 
153;  formation,  311 ;  organization,  329; 
inefficiency,  329;  territorial  questions, 
330 ;  finances,  333 ;  slavery  questions, 
334;  foreign  and  commercial  relations, 
335 ;  condition  of  states  under,  337. 

Conference  of  Governors,  Proceedings,  580. 

Conference  system,  217. 

Congdon,  C.  T.,  Reminiscences,  170. 

Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  18. 

Congress  of  Confederate  States,  journal, 
156;  career,  472. 

Congress  of  U.  S.,  indexes  to  statutes,  152 ; 
journals,  153;  debates,  153;  statutes, 
153;  docs.,  154;  organization  of  first, 
346;  implied  powers,  350;  ^  Clay  as 
speaker  of  House,  379;  activity  (1820- 
60),  409;  Jackson's  controversy  with 
Senate,  418;  gag  rules,  425;  N.  J. 
contested  elections,  428;  speakership 
contests  (1847),  445;  (1855),  456;  (1859), 
456;  and  Johnson,  489;  Hayes  and 
"riders,"  514;  Reed  rules,  539;  in 
surgent  revolt  (1910),  572. 

Congressional  Debates,  153. 

Congressional  Globe,  153. 

Congressional  Record,  153. 

Conkling,  A.  R.,  R.  Conkling,  106. 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  biog.,  106;  and  Gar- 
field,  520. 

Connecticut,  bibls.,  64;  hists.,  64,  65; 
records  and  statutes,  133 ;  early  judicial 
decisions,  150;  hist,  socs.,  159;  con 
test  with  Pa.,  269,  271,  337;  settlement 
and  charter,  281 ;  absorbs  New  Haven, 
282;  in  N.  Eng.  Confed.,  283;  and 
Quakers,  284;  conditions  (1760),  293; 
western  claim,  312,  330;  emancipation 
in,  335;  ratification,  341.  —  See  also 
Colonies,  New  England,  States. 

"Connecticut  Farmer," 'Remarks,  331. 

Connecticut  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Connelley,  W.  E.,  Overland  Stage,  504. 


Conner,  J.  E.,  Indus.  Causes  affecting  Am. 
Com.  Policy,  518. 

Connolly,  C.  P.,  Montana,  74. 

Connor,  R.  D.  W.,  Harnett,  no. 

Conover,  G.  S.,  Journals,  307. 

Conrad,  H.  C.,  Delaware,  66. 

Conservation,  movement,  576. 

Conservation  and  Am.  Forestry,  580. 

Constitutions,  state,  texts,  131 ;  bibl. 
and  records  of  conventions,  132-150; 
first,  313,  337;  tendencies  (1820-60), 
409;  postbellum  southern,  489;  north 
western  (1890),  530;  new  southern, 
530.  —  See  also  Articles  of  Confedera 
tion,  Federal  constitution,  Government. 

Consular  Reports,  519. 

Continental  Congresses,  Extracts  of  first, 
131;  journals,  152,  153;  meeting  of 
first,  298;  position  and  powers,  303. 
—  See  also  Confederation. 

Continuous  voyages,  369. 

Contract  labor  acts,-  528. 

Conway,  M.  D.,  Paine,  115;  Randolph, 
116;  Autobiog.,  482. 

Cook,  F.  H.,  Law  of  Combinations,  563. 

Cook,  Jas.,  voyage,  431. 

Cook,  W.  W.,  Corporation  Problem,  513. 

Cooke,  G.  W.,  Unitarianism,  394. 

Cooke,  J.  E.,  Virginia,  87;  R.  E.  Lee,  112; 
hist,  novels,  185. 

Cooke,  Jay,  biog.,  106. 

Cooke,  P.  St.  G.,  Scenes  in  Army,  433. 

Cool  Thoughts,  311. 

Cooley,  H.  S.,  Slavery  in  N.  J.,  328. 

Cooley,  T.  M.,  Mich.,  72;  Const.  Limita 
tions,  318;  Const.  Law,  344;  Const. 
History,  410. 

Coolidge,  A.  C.,  U.  S.  as  World  Power,  59. 

Coolidge,  A.  J.,  New  England,  S3-  . 

Coolidge,  M.  R.,  Chinese  Immigration,  558. 

Coolidge,  Susan.  —  See  Woolsey  (S.  C.). 

Cooper,  C.  S.,  Am.  Undergraduate,  584. 

Cooper,  Francis,  Financiering  an  Enter 
prise,  562. 

Cooper,  J.  F.,  Notions,  93  ;  hist,  novels,  185. 

Cooper,  Peter,  biog.,  106. 

Cooper,  T.  V.,  Am.  Politics,  177. 

Cooper,  Thos.,  Some  Information,  93; 
Statutes  of  S.  C.,  146;  sedition  case,  360. 

Cooper,  W.  F.,  Code  of  Tenn.,  147. 

Cooper,  Wm.,  Guide,  333. 

Cooperative  histories,  57. 

Cope,  W.  P.,  Penn,  115. 

Corbett,  J.  S.,  Drake,  256;  Seven  Years' 
War,  289;  Signals^  310. 

Cordier,  Henri,  Chine  et  les  Puissances, 
558;  Bibl.  Sinica,  560. 

Cordoba,  Hernandez  de,  voyage,  247. 

Cornelison,  J.  A.,  Relig.  in  U.  S.,  292. 

Cornell,  W.  M.,  Pennsylvania,  82. 

Cornwallis,  Lord,  Corresp.,  106;  biog., 
306;  campaigns,  309;  Clinton  Contro 
versy,  310. 

Coronado,  F.  de,  explorations,  248. 
orporations,  development  (1820-60),  406. 
—  See  also  Bureau,  Trusts. 

Corruption,  pqlit.  (1820-60),  409;  during' 
Grant's  adminis.,  510;  recent  discussions, 
574- 


COMMITTEES  —  DAENELL 


601 


Cortez,  Hernando,  in  Mexico,  247. 
Corthell,  E.  L.,  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Ship- 
Railway,  527. 

Corwin,  E.  S.,  Dred  Scott  Decision,  458. 
Corwin,  Thos.,  biog.,  106;    Speeches,  164: 

and  compromise  (1860),  468. 
Cost  of  living,  present  problem,  568,  579 

581.  —  See  also  Labor. 
Gotten,  E.  R.,  Macon,  114. 
Cotton,    John,    Abstract    of    Lawes,    279; 

Answer  to  Williams,  280. 
Cotton,  invention  of  gin,  353;  develop 
ment  of  culture,  385,  398;  development 
of  manufactures,  398;  King  Cotton, 
dependence  of  Confed.  States  on,  462, 
480,517;  postbellum  industry,  519;  mod 
ern  culture,  536 ;  southern  manufactures, 
536.  —  See  also  Agriculture,  Manufac 
tures,  Slavery. 

Cotton  gin,  353. 

Coues,  Elliott,  On  the  Trail  of  a  Spanish 
Pioneer,  93 ;  New  Light  on  Northwest, 
93;  ed.  of  Fowler's  Journal,  94;  of 
Larpenteur's  Narrative,  96 ;  of  Lewis  and 
Clark,  97 ;  of  Pike's  Expeditions,  99. 

Council  for  New  Eng.,  patents  to  Plym 
outh,  274;  charter  and  history,  275; 
records,  276;  grant  of  Mass.,  276; 
northern  grants,  283. 

Country  life.  —  See  Rural. 

Courtenay,  W.  A.,  Centennial  Address,  84. 

Coutant,  C.  G.,  Wyoming,  89. 

Cowan,  R.  E.,  Bibl.  of  Chinese  Question,  560. 

Cowpens,  battle,  309. 

Cox,  I.  J.,  Indian  as  Dipl.  Factor,  355; 
Early  Explor.  of  La.,  366;  La.-Texas 
Frontier,  366;  5.  W.  Boundary  of  Texas, 
440;  Significance  of  La.-Texas  Frontier, 
440. 

Cox,  J.  D.,  Reminiscences,  170. 

Cox,  S.  D.,  Lincoln,  74. 

Cox,  S.  S.,  Three  Decades,  170. 

Coxe,  Brinton,  Judicial  Power,  297. 

Coxe,  Daniel,  Carolana,  79. 

Coxe,  Tench,  Conduct  of  Gt.  Bn.,  369. 

Coxey's  army,  567. 

Craig,  N.  B.,  Exposure,  357. 

Craig,  W.,  N.  Dak.  Life,  531. 

Cranch,  Wm.,  Reports,  154. 

Crandall,  F.  A.,  Checklist,  36. 

Crane,  Stephen,  hist,  novel,  185. 

Crane,  W.  C.,  Sam  Houston,  110. 

Crane,  W.  R.,  Index  of  Mining  Engineer 
ing  Lit.,  504. 

Crane,  W.  W.,  Politics,  325. 

Crawford,  J.  B.,  Credit  Mobilier,  510. 

Crawford,  M.,  Journal,  436. 

Crawford,  S.  T.,  Genesis  of  Civil  War,  472. 

Crawford,  W.  H.,  biog.,  106;    Digest,  134. 

Credit  Mobilier,  504,  510. 

Creek  Indians,  treaty  (1790),  354;  and 
Ga.,  388. 

Creighton,  Louise,  Ralegh,  256. 

Creole  case,  427. 

Cresap,  Michael,  biog.,  106. 

Crevecceur,  St.  John  de,  Letters  and  Lettres, 
93- 

Crew,  H.  W.,  Dayton,  80. 

Crime.  —  See  Punishment,  Reform. 


"Crime  of  '73,"  516. 
Crimean  war,  U.  S.  and,  451. 
Cripple  Creek  strike,  567. 
Crises.  —  See  Panics. 
Crissman,  G.  R.,  Library  Method    13 
Crittenden,  J.  J.,  biog.,  106. 
Crittenden  compromise,  468. 
Crocker,  Chas.,  railroad  builder    504 
Crockett,  David,  Exploits,  170. 
Croly,  Herbert,  Promise  of  Am.  Life,  317; 
Hanna,  540. 

Crosby,  O.  T.,  Strikes,  568. 

Cross,  Answer  to  Brief  State,  271. 

Cross,  A.  L., ^Anglican  Episcopate,  292. 

Crozat,  Antoine,  and  La.,  253.   . 

Crumrine,  Boyd,  Washington  Co.,  82. 

Cuba,  relations  with  U.  S.  (1807-59), 
451;  insurrection  (1868-78),  500;  (1895), 
549;  Span.-Am.  war,  549;  indepen 
dence  and  relations  with  U.  S.,  551. 

Cullom,  S.  M.,  Fifty  Years,  493.     ' 

Gulp,  D.  W.,  Negro  Literature,  537. 

Cumberland,  Md.,  history,  70. 

Cumberland  road,  379. 

Cumings,  S.,  Western  Pilot,  53. 

Cummings,  John,  Poor  Laws,  394. 

Cumulative  Book  Index,  33. 

Cumulative  Book  Review  Digest,  32. 

Cunningham,  Wm.,  Growth  of  Eng.  In 
dustry,  292. 

Cunningham  coal  claims,  545,  577. 

Curley,  E.  A.,  Nebraska,  53. 

Curry,  J.  L.  M.,  Legal  Justification,  465; 
Govt.  of  C.  S.,  473  ;  Negro,  496. 

Curteis,  G.  H.,  Dissent,  273. 

Curtis,  B.  R.  (i),  biog.,  106;   Reports,  155; 

Works,  444. 
:urtis,  B.  R.  (2),  B.  R.  Curtis,  106. 

Curtis,  E.  S.,  Am.  Indian,  506. 
urtis,  Francis,  Repub.  Party,  457. 

Curtis,  G.  T.,  Const.  Hist.,  42;  Buchanan, 
104;  Webster,  120;  Hist,  of  Const.,  304. 

Curtis,  G.  W.,  biog.,  106;  Orations,  164; 
Lotus  Eating,  396;  Potiphar  Papers, 
396;  Early  Letters,  408. 

Curtis,  W.  E.,  U.  S.  and  For.  Powers,  501. 

Curwen,  Samuel,  Journal,  170. 

Curwood,  J.  O.,  Great  Lakes,  532. 

Gushing,  Caleb,  Treaty  of  Washington, 
501. 

Bushman,  Charlotte,  biog.,  394. 

Cussy,  Ferd.  de,  Trails,  52. 

Custer,  E.  B.,  Tenting  on  Plains,  507; 
Boots  and  Saddles,  507;  Following  the 
Guidon,  507 ;  Boy  General,  507. 

duster,  G.  A.,  Life  on  Plains,  507. 

Custer  massacre,  506. 

Cutler,  J.  E.,  Lynch  Law,  377- 

Cutler,  J.  P.,  M.  Cutler,  106. 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  biog.,  106. 

Cutler,  W.  P.,  Ordinance  of  1787,  80;  M. 
Cutler,  106. 

Cutts,  J.  M.,  Brief  Treatise,  170. 

DABNEY,    R.    L.,    Defence    of    Va.,    463; 

Jackson,  467. 
Dabney,  W.  D.,  Public  Regulation  of  Rys., 

Daenell,  Ernst,  Spanier  in  Nordamerika,  40. 


602 


INDEX 


Daggett,  A.  S.,  Am.  in  China  Relief  Expe 
dition,  558. 

Daggett,  John,  Attleborough,  71. 

Daggett,  Stuart,  R.  R.  Reorgan.,  513. 

Dakota,  Resources,  53;  hists.,  65;  terri 
tory,  502 ;  settlement.  530.  —  See  also 
Far  West,  North  Dakota,  Northwest, 
South  Dakota. 

Dale,  Sam.,  biog.,  170. 

Dale's  laws,  259. 

Dall,  W.  H.,  Alaska,  63. 

Dallas,  A.  J.,  biog.,  107 ;  Laws  of  Pa.,  145  ; 
Reports,  151,  154. 

Dallas,  G.  M.,A.J.  Dallas,  107  ;  Letters,  452. 

Dallinger,  F.  W.,  Nominations,  361. 

Dana,  C.  A.,  Grant,  109;  Recollections,  170; 
biog.,  394. 

Dana,  E.,  Bounty  Lands  in  III.,  53;  Geog. 
Sketches,  53. 

Dana,  R.  H.,  biog.,  107;  Wheaton's  Inter 
nal.  Law,  387;  Two  Years  before  the 
Mast,  404. 

Danbury  Hatters'  case,  560,  567. 

Danforth,  H.  G.,  Digest,  156. 

Daniel,  F.  S.,  Richmond  Examiner,  474. 

Daniels,  G.  T.,  California,  547. 

Danish  West  Indies,  attempted  annex.,  500. 

Dankers,  Jaspar,  Journal,  93. 

Darlington,  W.  M.,  Gist's  Journals,  320. 

Darby,  J.  F.,  Recollections,  170. 

Darby,  Wm.,  Emigrants'  Guide,  54;  Geog. 
Description  of  La.,  54;  Tour,  93. 

Darmstaedter,  Paul,  Vereinigten  Staaten,  40. 

Darrow,  J.  W.,  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  512. 

Dartmouth  College  case,  381. 

Dates,  list  of  important,  200-206. 

Dauncey,  Mrs.  C.,  Englishwoman  in  Philip 
pines,  553. 

Davenport,  F.  G.,  Guide,  181. 

Davenport,  F.  M.,  Primitive  Traits,  377. 

Davenport,  John,  in  New  Haven,  282. 

Davenport,  W.  T.,  Bibl.  of  Kelley,  433. 

Davidson,  Alex.,  Illinois,  67. 

Davidson,  Geo.,  Alaska  Boundary,  63; 
Drake's  Anchorage,  257. 

Davidson,  H.  H..,  Reference  History,  31. 

Davidson,  Robt.,  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Ky.,  377- 

Davies,  H.  E.,  Gen.  Sheridan,  117. 

Davis,  A.  M.,  Currency  and  Banking,  287 ; 
Shays  Rebellion,  338;  Nat.  Banking 
System,  479. 

Davis,  C.  A.,  Major  Jack  Downing,  185. 

Davis,  C.  H.,  Coast  Survey,  401. 

Davis,  E.  H.,  Ancient  Monuments,  240. 

Davis,  G.  L.,  Day-Star,  263. 

Davis,  H.  W.,  Speeches,  485. 

Davis,  Horace,  Am.  Constitutions,  314. 

Davis,  J.  C.  B.,  Cases,  155;  Fish  and  Ala 
bama  Claims,  501. 

Davis,  J.  F.,  Index,  133. 

Davis,  J.  P.,  U.  P.  Railway,  505. 

Davis,  J.  T.,  Mining  Law,  435. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  Confed.  Gout.,  42;  biogs., 
107;  and  compromise  (1850),  447; 
resolutions  on  slavery-,  460;  and  seces 
sion  compromise,  468;  as  pres.  of  Con 
federate  States,  472. 

Davis,  John,  Travels,  93. 


Davis,  M.  L.,  Burr,  105. 

Davis,  O.  K.,  Conquests  in  Pacific,  552. 

Davis,  P.  H.,  Football,  583. 

Davis,  P.  M.,  Late  War,  372. 

Davis,  Reuben,  Recollections,  170. 

Davis,  R.  H.,  Cuban  and  Porto  Rican  Cam 
paigns,  551. 

Davis,  V.  J.,  Jefferson  Davis,  107. 

Davis,  W.  B.,  Missouri,  73. 

Davis,  W.  M.,  Continent  of  N.  Am.,  48; 
Physical  Geog.,  48;  Practical  Exercises, 
48;  Govt.  Maps  for  Schools,  48. 

Davis,  W.  T.,  Plymouth,  72. 

Davis,  W.  W.  H.,  New  Mexico,  248. 

Davison,  G.  M.,  Traveller's  Guide,  54. 

Dawes,  A.  L.,  Sumner,  118. 

Dawes,  C.  G.,  Initiative,  574. 

Dawes,  E.  C.,  Ohio  Company,  332. 

Dawson,  G.  F.,  Logan,  113. 

Dawson,  H.  B.,  Battles,  302;  Papers  con 
cerning  Andre,  307;  Trial  of  Smith,  307. 

Dawson,  S.  E.,  Cabots,  255. 

Day,  Clive,  Commerce,  59. 

Day,  J.  R.,  Raid  on  Prosperity,  562. 

Day,  S.  P.,  Down  South,  477. 

Day,  Sherman,  Pennsylvania,  82. 

Dayton,  O.,  history,  80. 

Dealey,  J.  J.,  State  Constitutions,  574. 

Deane,  Chas.,  Slavery  in  Mass.,  328. 

Deane,  Silas,  Papers,  164;   in  France,  308. 

Debates,  use  in  teaching  history,  211. 

Debates  in  Congress,  records,  153. 

De  Bow,  J.  D.  B.,  Indus.  Resources,  402. 

Debs,  E.  V.,  Debs,  569. 

Debs  case,  567. 

Debts  due  British  merchants,  treaty  provi 
sion  and  controversy,  310,  335.  —  See 
also  Public  debt. 

Deckert,  Emil,  Nordamerika,  582. 

Declaration  of  Paris,  451. 

Declaratory  act,  295. 

Declaring  acts  void,  337,  381.  —  See  also 
Judiciary. 

De  Costa,  B.  F.,  Verrazano,  249. 

Dedham,  Mass.,  hist.,  71 ;   records,  139. 

Deep  Waterways  conventions,  530. 

Deerfield,  Mass.,  history,  71. 

Defebaugh,  J.  E.,  Lumber,  400. 

Defectives,  treatment,  391,  582. 

De  Fonblanque,  E.  B.,  Burgoyne,  104. 

De  Forest,  R.  W.,  Tenement  House  Prob 
lem,  583. 

De  Hass,  Wills,  Western  Va.,  87. 

DeKnight,  W.  F.,  Currency,  499. 

Delaware,  hists.,  66;  records  and  statutes, 
133;  hist,  soc.,  159;  settlement,  269; 
as  colony,  271;  ratification,  341;  does 
not  secede,  470;  abolition  of  slavery, 
486.  —  See  also  Colonies,  South,  States. 

Delaware  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 

Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  history,  83. 

Delaware  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Dellenbaugh,  F.  S.,  Breaking  the  Wilder 
ness,  366. 

De  Lolme,  J.  L.,  Eng^ Constitution,  324. 

De  Lome  incident,  549. 

Democratic  party,  beginning,  351;  Loco- 
focos,  428;  Barnburners,  445;  split  on 
slavery,  449;  during  Civil  war,  483; 


DAGGETT— DOUGLASS 


603 


restored  to  control  (1893),  dissensions, 
539.  —  See  also  Elections,  Politics. 

Denison,  Fred.,  Westerly,  293. 

Dennis,  J.  S.,  Christian  Missions,  558; 
Centennial  Survey,  558. 

Dennis,  W.  C.,  Orinoco  Steamship  Case, 
556. 

Denslow,  V.  B.,  Econ.  Philos.,  517. 

Dent,  J.  C.,  Last  Forty  Years,  429. 

Denton,  Daniel,  New  York,  267. 

Denver,  J.  W.,  in  Kansas,  454. 

Denver,  histories,  64,  502. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Wages  of  Farm 
Labor,  509. 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor, 
established,  560,  567;  Agri.  Oppor 
tunities,  578;  Reports,  584;  Bulletins, 
584. 

Department  of  Justice,  Cases  under  Anti 
trust  Law,  565;  Sherman  Law,  565. 
—  See  also  Attorneys-General. 

Department  of  State,  Doc.  Hist,  of  Const., 
156. 

Dependencies,  govt.,  551 ;  status,  552. 

Depew,  C.  M.,  One  Hundred  Years,  399. 

Deposits,  removal  of,  417. 

Derby,  J.  B.,  Reminiscences,  171. 

De  Renne,  W.  J.,  library,  66. 

Desert  Land  acts,  508,  576. 

Desmond,  H.  J.,  Know-Nothing,  410. 

Desty,  Robt.,  Constitution,  156. 

De  Trobriand,  P.  R.,  Four  Years,  477. 

Detroit,  capture,  372. 

Deutscher  Pionier-Verein,  pubs.,  158. 

Dewey,  D.  R.,  Finan.  Hist.,  59;  Banks, 
349;  State  Banking,  429;  National 
Problems,  522. 

Dewey,  Geo.,  in  Philippines,  549 ;  biog.,  550. 

Dewhurst,  W.  W.,  Saint  Augustine,  66. 

De  Witt,  B.  T.,  Legal  Tender,  499. 

De  Witt,  Cornelius,  Jefferson,  in. 

Dewitt,  D.  M.,  Assassination  of  Lincoln, 
484;  Impeachment  of  Johnson,  491. 

Dexter,  E.  G.,  Hist,  of  Educ.,  59. 

Dexter,  F.  B.,  Population,  292. 

Dexter,  H.  M.,  Williams,  120;  Congrega 
tionalism,  273. 

Dexter,  Morton,  England  and  Holland  of 
Puritans,  273. 

Dey,  P.  A.,  R.  R.  Legislation,  513. 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  B.,  Ilistoria,  241. 

Dicey,  A.  V.,  Law  of  Constitution,  350. 

Dicey,  Edward,  Six  Months,  477. 

Dickens,  Chas.,  Am.  Notes,  94. 

Dickinson,  D.  S.,  Speeches,  164. 

Dickinson,  John,  biog.,  107;  Polit.  Writings, 
164 ;  Letters  of  a  Farmer,  296 ;  draft  of 
Articles  of  Confed.,  312. 

Digest  of  U.  S.  Reports,  156. 

Digested  Summary  of  Claims,  36. 

Digests,  select,  of  early  decisions,  150; 
state  and  fed.,  155,  156. 

Dillon,  J.  B.,  Indiana,  67;  Oddities  of 
Colon.  Leg.,  131. 

Dillon,  J.  F.,  Marshall,  382. 

Dimsdale,  T.  J.,  Vigilantes,  502. 

Dingley,  E.  N.,  N.  Dingley,  107. 

Dingley,  Nelson,  biog.,  107. 

Dingley  Tariff  act,  540,  570. 


Dinwiddie,  Robt.,  frontier  builder,.  319; 
Official  Records,  322. 

Diplomatic  Corresp.  of  U.  S.,  156. 

Direct  Legislation  Record,  574. 

Direct  taxation,  under  Adams,  358,  361 ; 
of  Civil  war  period,  478;  refund,  539. 
— See  also  Taxation. 

Discovery,  important  dates,  200;  -pre- 
Columbian,  243 ;  Columbus,  244 ;  com 
panions  and  successors  of  Columbus,  245  ; 
in  Peru  and  Mexico,  247 ;  Span.,  in  U.  S., 
248;  French  voyages,  250;  French,  in 
interior,  252;  Cabot,  255;  Drake's 
voyage,  256;  Amadas  and  Barlow,  257; 
Eng.  voyages  on  N.  Eng.  coast,  258; 
Hudson,  266;  Eng.,  in  interior,  319; 
voyages  on  Pacific  coast,  431 ;  explora 
tion  of  Far  West,  431. 

District  of  Columbia,  location,  348,  353; 
slavery  and  slave  trade  in,  425,  445,  447, 
486. 

Disturnell,  John,  Trip  through  the  Lakes, 
54 ;  Western  Traveller,  54. 

Dix,  D.  L.,  biog.,  107;   and  reform,  391. 

Dix,  J.  A.,  biog.,  107  ;  Speeches,  164. 

Dix,  Morgan,  /.  A.  Dix,  107. 

Dixon,  Arch.,  and  Kan. -Neb.  bill,  453. 

Dixon,   F.   H.,   State  R.   R.   Control,   513; 
R.    R.    Control    in    Neb.,    513;     Mann- 
Elkins  Act,  564. 
'Dixon,  W.  H.,  Penn,  269. 

Document. Catalogue,  37. 

Document  Index,  37. 

Documentary  Hist,  of  Const.,  156. 

Dodd,  S.  C."  T.,  Combinations,  562 ;  Trusts, 
562. 

Dodd,  W.  E.,  Davis,  107;  Macon,  114; 
Statesmen  of  Old  South,  321 ;  Marshall 
and  Va.,  382  ;  Fight  for  Northwest,  461. 

Dodd,  W.  F.,  Stale  Constitutions,  410; 
Govt.  of  D.  C.,  410. 

Doddridge,  Jos.,  Notes,  322. 

Dodge,  G.  M.,  U.  P.  R.  R.,  505. 

Dodge,  Henry,  exploration,  433. 

Dodge,  M.  A.,  Elaine,  104. 

Dodge,  R.  I.,  Indians,  432. 

Dodge,  T.  A.,  Civil  War,  59. 

Donaldson,  Thos.,  Public  Domain,  46. 

Donck,  Adrien  van  der,  Beschrijvinge,  267. 

Dondlinger,  P.  T.,  Wheat,  508. 

Donelson,  Ft.,  capture,  475. 

Dongan,  Thos.,  in  N.  Y.,  267. 

Doniol,  Henri,  Participation,  308. 

Donne,  W.  B.,  Corresp.  of  George  III,  301. 

Doran,  J.  I.,  Fishery  Rights,  543. 

Dorchester,  Mass.,  histories,  72. 

Dorchester  Fishing  Company,  276. 

Dorr,  H.  C.,  Proprietors  of  Providence,  281. 

Dorr  rebellion,  430. 

Doubleday,  Abner,  Ft.  Sumter,  472. 

Dougherty,  J.  H.,  Constitutions  of  N.  Y.,  314- 

Doughty,  A.  G.,  Documents,  150;  Siege  of 
Quebec,  289. 

Douglas,  G.  W.,  Roosevelt,  573. 

Douglas,  S.  A.,  biogs.,  107 ;  Kan.-Neb.  bill, 
453 ;  and  Kan.  struggle,  454 ;  Lincoln 
debates,  460;  campaign  of  1860,  460. 

Douglass,  Fred.,  biogs.,  107,  422;  Life  and 
Times,  171. 


604 


INDEX 


Douglass,  Wm.,  Summary,  59. 

Dover  Public  Library,  List  relating  to 
N.  H.,  74- 

Downie,  Wm.,  Hunting  for  Gold,  436. 

Doyle,  J.  A.,  English  in  Am.,  42. 

Drago  doctrine,  555. 

Drake,  Daniel,  Pioneer  Life  in  Ky.,  68. 

Drake,  F.  S.,  Roxbury,  72;   Knox,  112. 

Drake,  Francis,  voyage,  256,  431. 

Drake,  S.  A.,  Great  West,  59;  N.  Eng. 
Legends,  189;  New  Eng.,  277;  Nooks 
and  Corners,  293 ;  Old  Landmarks,  293  ; 
Hist.  Fields,  302. 

Drake,  S.  G.,  Boston,  71 ;  Five  Years'  War, 
288. 

Drannan,  W.  F.,  Thirty-one  Years,  506; 
Chief  of  Scouts,  506. 

Draper,  j.  W.,  Civil  War,  42. 

Draper,  Lyman,  King's  Mountain,  310. 

Drayton,  John,  Memoirs,  303. 

Dred  Scott  decision,  458. 

Drew,  Benj.,  Refugee,  450. 

Drew,  F.  M.,  Farmers'  Movement,  541. 

Drewry,  W.  S.,  Southampton  Insur.,  422. 

Drinker,  H.  S.,  Interstate  Com.  Act,  524. 

Dry  Farming  Congresses,  Reports,  580. 

Duane,  Jas.,  Territorial  Rights,  338. 

Duane,  Wm.,  Laws  of  U.  S.,  46. 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.,  John  Brown,  104; 
Bibl.  of  Negro  American,  318;  Slave- 
Trade,  327;  Reconstruction,  496;  Negro 
Church,  496;  Negro  in  South,  496; 
Bibl.  of  Am.  Negro,  497 ;  Souls  of  Black 
Folk,  538. 

Du  Bose,  J.  W.,  Yancey,  121. 

Duden,  Gottfried,  Bericht,  94. 

Duden,  Margaret,  Internal  Improvements 
in  Ind.,  401. 

Dudley,  Jos.,  biog.,  107;  as  pres.  of  Mass., 
286. 

Dudley,  Thos.,  biog.,  107;    Letters,  278. 

Duer,  W.  A.,  Stirling,  118;  Outlines,  411; 
Lectures,  411. 

Duflot  de  Mofras,  E.,  Exploration,  433. 

Dugard,  Marie,  Societe  Am.,  582. 

Duke  of  York's  laws,  267. 

Dumont,  Jean,  Corps  Dipt.,  52. 

Dunbar,  C.  F.,  Topics  and  References,  31 ; 
Laws  relating  to  Finance,  349. 

Dunbar,  W.  H.,  Govt.  by  Injunction,  568. 

Duncan,  J.  M.,  Travels,  94. 

Duniway,  A.  S.,  From  West  to  West,  503. 

Duniway,  C.  A.,  Freedom  of  Press,  293; 
Withdrawal  from  Mexico,  .501. 

Dunlap,  Boutwell,  Bibl.  of  Chinese  Ques 
tion,  560. 

Dunlap,  Wm.,  New  York,  305. 

Dunmore's  war,  319. 

Dunn,  J.  P.,  Indiana,  67;  Massacres,  506; 
Mortgage  Evil,  541. 

Dunning,  W.  A.,  Civil  War  and  Reconstruc 
tion,  59;  Reconstruction,  490;  Second 
Birth  of  Repub.  Party,  510. 

Duponceau,  P.  S.,  Hist.  Discourse,  82. 

Du  Quesne,  Ft.,  capture,  289. 

Durand,  D.  D.,  Finance  of  N.  Y.  City,  411. 

Durand,  J.,  Docs,  on  Am.  Rev.,  308. 

Durfee,  Calvin,  Williams  College,  393. 

Durrett,  R.  T.,  Bryant's  Station,  307. 


Durrie,  D.  S.,  Missouri,  73 ;   Madison,  88. 

Dutch  element,  317.  —  See  also  New 
Netherland. 

Dutch  West  India  Co.,  266. 

Duval,  J.  P.,  Compilation,  134. 

Duyckinck,  E.  A.,  Cyclop,  of  Am.  Lit.,  39. 

Dwight,  H.  O.,  Encyc.  of  Missions,  558. 

D  wight,  S.  E.,  Pres.  Edwards,  107. 

Dwjght,  T.  W.,  Report  on  Prisons,  397. 

Dwight,  Theo.  (i),  Jejferson,  in;  Hart 
ford  Convention,  374. 

Dwight,  Theo.  (2),  Northern  Traveller,  54; 
Conn. ,64;  Journals  of  Madam  Knight,  96. 

Dwight,  Timothy,  Travels,  94. 

Dyer,  David,  Albany  Penitentiary,  395. 

Dyer,  Oliver,  Jejferson  Davis,  107. 

E.,  S.,  Further  Queries,  286. 

Eads,  J.  B.,  Tehuantepec  project,  526. 

Earl,  Thos.,  Lundy,  113. 

Earle,  A.  M.,  Margaret  Winthrop,  277; 
Sabbath  in  N.  Eng.,  327  ;  Home  Life,  327. 

Earle,  J.  C.,  Prime  Ministers,  309. 

Earle,  Pliny,  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  397. 

East-Hampton,  L.  I.,  records,  143. 

East  India  Company,  258. 

Eastman,  Crystal,  Work- Accidents,  568. 

Eaton,  A.  W.  H.,  Kings  Co.,  N.  S.,  311. 

Eaton,  Ale,x.,  Street  Railways,  405. 

Eaton,  John,  Grant,  Lincoln,  and  Freedmen, 
496. 

Eaton,  Theophilus,  in  New  Haven,  282. 

Eaton,  W.  P.,  Am.  Stage,  583. 

Eaves,  Lucile,  Cal.  Labor  Legis.,  547. 

Echoes  from  the  South,  474. 

Eckenrode,  H.  J.,  Va.  during  Reconstruc 
tion,  491. 

Economic  Bulletin,  585. 

Economic  conditions,  study,  u;  colon., 
291,  327;  after  War  of  1812,379;  develop 
ment  (1820-60),  398,  405;  in  1845,  443; 
sectional  (1861),  462;  periods  of  depres 
sion,  516,  539;  scientific  business 
management,  577.  —  See  also  Agricul 
ture,  Capital,  Cattle,  Commerce,  Fi 
nances,  Fisheries,  Labor,  Land,  Lumber, 
Manufactures,  Mining,  Natural  re 
sources,  Public  lands,  Slavery,  Social 
conditions,  Trusts. 

Eddis,  Wm.,  Letters,  294. 

Eddy,  A.  J.,  Law  of  Combinations,  562. 

Edes,  Peter,  Diary,  171. 

Edgar,  W.  C.,  Grain  of  Wheat,  400. 

Edginton,  T.  B.,  Monroe  Doctrine,  501. 

Edmonds,  J.  E.,  Civil  War,  475. 

Edmunds,  G.  F.,  Anti-Trust  Law,  525. 

Edmunds  Anti-Polygamy  act,  522,  533. 

Education,  William  and  Mary  College,  261 ; 
in  Plymouth  colony,  275  ;  in  colon.  Mass., 
278,  287 ;  general  colon,  conditions, 
327;  development  (1820-60),  391;  land 
grants  for  agri.  colleges,  508;  in  new 
South,  536;  present  conditions.  581. 

Education,  articles  on  hist,  methods,  20. 

Educational  Review,  articles  on  hist,  meth 
ods,  20. 

Edwards,  Ed.,  Free  Town  Libraries,  392. 

Edwards,  Jon.,  biogs.,  107. 

Edwards,  N.  W.,  Illinois,  376. 


DOUGLASS  —  EXPRESS 


605 


Edwards,  Rich.,  Great  West,  74. 
Edwards,  W.  S.,  The  Yukon,  548. 
Edwards  Co.,  111.,  history,  67. 
Eells,  Myron,  Whitman,  435. 
Egerton,  H.  L.,  Canadian  Const.  Develop 
ment,  150. 

Eggerling,  H.  W.  E.,  Beschreibung,  94. 
Eggleston,  Ed.,  Beginners  of  a  Nation,  59; 

Transit  of  Civilization,  59;    hist,  novels, 

185  ;   Household  History,  327. 
Eggleston,  G.  C.,  Am.  War  Ballads,  190; 

Rebel's  Recollections,  474 ;    Confed.  War, 

476. 

Egle,  W.  H.,  Pennsylvania,  82. 
Egleston,  Melville,  Land  System,  278. 
Egrnont,  Earl  of,  Journal  of  Trustees  of  Ga., 

265. 

Eighty  Years'  Progress,  399. 
Elections,  federal  (1788),  346;   (1792),  351 ; 

(1796),  358;    (1800),  361;     (1804),  363; 

(1808),  370;    (1812),  374;    (1816),  383; 

(1820),  383;    (1824),  388;    (1828),  412; 

(1832),  414;    (1836),  428;    (1840),  430; 

(1844),  439;     (1848),  445;    (1852),  456; 

(1856),  456;    (1860),  460;    (1862),  483; 

(1864),  483;    (1868),  490,  498;    acts  for 

fed.  supervision,  495 ;  (1872),  498;  (1874), 

510;     (1876),    514,    516;      (1880),    520; 

(1884),  521;    Electoral  Count  act,  521; 

(1888),  522;    (1890),  539;    (1892),  539; 

(1894),  539;    (1896),  540;  act  forbidding 

corporation  contributions,  561;     (1900), 

571;    (1904),  571;    (1908),  572;    act  for 

publicity  of  campaign  contributions,  572  ; 

(1910),    570,    572.  —  See    also    Politics, 

Suffrage. 

Electoral  Commission,  514. 
Electoral  Count  act,  521. 
Elementary  School  Teacher,  article  on  hist. 

methods,  20. 
Eliot,  C.  W.,  Am.  Hist.  Docs.,  177;  Future 

of  Trade  Unionism,  567 ;    Individualism 

and  Collectivism,  573;  Am.  Contributions 

to  Civilization,  583 ;    Educ.  for  Efficiency, 

584- 

Eliot,  W.  G.,  Archer  Alexander,  450. 
Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  histories,  75. 
Elkins  Antirebate  act,  560. 
Ellet,  E.  F.,  Women  of  Am.  Rev.,  299. 
Elliot,  C.  B.,  Fisheries,  543. 
Elliot,  Chas.,  Am.  Slavery,  426. 
Elliot,  Howard,  [Ry.]  Cooperation,  564. 
Elliot,  Jon.,  Debates,  156;   Funding  System, 

Elfiott,  C.  W.,  New^Eng.  Hist.,  59. 
Elliott,  E.  B.,  Continuous  Voyages,  369. 
Elliott,  H.  W.,  Arctic  Province,  63;   Report 

on  Alaska,  63. 

Elliott,  Howard,  Montana,  74. 
Elliott,  J.  R.,  Am.  Farms,  513. 
Elliott,  S.  B.,  Sam  Houston,  434. 


Anne  Hutch- 


Ellis,  G.  E.,  Puritan  Age,  71 ;  A 
inson,  no;   Bunker  Hill,  302. 
Ellis,  G.  W.,  King  Philip's  War,  285. 


Ellsworth,  Oliver,  biog.,  107. 
Elmer,  L.  Q.  C.,  Govt.  of  N.  J.,  294;  Consti 
tution  adopted  in  1776,  314. 
Elson,  H.  W.,  United  States,  42. 
Elson,  L.  C.,  Am.  Music,  394- 


Elting,  Irving,  Dutch  Village  Communities 
326. 

Ely,  R.  T.,  Labor  Movement,  406 ;  Evolution 
of  Indus.  Soc.,  561 ;  Monopolies,  562. 

Emancipation,  in  northern  states,  335 ; 
proclamations,  486;  Thirteenth  amend 
ment,  486,  489.  —  See  also  Slavery. 

Embargo  Laws,  369. 

Embargo  of  1807,  370.  — See  also  Neutral 
trade. 

Emergency  Currency  act,  561. 

Emerick,  C.  F.,  Credit  System,  376;  Agri. 
Discontent,  541. 

Emerson,  E.  W.,  R.  W.  Emerson,  107; 
C.  R.  Lowell,  113;  E.  R.  Hoar,  511. 

Emerson,  F.  V.,  Geog.  Influence  in  Distri 
bution  of  Slavery,  353. 

Emerson,  R.  W.,  biogs.,  107. 

Emery,  H.  C.,  Speculation,  562;  New 
Protectionism,  570;  Tariff  Board,  571. 

Emigrants'  Guide,  54. 

Emory,  W.  H.,  Milit.  Reconnaissance,  433. 

Employers' liability,  federal  legislation,  567. 

Encomium  case,  427. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  39. 

Endicott,  C.  M.,  /.  Endicotl,  107. 

Endicott,  John,  biog.,  107;    in  Mass.,  277. 

Enforcement  act,  495. 

Engelhardt,  Z.,  Missions,  435. 

England.  —  See  Great  Britain. 

English,  T.  D.,  Am.  Ballads,  190. 

English,  W.  H.,  Conquest  of  Northwest,  307. 

English  bill,  454. 

Enock,  C.  R.,  Great  Pacific  Coast,  546; 
Farthest  West,  546. 

Epochs  of  Am.  History,  40. 

Erdmann,  Hugo,  Alaska,  546. 

Erie  Co.,  Pa.,  history,  83. 

Erskine,  D.  M.,  Am.  mission,  370. 

Escurial,  treaty  of,  354. 

Essex,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Essex  Institute,  pubs.,  160. 

Estaing,  Comte  d',  in  Am.  Rev.,  308. 

Evans,  C.  H.,  Exports,  518. 

Evans,  Chas.,  Am.  Bibl.,  32. 

Evans,  R.  D.,  Sailor's  Log,  550. 

Everett,  Ed.,  Orations,  164. 

Everha.rt,E\lrid&,HandbookofU.S.Docs.,3S. 

Examinations,  classroom  tests,  214;  oral, 
214;  formal  written,  215. 

Excise.  —  See  Internal  revenue. 

Executive,  list  of  presidents,  204,  205; 
under  Confederation,  329;  organization 
under  constitution,  346;  state  (1820- 
60),  409;  Jackson  and  Congress,  418; 
of  Confed.  States,  472;  arbitrary  govt. 
during  Civil  war,  483;  Johnson  and 
Congress,  489;  Presidential  Succession 
act,  521.  —  See  also  Civil  service, 
Elections,  Government,  and  presidents 
by  name. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 

Expatriation,  controversy,  500. 

Expenditures,  early  fed.,  348;  under 
Jefferson,  363;  Jackson's  policy,  412; 
of  Civil  war  period,  478.  —  See  also 
Finances,  Surplus. 

Explorations.  —  See  Discovery. 

Express  business,  rise,  399;   pony,  505. 


6o6 


INDEX 


PAGAN,  J.  O.,  Labor  and  Railroads,  567. 

Pagan,  W.  L.,  Southern  War  Songs,  477. 

Fairbanks,  G.  R.,  Florida,  66. 

Fairchild,  H.  L.,  Travels  of  John  Lincklaen, 
97- 

Fairchild,  H.  P.,  Immigration  and  Crises, 
528;  Greek  Immigration,  529. 

Fairchild,  J.  H.,  Oberlin,  393- 

Fairlie,  J.  A.,  Munic.  Admin.,  411 ;  Essays 
in  Munic.  Admin.,  574. 

Faithfull,  Emily,  Three  Visits,  94. 

Falconer,  Thos.,  Oregon  Question,  438. 

Fanning,  C.  E.,  Elec.  of  Senators,  576; 
Direct  Primaries,  576. 

Far  West,  exploration,  431 ;  trade  and 
settlement  to  1850,  433;  development 
of  mining  frontier,  502 ;  agri.  extension, 
508;  development,  of  farther  North 
west,  530;  and  of  Gt.  Plains  and  South 
west,  533.  —  See  also  Pacific  coast. 

Farmer,  John,  Collections,  75. 

Farmers.  —  See  Agriculture. 

Farmers'  Alliance,  523. 

Farragut,  D.  G.,  biogs.,  108. 

Farragut,  Loyall,  D.  G.  Farragut,  108. 

Farrand,  L.,  Basis  of  Am.  Hist.,  236. 

Farrand,  Max,  Records  of  Fed.  Convention, 
177;  Indian  Boundary  Line,  321;  West 
and  Rev.,  321 ;  Legis.  for  Territories,  331 ; 
Compromises,  340;  Judiciary  Act,  361. 

Farrar,  C.  S.,  The  War,  465. 

Faust,  A.  B.,  German  Element,  59. 

Faux,  Wm.,  Memorable  Days,  94. 

Fay,  Benj.,  Slave-Keeping,  328. 

Fearon,  H.  B.,  Sketches  of  Am.,  94- 

Featherstonhaugh,  G.  W.,  Excursion,  94. 

Federal  constitution,  important  dates  in 
development,  202,  203;  framing  conven 
tion,  339;  ratification,  341;  theories, 
343;  organ,  of  govt.  under,  346;  im 
plied  powers,  350;  Va.  and  Ky.  resolu 
tions,  360 ;  and  annexations,  365 ; 
Hartford  Convention,  374;  development 
by  Supreme  court,  381;  territory  and 
slavery  questions,  385,  445,  458;  nulli 
fication,  415;  fugitive  slaves  question, 
449;  secession,  464;  compared  with 
that  of  Confed.  States,  472;  reconstruc 
tion,  489;  dependencies,  551.  —  See  also 
Government,  Supreme  court. 

Federal  Convention,  339. 

Federal  Reporter  Digest,  156. 

Federalist,  341,  343. 

Federalist  party,  beginning,  341,  351 ; 
fall  from  power,  361 ;  as  opposition,  363, 
365,  370,  374;  disappearance,  383. — 
See  also  Elections,  Politics. 

Fedix,  M.,  Oregon,  81. 

Fehlandt,  A.  F.,  Drink  Reform,  394. 

Felt,  J.  B.,  Eccl.  Hist,  of  N.  Eng.,  59; 
Ipswich,  72  ;  Salem,  72  ;  Mass.  Currency, 
287  ;  Customs  ofN.  Eng.,  293. 

Fenian  movement,  500. 

Fenton,  H.  T.,  Am.  Politics,  177. 

Fergus,  Robt.,  Chicago  River  Convention,  405. 

Ferguson,  H.  A.  V.,  Ft.  Benton,  502. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  Plants  of  Wineland,  243. 

Fernow,  B.  E.,  Forestry,  579;  Economics  of 
Forestry,  579. 


Fernow,  Bertbold,  Ohio  Valley,  80;  Records 
of  New  Amsterdam,  143. 

Ferrall,  S.  A.,  Ramble,  94. 

Ferrelo,  Bart.,  voyage,  431. 

Ferris,  Benj.,  Settlements  on  the  Delaware,  66. 

Fertig,  J.  W.,  Secession  in  Tenn.,  491. 

Fessenden,  Francis,  W.  P.  Fessenden,  108. 

Fessenden,  W.  P.,  biog.,  108;  as  sec.  of 
treasury,  478. 

Ficklen,  J.  R.,  Louisiana,  69;  Reconstruc 
tion  in  La.,  491. 

Fidler,  Isaac,  Observations,  94. 

Field,  D.  D.,  biog.,  108. 

Field,  E.  W.,  Correspondence,  482. 

Field,  Ed.,  Colon.  Taverns,  327. 

Field,  H.  M.,  D.  D.  Field,  108;  Atlantic 
Telegraph,  402. 

Field,  T.  W.,  Battle  of  Long  Island,  305. 

Fielder,  Herbert,  /.  E.  Brown,  492. 

Fifteenth  amendment,  495. 

Filmer,  Robt.,  Patriarcha,  297. 

Filmore,  Millard,  Papers,  164;  president, 
447;  and  compromise,  447;  in  campaign 
of  1856,  456. 

Filson  Club,  pubs.,  159. 

Finances,  of  Am.  Rev.,  312;  of  Confedera 
tion,  333;  organ,  and  early  years  under 
constitution,  348,  355;  under  Jefferson, 
363;  of  War  of  1812,  372;  reorgan.  after 
war,  379;  state  (1820-60),  409;  Whig 
plans  and  Tyler's  vetoes,  430;  effect  of 
gold  discoveries,  434,  502;  conditions 
(1845-48),  443;  of  Confed.  States,  472; 
northern,  during  Civil  war,  478;  post- 
bellum  reconstruction,  498;  depression 
(1873-78),  516;  .(1890-96),  539. —See 
also  Banks,  Capital,  Economic  condi 
tions,  Expenditures,  Money,  Panics, 
Public  debts,  Revenue,  Surplus,  Taxation, 
Trusts. 

Finch,  J.  A.,  Fed.  Anti-Trust  Decisions,  565. 

Finch,  John,  Travels,  94. 

Findley,  Wm.,  Insurrection,  338. 

Finerty,  J.  F.,  War  Path,  507. 

Fink,  Henry,  Regulation  of  Ry.  Rates,  565. 

Finney,  C.  G.,  biog.,  394;    Memoirs,  397. 

Fischer,  Theobald,  Raccolta,  238. 

Fish,  C.  R.,  Syllabus,  31;  Guide  to  Roman 
Archives,  181 ;  Civil  Service,  347;  EC  on. 
Hist.  ofWis.,  518. 

Fisher,  G.  P.,  Colonial  Era,  40. 

Fisher,  Irving,  Purchasing  Power  of  Money, 
579- 

Fisher,  R.  S.,  Statis.  Gazetteer,  54;  Am. 
Statis.  Annual,  54. 

Fisher,  Sidney  G.,  Trial  of  Constitution,  421. 

Fisher,  Sydney  G.,  Franklin,  108;  Penn, 
269;  Making  of  Pa.,  270;  Struggle  for 
Am.  Independence,  291 ;  Evolution  of 
Const.,  324. 

Fisher,  W.  C.,  Am.  Trade  Regulations 
before  1781),  336. 

Fisher,  W.  L.,  Alaska  Coal,  548. 

Fisheries,  treaty  of  1783,  310;  colon.,  327; 
convention  (1818),  379;  development 
(1820-60),  398;  controversy  and  reci 
procity  treaty  (1854),  451;  Halifax 
commission,  500;  renewal  of  controversy 
and  draft  treaties  (1885-88),  543; 


FAGAN  — FOWKE 


607 


modus  mvendi,  543  ;  arbitration  by  Hague 

tribunal,  555. — See  also  Fur  seals. 
Fisk,  G.  M.,  Payne-Aldrich  Tariff,  570. 
Fiske,    John,    Appletons'    Cyclop,    of  Am. 

Biog.,  40;    Discovery,  42;    Old  Virginia, 

42  ;  New  England,  42 ;   Dutch  and  Quaker 

Colonies,    42;     New    France,    42;     Am. 

Revolution,     42;      Critical     Period,     42; 

Mississippi  Valley,  42;    New  World,  42. 
Fite,  E.  D.,   Pres.  Election  of  1860,  458; 

Soc.  and  Econ.  Conditions,  484. 
Fithian,  P.  V.,  Journal,  171. 
Fitzhugh,  Geo.,  Cannibals  All,  422. 
Fitzmaurice,     Edmond,    Shelburne,     117; 

Granville,  501. 
Flack,  H.  E.,  Fourteenth  Amendment,  490; 

Span.-Am.  Dipl.,  550. 
Flagg,  C.  A.,  Ref.  List  of  Conn.  Local  Hist., 

64;     Guide    to    Mass.    Local    Hist.,    71: 

Bibl.  ofN.  Y.  Colon.  Hist.,  76. 
Flagg,  W.  C.,  Farmers'  Movement,  513. 
Flanders,  Henry,  Chief  Justices,  329. 
Flatbush,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 
Fleming,  H.  E.,  Magazines,  394. 
Fleming,  W.  L.,  Doc.  Hist,  of  Reconstruc 
tion,  177;    Civil  War  and  Reconstruction 

in  Ala.,  473  ;  Reorgan.  of  Indus.  System  in 

Ala.,  537. 

Fletcher,  Francis,  World  Encompassed,  257. 
Fletcher,  H.  C.,  Am.  War,  463. 
Fletcher,  W.I.,A.L.A.  Index,  32 ;.  Poole's 

Index,  33. 

Fletcher  v.  Peck,  381. 
Flexner,  Ab.,  Am.  College,  584. 
Flick,  A.  C.,  Loyalism,  311. 
Fling,  F.  M.,  Studies  in  History,  17. 
Flint,  C.  L.,  100  Years'  Progress,  377. 
Flint,  C.  R.,  Indus.  Combinations,  562. 
Flint,  M.  B.,  Long  Island,  77. 
Flint,  T.t  Miss.  Valley,  54;  Geog.  and  Hist. 

of  Western  States,  376. 
Flom,  G.  T.,  Norweg.  Immigration,  392. 
Florida,  hists.,  66;    records  and  statutes, 

133;     hist,   soc.,    159;     discovery,    248; 

settlement,  250;  annex.,  383;  admission, 

409 ;  secession,  466 ;  reconstruction,  490. 

—  See  also  South,  States,  West  Fla. 
Florida  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 
Flower,  Geo.,  Edwards  Co.,  III.,  67. 
Floyd,  J.  B.,  resignation,  468. 
Flushing,  L.  I.,  history,  294. 
Flynt,  Josiah.  —  See  Willard  (J.  F.). 
Foerster,  R.  F.,  Hal.  Emigration,  529. 
Fogg,  E.  F.,  Italian  on  the  Land,  529. 
Foley,  Henry,  [Jesuit]  Records,  262. 
Folks,  Homer,  Destitute  Children,  395. 
Follett,  M.  P.,  Speaker,  347. 
Folsom,  Geo.,Saco,  283. 
Folwell,  W.  W.,  Minnesota,  73. 
Foot,  S.  A.,  Dred  Scott,  458. 
Foote,  H.  S.,  Texas,  85. 
Foote,  W.  H.,  N.  C.,  79;   Fa.,  87. 
Foraker  act,  551. 
Forbes,  J.  G.,  Floridas,  66. 
Forbes,  J.  M.,  biog.,  402 ;   Letters,  404. 
Forbes,  R.  B.,  Reminiscences,  404. 
Forbes,  W.  C.,  Decade  of  Am.  Rule,  554. 
Forbes-Lindsay,     C.     H.,    Panama,    526; 

Philippines,  552. 


Force,  M.  E.,  Gen.  Sherman,  118. 
Force,  Peter,  National  Calendar,  54;    Am 
Archives,  156;   Tracts,  177. 

Force  bill  (1875),  495;    (1890),  539. 

Ford,  A.  C.,  Colon.  Precedents  of  Land 
System,  59. 

Ford,  H.  A.,  Cincinnati,  80. 

Ford,  H.  J.,  Am.  Politics,  59. 

Ford,  K.  B.,  Cincinnati,  80. 

Ford,  P.  L.,  Check  List  of  Bibls.,  28;  Pam 
phlets  on  Constitution,  30;  Franklin  Bibl., 
108;  Franklin,  108;  Washington,  120; 
ed.  of  Dickinson's  Writings,  164';  of 
Jefferson's  Writings,  166;  hist,  novel, 
185;  Bibl.  of  Constitution,  34  is  Essays 
on  Constitution,  343;  Bibl.  Hamil- 
toniana,  349. 

Ford,  Thos.,  III.,  67  ;   admin.,  401. 

Ford,  W.  C.,  Washington,  120;  ed.  of 
Washington's  Writings,  167;  Washington 
as  Employer,  328;  Adams  and  Monroe 
Doctrine,  388;  Legal  Tender  Decision, 
499;  Movement  of  Gold,  540. 

Fordham,  E.  P.,  Narrative,  94. 

Foreign  relations,  expectancy  of  South 
(1861),  462;  right  of  expatriation,  500; 
Algeciras  conference,  555. — See  also 
Annexations,  Arbitration,  Boundaries, 
International  peace,  Isthmian  transit, 
Latin-Am.,  Reciprocity,  Treaties,  and 
nations  and  wars  by  name. 

Foreign  Relations,  501;   General  Index,  501. 

Foreman,  John,  Philippine  Islands,  552. 

Forestry,  forest  reserves,  576;  Forestry 
Service,  Pinchpt,  576.  —  Seealso Lumber. 

Forestry  and  Irrigation,  580. 

Forestry  Quarterly,  581. 

Forman,  S.  F.,  Freneau,  352. 

Forman,  S.  S.,  Journey,  377. 

Formby,  John,  Am.  Civil  War,  463. 

Forney,  J.  W.,  Anecdotes,  171. 

Forrest,  Edwin,  biog.,  394. 

Forrest,  W.  S.,  Norfolk,  87. 

Forster,  W.  E.,  Penn  and  Macaulay,  270. 

Forsyth,  G.  A.,  Story  of  the  Soldier,  506. 

Forsyth,  Wm.,  Cases,  150. 

Fort  Wayne,  history,  67. 

Fort  Harmar  treaty,  354. 

Fort  Stanwix  treaty,  319. 

Fortescue,  G.  K.,  Subject  Index,  34. 

Fortescue,  J.  W.,  British  Army,  302. 

Fortier,  Alcee,  Louisiana,  69. 

Fosdick,  L.  J.,  French  Blood,  318. 

Fossett,  Frank,  Colorado,  504. 

Foster  A.  J.,  Am.  mission,  370. 


Foster 
Foster 
Foster 
Foster 
Foster 


Arthur,  Digest,  134. 
B.  F.,  Merchant's  Manual,  408. 
F.  H.,  Seminary  Method,  17. 
H.  !).,  Benninglon,  306. 
J.   W.,  Am.   Dipl.   in  Orient,  59; 


Century  of  Am.  Dipl.,  59;  Dipl.  Memoirs, 
545;  Arbitration  and  Hague  Court,  555. 

Foster,  W.  E.,  5.  Hopkins,  no;  References 
to  Const.,  315  ;  Town  Govt.,  326. 

Foster,  W.  T.,  Admin,  of  College  Curric 
ulum,  584. 

Foulke,  W.  D.,  Morion,  115- 

Fourteenth  amendment,  489. 

Fowke,  Gerard,  Stone  Age,  240. 


6o8 


INDEX 


Fowler,  Jacob,  Journal,  94. 

Fowler,  John,  Journal,  94. 

Fox,  C.  J.,  biogs.,  108;  and  peace,  310; 
Speeches,  311. 

Fox,  Chas.,  Text  Book  of  Agri.,  403. 

Fox,  G.  V.,  on  Columbus's  landfall,  244. 

Fox,  Geo.,  biog.,  108;  Quaker,  269. 

Fox,  W.  F.,  Lumber,  400. 

France,  G.  W.,  Struggles,  532. 

France,  Am.  explorations  and  settlements, 
249-254;  wars  for  Canada,  288,  289; 
in  Am.  Rev.,  308;  in  peace  negotia 
tions,  310;  relations  with  Confederation, 
336;  relations  with  U.  S.  during  French 
Rev.,  554 ;  X.  Y.  Z.  mission  and  war,  358 ; 
sale  of  La.,  365;  neutral  trade  contro 
versy,  368,  370;  spoliation  claims,  388, 
412 ;  and  Civil  war,  462,  480;  in  Mexico, 
480,  500. 

Franchere,  Gabriel,  Voyage  to  the  Northwest 
Coast,  81. 

Frankland,  C.  H.,  biog.,  293. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  biogs.,  108;  bibl., 
108;  Calendar  of  Papers,  164;  List  of 
Papers,  164;  Life  and  Writings,  165; 
Works,  165;  Writings,  165;  Autobiog., 
171;  Life,  171;  examination  (1775^, 
296 ;  Hutchinson  letters,  302 ;  in 
France,  308;  peace  negotiations,  310; 
draft  of  Articles  of  Confed.,  312;  and 
western  land  cos.,  322. 

Franklin,  F.  G.,  Naturalization,  410. 

Franklin  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  78. 

Franklin,  State  of,  337. 

Franz,  Alex.,  Kolonisation  des  Missis- 
sippitales,  69. 

Frederic,  Harold,  hist,  novel,  185. 

Fredericksburg,  battle,  475. 

Fredonian  war,  433. 

Free  Democrats,  449,  456. 

Free  Soil  party,  445. 

Freedmen's  Bureau,  489. 

Freeman,  D.  A.,  Calendar  0f  Confed.  Papers, 

Freeman,  E.  A.,  Methods,  18;  Some  Im 
pressions  of  U.  S.,  95  ;  Eng.  Constitution, 
324. 

Freeman,  Fred.,  Cape  Cod,  71. 

Freer,  W.  B.,  Philippine  Experiences,  553. 

Frelinghuysen,  F.  T.,  canal  dipl.,  526. 

Fremantle,  A.  J.,  Three  Months,  477. 

Fremont,  J.  C.,  Exploring  Expedition,  95; 
Report,  95;  Memoirs,  95;  exploration, 
432 ;  in  Cal.,  434;  campaign  of  1856,  456. 

French,  Alice,  hist,  novel,  185. 

French,  B.  F.,  Hist.  Collections  of  La.,  69; 
Hist.  Collections  of  La.  and  Fla.,  69. 

French,  Geo.,  New  England,  582. 

French,  W.  H.,  Index  of  Claims,  37. 

French  and  Indian  war,  288,  289. 

French  decrees,  369,  370. 

French  element,  317. 

French  spoliation  claims,  358,  388,  412. 

Freneau.  Philip,  biog.,  352. 

Friedenwald,  Herbert,  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence,  304. 

Friars'  Lands  agreement,  551. 

Fries's  insurrection,  361. 

Froebel,  Julius,  A  Travers  I' Am.,  95. 


Frontenac,  Ft.,  capture,  289. 
Frontier.  —  See  West. 
Frontier  posts,  330,  354. 
Frost,  J.  H.,  Ten  Years,  171. 
Frothingham,  O.  B,  Parker,  115;    Gerrit 

Smith,  118. 
Frothingham,  Rich.,  Rise  of  Republic,  59; 

Charlestown,  71;    Warren,  119;    Siege  'oj 

Boston,  302. 

Froude,  J.  A.,  Eng.  Seamen,  256. 
Fruit  raising  (1820-60),  398;  in  Northwest, 

530;   in  .South,  536. 
Fry,  F.,  Traveler's  Guide,  503. 
Fry,  Henry,  N.  Atlantic  Steam  Nav.,  518. 
Fry,  W.  H.,  New  Hampshire,  75. 
Fugitive    slaves,    in    colon,    times,    327; 

under  Confederation,  334;   first  fed.  act, 

353  ;  new  bills,  385  ;  conditions  and  cases 

before    1850,    426;     act   of    1850,    447; 

agitation  and  cases  under  new  act,  449; 

personal  liberty  acts,  449 ;   status  during 

Civil  war,  485;    repeal  of  act  of    1850, 

486.  —  See  also  Slavery. 
Fulda,  Ludwig,  Am.  Eindrilcke,  582. 
Fuller,  H.  B.,  Purchase  of  Fla.,  66;  Speakers, 

Fuller,  Thos.,  Church  History,  273. 
Fulmore,  Z.  T.,  Annex,  and  Mex.  War,  440. 
Fulton,  Robt.,  biogs.,  108,  401. 
Fundamental  Articles  of  New  Haven,  282. 
Fundamental  Constitutions,  264. 
Fundamental  Orders  of  Conn.,  281. 
Funston,  Fred.,  Memories,  550. 
Fur    seals,    controversy    and    arbitration, 

Fur  trade  in  Far  West,  432. 
Furnam,  Gabriel,  Brooklyn,  77 ;    Antiqui 
ties  of  L.  L,  77. 

GADSDEN  PURCHASE,  442. 

Gaffarel,  Paul,  Floride  Franqaise,  66; 
Decouverle,  243;  Bresil,  250. 

Gag  resolutions,  425. 

Gaine,  Hugh,  Universal  Register,  54. 

Gale,  A.  L.,  Bryan,  104. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  biogs.,  108;  Writings, 
165;  and  finances,  357,  363;  report  on 
internal  improvements,  379;  Memorial, 
417;  Northeastern  Boundary,  437. 

Gallaudet,  E.  M.,  T.  H.  Gallaudet,  395- 

Gallaudet,  T.  H.,  biog.,  395- 

Galloway,  Jos.,  Candid  Examination,  311. 

Galton,  Douglas,  Report  on  Rys.,  404. 

Gamble,  Thos.,  Savannah,  134. 

Gambrall,  T.  C.,  Church  in  Md.,  294. 

Gambrill,  J.  M.,  Bibl.  of  History,  30. 

Gannett,  Henry,  Boundaries,  46;  Place 
Names,  46;  Maps  of  U.  S.,  49!  Scrib- 
ner's  Statistical  Atlas,  50;  state  registers, 
53;  Mother  Maps,  317;  Building  of  a 
Nation,  392. 

Ganong,  W.  F.,  Boundaries  of  N.  B.,  437. 

Garces,  Francisco,  diary,  93. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  Commentaries,  248. 

Garcon,  Aug.,  Canal  de  Panama,  526. 

Garden,  Alex.,  Anecdotes,  171. 

Garden,  G.  de,  Traites,  52. 

Gardiner,  S.  R.,  England,  273;  Docs,  of 
Puritan  Rev.,  297;  Students'  Hist.,  324. 


FOWLER  — GOMEZ 


609 


Garfield,  J.  A.,  biogs.,  108;  Works,  165; 
election,  520;  assassination,  520. 

Garland,  H.  A.,  Randolph,  117. 

Garland,  Hamlin,  Grant,  100 ;  hist,  novel, 
1 86. 

Garneau,  F.  X.,  Canada,  252. 

Garner,  J.  W.,  U.  S.,  42;  Fourteenth 
Amendment,  490;  Reconstruction  in 
Miss.,  491. 

Garrett,  W.  R.,  Term.,  85;  5.  C.  Land 
Cession,  313. 

Garrison,  F.  J.,  W.  L.  Garrison,  108. 

Garrison,  G.  P.,  Texas,  85;  Westward 
Extension,  429 ;  Dipl.  Corresp.  of  Texas, 
441. 

Garrison,  W.  L.,  biogs.,  108;  Selections, 
423 ;  abolition  movement,  423. 

Garrison,  W.  P.,  W.  L.  Garrison,  108. 

Gasparin,  A.  E.  de,  Uprising,  463. 

Gaspee,  burning,  298. 

Gaulot,  Paul,  Expedition  du  Mex.,  501. 

Gay,  S.  H.,  U.  S.,  41 ;   Madison,  334. 

Gayarre,  Chas.,  Louisiane  and  Louisiana, 
69;  hist,  novel,  186. 

Gazetteers,  53-56. 

Geary,  J.  W.,  in  Kansas,  454. 

Geary  law,  557. 

Gee,  Joshua,  Trade  of  Gt.  Bn.,  292. 

General  Collection  of  Treatys,  52. 

General  Personal  Index  of  Journals,  36. 

Genet,  E.  C.,  Am.  mission,  354;  Corresp., 
356. 

Geographies,  53-56. 

Geography.  —  See  Discovery,  Historical 
geography,  Maps,  Physical  geography, 
Territory. 

Geological  Survey,  work  and  pubs.,  47; 
topqg.  and  special  maps,  49;  Irrigation 
Division,  576;  Forest  Reserves,  581. 

Geology.  —  See  Physical  geography. 

George  III,  Corresp.  with  North,  301. 

George,  Henry,  Our  Land  and  Land  Policy, 
509 ;  Progress  and  Poverty,  509 ;  single 
tax  movement,  523;  biog.,  524. 

George,  Henry,  Jr.,  H.  George,  524. 

George,  Staughton,  Duke  of  Yorke's  Laws, 
145  ;  Charter  to  Penn,  145. 

Georgia,  bibl.,  66;  hists.,  66,  67;  records 
and  statutes,  134;  hist,  soc.,  159;  char 
ter  and  settlement,  265  ;  royal  province, 
265;  conditions  (1760),  295;  western 
claim,  312,  330;  boundary,  337;  ratifi 
cation,  341 ;  and  Indians,  354,  388,  419; 
Yazoo  grants,  375;  secession,  466;  re 
construction,  490,  495 ;  whites  regain 
control,  495.  — See  also  Colonies,  South, 
States. 

Georgia  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Gephart,  W.  F.,   Transportation,  376. 

Gerard,  J.  W.,  Peace  of  Utrecht,  52. 

Germain,  Lord  Geo.,  corresp.,  3135. 

German  element,  317;    on  frontier,  319. 

Germany,  and  expatriation,  500;  Samoa, 
543;  and  Span. -Am.  war,  549. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  biog.,  108;  Some  Letters, 
359- 

Gerstner,  C.  von,  Beschreibung,  95. 

Gettysburg,  battle,  475. 

Ghent,  treaty  of,  372. 


Gibbes,  W.  R.,  Doc.  History,  30? 
Gibbons,  J.  S.,  National  Loans,  499. 
Gibbons  v.  Ogden,  381. 
Gibbs,  Geo.,  Administrations  of  Washing 
ton  and  Adams,  103. 


Giddings,  J.  R.,  biog.,  109;   Speeches,  165; 

antislavery  congressman,  425;   censure, 

425. 
Giesecke,   A.   A.,  Am.   Commercial  Legis. 

before  1789,  59. 

Gihon,  J.  H.,  Geary  and  Kansas,  455. 
Gilbert,  F.  T.,  Resources  of  Man.,  532. 
Gilbert,  Humphrey,  voyage,  256. 
Gilbert,  J.   H.,   Trade  in  Early  Ore.,  435. 
Gilchrist,  B.  B.,  Mary  Lyon,  393. 
Gilder,  R.  W.,  Cleveland,  106. 
Giles,  F.  W.,  Topeka,  68. 
Giles  resolutions,  357. 
Gillespie,  W.  W.,  Road  Making,  404. 
Gillet,  R.  H.,  Democracy,  497. 
Gilman,  Caroline,  Recollections,  171;    hist. 

novel,  186. 
Gilman,  D.  C.,  New  Internal.  Encyc.,  39; 

Monroe,  114. 

Gilman,  M.  D.,  Bibl.  of  Vt.,  86. 
Gilmer,    J.    H.,    Southern    Politics,    474; 

Confed.  States  vs.  Gilmer,  474.. 
Gilmore,  J.  R.,  Rear-Guard,  85 ;  Sevier,  85 ; 

Advance-Guard,  85. 

Gilpin,  H.  D.,  ed.  of  Madison's  Papers,  166. 
Girard,    C.,    Etals   Confed.,   474. 
Girardin,  L.  H.,  Burk's  Va.,  310. 
Gist,  Christopher,  Journals,  95;    explora 
tions,  319. 
Gladstone,  T.  H.,  Englishman  in  Kansas, 

Gladstone,  W.  E.,  Vaticanism,  263;  biog., 
501. 

Glasson,  W.  H.,  Milit.  Pension  Legis.,  541. 

Glen,  Jas.,  Description  of  S.  C.,  84;  An 
swers,  295. 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Gneist,  R.,  Eng.  Parliament,  324. 

Gobright,  L.  A.,  Recollections,  171. 

Goddard,  H.  P.,  Luther  Martin,  114. 

Goddard,  S.  A.,  Letters,  482. 

Goddard,  T.  A.,  Banks,  414. 

Godey's  Lady's  Book,  396. 

Godkin,  E.  L.,  biog.,  109;    Problems,  522. 

Godwin,  Parke,  Chas.  Fourier,  408. 

Goethals,  G.  W.,  Panama  canal,  554- 

Gohier,  Urbain,  Peuple  du  XXe  Siecle  aux 
Etats  Unis,  582. 

Gold,  Cal.,  discovery  and  effect,  434;  later 
discoveries,  502 ;  speculation,  Black 
Friday,  498;  drain  on  reserve,  539; 
standard,  540.  —  See  also  Money. 

Gold  Democrats,  540. 

Gold  Standard  act,  540. 

Goldmark,  J.,  Child  Labor  Legis.,  568. 

Goldsmith,  Lewis,  Exposition,  359. 

Gomara,  F.  L.  de,  Conquista  de  Mexico, 
247. 

Gomez,  Estevan,  voyage,  248. 

G6mez  Nunez,  S.,  Guerra  Bispano-Am., 
550. 


6io 


INDEX 


Gompers,    Samuel,    contempt    case,    560; 

and  Am.  Federation  of  Labor,  567. 
Gonnard,    Rene,    Emigration   Europeenne, 

528. 

Good  Government,  511. 
Goode,  G.    B.,    Smithsonian    Instn.   392; 

Nat.  Institutions,  392;    Fisheries,  400. 
Goode,  W.  A.  M.,  With  Sampson,  55°- 
Goodell,   Win.,   Slavery   and   Anti-Slavery, 

327;   Am.  Slave  Code,  422;    Views,  426. 
Goodnow,  F.  J.,  City  GOT/.,  411;    Munic. 

Problems,     411;      Social     Reform     and 

Constitution,  575. 
Goodpasture,  A.  V.,  Tenn.,  85;    Watauga 

Assoc.,  320. 

Goodrich,  De  Witt,  Indiana,  68. 
Goodrich,  S.  G.,  Recollections,  171. 
Goodrich-Bishop  episode,  363. 
Goodwin,  D.  R.,  Slavery,  422. 
Goodwin,    F.    P.,    Growth    of   Ohio,    376; 

Miami  Country,  376. 
Goodwin,  J.  A.,  Pilgrim  Republic,  72. 
Goodwin,   T.    S.,   Natural   History  of  Se 
cession,  463. 

Gordillo,  Francisco,  voyage,  248. 
Gordon,  A.  C.,  hist,  novel,  186. 
Gordon,  Clarence,  Cattle,  Sheep,  and 

Swine,  535. 

Gordon,  G.  H.,  War  Diary,  477. 
Gordon,  J.  H.,  ///.  Ry.  Legis.,  513. 
Gordon,   T.   F.,  N.   /.,    75;    Gazetteer   of 

N.  Y.,  76;   Pa.,  82. 
Gordon,  Wm.,  Am.  Revolution,  296. 
Gordy,   J.   P.,   Polil.   Hist,  of  U.   S.,   595 

Normal  School  Idea,  393. 
Gordy,    W.    F.,    U.    S.  for    Schools,    13; 

Pathfinder,  18. 
Gorges,    Ferdinando,     275;      grant,     276; 

Brief e  Relation,  276;  Brief e  Narration,  276. 
Gorges,  Robt.,  grant,  275;  colony,  276. 
Gorges  Society,  publications,  177. 
Gorham,  G.  C.,  Stanton,  118. 
Gorton,  Samuel,  biog.,  109;  in  R.  I.,  281; 

Simplicities  Defence,  281. 
Gosnold,  Bart.,  voyage,  258. 
Goss,  E.  H.,  Revere,  117. 
Goss,  J.  D.,  Tariff  Admin.,  357. 
Gouge,  W.  M.,  Fiscal  Hist,   of  Texas,  85; 

Paper  Money,  414. 
Gough,  John,  Quakers,  284. 
Gould,  B.  A.,  Investigations,  236. 
Gould,  E.  W.,  Fifty  Years,  171. 
Gould,  J.  M.,  Income  Tax,  541. 
Gould,  Jay,  Delaware   Co.,  77;     strike  on 


/stem,  523. 

Goulder,  W.  A.,  Reminiscences,  503. 

Gourges,  Dominic  de,  in  Fla.,  250. 

Government,  Va.  under  charter  and  crown, 
259,260;  Md.,  262 ;  Carolina,  264;  Ga., 
265;  N.  Neth.,  266;  N.  Y.,  267;  N.  J., 
268;  Pa.,  269,  270;  Plymouth,  274; 
colon.  Mass.,  278;  R.  I.,  281;  Conn., 
281 ;  New  Haven  colony,  282 ;  pro- 
vin.  Mass.,  286;  relation  of  colonies  with 
Gt.  Bn.,  291;  Eng.  institutions  to  1775, 
323;  colon,  institutions,  325;  of  Con 
federation,  329;  organ,  of  fed.,  346; 
polit.  conceptions,  408,  409;  develop 
ment  of  fed.  and  state  (1820-60),  408; 


of  Confed.  States,  472 ;  of  dependencies^ 
551;    recent  popular  reform  movements' 

£2. — See  also  Charters,  Constitutions 
cecutive,  Foreign  relations,  Judiciary, 
Legislature,  Local  govt.,  Politics,  Repre 
sentation,  Union. 

Grady,  H.  W.,  New  South,  536;  Cotton 
and  its  Kingdom,  536;  biog.,  536. 

Grafton,  Duke  of,  ministry,  298. 

Graf  ton,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Graham,  J.  D.,  Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  270. 

Graham,  Jas.,  D.  Morgan,  114. 

Grahame,  Jas.,  United  States,  296. 

Granger,  M.  M.,  Washington  vs.  Jefferson, 
465. 

Granger  movement,  512. 

Grant,  A.  M.,  Memoirs,  95. 

Grant,  E.  B.,  Boston  Rys.,  404. 

Grant,  U.  S.,  biogs.,  109,  492;  Memoirs, 
171;  in  Civil  War,  475;  Report  (1865), 
477;  election,  490,  498;  and  South,  495; 
foreign  relations  under,  500 ;  lax  admin, 
and  scandals,  510;  reelection,  510;  veto 
of  inflation,  516;  candidacy  (1880), 
520;  and  Interoceanic  Canal  Co.,  525; 
Nicaragua  Canal,  527. 

Grant,  W.  L.,  Voyages  of  Champlain,  251. 

Grant,  W.  P.,  Canadian  Const.  Develop 
ment,  150. 

Granville,  Earl,  biog.,  501. 

Granville,  O.,  history,  80. 

Gray,  Asa,  Letters,  171. 

Gray,  Horace,  Dred  Scott,  458. 

Gray,  Robt.,  voyage,  431. 

Gray,  Russell,  Mass.  Digest,  151. 

Gray,  W.  H.,  Oregon,  81. 

Graydon,  Alex.,  Memoirs,  171. 

Great  Britain  statutes  to  1775, 13°.;  reports 
of  Royal  MSS.  Com.,  130 ;  Am.  discoveries 
and  claims,  255-258 ;  maritime  awakening, 
256;  conditions  (1600),  258;  Puritanism, 
272;  polit.  institutions  (1775),  323;  rela 
tions  with  Confederation,  335;  with  U.S. 
(1789-98),  Jay  treaty,  354;  neutral 
trade  controversy,  368,  370;  War  of 
1812,  371;  commercial  convention  (1815), 
379;  question  of  W.  I.  trade,  379, 
388;  and  slave  trade,  385,  388,  427, 
486 ;  and  Texas,  439,  440 ;  and  Isthmian 
transit,  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  451,  526, 
543,  554J  and  Civil  war,  462,  480; 
Alabama  claims,  480,  500;  Sackville- 
West  incident,  543;  Venezuela-Guiana 
boundary,  543 ;  draft  general  arbitra 
tion  treaty,  543;  fur  seal  question, 
543;  Samoa,  543.  —  See  also  American 
Revolution,  Canada,  Colonies. 

Great  Industries  of  U.  S.,  519. 

Great  Lakes,  discovery,  251,  252;  com 
merce,  398,  517,  530;  fisheries,  398; 
iron  fields,  530.  —  See  also  Waterways. 

Greathouse,  C.  H.,  Dept.  of  Agri.,  513. 

Greeley,  Horace,  Am.  Conflict,  43 ;  biogs., 
109,  394;  Recollections,  172;  Hints 
toward  Reforms,  397;  Reforms  and 
Reformers,  408;  Slavery  Extension,  453; 
Overland  Journey,  503;  candidacy  (1872), 
Sio. 

Greeley,  Col.,  history,  64. 


GOMPERS  — HALL 


Greely,  A.  W.,  Public  Docs.,  36;  Handbook 
of  Alaska,  63. 

Green,  J.  R.,  Eng.  People,  273. 

Green,  S.  A.,  Groton  Hist.  Ser.,  72;  Records 
of  Groton,  279. 

Greenback  party,  516,  520,  521. 

Greene,  D.  H.,  East  Greenwich,  281. 

Greene,  E.  B.,  Provincial  Am.,  265;  Pro 
vincial  Governor,  325;  Govs.'  Letter  Books, 
411. 

Greene,  F.  V.,  Gen.  Greene,  109. 

Greene,  G.  W.,  Am.  Revolution,  59;  R.  I., 
83;  Natl.  Greene,  109;  German  Element, 
305- 

Greene,  M.  L.,  Relig.  Liberty  in  Conn.,  64. 

Greene,  Natl.,  biogs.,  109 ;  campaigns,  309. 

Greenfield,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Greenhow,  Robt.,  Ore.  and  Cal,  81. 

Greenslet,  Ferris,  Lowell,  521. 

Greenville  treaty,  354. 

Gregg,  Alex.,  Old  Cheraws,  320. 

Gregg,  Josiah,  Commerce,  435. 

Gregory,  H.  E.,  Geography,  48. 

Gregory,  M.  H.,  Checking  the  Waste,  577. 

Grenville,  Geo.,  Papers,  296. 

Grenville,  Rich.,  Ralegh's  colony,  257. 

Greve,  C.  T.,  Cincinnati,  80. 

Griffin,  A.  P.  C.,  Lists,  31;  Bibl.  of  Am. 
Hist.  Socs.,  32;  Index  upon  Am.  Local 
Hist.,  62;  Lists:  Immigration,  318;  Negro 
Question,  318;  Germans,  323;  Constitu 
tion,  345;  Banks,  349;  Polit.  Parties, 
352;  Recognition,  388;  Subsidies,  405; 
Railroads,  405;  Labor,  408;  Cuba,  452; 
Reciprocity,  452;  Hawaii,  452;  Impeach 
ment,  494 ;  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth 
Amendments,  494;  Danish  W.  I.,  501; 
Internal.  Arbitration,  501 ;  Jarr.  o/ 
Incomes,  542 ;  Samoa  and  Guam,  545 ; 
Porto  .Rz'co,  551 ;  Occupation  of  Philippines, 
551;  Colonization,  554;  Far  Easf,  560; 
Chinese  Immigration,  560;  Trusts,  566; 
Fea7.  Control,  566;  /row  awa7  Stee/  z» 
Commerce,  566;  Railroads  in  relation 
to  Govt.,  566;  GOT/.  Ownership,  566; 
Indus.  Arbitration,  569;  C/zz7a*  Labor, 
569;  Employers'  Liability,  569;  Eight- 
Hour  Working  Day,  569;  PF0r£z«gwew'.s 
Insurance,  569;  Primary  Elections, 
576;  Z)ee/>  JFa/erways,  581. 

Griffis,  W.  E.,  Sir  W/m.  Johnson,  in; 
Perry,  116;  Pilgrims,  274;  ^4w.  w  Eos/, 
558. 

Griffith,  E.  C.,  Gerrymander,  410. 

Griffith,  T.  W.,  Baltimore,  294. 

Grigsby,  H.  B.,  Fa.  FeJ.  Conven.,  342. 

Grijalva,  Juan  de,  discovery,  245. 

Grimes,  J.  W.,  biog.,  109. 

Grimke,  A.  H.,  Garrison,  108 ;  Summer,  119. 

Grimke,  J.  F.,  Laws  o/S.  C.,  146. 

Grimke  sisters,  abolitionists,  423 ;  biog.,  424. 

Grinnell,  J.  B.,  Mew  awd  Events,  172. 

Griswold,  R.  W.,  J2e/»M&.  Court,  347 ; 
Corm^.,396. 

Grisvvold,  W.  M.,  List  of  Novels,  183. 

Groat,  G.  G.,  Am.  Courts  in  Labor  Cases, 
568. 

Gros,  Raymond,  T.  R.  in  Cartoon,  573; 
Au  Pays  du  Dollar,  582. 


Groseilliers,  Sieur  des,  in  West,  252. 
Gross,  S.  D.,  Physicians,  407. 
Grosvenor,  W.  M.,  Protection,  443. 
Groton,  Mass.,  history,  72;   records,  279. 
Grund,  F.  J.,  Americans,  95 ;  Aristocracy  in 

Am.,  95. 

Guadeloupe  Hidalgo,  treaty,  442. 
Guam,  annexation,  551. 
Gue,  B.  F.,  Iowa,  68. 
Guild,  R.  A.,  Chaplain  Smith,  292. 
Guilford,  Conn.,  history,  65. 
Guilford,  N.  C.,  battle,  309. 
Gunboat  system,  363. 
Gunton,  Geo.,  Trusts,  562. 
Gurowski,  Adam,  Am.  and    Europe,  421; 

Slavery,  426. 

Guthrie,  A.  L.,  Readers'  Guide,  32. 
Guthrie,  W.  D.,  Fourteenth  Amendment,  491. 
Gutierrez,  A.,  Estados  Unidos,  582. 

HABEAS  CORPUS  during  Civil  war,  483. 
Habenicht,  H.,  N.  Am.  (map),  50. 
Hackett,  F.  W.,  Portsmouth  Records,  141. 
Hackett,  H.  C.,  Federalism,  364. 
Hadden,  J.  M.,  Journal,  306. 
Hadley,  A.  T.,  R.  R.  Transportation,  513. 
Hadley,  Mass.,  history,  72. 
Hageman,  J.  F.,  Princeton,  306. 
Hague  Conferences,  555;   treaties,  555. 
Hague  Tribunal,  Venezuela  debt  case,  555; 

fishery  arbitration,  555. 
Hailey,  John,  Idaho,  67. 
Haines,  Chas.  Glidden,  Penitentiary  System, 

397- 

Haines,  Chas.  Grove,  Judic.  Powers,  382. 
Haines,  H.  S.,  Problems  in  Ry.  Regulations, 

401;     Reslric.ive   Ry.   Legis.,    564;     Ry. 

Corporations  as  Public  Servants,  564. 
Haines,  Helen,  New  Mexico,  76. 
Hakluyt,    Rich.,   Navigations,    242;     Dis 
course,  257. 

Hakluyt  Society,  Works,  in. 
Hale,  C.,  Debates,  342. 
Hale,  E.  E.,  Washington,  120;   hist,  novels, 

1 86;     Franklin   in   France,   308;     7mA 

Immigration,  393. 
Hale,  E.  E.  (2),  Lowell,  113. 
Hale,  John  Parker,  in  Senate,  445. 
Hale,  John  Peter,  Trans-Allegheny  Pioneers, 

3*3- 

Hale,  W.  B.,  Woodrow  Wilson,  574. 
"Half-Breeds,"  520. 
Haliburton,  T.  C.,  hist,  novel,  186;    Rule 

and  Misrule,  287. 
Halifax  Commission,  500. 
Hall,  B.  H.,  Eastern  Vt.,  86. 
Hall,  Basil,  Forty  Etchings,  95 ;    Travels  in 

N.  Am.,  95;    Voyages  and  Travels,  95. 
Hall,  C.  S.,  5.  H.  Parsons,  115. 
Hall,  D.  A.,  Bank  of  U.  S.,  349- 
Hall,  D.  B.,  Ref.  List  on  Maine  Local  Hist., 

Hall,'  F.  S",  Sympathetic  Strikes,  524. 

Hall,  G.  S.,  Bibl.  of  Educ.,  15;   Methods  of 

Teaching  History,  18. 
Hall,  H.  H.,  Great  West,  503. 
Hall,   Henry,    Ethan    Allen,    103;     Ship 

Building,  401. 
Hall,  Hiland,  Vermont,  86. 


612 


INDEX 


Hall,  Jas.,  Letters,  95 ;  Sketches,  95 ;  Sta 
tistics,  404 ;  The  West,  404. 

Hall,  P.  F.,  Immigration,  318. 

Hall,  R.  M.,  Ore.,  Wash.,  Idaho,  532. 

Hall,  S.  C.,  Retrospect,  172. 

Hall,  W.  E.,  Internal.  Law,  544- 

Hall,  W.  H.,  Physical  Data  of  Cal.,  432. 

Hallowell,  A.  D.,  Molls,  115. 

Hallowell,  R.  P.,  Quaker  Invasion,  284. 

Hallum,  John,  Arkansas,  63. 

Halsey,  F  W.,  Tour  of  Four  Great  Rivers, 
100 ;  Old  New  York  Frontier,  307. 

Hamilton,  A.  M.,  Hamilton,  109;  Works, 
165. 

Hamilton,  Alex.,  biogs.,  log;  Works,  165; 
notes  in  Fed.  Conven.,  340;  as  sec.  of 
treasury,  348,  356;  Jefferson  contro 
versy,  351;  and  French  war,  358; 
intrigue  against  Adams,  361 ;  duel  and 
death,  367. 

Hamilton,  F.  W.,  Grenadier  Guards,  310. 

Hamilton,   Gail.  —  See  Dodge   (M.  A.). 

Hamilton,  J.  C.,  Hamilton,  109;  ed.  of 
Hamilton's  Works,  165. 

Hamilton,  J.  G.  de  R.,  Reconstruction  in  N. 
C.,  491. 

Hamilton,  Jas.  Albert,  Negw  Suffrage,  490. 

Hamilton,  Jas.  Alex.,  Reminiscences,  172. 

Hamilton,  Luther,  Rantoul,  117. 

Hamilton,  P.  J.,  Colon.  Mobile,  63 ;  Recon 
struction,  490. 

Hamilton,  Patrick,  Anzona,  63. 

Hamilton,  Thos.,  Men  and  Manners,  95. 

Hamilton,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Hamlin,  C.  E.,  H.  Hamlin,  492. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  biog.,  492. 

Hammond,  J.  D.,  Polit.  Parties,  76. 

Hammond,  John,  Leah  and  Rachel,  263. 

Hammond,  M.  B.,  Cotton  Industry,  400; 
Ry.  Rate  Theories,  564;  Recent  Efforts 
to  Advance  Rates,  564. 

Hamon,  E.,  Canadiens-Franqais  de  la 
Nouvelle-Angleterre,  529. 

Hamor,  Ralph,  True  Discourse,  260. 

Hampton  Negro  Conference,  Reports,  538; 
Proceedings,  538. 

Hancock,  John,  biog.,  109. 

Hancock,  W.  S.,  biog.,  no;  Reminiscences, 
172. 

Handlin,  W.  W.,  Am.  Politics,  465. 

Haney,  L.  H.,  Cong.  Hist,  of  Rys.,  59- 

Hanger,  G.  W.  W.,  Strikes,  524;  Housing 
of  Working  People  by  Employers,  585 ; 
Building  and  Loan  Assocs.,  585. 

Hanger,  Geo.,  Life,  172. 

Hanna,  C.  A.,  Scotch-Irish,  305;  Wilder 
ness  Trail,  320. 

Hanna,  M.  A.,  biog.,  540. 

Hannah,  J.  C.,  Eastern  Asia,  558. 

Hannay,  Jas.,  Acadia,  251. 

Hans,  F.  M.,  Great  Sioux,  508. 

Hansard's  Part.  History,  297.       m 

Hansom,  J.  W.,  Am.  Italy,  547. 

Hanson,  J.  M.,  Conquest  of  the  Missouri,  506. 

Hanway,  Castner,  trial,  449. 

Hapgood,  Norman,  Lincoln,  112;  Webster, 
120. 

Harbeck,  C.  T..  Bibl.  of  Navy,  551- 

Hardin,  Ben,  biog.,  173. 


Harding,  S.  B.,  G.  R.  Smith,  118;   Ratifica 
tion,  338. 

Hardwick,  Mass.,  history,  72. 
Hardy,  J.  C.,  South'*  Supremacy  in  Cotton, 

Hare,  J.  I.  C.,  Am.  Const.  Law,  340. 
Hare,  W.  H.,  biog.,  507. 
Hariot,  Thos.,  Narrative,  257. 
Harlem,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 
Harmon,  D.  W.,  Journal,  96. 
Harnett,  Cornelius,  biog.,  no. 
Harper,  W.  H.,  Restraint  of  Trade,  562. 
Harper,  Wm.,  Pro-Slavery  Argument,  422. 
Harper  and  Bros.,  Pictorial  Hist.,  476. 
Harper's  Encyc.  of  U.  S.  Hist.,  39. 
Harper's  Ferry  raid,  458. 
Harrell,  J.  M.,  Brooks  and  Baxter  War,  491. 
Harriman,  E.  H.,  railway  combinations,  560. 
Harriman,  Walter,  Warner,  75. 
Harriman  Alaska  Expedition,  548. 
Harrington,  Jas.,  Oceana,  297. 
Harrington,  T.  F.,  Harvard  Medical  School, 

393- 

Harris,  Alex.,  Polit.  Conflict,  425. 
Harris,  J.  C.,  H.  W.  Grady,  536. 
Harris,  N.  D.,  Negro  Servitude,  385. 
Harris,  T.  L.,  Trent  Affair,  481. 
Harris,  T.  M.,  Journal,  96. 
Harris,  Thos.,  Md.  Reports,  151. 
Harrison,   Benj.,    election,    522;    Speeches, 

523;    admin.,   539;    defeat   (1892),  539. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  Burton,  Recollections,  474. 
Harrison,  Fred.,  Meaning  of  History,  18. 
"    Indian  Reservations,  506. 

Compilation,  142. 
.  election  and  death,  430. 
Harrisse,  Henri,  Colomb,  244 ;     Vespuccius, 

246;  Discovery  of  N.  Am.,  248;  Cabot,  255. 
Harrower,  John,  Diary,  328. 
Harry,  J.  W.,  Md.  Constitution,  410. 
Harsha,  W.  J.  J.,  Iowa,  68. 
Hart,  A.  B.,  Manual,  13;    Essentials,  13; 

Studies  in  Am.  Educ.,  18 ;  Cyclopedia,  39 ; 

Epochs,    40;     Formation   of  Union,  41; 

Am.    Nation,    43;     Epoch    Maps,    50; 

Foundations  of  Am.  Foreign  Policy,  59; 

National  Ideals,  60;   Southern  South,  60; 

Chase,  105;  Contemporaries,  177;   Source 

Book,   178;    Source  Readers,   178;    Am. 

Hist.  Leaflets,  178;  Practical  Essays,  326; 

Federal  Govt.,  341 ;  Monroe  Doctrine,  387  ; 

Slavery  and  Abolition,  392;   Actual  Govt., 

511;   Obvious  Orient,  546. 
Hart,  C.  H.,  Robt.  Morris,  115. 
Hart,  J.  C.,  hist,  novel,  186. 
Harte,  Bret,  hist,  novel,  186 ;  biog.,  434. 
Hartford  Co.,  Conn.,  hist.,  65. 
Hartford  Convention,  374. 
Hartt,  R.  L.,  People  at  Play,  583. 
Hartwell,  Henry,  Virginia,  261. 
Harvard   College  Library,  Card  Cat.  Sub 
jects,  34- 

Harvard  Law  School,  Cat.,  34. 
Harvard  University,  Guide  to  Social  Ethics, 

30;   References  in  History  77,  433. 
Harvey,  John,  in  Va.,  260. 
Harvey,  Peter,  Webster,  120. 
Harvey,  W.  H.,  Coin's  Finan.  School,  542. 
Harwood,  W.  S.,  New  Earth,  577. 


HALL  — HILDRETH 


613 


Haskell,  F.  A.,  Gettysburg,  477- 

Haskins,  C.  H.,  Yazoo  Cos.,  376. 

Hasse,  A.  R.,  Index  to  State  Docs.,  33; 
Books  on  Polit.  Rights,  341 ;  Reports  of 
Explorations,  433;  N  orth-Eastern  Boun 
dary,  439. 

Hastings,  L.  W.,  Emigrant's  Guide,  436. 

Haswell,  A.,  Matthew  Philips,  322. 

Hatch,  L.  C.,  Admin,  of  Rev.  Army,  312. 

Hatfield,  E.  F.,  Elizabeth,  75. 

Hatfield,  H.  R.,  Commerce,  518. 

Hatton,  A.  R.,  Digest  of  City  Charters,  574. 

Haven,  S.  F.,  on  grants  by  N.  Eng.  Council, 
276. 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Hawaii,  intervention  and  proposed  annex. 
(1854), _  451 ;.  reciprocity,  500,  517; 
revolution  and  attempted  annex.,  543; 
annex.,  543;  govt.,  551. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  256. 

Hawkins,  W.  G.,  Lunsford  Lane,  450. 

Hawks,  F.  L.,  North  Carolina,  79;  Doc. 
Hist,  of  Epis.  Church,  178. 

Haworth,  P.  L.,  Reconstruction  and  Union, 
490;  Disputed  Election,  515. 

Hawthorne,  Natl.,  Pierce,  116;  hist,  novels, 
186. 

Hay,  John,  Lincoln,  113;  Open  Door  pol 
icy,  557- 

Hay-Pauncefote  treaty,  554. 

Hayburn's  case,  381. 

Hayden  survey,  47. 

Haydn's  Diet,  of  Dates,  39. 

Hayes,  A.  B.,  Lincoln,  74. 

Hayes,  C.  W.,  Appalachians,  48. 

Hayes,  R.  B.,  election,  514;  and  South, 
514;  contest  with  Congress,  514;  and 
Isthmian  canal,  526;  Chinese  immigra 
tion  veto,  557. 

Haymarket  bomb  throwing,  523. 

Hayne,  R.  Y.,  biog.,  no;  Webster  debate, 
4i5- 

Haynes,  F.  E.,  New  Sectionalism,  541. 

Haynes,  G.  H.,  Sumner,  119;  Representa 
tion  in  Mass.,  278;  Election  of  Senators, 
574 ;  People's  Rule  in  Oregon,  574. 

Hayward,  John,  Gazetteer  of  U.  S.,  54; 
New  Eng.  Gazetteer,  54. 

Haywood,  John,  Tenn.,  85  ;  Revisal  of  Acts, 
147;  Laws  of  Tenn.,  147. 

Haywood,  M.  de  L.,  Tryon  in  N.  C.,  321. 

Hazard,  Ebenezer,  Hist.  Collections,  178. 

Hazard,  Rowland,  Credit  Mobilier,  510. 

Hazard,  Samuel,  U.  S.  Register,  54;  Annals 
of  Pa.,  82. 

Hazen,  C.  D.,  Contemp.  Am.  Opinion  of 
French  Rev. ,352. 

Hazen,  W.  B.,  Narrative,  477;  Gt.  Middle 
Region,  532. 

Hazleton,  J.  H.,  Declaration  of  Indepen 
dence,  304. 

Headley,  J.  W.,  Confed.  Operations,  481. 

Health,  conditions    (1820-60),  391 ;    appli 
cation  of   conservation   principles,   577; 
present-day  conditions,  581. 
Heard,  I.  V.  D.,  Sioux  War,  506. 
Heath,  H.  A.,  Sheep  Industry,  535. 
Heath,  Sir  Robt.,  grant,  264. 
Heath,  Wm.,  Memoirs,  172. 


Heaton,  J.  L.,  Vermont,  86. 

Hebard,  G.  R.,  Pathbreakers,  432. 

Hecker,  E.  A.,  Woman's  Rights,  583. 

Heckewelder,  John,  Narrative,  321. 

Hedrick,  E.  A.,  List  Relating  to  Irrigation 
and  Drainage,  581. 

Heinrich,  Pierre,  Louisiane,  69. 

Heitman,  F.  B.,  Hist.  Register,  507. 

Helper,  H.  R.,  Impending  Crisis,  422; 
Negroes,  497. 

Helps,  Arthur,  Span.  Conquest,  247. 

Henderson,  C.  H.,  Pay-day,  568. 

Henderson,  G.  F.  R.,  Stonewall  Jackson,  in. 

Henderson,  J.  B.,  Am.  Dipl.  Questions,  380. 

Henderson,  Rich.,  Transylvania,  319. 

Hendrick,  B.  J.,  Life  Insurance,  561. 

Hendrick,  Frank,  Ry.  Control  by  Commis 
sions,  513 ;  Power  to  regulate  Corporations, 
563- 

Hening,  W.  W.,  Statutes,  149. 

Henkels,  S.  V.,  Bibliographer's  Manual,  32. 

Hennepin,  Louis,  exploration,  252. 

Henry,  A.  J.,  Climatology,  48. 

Henry,  Alex.,  journals,  93. 

Henry,  J.  J.,  Accurate  Account,  303. 

Henry,  John,  mission,  370. 

Henry,  Patrick,  biogs.,  no;  Va.  Resolu 
tions,  297. 

Henry,  W.  W.,  Patrick  Henry,  no. 

Henry,  Fort,  capture,  475. 

Hensel,  W.  U.,  Christiana  Riots,  450. 

Hepburn,  A.  B.,  Coinage,  334. 

Hepburn  Railway  Rate  act,  560. 

Hepburn  v.  Griswold,  498. 

Heralds  of  a  Liberal  Faith,  394. 

Herbert,  H.  A.,  Abolition  Crusade,  424; 
Why  the  Solid  South?  490. 

Herndon,  W.  H.,  Lincoln,  112. 

Herrera,  A.  das,  Historia,  245. 

Hershey,  A.  S.,  [Hague]  Convention,  555  J 
Internal.  Law  of  Russo-Jap.  War,  558. 

Herty,  Thos.,  Digest,  137. 

Hesse;  N.,  Westliche  Nordamerika,  96. 

Hessians  in  Am.  Revolution,  304. 

Heston,  A.  M.,  Absegami,  75. 

Hewatt,  Alex.,  5.  C.  and  Ga.,  84. 

Hewes,  F.  W.,  U.  S.,  42 ;  Scribner's  Sta 
tistical  Atlas,  50. 

Hewett,  D.,  Am.  Traveller,  54. 

Hewitt,  A.  S.,  Mining,  400. 

Hibbard,  B.  H.,  Agri.  in  Dane  Co.,  400; 
Tenancy,  577. 

Hichborn,  F.,  Cal.  Legislature,  547. 

Hickcox,  J.  H.,  Monthly  Cat.,  37- 

Higgins,  Mrs.  Napier,  Bernards,  104. 

Higginson,  Ella,  Alaska,  546. 

Higginson,  Francis,  biog.,  no;  True  Rela 
tion,  277;  N.  Eng.  Plantation,  277;  in 
Mass.,  277. 

Higginson,  H.  L.,  Justice  to  Corporations, 
562. 

Higginson,    Stephen,   biog.,    no;     Letters, 

Higginson,  T.  W.,  U.  S.,  41;  F.  Higginson, 
no;  5.  Higginson,  no;  Phillips,  116; 
Am.  Explorers,  178;  Eng.  Hist.,  324; 
Travellers,  422 ;  Black  Regiment,  477- 

High,  J.  L.,  Law  of  Injunctions,  568. 

Hildreth,  Jas.,  Dragoon  Campaigns,  433- 


614 


INDEX 


Hildreth,  Rich.,  U.  S.,  43 ;  hist,  novel,  186; 
Banks,  349;  Despotism,  422. 

Hildreth,  S.  P.,  Pioneer  History,  So. 

Hildrup,  J.  S.,  Missions,  435. 

Hildt,  J.  C.,  U.  S.  and  Russia,  373. 

Hilgard,  E.  W.,  Relation  of  Soil  to  Climate, 
578;  Alkali  Lands,  578. 

Hill,  B.  H.,  (i),  biog.,  492. 

Hill,  B.  H.  (2),  B.  H.  Hill,  492. 

Hill,  D.  G.,  Dedham  Records,  139. 

Hill,  F.  S.,  Historic  Ships,  373- 

Hill,  F.  T.,  Decisive  Battles  of  Law.  360. 

Hill,  H.  A.,  Abbott  Lawrence,  112. 

Hill,  J.  J.,  and  Gt.  Northern,  530;  High 
ways  of  Progress,  532. 

Hill,  L.  B.,  Oklahoma,  81. 

Hill,  Mabel,  Liberty  Docs.,  178. 

Hill,  R.  T.,  Public  Domain,  60. 

Hill,  Wm.,  First  Stages  of  Tariff,  326. 

Hillard,  G.  S.,  McClellan,  113;  Jer.  Mason, 
114. 

Hillegas,  Michael,  Journals,  145. 

Hillquit,  Morris,  Socialism,  406, 

Hincks,  Francis,  Boundaries,  437. 

Hinds,  W.  A.,  Am.  Communities,  406. 

Hines,  Gustavus,  Oregon,  81. 

Hingham,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Hinman,  R.  R.,  Blue  Laws,  282;  An 
tiquities,  293. 

Hinsdale,  B.  A.,  How  to  Study  History,  15; 
Bounding  the  Original  U.  S.,  46;  Old 
Northwest,  46 ;  Am.  Govt.,  325  ;  Mann,  393. 

Hinsdale,  M.  L.,  President's  Cabinet,  60; 
Leg.  Hist,  of  Schools  in  Ohio,  393. 

Hinton,  R.  J.,  Handbook  of  Ariz.,  534. 

Historians,  prominent  Am.,  3. 

Historical  geography,  importance,  24,  45 ; 
sources,  45,  51,  52  ;  secondary  works,  45, 
46;  maps,  50;  use  in  teaching  history, 
209;  of  N.  Am.,  236;  of  U.  S.,  316. — 
See  also  Geography. 

Historical  novels,  guides,  183,  184;  list, 
184-189. 

Historical  recreations,  210. 

Historical  societies,  pubs.,  157-163. 

Histories  of  U.  S.,  textbooks,  13,  14; 
brief,  40,  41 ;  comprehensive,  41-44. 

History  of  All  Nations,  42. 

History  Teacher's  Magazine,  20. 

Hitchcock,  Henry,  Constitutions,  314. 

Hittell,  J.  S.,  Resources  of  Cal.,  54;  San 
Francisco,  64. 

Hittell,  T.  H.,  California,  64. 

Hoar,  E.  R.,  biog.,  511- 

Hoar,  G.  F.,  Autobiog.,  172;  No  Power  to 
Conquer  Foreign  Nations,  553. 

Hoar,  Samuel,  Charleston  mission,  427. 

Hobart,  A.  C.,  Never  Caught,  477. 

Hobbes,  Thos.,  Philos.  Rudiments,  297; 
Leviathan,  297. 

Hodder,  F.  H.,  Outlines,  31;  Audubon's 
Journal,  91;  English  Bill,  455. 

Hodge,  Chas.,  Presbyterian  Church,  292. 

Hodge,  F.  W.,  Handbook,  241;  Span. 
Explorers,  249. 

Hodgkin,  Thos.,  Geo.  Fox,  108. 

Hodgson,  Adam,  Letters,  96. 

Hodgson,  J.  E.,  Dredging  of  Gold  Placers,  546. 

Hodgson,  Jos.,  Cradle  of  Confederacy,  121. 


Hoffman,  C.  F.,  Winter  in  the  West,  96. 
Hoffman,  F.  L.,  Race  Traits,  537. 
Hojeda,  Alonso  de,  discoveries,  245. 
Holbrook,  J.,  Ten  Years  Among  Mail  Bags, 

Holden,  W.  W.,  biog.,  496. 

Holdsworth,  J.  T.,  Banks,  349- 

Holland,  J.  G.,  Western  Mass.,  72 ;  Lincoln, 
113;  hist,  novel,  186. 

Holland  purchase,  history,  77. 

Hollander,  J.  H.,  Am.  Trades  Unionism, 
524;  Convention  of  1907,  556. 

Hollis,  I.  N.,  Constitution,  373. 

Hollis,  J.  P.,  Reconstruction  in  S.  C.,  491. 

Hollister,  G.  H.,  Conn.,  64. 

Hollister,  O.  J.,  Colfax,  492. 

Holloway,  J.  B.,  Index  of  Claims,  37. 

Holloway,  J.  N.,  Kansas,  68. 

Holls,  F.  W.,  Peace  Conference,  5^6. 

Holm,  T.  C.,  New  Sweden,  66. 

Holman,  F.V.,  John  McLoughlin,  434!  Un 
satisfactory  Results  in  Oregon,  574. 

Holmes,  Abiel,  Annals,  296. 

Holmes,  Isaac,  Account  of  U.  S.,  96. 

Holmes,  G.  K.,  Progress  of  Agri.,  508; 
Concentration  of  Wealth,  561;  Farm 
Values,  580. 

Holmes,  O.  W.,  Emerson,  107;  Motley, 
115;  hist,  novels,  186. 

Holmes,  W.  H.,  Aboriginal  Pottery,  240. 

Hoist,  Hermann  von,  U.  S.,  44;  Calhoun, 
105;  Constitutional  Law,  314;  John 
Brown,  459.  ; 

Holy  Alliance,  386. 

Homans,  J.  S.,  For.  Commerce,  404. 

Home  Missionary,  397. 

Homestead  legislation,  459,  507. 

Homestead  strike,  539. 

Hone,  Philip,  Diary,  172. 

Hood,  J.  B.,  Advance  and  Retreat,  477. 

Hood,  John,  Index  of  Laws,  142. 

Hooker,  Rich.,  Eccl.  Polity,  297. 

Hooker,  Thos.,  biog.,  no. 

Hopewell,  M.,  Edwards'  Great  West,  74. 

Hopkins,  J.  H.,  Slavery,  422. 

Hopkins,  Mark,  biog.,  393. 

Hopkins,  Mark,  railroad  builder,  504. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  biog.,  no;  True  Repre 
sentation,  290;  Rights  of  Colonies,  296. 

Hopper,  I.  T.,  biog.,  424 

Hornaday,  W.  T.,  Bison,  432. 

Hornbeck  S.  K.,  Most-Favored  Nation 
Clause,  571. 

Hornblower,  W.  B.,  Anti-Trust  Legis.,  563. 

Horry,  Peter,  Marion,  310. 

Horsmanden,  D.,  N.  Y.  Conspiracy,  268. 

Horticulture.  —  See  Fruit. 

Hosack,  David,  Clinton,  106. 

Hoskins,  Nathan,  Vermont,  86. 

Hosmer,  J.  K.,  La.  Purchase,  60;  Missis 
sippi  Valley,  60;  5.  Adams,  103;  Vane, 
119;  Hutchinson,  302 ;  Appeal  to  Arms, 
462  ;  Outcome  of  Civil  War,  473. 

Hotchkin,  J.  H.,  Western  N.  Y..  79. 

Hotchkiss,  G.  W.,  Lumber,  400. 

Houck,  Louis,  Missouri,  74;  Span.  Regime, 
74- 

Hough,  A.  M.,  Mission  in  Man.,  502. 

Hough,  Emerson,  Cowboy,  534;  Outlaw,  535. 


HILDRETH  —  INDEXES 


6lS 


in,  573  ;  City,  the  Hope  of  Democracy,  583. 
we,  Henry,  New  York,  76;    Ohio,  80; 


Hough,  F.  B.,  Jefferson  Co.,  77  ;  Lewis  Co., 

77;   St.  Lawrence  and  Franklin  Cos.,  78; 

Papers  ofNantucket,  139;  Const.  ofN.  Y., 

143  ;   Savannah,  300  ;    Charleston,  309. 
House  of  Representatives.  —  See  Congress. 
Houston,  D.  F.,  Nullification,  60. 
Houston,  Sam,  biogs.,  no,  434,  440. 
Houston,  Wm.,  Documents,  150. 
Houston  v.  Moore,  381. 
Hovey,  Alvah,  Isaac  Backus,  103. 
Hovey,  Carl,  Stonewall  Jackson,  in  ;  /.  P. 

Morgan,  562. 

Howard,  B.  C.,  Reports,  155- 
Howard,  G.  E.,  Local  Const.  History,  278; 

Preliminaries   of  Revolution,    291  ;     Gen. 

Sociology,  585. 
Howard,  O.  O.,  Gen.  Taylor,  119;  Autobiog., 

172;   Nez  Per  ce  Joseph,  $OT,   Life^  among 

Indians,  507  ;  Fighting  for  Humanity,  551. 
Howe,  F.  C.,  Internal  Revenue,  357  ;  Wiscon 

sin, 
Howe, 

Times  of  Rebellion  in  West,  506. 
Howe,  John,  Secret  Reports,  371. 
Howe,  M.  A.  D.  W.,  Bancroft,  103;    Am. 

Bookmen,  393;    A.  Potter,  394;    Bishop 

Hare,  507. 

Howe,  Maud,  Laura  Bridgman,  395. 
Howe,  S.  G.,  Letters,  172;   Refugees,  449. 
Howe,  Wm.,  in  Am.  Rev.,  304;   Narrative, 

305. 

Howell,  G.  R.,  Southampton,  78. 
Howell,  T.  B.,  State  Trials,  292. 
Howells,  W.  C.,  Recollections,  377. 
Howells,  W.  D.,  Boy's  Town,  186. 
Howison,  R.  R.,  Virginia,  261. 
Hoxie,  R.  F.,  Debate  of  iSgo,  540  ;  Socialism, 

Hoyt,  H.  M.,  Luzerne  17  Townships,  307. 
Hubbard,  Wm.,  N.  Eng.,  283;    Narrative 

of  Troubles,  285. 

Huberich,  C.  H.,  Trans-Isthmian  Canal,  544. 
Hudson,  A.  S.,  Concord,  71. 
Hudson,  Chas.,  Lexington,  302. 
Hudson,  Fred.,  Journalism,  126. 
Hudson,  Henry,  voyages,  266. 
Hudson,  J.  F.,  Rys.  and  Republic,  513. 
Hudson  River,  history,  77.  . 
Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  in  Oregon,  431. 
Huebner,  S.  S.,  Bibl.  on  Securities,  566. 
Huelsemann  episode,  451. 
Hughes,  C.  H.,  insurance  investigation,  572. 
Hughes,  J.  T.,  Doniphan's  Expedition,  96. 
Hughes,  John,  biog.,  no. 
Hughes,  R.  M.,  Gen.  Johnston,  in. 
Hughon,  J.  W.,  Am.  Socialism,  568. 
Huguenots,  settlements,  250. 
Hulbert,  A.  B.,  Hist.  Highways,  46;   Crown 

Collection  of  Maps,  51;    Washington  and 

West,     333;     Cumberland     Road,     380; 

Great  Am.  Canals,  401. 
Hull,  W.  I.,  Handbook  of  Sociological  Infor 

mation,  525. 
Hull,  Wm.,  biog.,  no. 
Humboldt,  Alex,  von,  Examen  Critique,  246. 
Humphrey,  S.  K.,  Indian,  506. 
Humphreys,  David,  Putnam,  302. 
Hunt,  C.  E.,  Shenandoah,  481. 
Hunt,  C.  H.,  Ed.  Livingston,  113. 


Hunt,  Freeman,  Am.  Merchants,  407. 
Hunt,  Gaillard,  Calhoun,    105;    Madison, 

114;    ed.   of    Madison's   Writings,    166; 

Forty  Years,  175. 

Hunt,  R.  D.,  Cal.'s  Constitution,  448. 
Hunt,  Wm.,  Justice  of  Quebec  Act,  323 
Hunter,  C.  L.,  Western  N.  C.,  79. 
Hunter,  Robt.,  Poverty,  583. 
Huntington,  -C.  C.,  Ohio  Canals,  401. 
Huntington,  C.  P.,  railroad  builder,  504,  533. 
Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  402. 
Hurd,  J.  C.,  Law  of  Freedom  and  Bondage, 

327;    Theory  of  National  Existence,  344; 

Union-State,  465. 
Hurd,  R.  C.,  Habeas  Corpus,  324;  Personal 

Liberty,  411. 

Hurd,  R.  M.,  City  Land  Values,  583. 
Huret,  Jules,  En  Amerique,  582. 
Hum,  E.  A.,  Wis.  Women,  484. 
Huse,  Caleb,  Supplies  for  Confed.  Army,  481. 
Huske,  Ellis,  Present  State,  292. 
Hutchinson,  Anne,   biog.,   no;   Antinomi- 

anism,  280. 

Hutchinson,  C.  C.,  Resources  of  Kansas,  54. 
Hutchinson,  E.  M.,  Library  of  Am.  Litera 

ture,  179. 
Hutchinson,  -Thos.,  Mass.,  71  ;    Collection 

of  Papers,  138;   Diary,  165;   Hutchinson 

letters,  310;  biog.,  302. 
Hylton  v.  United  States,  381. 

IBERVILLE,  SIEUR  D'.  in  La.,  253. 
Icazbalceta,  J.  G.,  Coleccion,  245. 
Idaho,  hists.,  67;  statutes,  134;  mining 

rush,    502  ;     territory,    502  ;     admission, 

530.  —  See  also   Far    West,  Northwest, 

States. 

lies,  Geo.,  Reader's  Guide,  30. 
Illinois,  hists.,  67  ;  records  and  statutes,  135  ; 

hist,  socs.,   159;    under  Eng.,  319;    as 


county    of    Va.,    332;     territory,    375; 
admission,    375.  —  Se 
States,  West. 


, 
ee   also   Northwest, 


Illinois  Govs.  Letter  Books,  404. 
Illinois  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 
Illustrative  material,  use,  182  ;  hist,  novels, 

183-189;    poems  and  ballads,  189,  190. 
Imlay,  Gilbert,  Tppog.  Description,  333. 
Immigrant  Restriction  League,  Pubs.,  529. 
Immigration,     general     conditions,     317; 

amount  and   character   (1820-60),   391; 

problems  and  fed.  legis.  (1878-98),  528; 

Chinese  and  Japanese,    557.  —  See    also 

Bureau,  Population. 
Impeachments,  Pickering  and  Chase,  363; 

Peck,  412;  Johnson,  490;    Belknap,  510. 
Imperialism.  —  See  Dependencies. 
Implied  powers,  doctrine,  350. 
Import  duties.  —  See  Tariff. 
Impressment  controversy,  368,  372. 
•Income   tax,    Civil   war,   478;     reduction, 

498;    of   1894,   declared  unconst.,   539; 

const,  amendment  for,  submitted,  572. 
Independence,  declaration,  303. 
Index,  482. 

Index  to  Executive  Communications,  36. 
Index  to  Legal  Periodicals,  33. 
Indexes,  list  of  special,  32-34;  of  fed.  docs., 

35-37;  of  fed.  statutes,  152. 


6i6 


INDEX 


Indian   Territory,   set  apart,   419;   cattle 

leases,  533;  Oklahoma,  533. 
Indiana,  hists.,  67, 68 ;  records  and  statutes, 

135;     hist,   soc.,    159;     territory,    375; 

admission,   375.  —  See   also    Northwest, 

States,  West. 
Indiana  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Indianapolis,  history,  '••/• 

Indianapolis  Convention,  Report  of  Mone 
tary  Com..  499- 

Indians,  value  of  study,  5;  and  prehist. 
man,  240;  conditions,  241;  massacre  in 
Va.,  259;  and  Pilgrims,  274;  Pequod 
war,  281;  King  Philip's  war,  285;  in 
French-Eng.  wars,  288;  in  Am.  Rev., 
304;  colon,  boundary  line,  319;  wars 
and  treaties  (1789-93),  354!  supposed 
Brit,  intrigue  (1810),  371 ;  cessions  east 
Of  the  Miss.,  37S,  388;  conflict  with 
Ga.,  removal  of  southern,  388,  419;  Black 
Hawk  war,  419;  Seminole  war,  419; 
wars  and  commissions  in  Far  West  (1860- 
76),  505;  national  wards  act,  506; 
Dawes  act,  506. 

Industrial  Com.,  ';do,  s<>7  ;    Rrt><>rl\,  .s'l.S- 

Indnstrial  Workers  of  1  he  World,  507. 

Industry.  —  See  Economic  conditions. 

Ingcrsoll,  C.  J.,  biog.,  no;  Second  War,  372. 

Ingcrsoll,  Chas.,  Fears  for  Democracy,  465. 

InKcrsoll.  L.   I).,  l,nt>,i,  OX. 
liiKliam.  (i.T.,  DiKKinnCiilil.  504. 

Ingle,  Ed.,  Parish  tn  Md.,  326;    Va.  Local 

Institutions,  326. 
Initiative,  574. 
Injunctions  in  strikes,  federal,  566. 

Inland  Waterways  Commission!  v/<»;  Krport, 
580. 

Inman.  Henry.  S,inl,i  I',  Trail,  .\.\.\. 

Innes,  J.  H. ,  New  Amsterdam,  78. 

IfHHllltr  cairj,  559.  —Sit  alto  Dependencies. 

Insurance,  391;  investigation,  561;  work 
men's,  5<>7. 

Intellectual  organi/alioii  (iX.>o(>o),  ,<ui. 
Sir  <il <n>  Ivhualion,  Social  «.n«litions. 

Internal  improvements,  lelTerson's  polity, 
<0<;  demand  in  West,  r/5,  410;  Cum 
'berlaixl  road,  ,r/«>;  I'ills  and  vetoes 
(1817-22),  379;  under  J.  Q.  Adams,  388; 
river  and  harbor  le^is".,  .<SS,  .<<jX,  s.'o, 

r     Tyler's  and  Yolk 's  ve'toes 


vet 


Railroad:..  Roads,  Waterways. 

Internal  revenue,  Stamp  act,   295;    first 

led.  excise  ami  Whiskey  rebellion,  357; 
direct  tax  (r;<)S),  ,^58;  Fries's  insurrec 
tion,  361 ;  Civil  war  taxes,  478 ;  re 
ductions,  498:  act  of  1883,  520;  refund 
of  Civil  war  direct  lax,  s.w;  income  tax 

ment     on     income     tax     submitted,     ,S?2. 

—  See  also  Taxation. 

International  Bureau  of  Am.  Repubs.,  Bul 
letins,  545. 

International  peace.  Mairuc  conventions 
and  treaties,  .sss:  ilrafl  general  arbi 
tration  treaties,  555;  tunds,  555. — See 
also  Arbitration. 

International  Year  Book,  38 


Interoceanic  Canal,  387. 

Interoceanic  Canal  Congress,  Cample  Rendu, 
527- 

Interstate  comity  (1820-60),  409. 

Interstate  commerce,  Supreme  court  on 
control,  381,  512,  523;  fed.  reports  and 
bills  (1874-78),  512;  act  (1887),  5*3; 
Supreme  court's  restriction  of  act,  560; 
report  on  rebates,  560;  antirebate  and 
rate  acts,  560,  561 ;  Northern  Securities 
case,  560;  employers'  liability  and  hours 
of  labor  acts,  567. — See  also  Commerce, 
Railroads,  Trusts. 

Interstate  Commerce  Arbitration  act,  567. 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  creation, 
523 ;  Reports,  565 ;  Decisions,  565 ; 
Indexes,  565;  Freight  Rates,  565.  —  See 
also  Interstate  commerce. 

Investigations,  place  in  hist,  method,  25, 
26  j  use  of  libraries,  195;  systems  of 
written  work,  229-235. 

Iowa,  hists.,  68;  records  and  statutes,  135; 
hist,  soc.,  159;  territory,  409;  admission, 
409.  — See  also  States,  West. 

Iowa  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Ipswich,  Mass.,  histories,  72. 

Iredell,  Jas.,  biog.,  no. 

Ireland,  A.,  China  and  Powers,  558. 

Ireland',  J.  N.,  Records  of^N.  Y.  Stage,  394. 

Iron  and  steel,  special  tariff  act  (1818),  379; 
development  of  industry  (iH^o  f>o),  .<<)S; 
nostbellum  development,  518:  Great 
Lakes  ore  fields,  .s.^o  ;  southern  fields  and 
mills,  536;  trust,  560. 

Iroquois  Indians,  252;  in  Am.  Rev.,  304. 

Irrigation,  in  Utah,  434;  in  Pacific  North 
west,  530;  beginning  in  Southwest,  533; 
fed.  legis.  and  development,  576.  —  See 
also  Agriculture. 

Irving,  Washington,  Astoria,  81 ;  Columbus, 
106;  biog.,  no;  Washington,  120; 
hist,  novel,  186;  Companions  of  Columbus, 
245;  Bonneville,  432. 

Irwin,  Will,  Am.  Newspaper,  584. 

Isham,  ('has.,  I'ixltiiiK  Onc^timi,  sSo. 

Isham,  Samuel,  Am.  Painting,  394. 

Isthmian  Canal  Com.,  Reports,  556. 

Isthmian  trangit  and  canal,  Colombian 
treaty  (1X40),  451 ;  Mosquito  question  and 
Clayton  Hnlwer  t  real y ,  | .s  i  ;  railroad,  45;  i  ; 
surveys  and  rcportson  routes,  s.'s;  French 
Panama  company,  work  and  failure, 
525;  efforts  to  abrogate  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty,  526,  543;  Nicaraguan  concession 
and  company,  .S-'().  51.};  new  French 
company,  543;  abrogation  of  Clayton- 
liulwcr  treaty,  554;  purchase  of  French 
canal,  554;  draft  Colombian  treaty, 
554;  Panama  revolution  and  treaty,  554: 
Canal  Zone  act,  554;  financiering  and 
construction  of  canal,  554. 

Ives,  J.  C.,  Colorado  River,  503. 

Ivins,  W.  M.,  Public  Utilities,  564. 

Izard,  Ralph,  Corresp.,  165. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  biogs.,  in;  Statesman 
ship,  165 ;  in  Fla.,  383 ;  Rhea  letter,  383 ; 
candidacy  (1824),  388;  career  and  charac 
ter,  412 ;  election,  412 ;  policy  as  president, 


INDIAN    TERRITORY  — JONES 


6l7 


412;  war  on  bank,  414;  and  nullification, 
,)is;  removal  of  deposits,  417;  censure, 
418;  internal  improvements  veto,  419. 

Jackson,  F.  J.,  Am.  mjssion,  370. 

Jackson,  H.  H.,  hist,  novels,  186;  Century 
of  Dishonor,  506. 

Jackson,  Sheldon,  Reindeer,  548. 

^ackson,  T.  J.,  biogs.,  in,  467. 
acob,  J.  J.,  Michael  Crcsap,  106. 
acobstein,  Meyer,  Tobacco,  327. 
;i:;rr,  Oskar,  Teaching  of  History,  18. 
ames  I,  Works,  297. 
ames,  Benj.,  Digest,  146. 
ames,  C.  F.,  Doc.  Hist,  of  Relig.  Liberty  in 
Va.,  322. 

James,  E.  J.,  Legal  Tender,  4gg;  Land 
Grant  Act,  508 ;  Agitation  for  Fed.  Regula 
tion  of  Rys.,  513 ;  Immigrant  Jew,  529. 

James,  G.  W.,  Colorado  Desert,  534. 

James,  Henry,  Am.  Scene,  96. 

James,  J.  A.,  Indian  Dipt.,  307;  Problems 
of  Northwest,  307 ;  Clark  and  Detroit,  307 ; 
Const,  of  Iowa,  410. 

James,  Wm.,  Milil.  Occurrences,  372; 
Naval  Hist,  of  Gt.  Bn.,  373 ;  Naval  Occur 
rences,  373. 

Jameson,  J.  A.,  Const.  Conventions,  314; 
National  Sovereignty,  345. 

Jameson,  J.  F.,  Original  Narratives  of  Early 
Am.  Hist.,  go;  Narratives  of  New  Neth., 
266;  Introd.  to  Study  of  States,  314; 
Essays  in  Const.  Hist.,  329;  studies  on 
Fed.  Conven.,  341. 

ianney,  S.  M.,  Penn,  115;  Friends,  26g. 
anson,  C.  W.,  Stranger  in  Am.,  g6. 
anvier,  T.  A.,  Old  New  York,  78;    Dutch 
l-'i':uuling  of  N.  Y.,  266. 

Japan,  first  relations  with  U.  S.,  451; 
arlivity  in  Pacific,  545;  later  relations, 
557;  Russian  war,  557. — See  also 
Japanese  Immigration. 

Japanese  Exclusion  League,  Pubs.,  558. 

Japanese  immigration  question,  557. 

Jay,  John,  biogs.,  in;  Corresp.,  165;  peace 
negotiations,  310;  Jay  treaty,  354. 

Jay,  John,  Peace  Negotiations,  310. 

Jay,  Wm.,  /.  Jay,  111;  Misc.  Writings, 
165 ;  Mexican  War,  440. 

Jay  treaty,  354.  _ 

Jefferson,  Jos.,  biog.,  394;   Aiilobiog.,  3g6. 

Jefferson,  Thos.,  Notes  on  Va.,  87;  biogs., 
in;  bibls.,  165,  365;  Writings,  165, 
166;  Anas,  17 2;  Reports,  151 ;  Summary 
View,  2g7 ;  ordinance  (1784),  331,  335; 
plan  of  coinage,  333 ;  Hamilton  cgntro- 
versy,  351;  election  to  presidency,  361; 
career,  363 ;  personality  ami  principles 
as  president,  363;  La.,  Fla.,  and  Oregon, 
365 ;  and  Burr  conspiracy,  367 ;  and 
rights  of  neutral  trade,  36g ;  embargo,  370. 

Jefferson,  State  of,  502. 

Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 

Jenkins,  J.,  Northern  Tier,  508. 

Jenkins,  J.  S.,  Polit.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  76; 
Calhoun,  105;  Polk,  116;  Wright,  121. 

Jcnkinson,  Isaac,  Burr,  105. 

Jenks,  J.  W.,  Immigration  Problem,  528; 
Trust  Problem,  562;  Trusts  and  Indus. 
Combinations,  566. 


J_enness,  J.  S.,  Transcripts,  283. 
Jennings,  Isaac,  Memorials,  86. 
Jennings,  J.T.,  Bibl.ofN.  Y.  Colon:  Hist., 
76. 

ennings,  L.  J.,  Eighty  Years,  4:1. 
ervey,  T.  D.,  R.  Y.  Hayne,  no. 
ervis,  J.  B.,  R.  R.  Property,  404. 
esse,  J.  H.,  Selwyn,  308. 
esuits,  Relations,  go;  in  Canada,  252. 
Jevons,  W.  S.,  Investigations,  435. 
Jewish  Encyclopedia,  529. 
Jogues,  Isaac,  Novum  Belgium,  266. 
John   F.    Slater  Fund,   Proceedings,   496; 

Papers,  538. 
Johns  Hopkins  University,    Studies,    124; 

articles  on  hist,  methods,  20. 
Johnson,  A.  B.,  Light  House  Service,  401. 
Johnson,    Allen,    Douglas,     107 ;     Popular 

Sovereignly,  453. 

Johnson,  Amandus,  Swedish  Settlements,  66. 
Johnson,   Andrew,    biogs.,    in,    4g2;     re 
construction  policy,  48g;    struggle  with 
Congress,     489;      impeachment,     490; 
Speeches,  4g4. 

Johnson,  B.  T.,  Washington,  120. 
Johnson,   E.   R.,  Am.   Ry.   Transp.,  401; 
River   and   Harbor   Bills,    420;     Inland 
Waterways,  526;   Nicaragua  Canal,  544; 
Ocean  and  Inland  Water  Transp.,  578. 
Johnson,  Ed.,  Wonder -Working  Providence 

277. 

ohnson,  F.  G.,  Pavements,  402. 
ohnson,  Harrison,  Nebraska,  74. 
ohnson,  J.  F.  W.,  Notes,  403. 
ohnson,  John,  Old  Md.  Manors,  326. 
ohnson,  L.  D.,  Gibson,  28g. 
ohnson,  O.,  Route  across  Rocky  Mts.,  436. 
ohnson,  Oliver,  Garrison,  108. 
ohnson,  R.  W.,  Reminiscences,  507. 
ohnson,    Reverdy,    Popular    Sovereignly, 

453  ;   Alabama  claims  treaty,  500. 
Johnson,  Rossiter,  War  of  Secession,  475. 
Johnson,  T.  L.,  biog.,  574;   My  Story,  576. 
Johnson,  W.  D.,  High  Plains,  433. 
Johnson,  W.  E.,  Temperance,  394. 
Johnson,  W.  F.,  Expansion,  355;   Panama 

Canal,  526. 

Johnson,    Sir    Wm.,  biogs.,   in;    frontier 
builder,  3ig;  Calendar  of  MSS.,  322. 

Johnson,  Wm.,  Noll.  Greene,  log. 
ohnston,  A.  S.,  biog.,  461. 
ohnston,  Alex.,  Am.  Politics,  41;    Conn., 
65;     Am.    Orations,    178;     Am.    Polit. 
History,  351. 

Johnston,  Geo.,  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  70. 
Johnston,  H.  P.,  Campaign  of  1776,  305; 

Harlem  Heights,  305  ;    Yorklown,  309. 
Johnston,  J.  E.,  biog.,  in;  Narrative,  172; 

in  Civil  war,  475. 
Johnston,  J.  S.,  First  Explorations  of  Ky. 

Johnston,  Mary,  hist,  novels,  186. 
Johnston,  R.  H.,  Bibl.  of  Je/erson,  365. 
Johnston,   R.    M.,   A.   H.   Stephens,    118; 

hist,  novels,  187. 

Johnston,  W.  P.,  A.  S.  Johnston,  461. 
Joliet,  Louis,  exploration.  252. 
Jomard,  E.  F.,  Monuments  de  Geog.,  238. 
Jones,  A.  D.,  Illinois,  54. 


6i8 


INDEX 


Sones,  Alex.,  Telegraph,  402. 
ones,  Augustine,  T.  Dudley,  107. 
ones,  C.  C.,  Ga.,  66 ;  Acts  of  Colony  of  Ga., 
iquities,    242 ;     Dead    To'i 


'  owns, 


134;     Antiqu 

265;  Delegates  of  Ga.,  2g<). 
Jones,  Hugh,  Virginia,  261. 
Jones,  J.  B.,  Rebel  Clerk's  Diary,  474. 
Jones,  J.  P.,  Calendar  ofMSS.,  in ;  biogs., 

112. 

iLee,  112. 
as.,  Letters,  172. 
.  A.,  Index  to. Legal  Period.  Lit.,  33. 
ones,  L.  E.,  Am.  Cat.,  33. 
ones,  Thos.,  N.  Y.  during  Rev.,  294. 
ones,  W.  A.  Reconnaissance,  503. 
ones,  W.  S.,  A.  Johnson,  492. 
ordan,  D.  S.,  Cal.  and  Calif  or  nians,  432; 
Fur  Seals,  545 ;  Imperial  Democracy,  553. 
Josselyn,  John,  Two  Voyages,  96. 
Journal  of  Geography,  47. 
Journal  of  Geology,  47. 
Journal    of   Philosophy,    article    on     hist. 

methods,  21. 

Journal  of  Social  Science,  585. 
Journals,  of  Continental  Congress,  152,  153; 

of  Congress,  152. 

Judd,  Sylvester,  Hadley,  72 ;  hist,  novel,  187. 
Judiciary,  digests  and  reports  of  decisions 
before  1789,  150;  state  and  fed.  digests, 
155 ;  Court  of  Appeals  under  Confedera 
tion,  329;  early  state  decisions  on  un- 
const.  legis.,  337 ;  organ,  under  consti 
tution,  346 ;  act  of  1800  and  appts.  under 
it.,  361,  363;  Jefferson's  contest,  363; 
Jackson's  attitude,  412;  conditions  of 
fed.  and  state  (1820-60),  409;  recent 
criticism,  575. — See  also  Government, 
Impeachments,  Supreme  court. 
Judson,  K.  B.,  Montana,  74;  Pacific  North 
west,  436. 

Juilliard  v.  Greenman,  498. 
Julian,  G.  W.,  Giddings,  109;  Recollections, 
172;  Later  Speeches,  511. 

KALB,  JOHN,  biog.,  112. 

Kalm,  Peter,  Beschreibung  and  Travels,  96. 

Kansas,  hists.,  68;  records,  135;  hist,  soc., 
159;  territorial  act,  409,  452;  struggle, 
454;  admission,  454;  settlement  of  west 
ern,  530.  —  See  also  Far  West,  States. 

Kansas  City,  meat  packing,  533 ;  history,  534. 

Kansas  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Kansas-Nebraska  act,  452. 

Kapp,  Friedrich,  Kalb,  112;  Steuben,  118; 
Aus  und  iiber  Am.,  172;  Immigration, 
395;  Sklavenfrage,  421;  Sklaverei,  453. 

Kappler,  C.  J.,  Indian  Affairs,  157. 

Kasson,  J.  A.,  Evolution  of  Const.,  340. 

Kawakami,  K.  K.,Am.-Jap.  Relations,  558. 

Kayserling,  Meyer,  Columbus,  244. 

Kearny,  J.  W.,  Am.  Finances,  349. 

Keasbey,  L.  M.,  Nicaragua  Canal,  60. 

Keatinge,  M.  W.,  Teaching  of  History,  18. 

Keeler,  C.  A.,  San  Francisco,  547. 

Keep,  C.  H.,  Com.  and  Shipping  of  Gt. 
Lakesf,  532. 

Keiley  incident,  543. 

Keith,  H.  E.,  Internal  Improvements  in 
Mich.,  401. 


Keller,  A.  G.,  Geography,  48. 

Keiley,  Florence,  Ethical  Gains  through 
Legislation,  568. 

Keiley,  H.  J.,  Settlement  of  Ore.,  81. 

Keiley,  J.  D.  J.,  Question  of  Ships,  518. 

Keiley,  O.  H.,  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  512. 

Kellogg,  L.  P.,  Rev.  on  Upper  Ohio,  307; 
Dunmore's  War,  323;  Am.  Colon 
Charter,  324. 

Kellogg,  P.  U.,  Pittsburgh  Survey,  583. 

Kelsey,  Carl,  Negro  Farmer,  537. 

Kelsey,  R.  W.,  U.  S.  Consulate,  435. 

Kelton,  D.  H.,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal,  532. 

Kemble,  F.  A.  —  See  Butler  (F.  A.). 

Kemper,  C.  F.,  Early  Western  Movement  in 
Va.,  320. 

Kendall,  Amos,  Autobiog.,  172;  and  aboli 
tion  mail,  425. 

Kendall,  E.  A.,  Travels,  96. 

Kendall,  Elizabeth,  Source  Book,  178. 

Kendall,  G.  W.,  Texan  Santa  Fe  Expedi 
tion,  85. 

Kennaway,  J.  H.,  Sherman's  Track,  495. 

Kennedy,  J.  H.,  Cleveland,  80. 

Kennedy,  J.  P.,  Wirt,  121 ;  hist,  novels,  187. 

Kennedy,  R.  M.,  Camden,  84. 

Kennedy,  W.  S.,  Whittier,  120. 

Kennedy,  Wm.,  Texas,  85. 

Kent,  Jas.,  biog.,  112;   Commentaries,  329. 

Kent,  Wm.,  Jas.  Kent,  112. 

Kentucky,  hists.,  68;  records,  136;  hist, 
soc.,  159;  in  Revolution,  304;  explora 
tion  and  settlement,  319,  332 ;  movement 
for  statehood,  337;  admission,  375; 
does  not  secede,  470 ;  abolition  of  slavery, 
486.  —  See  also  South,  States,  West. 

Kentucky  resolutions,  360. 

Kentucky  v.  Dennison,  427. 

Kercheval,  Samuel,  Valley  of  Va.,  87. 

Kerr,  C.  H.,  U.  S.  Senate,  347. 

Kerr,  W.  S.,  J.  Sherman,  492. 

Ketchum,  Wm.,  Buffalo,  77. 

Kettell,  Samuel,  Personal  Narrative,  244. 

Kettell,  T.  P.,  Debts  of  States,  412. 

Keyes,  E.  D.,  Fifty  Years'  Observation,  173. 

Kidder,  Fred.,  Boston  Massacre,  300. 

Kiepert,  Rich.,  N.  Am.  (map),  50. 

Kilbourn,  John,  Ohio  Gazetteer,  So. 

Kilty,  Wm.,  Laws  of  Md.,  137.        '* 

Kimball,  Everett,  Jos.  Dudley,  107. 

Kimball,  G.  S.,  Corresp.  of  Pitt,  289. 

King,  C.  C.,  Washington,  120. 

King,  C.  F.,  Govt.  Maps  for  Schools,  48. 

King,  C.  L.,  Munic.  Utilities,  564. 

King,  C.  R.,  Rufus  King,  112. 

King,  Chas.,  hist,  novel,  187;  Campaigning 
with  Crook,  507. 

King,  Clarence,  Mountaineering,  503. 

King,  Dan,  Thos.  W.  Dorr,  430. 

King,  Ed.,  Great  South,  497. 

King,  F.  H.,  Irrigation  and  Drainage,  578; 
Soil,  578. 

King,  Grace,  New  Orleans,  69;  La.,  69; 
Bienville,  104;  hist,  novels,  187. 

King,  Horatio,  Turning  on  the  Light,  467. 

King,  John,  Commentaries,  464. 

King,  Rufus,  biog.,  112;  and  slavery  in 
Northwest  Ter.,  335;  notes  in  Fed.  Con 
vention,  340;  Eng.  mission,  368. 


JONES  — LATANE 


619 


King,  Rufus,  Ohio,  80. 

King  George's  war,  288. 

King  Philip's  war,  285. 

King  survey,  47. 

King  William's  war,  288. 

Kingdom,  Wm.,  Am.  and  Brit.  Colonies,  377. 

King's  Mountain,  battle,  309. 

Kingsbury,  S.  M.,  Records  of  Va.  Co.,  260. 

Kingsford,  Wm.,  Plank  Roads,  404. 

Kingsford,  Wm.,  Canada,  150. 

Kingsley,  Chas.,  hist,  novel,  187. 

Kingston,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 

Kinley,  David,  Independent  Treasury,  429, 
516. 

Kinney,  J.  K.,  Digest,  156. 

Kirby,  G.  B.,  Years  of  Experience,  397. 

Kirk,  W.,  Knights  of  Labor,  524. 

Kirke,  Edmond.  —  See  Gilmore  (J.  R.). 

Kirke,  Thos.,  captures  Quebec,  251. 

Kirkland,  T.  J.,  Camden,  84. 

Kirkman,  M.  M.,  Motive  Power,  402; 
Building  Rys.,  402 ;  Cars,  402 ;  Ry.  Rates, 
564. 

Kittredge,  G.  L.,  on  witchcraft,  287. 

Klein,  Felix,  AuPays  de  la  Vie  Intense,  582  ; 
Amerique  de  Demain,  582. 

Kline,  G.  W.,  Bryan,  104. 

Klippart,  J.  H.,  Wheat  Plant,  403. 

Knapp,  H.  S.,  Maumee  Valley,  80. 

Knapp,  M.  A.,  Fed.  Regulation  of  Corpora 
tions,  564. 

Knight,  G.  W.,  Land  Grants  for  Educ.,  302. 

Knight,  John,  Journal,  96. 

Knight,  S.  K.,  Journals,  96. 

Knight  case,  560. 

Knights  of  Labor,  523. 

Knights  of  White  Camelia,  495. 

Knowles,  J.  D.,  R.  Williams,  121. 

Know-Nothings,  456. 

Knox,  Henry,  biogs.,  112;  Journal,  289. 

Knox,  J.  J.,  Banking,  349!  U.  S.  Notes,  443. 

Knox,  Wm. ,  correspondence,  305. 

Knox  County,  O.,  history,  81. 

Knox  v.  Lee,  498. 

Koch,  C.  G.  de,  Traites,  52. 

Koerner,  Gustave,  Memoirs,  494. 

Kohl,  J.  G.,  Discovery  of  Maine,  238. 

Konkle,  B.  A.,  Thos.  Williams,  429. 

Koren,  John,  Econ.  Aspects  of  Liquor  Prob 
lem,  583. 

Kossuth,  Louis,  visit,  451. 

Koszta  incident,  451. 

Ku  Klux  act,  495. 

Ku  Klux  Klan,  495- 

Kunz,  Hermann,  Taktische  Beispiele,  550. 

LABOR,  struggle  with  capital  as  history,  5 ; 
development  (1820-60),  405;  railroad 
riots  (1877),  517 ;  Knights  of  Labor,  523 ; 
strikes  (1886),  523;  problems,  523,  567; 
federal  bureau,  523;  arbitration  laws, 
523,  567;  Am.  Federation,  523;  in 
southern  mills,  536;  questions  on  Pacific 
coast,  545;  Supreme  court  cases,  560, 
567;  federal  dept,  560;  and  panic  of 
1893,  566;  injunctions,  566;  great  strikes, 
(1894-1910),  567;  and  socialism,  567; 
employers'  protective  assocs.,  567;  .fed 
eral  employers'  liability  and  hours 


legis.,  567;    in  politics,  567.  —See  also 

Bureau,    Economic   conditions,   Slavery, 

Social  conditions. 
Laboulaye,   E.  R.  L.,  Paris  en  Am.,  96; 

Separation,  463. 

La  Cosa,  Juan  de,  discoveries,  245. 
Ladd,  H.  O.,  New  Mexico,  76;    War  with 

Mexico,  442. 
Lady  of  Va.,  Diary,  474. 
Laet,  Joannes  de,  Nieuwe  Wereld,  267. 
La    Fayette,    Marquis    de,    biogs.,     112; 

Memoirs,  306 ;  in  Va.,  309. 
Lafitau,  J.  F.,  Sauvages,  241. 
La  Follette,  R.  M.,  Personal  Narrative,  523 ; 

as  Insurgent,  572;    Autobiog.,  575;    Ry. 

Regulation,    575;     La   Follette's    Weekly, 

576. 

La  Harpe,  Bernard  de,  Journal  Hist.,  253. 
Lake  Mohonk  Conference,  Proceedings,  556. 
Lakes  to  Gulf  Waterways  Conventions, 

576,  577- 

Lalor,  J.  J.,  Cyclopedia,  39. 
Lamar,  L.  Q.  C.,  biog.,  112;    oration  on 

Sumner,  495. 
Lamb,  John,  biog.,  112. 
Lamb,  M.  J.,  New  York,  78;    Homes  of 

America,  293. 

Lambert,  E.  R.,  Colony  of  New  Haven,  65. 
Lambert,  Henry,  Civil  Service  Reform,  520. 
Lamb's  Biog.  Diet.,  38. 
L' Amis  tad  case,  427. 
Lamphere,  G.  N.,  Wheat  Raising,  533. 
Lamprecht,  Karl,  Geschictswissenschaft,  18; 

What  is  History?   18;    Amerikana,  582. 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  records,  139. 
Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  histories,  82,  83. 
Land,  system  in  colon.  Mass.,  278;  colon. 

companies,  319;  colon,   systems,  332. — 

See  also  Public  lands,  Territory. 
Landon,  J.  S.,  Const.  History,  41. 
Landrum,  J.  B.  O.,  Upper  S.  C.,  320. 
Lane,  Ralph,  colony,  257. 
Lane,  W.  C.,  A.  L.  A.  Portrait  Index,  33. 
Lane  Seminary  and  abolition,  423. 
Lang,  Andrew,  Northcote,  501. 
Langford,  N.  P.,  Vigilante  Days,  502. 
Langlois,  C.  V.,  Etudes  Hist.,  18. 
Langstroth,  C.  S.,  Ry.  Cooperation,  524. 
Langworthy,  Ed.,  Chas.  Lee,  112. 
Lanie.r,  Sidney,  Florida,  66. 
Lanman,  J.  H.,  Michigan,  72. 
Lapradelle,    A.  G.  de,  Question  Cubaine, 

550. 

Larcom,  Lucy,  N.  Eng.  Girlhood,  187. 
Lardner,  Dionysius,  R.  R.  Economy,  404. 
Larned,  E.  D.,  Windham  Co.,  Conn.,  65. 
Larned,  J.  N.,  Lit.  of  Am.  Hist.,  30;    Hist. 

for  Ready  Ref.,  39. 
La   Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,    Voyage  and 

Travels,  100. 
Larpenteur,    Chas.,    Forty    Years    a    Fur 

Trader,  96. 

Larrabee,  Wm.,  R.  R.  Question,  513- 
Larson,  L.  M.,  Milwaukee,  411. 
La  Salle,  Sieur  de,  exploration,  252;     at 
tempted  colony,  253. 
Latane,  J.  H.,  U.  S.  and  Span.   Am.,  60; 

Am.  as  World  Power,  549;   Forcible  Col 
lection  of  Internal.  Debts,  556. 


620 


INDEX 


Lathers,  Rich.,  Reminiscences,  173. 

Lathrop,  J.,  Pocket  Register,  55. 

Latimer  case,  426. 

Latin-America,  part  in  Am.  history,  i ; 
Miranda  project,  358,  388;  revolt  and 
Monroe  doctrine,  386;  Panama  Con 


gress,  388 ;  relations  with  U.  S.  (1844-60),* 
451 ;   Elaine's  policy,  500,  543 . 
congresses,  543,  555 ;    Pan-Am,  arbitra- 


tion,   555. — See  also   Isthmian   transit, 

Monroe  doctrine,  and  nations  by  name. 
Latrobe,  C.  J.,  Rambler,  97. 
Lauck,  W.-  J.,  Immigration  Problem,  528; 

Panic  of  1893,  54°- 
Laudonniere,  Rene  de,  in  Fla.,  250. 
Lauer,  P.  E.,  Church  and  State,  279. 
Laughlin,  J.   L.,   Bimetallism,  357;    Reci 
procity,  518;    Indus.  Am.,  561. 
Laughton,  J.  K.,  Span.  Armada,  130. 
Laut,  A.  C.,  Story  of  Trapper,  432 ;     Great 

Northwest,  432. 

Law,  John,  and  Louisiana,  253. 
Law.  —  See  Professions. 
Lawrence,  A.  A.,  biog.,  112. 
Lawrence,  Abbott,  biog.,  112. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  Diary,  166. 
Lawrence,  T.  J.,  Disputed   Questions,  525; 

Internal.  Law,  544;    War  and  Neutrality 

in  Far  East,  558. 

Lawrence,  Wm.,  A.  A.  Lawrence,  112. 
Lawson,  John,  Description  of  N.  C.,  295. 
Lawson,  P.  V.,  Roller  Flour  Mill,  531. 
Lawson,  T.  W.,  Frenzied  Finance,  575. 
Lawson,  W.  R.,  Am.  Finance,  540. 
Leake,  I.  Q.,  John  Lamb,  112. 
Learning,  Aaron,  Grants,  142. 
Learned,  H.  B.,  President's  Cabinet,  60. 
Learned  societies,  pubs.,  157-163;  in  1820- 

60,  391. 
Lechford,  Thos.,  Plain  Dealing,  279;  Note 

Book,  279. 
Lecky,    W.    E.    H.,    England,    43;     Am. 

Revolution,  43. 
Leclercq,  Chretien,   Premier  Etablissement 

de  la  Foy,  253. 

Lecompton  constitution,  454. 
Le  Conte,  Jos.,  Autobiog.,  494. 
Lectures,  by  students,  212  ;   seminary,  213  ; 

talks    by    teachers,    222;     formal,    222; 

systems  of  note  taking,  223-225;   giving 

out  references,  227. 
Lederer,  John,  Discoveries,  321. 
Lee,  Arthur,  biog.,  112;   in  France,  308. 
Lee,    Chas.,    biogs.,    112;     treason,    306; 

papers,  307. 

Lee,  Daniel,  Ten  Years,  171. 
Lee,  F.  B.,  New  Jersey,  75. 
Lee,  F.  D.,  Savannah,  295. 
Lee,  Fitzhugh,  Gen.  Lee,  112. 
Lee,  Henry,  Memoirs,  309. 
Lee,  J.  H.,  American  Party,  397. 
Lee,  R.  E.,  biogs.,  112;  in  Civil  war,  475. 
Lee,  R.  H.  (i),  biog.,  112;    Letters,  166; 

resolutions  on  independence,  303. 
Lee,  R.  H.  (2),  Arthur  Lee,  112;  R.  H.  Lee, 

112. 

Lee,  Wm.,  Letters,  166. 
Le  Fur,  Louis,  Guerre  Hispano-Am.,  550. 
Leeson,  M.  A.,  Montana,  531. 


Legal  periodicals,  indexes,  33. 

Legal  tender.  —  See  Paper  Money. 

Legare,  H.  S.,  Writings,  166. 

Leggett,  Wm.,  Writings,  166. 

Legislature,  condition  in  states  (1820-60) 
409.  —  See  also  Congress,  Government, 
Representation. 

Leif  Ericson,  243. 

Leigh,  F.  B.,  Ga.  Plantation,  497. 

Leisler's  rebellion,  267. 

Leland,  C.  G.,  Lincoln,  113. 

Leland,  J.  A.,  Voice  from  S.  C.,  497. 

Lelewel,  J.,  Geographic,  238. 

Leonard,  D.  L.,  Missionary  Annals,  394. 

Leopard-Chesapeake  affair,  369. 

Le  Page  du  Pratz,  Louisiane  and  Louisiana, 
69. 

Le  Roy,  J.  A.,  Philippine  Life,  552; 
Mabini  on  Filipino  Rev.,  554. 

Leroy-Beaulieu,  P.,  United  Slates,  582. 

Lescarbot,  Marc,  Nouvelle  France,  251. 

Leslie,  Emma,  hist,  novel,  187. 

Lesseps,  F.  de,  Panama  canal,  525. 

Lester,  C.  E.,  Vespucius,  246;  Houston,  440. 

Lester,  J.  C.,  Ku  Klux,  496. 

Letter  from  a  Gentleman  of  N.  Y.,  268. 

Lettre  d'un  Habitant,  288. 

Leupp,  F.  E.,  Roosevelt,  573 ;  Taft  and 
Roosevelt,  573. 

Leutscher,  G.  P.,EarlyPolit.  Machinery, 352. 

Levasseur,  A..,  Lafayette  en  Am.,  97. 

Levasseur,  Emile,  Am.  Workman,  524;  Agri 
culture,  531. 

Levering,  J.  H.,  Indiana,  68. 

Levermore,  C.  H.,  New  Haven,  65. 

Lewis,  G.  C.,  Gout,  of  Dependencies,  291 ; 
Observation  in  Politics,  297;  Administra 
tions,  309. 

Lewis,  J.  J.,  Chester  Co.,  306. 

Lewis,  T.  H.,  Span.  Explorers,  249. 

Lewis,  V.  A.,  West  Va.,  88;  Battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  320. 

Lewis,  W.  D.,  Great  Am.  Lawyers,  407. 

Lewis  and  Clark.  History  of  the  Expedition, 
97  ;  Original  Journals,  97  ;  expedition,  366. 

Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  77. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  battle,  301;  history,  302. 

Leypoldt,  F.,  American  Cat.,  33. 

Libby,  O.  G.,  Geog.  Distribution  of  Votes, 
342  ;  Lead  and  Shot  Trade,  401. 

Liberal  Republicans,  510. 

Liberator,  423. 

Liberia,  origin  and  failure,  385;  commis 
sion  (1910),  555. 

L'berty,  seizure,  298. 

Liberty  party,  423,  439. 

Libraries,  useful  cats.,  35;  necessity  of 
working,  191;  small  collections,  191; 
small  standard,  192;  collateral  use,  194; 
use  of  great,  195  ;  noted  for  hist,  material, 
195;  special  use  by  students,  reserve 
system,  196;  and  night  use,  196;  of 
1820-60,  391;  present  day,  581. 

Library  of  Congress,  bibls.  issued  by,  31 ; 
A.  L.  A.  Cat.,  33;  State  Pubs.,  33;  Cat., 
34;  distribution  of  cat.  cards,  34;  Check 
List  of  Newspapers,  126. 

Lieber,  Francis,  Stranger  in  Am.,  97 ', 
biog.,  112;  Civil  Liberty,  411. 


LATHERS  —  LlJCKE  Y 


621 


Lincecum,  Gideon,  Autobiog.,  378. 

Lincklaen,\John,  Journals,  97. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  bipgs.,  112,  113,  377; 
Works,  166;  Writings,  166;  reminis 
cences, -170,  173,  174;  and  slavery  in 
D.  C.,  445;  Douglas  debates,  460 ;  elec 
tion,  460 ;  and  secession  compromise,  468, 
470;  career,  470;  inauguration,  470; 
Ft.  Sumter  crisis,  470;  call  for  troops, 
470;  bibls.,  472;  and  foreign  relations, 
480 ;  and  arbitrary  arrests,  483 ;  influ 
ence,  483 ;  reelection,  483 ;  assassination, 
483 ;  and  emancipation  and  colonization, 
486 ;  and  reconstruction,  489. 

Lincoln,  C.  H.,  Calendar  of  J.  P.  Jones 
MSS.,  in;  Rev.  Movement  in  Pa.,  312. 

Lincoln,  C.  Z.,  Messages  from  GO-US,  of  N.  Y., 
404. 

Lincoln,  Wm.,  Journal  of  Provincial  Con 
gress,  138. 

Lincoln,  Neb.,  history,  74. 

Lindley,  Walter,  Cal.  of  South,  547. 

Lindsey,  B.  B.,  The  Beast,  574- 

Linn,  W.  A.,  Greeley,  109;  Mormons,  407. 

Linn,  Wm.,  Serious  Considerations,  362. 

Lippincott,  Isaac,  Pioneer  Industry,  377. 

Lippincott's  Diet,  of  Biog.,  39. 

Liquor.  —  See  Temperance. 

List  of  Private  Claims,  36. 

Literature,  American,  colon.,  287,  327; 
conditions  (1820-60),  391 ;  of  new  South, 
536;  of  Pacific  coast,  546;  in  2oth  cen 
tury,  582.  — See  also  Newspapers,  Press, 
Social  conditions. 

Little,  C.  E.,  Cyclop,  of  Dates,  39. 

Little,  L.  P.,  Ben  Ilardin,  173. 

Livermore,  Geo.,  Hist.  Research,  335. 

Livermore,  T.  L.,  Numbers  and  Losses,  463. 

Livingston,  Ed.,  biog.,  113. 

Livingston,  W.  F.,  Putnam,  116. 

Livingston,  Wm.,  biog.,  113. 

Lloyd,  H.  D.,  Strike  of  Millionaires,  525; 
Wealth  against  Commonwealth,  562. 

Lloyd,  Thos.,  Cong.  Register,  347. 

Lobingier,  C.  S.,  People's  Law,  410. 

Local  government,  in  colon.  Va.,  259;  in 
colon.  Mass.,  278;  in  Eng.,  324;  colon., 
325;  development  (1820-60),  409. — 
See  also  Cities,  Government. 

Local  histories,  bibls.,  62;  list,  63-89 
passim. 

Locke,  D.  R.,  Nasby,  485. 

Locke,  John,  Civil  Govl.,  297. 

Locke,  M.  S.,  Anti-Slavery,  60. 

Lockwood,  G.  B.,  New  Harmony,  407. 

Locofocos,  428. 

Lodge,  H.  C.,  U.  S.,  42  ;  History  of  Nations, 
42;  Revolution,  60;  Boston,  71;  Cabot, 
105;  Hamilton,  109;  ed.  of  Hamilton's 
Works,  165;  Washington,  120;  Webster, 
120;  Eng.  Colonies,  238;  Hist,  and 
Polit.  Essays,  511. 

Ldher,  F.  von,  Deutscher  in  Am.,  395. 

Logan,  J.  A.,  biog.,  113. 

Logan,  J.  H.,  Upper  S.  C.,  84. 

Logan,  Jas.,  Correspondence,  271. 

Lomax,  J.  A.,  Cowboy  Songs,  535. 

Lomenie,  Louis  de,  Beaumarchais,  308. 

London  Company,  259. 


Long,  A.  L.,  R.  E.  Lee,  112. 

Long,  J.  D.,  New  Am.  Navy,  550. 

Long,  S.  H.,  Expedition,  97  ;  exploration,  431. 

Long   Island,  histories,  77,  78;    bibl.,  78; 

battle,  304. 

Long  Island  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 
Longfellow,  H.  W.,  Memorials,  173;   poems 

illustrative  of  Am.  history,  189. 
Longstreet,  A.  B.,  Ga.  Scenes,  187. 
Longstreet,  Jas.,  Manassas  to  Appomattox, 

Lord,  E.  L.,  Indus.  Experiments,  327. 

Lord,  Eliot,  Comstock  Mining,  502. 

Lord,  Eliot,  Italian  in  Am.,  318. 

Lorenz,  Carl,  T.  L.  Johnson,  574. 

Lorimer,  Wm.,  bribery  charges,  572. 

Loring,  C.  G.,  Correspondence,  482. 

Loring,  C.  W.,  Nullification,  344. 

Loring,  G.  B.,  Am.  Agri.,  508. 

Los  Angeles,  labor  troubles,  546 ;  munic. 
reform,  546. 

Loskiel,  G.  H.,  Mission,  242. 

Lossing,  B.  J.,  Hudson,  77;  New  York,  78; 
Schuyler,  117;  Field  Book  of  Rev.,  300; 
Two  Spies,  307;  Empire  State,  372; 
War  of  1812,  372. 

Lothrop,  T.  K.,  Seward,  1.17. 

Lott,  J.  L.,  Fed.  Anti-Trust  Decisions,  565. 

Lough,  W.  H.,  Corporation  Finance,  562. 

Louisburg,  captures,  288. 

Louisiana,  hists.,  69,  70;  records  and 
statutes,  136;  hist,  soc.,  160;  French 
settlement,  253;  cession  to  Spain,  253; 
conditions  under  Spain,  253 ;  purchase, 
365;  territory,  375;  admission,  375; 
secession,  466;  mUit.  govt.,  489;  recon 
struction,  490;  uprising  against  carpet 
bag  govt.,  495;  overthrow  of  carpetbag 
gqvt.,  514.  —  See  also  South,  States. 

Louisiana  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Louisiana  purchase,  365;  boundaries 
settled,  383- 

Louisville,  history,  68. 

Lovejoy,  E.  P.,  killed,  423. 

Low,  A.  M.,  Am.  People,  317;  America  at 
Home,  582. 

Low,  Seth,  U.  S.  as  World  Power,  553. 

Lowdermilk,  W.  H.,  Cumberland,  70. 

Lowell,  A.  L.,  Essays  on  Govt.,  347. 

Lowell,  C.  R.,  biog.,  113. 


Lowell,  E.  J.,  Hessians,  305. 
Lowell,  J.  R.,  biogs.,  113, 

poems  illustrative  of  Am.  history,  189; 


biogs.,  113,  521;  Letters,  173; 


Among  my  Books,  287;  abolitionist,  423 ; 

Anti-Slavery  Papers,  441;  Biglow  Papers, 

446;   Polit.  Essays,  467;   Lit.  and  Polit. 

Addresses,  522. 
Lowell,  John,  Dred  Scott,  458. 
Lowery,  W.,  Span.  Settlements,  248. 
Lowry,  Robt.,  Mississippi,  73. 
Loyal  Land  Company,  319. 
Loyalists,  310,  311,  335- 
Lubbock,  A.  B.,  Round  the  Horn,  404. 
Lucas,  C.  P.,  Hist.  Geog.,  237 ;  Canada,  303. 
Lucas,  Eliza,  Journal,  265. 
Lucas,  Robt.,  Exec.  Journal,  135. 
Lucas,  Samuel,  Charters,  238. 
Luckey,  G.  W.«A.,  Training  of  Teachers, 

393- 


622 


INDEX 


Ludlow,  Wm.,  Black  Hills,  503. 

Lumber,  development  of  industry  (1820-60), 
398;  postbellum  industry ,  518;  southern 
pine,  536.  —  See  also  Forestry,  Economic 
conditions. 

Lummis,  C.  F.,  Span.  Pioneers,  248; 
Land  of  Poco-Tiempo,  534;  Strange 
Corners,  534;  Tramp  across  Continent, 
534;  article  on  Cal.,  547. 

Lundy,  Benj.,  biog.,  113. 

Lunt,  E.  C.,  Key  to  Census,  397. 

Lunt,  Geo.,  Origin  of  Late  War,  446. 

Luzerne  Co.,  Pa.,  history,  82. 

Lyceums  (1820-60),  391. 

Lyell,  Sir  Chas.,  Travels,  97. 

Lyman,  H.  S.,  Oregon,  81. 

Lyman,  Phineas,  land  company,  319. 

Lyman,  Theo.,  Diplomacy,  308. 

Lyman,  W.  D.,  Columbia  River,  546. 

Lynch,  Jer.,  Senator  of  Fifties,  460;  Klon 
dike,  548. 

Lynch  law  in  South,  536. 

Lyon,  Mary,  biog.,  393. 

Lyon,  Matthew,  biog.,  113;  sedition  case, 
360. 

McADiE,  A.  G.,  Climatology  of  Cal.,  432. 

Macaulay,  T.  B.,  charges  against  Penn,  269. 

Macauley,  Jas.,  New  York,  77. 

McCabe,  J.  D.,  Great  Fortunes,  407. 

McCaleb,  W.  F.,  Burr  Conspiracy,  368; 
Gutierrez  Expedition,  435. 

McCall,  G.  A.,  Letters,  97. 

McCall,  Hugh,  Georgia,  66. 

McCall,  S.  W.,  Stevens,  118;  Payne  Tariff 
Law,  570;  Representative  and  Direct 
Govt.,  574. 

McCardle,  W.  H.,  Mississippi,  73. 

McCarthy,  C.  H.,  Lincoln's  Plan  of  Recon 
struction,  491. 

McCarthy,  Carlton,  Soldier's  Life,  477. 

McCarthy,  Chas.,  Anti-Masonic  Party, 
410;  Wis.  Idea,  573. 

McCarty,  D.  G.,  Territorial  Govs.,  376. 

McCarty.Wm.,  Songs,  190. 

McClain,  Emlin,'  Cases,  178;    Const.  Law, 

McClellan,  G.  B.,  biogs.,  113;   Own  Story, 

173;  Report,  476. 

McClellan,  R.  G.,  Republicanism,  497. 
McClelland,  C.  P.,  Ohio  Canals,  401. 
McClintock,  J.  N.,  New  Hampshire,  75. 
McClure,  A.  K.,  Lincoln,  173;  3000  Miles, 

503;  Our  Presidents,  510;   South,  538. 
McConachie,  L.  G.,  Cong.  Committees,  541. 
McCord,  D.  J.,  Statutes  of  S.  C.,  146. 
McCormac,  E.  I.,  White  Servitude,  328. 
McCormick,  C.  H.,  biog.,  400. 
McCormick,  Fannie,  Kansas  Farm,  535. 
McCormick,  Jas.,  Geog.  Diet,  of  Alaska,  548. 
MacCoun,  Townsend,  Hist.  Geog.,  50. 
McCrady,  Ed.,  South  Carolina,  84. 
McCrary,  G.  W.,  Law  of  Elections,  491. 
McCrie,  Thos.,  John  Knox,  273. 
McCulloch,  Hugh,  Men  and  Measures,  173  ; 

as  sec.  of  treasury,  498. 
McCulloch,  J.  R.,  Dictionary,  403. 
M'Culloch  v.  Maryland,  381. 
McDonald,  Bill,  biog.,  535. 


McDonald,  J.,  Whiskey  Ring,  511. 
MacDonald,  Wm.,  U.  S.,  41 ;  Select  Charters, 

178;    Select  Docs.,   178;    Select  Statutes, 

178;   Doc.  Source  Book,  178;   Jacksonian 

Democracy,   392 ;     French   Canadians   in 

N.  Eng.,  529. 

Macdonough,  Rodney,  T.  Macdonough,  113. 
Macdonough,  Thos.,  biog.,  113. 
McDougall,  M.  G.,  Fugitive  Slaves,  327. 
Mace,  A.  G.,  Aletheia,  408. 
Mace,    W.    H.,    Method    in    History,    18; 

Working  Manual,  32. 
McElroy,  R.  M.,  Kentucky,  68. 
McElwaine,  Eugene,  Alaska,  548. 
McFarland,  R.,  N.  Eng.  Fisheries,  400. 
MacGillivray,  Donald,  Protestant  Missions 

in  China,  558. 

MacGregor,  John,  Progress  of  Am.,  399. 
McHenry,  Jas.,  biog.,  113;     notes  in  Fed. 

Conven.,  340. 

M 'Henry,  John,  Md.  Reports,  151. 
Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  Discourses,  297. 
Mackay,  Alex.,  Western  World,  97. 
McKean,  Thos.,  biog.,  113. 
McKee,  Lanier,  Nome,  548. 
McKee,  T.  H.,  Reports  of  Select  Committees, 

37;  National  Conventions,  178. 
McKeever,  W.  A.,  Farm  Boys  and  Girls,  583. 
Mackenzie,  A.  S.,  Paul  Jones,  112. 
Mackenzie,  Alex.,  Voyages,  97. 
Mackenzie,  Roderick,  Strictures,  309. 
MacKenzie,  W.  L.,  Van  Buren,  429. 
McKinley,  A.  E.,  Suffrage  Franchise,  326; 

Two  Southern  Constitutions,  537 ;   Island 

Possessions,  552. 
McKinley,    Wm.,    election    (1896),    540; 

Span,  war,  549;    govt.  of  dependencies, 

551;   reelection ,  5  7 1 ;   assassination  ,571. 
McKinley  Tariff  act,  539. 
Maclain,  J.  S.  Alaska,  546. 
McLaughlin,  A.  C.,  Teaching  of  American 

History,     13;     U.   S.  for    Schools,     13; 

Cyclopedia,  39;   Cass,  105;   Am.  Nation, 

192;  Confederation,  310;  Social  Compact, 

344;   Western  Posts,  355 ;  Significance  of 

Parties,  575. 

McLaughlin,  J.  F.,  Lyon,  113. 
McLaughlin,  Jas.,  Indian,  506. 
Maclay,  E.  S.,  Am.  Privateers,  60;  U.  S. 

Navy,  60. 

Maclay,  Wm.,  Journal,  173. 
MacLean,   A.  M.,  Wage-Earning   Women, 

568. 

MacLean,  J.  P.,  Shaker  Literature,  408. 
McLeod,  Donald,  Wisconsin,  88. 
McLeod  incident,  428. 
McLoughlin,  John,  biog.,  434. 
McMahon,  J.  V.  L.,  Govt.  of  Md.,  70. 
McMaster,   J.    B.,   People  of   U.   S.,    43; 

Trail  Makers,  90 ;  ed.  of  Lewis  and  Clark, 

97;  Franklin,  108;  Webster,  120;  Pa.  and 

Fed.  Const.,  145;   With  the  Fathers,  347; 

X.    Y.    Z.   Letters,    359;   Acquisition   of 

Rights,  410. 

McMullen,  John,  Canada,  252. 
McMurry,  C.  A.,  Method  in  History,  18. 
McNeil,  G.  E.,  Labor  Movement,  406. 
Macon,   Natl.,   biogs.,   114;    Letters,  365; 

Corresp.,  365. 


LUDLOW  — MARTIN 


623 


Macon  bills,  370. 

MacPherson,  David.  Commerce,  292. 

McPherson,  Ed.,  Index  of  (Finance)  Bills, 
36;  Rebellion,  178;  Reconstruction,  178; 
Handbook,  178. 

McPherson,  J.  H.  T.,  Liberia,  386. 

McPherson,  L.  G.,  Working  of  R.  Rs.,  565 ; 
R.  R.  Freight  Rates,  565. 

McRee,  G.  J.,  Iredell,  no. 

McSherry,  Jas.,  Maryland,  262. 

McVey,  F.  L.,  Populist  Movement,  541 ; 
Modern  Industrialism,  561. 

Macy,  Jesse,  Polit.  Parties,  60;  Eng.  Con 
stitution,  324;  Institutional  Beginnings, 
410. 

Macy,  Obed,  Nantucket,  72. 

Madison,  Dorothy,  Memoirs,  173. 

Madison,  Jas.,  biogs..  114;  Papers"  166; 
Letters,  166;  Writings,  166;  notes  of 
debates  in  Fed.  Conven.,  340;  elected 
president,  370;  and  non-intercourse, 
370;  and  War  of  1812,  371,  374;  bank, 
tariff,  and  internal  improvements,  379; 
and  nullification,  415. 

Madison,  history,  88. 

Magoon,  C.  E.,  Civil  Govt.  in  Ter.  under 
Milit.  Occupation,  446;  Legal  Status  of 
Islands  Acquired,  553. 

Magruder,  A.  B.,  Marshall,  114. 

Maguire,  H.  N.,  Resources  of  Mon.,  503; 
New  Map  to  Dakota,  503. 

Maguire,  J.  F.,  Irish  in  Am.,  392. 

Mahan,  A.  T.,  Sea  Power  and  War  of  1812, 
60 ;  Farragut,  108 ;  Sea  Power  and  French 
Rev.,  369;  Interest  of  Am.  in  Sea  Power, 
544;  Lessons  of  War  with  Spain,  550; 
Retrospect  and  Prospect,  552;  Am. 
Interest  in  Internal.  Relations,  558; 
Problem  of  Asia,  559. 

Mahan,  Asa,  Am.  War,  476. 

Mahon,  Lord,  England,  43. 

Maillard,  N.  D.,  Texas,  85. 

Maine,  H.  S.,  Popular  Govt.,  340. 

Maine,  bibls.,  70;  hists.,  70;  records  and 
statutes,  137;  hist,  soc.,  160;  Popham 
colony,  272;  Gorges  patent,  276;  settle 
ment,  283;  admission,  385,  409. — See 
also  Colonies,  Massachusetts,  New  Eng 
land,  States. 

Maine,  explosion,  549. 

Maine  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Maitland,  F.  W.,  Teaching  of  History,  18. 

Major,  R.  H.,  Letters  of  Columbus,  244; 
Prince  Henry,  246;  True  Date,  255. 

Majors,  Alex.,  Seventy  Years,  503. 

Makemie,  F.,  Narrative,  292. 

Makower,  Felix,  Church  of  Eng.,  273. 

Mallet  brothers,  exploration,  431. 

Mallory,  Daniel,  Clay,  105. 

Malloy,  W.  M.,  Treaties,  157. 

Maltbie,  M.  R.,  Munic.  Functions,  524. 

Manchester,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 

Mandeville,  G.  H.,  Flushing,  294. 

Mangourit,  M.  A.  B.  de,  Carres  p.,  356. 

Manila  Bay,  battle,  549. 

Mann,  Herman,  Dedham,  71. 

Mann,  Horace,  and  schools,  391;  biog., 
393 ;  Life  and  Works,  396. 

Mann-Elkins  Railway  act,  561. 


Manning,  W.  R.,  Nootka  Sound,  355. 

Mansfield,  E.  D.,  Memories,  173. 

Mansfield,  J.  B.,  New  £«<?.,  53. 

Mansfield,  John,  Bibl.  of  Educ.,  15. 

Manufactures,  colon.,  291,  327;  Hamilton's 
report,  356;  beginnings  as  industry, 
356;  development  after  1812,  379; 
conditions  (1820-60),'  398;  postbellum 
development,  517;  iron  and  steel,  and 
Great  Lakes  ore,  530;  southern  iron 
and  steel,  530 ;  southern  cotton,  536. — 
See  also^  Economic  conditions,  Tariff,  and 
industries  by  name. 

Manuscript  sources,  collections,  180;  use, 
180;  guides,  180,  181. 

Mappin,  W.  F.,  Farm  Mortgages,  541. 

Maps,  physical,  of  N.  Am.,  49,  50;  histori 
cal,  50,  51;  reprints,  51,238;  importance 
and  use  in  teaching  history,  208-210;  im 
portant  original,  illustrating  voyages  and 
European  claims,  239,  246,  255;  illustrating 
U.  S.  history  (1781-1865),  317-487  pas 
sim  ;of  Span.-Am.  war,  550;  of  conserva 
tion,  579.  —  See  also  Geography. 

Marble,  Manton,  Secret  Chapter,  515. 

Marblehead,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Marbois.—  See  Barbe-Marbois. 

Marbury,  Horatio,  Digest,  134. 

Marbury  v.  Madison,  363,  381. 

Marcel,  G.,  Reproductions,  239;  Cat.  des 
Docs.  Geog.,  240. 

March,  C.  W.,  Reminiscences,  173. 

March  to  the  sea,  475. 

Marcos,  Fray,  248. 

Marcou,  Jules,  Agassiz_,  103. 

Marcy,  R.  B.,  Army  Life,  433. 

Margry,  Pierre,  Memoires,  242. 

Marietta,  O.,  settlement,  332. 

Marion,  Francis,  biogs.,  309/310. 

Markham,  C.  R.,  Columbus,  106 ;  Columbus's 
Journal,  256;  Hawkins'  Voyages,  256. 

Marot,  Helen,  Labor  Literature,  408. 

Marquarde,  Thos.,  Drake,  257. 

Marquette,  Jacques,  exploration,  252. 

Marryat,  Fred.,  Diary,  97. 

Marsden,  J.  B.,  Early  Puritans,  273. 

Marsh,  A.  J.,  Report  of  Convention,  141. 

Marsh,  B.  C.,  City  Planning,  583. 

Marsh,  C.  C.,  G.  P.  Marsh,  114. 

Marsh,  G.  P.,  biog.,  114. 

Marshall,  Christopher,  Diary,  173. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  Kentucky,  68. 

Marshall,  J.  A.,  Am.  Bastile,  484. 

Marshall,  John,  biogs.,  114,  382;  Washing 
ton,  120;  Writings,  166;  great  decisions, 
381. 

Marshall,  O.  H.,  Hist.  Writings,  251. 

Marshall,  T.  M.,  5.  W.  Boundary,  440 

Marshall,  W.  I.,  Acquisition  of  Oregon,  435- 

Marshall  Co .„  Iowa,  history,  68. 

Marsillac,  J.,  Penn,  115. 

Martens,  Chas.  de,  Traites,  52. 

Martens,  G.  F.  de,  Traites,  52. 

Martin,  E.  W.,  Grange  Movement,  512. 

Martin,  F.  X.,  La.,  6g;N.  C.,  79;  Collection 
of  Statutes,  131 ;  Notes,  151. 

Martin,  G.  H.,  Mass.  School  System,  392. 

Martin,  Gen.  Jos.,  biog.,  332. 

Martin,  Jos.,  Gaz.  of  Va.,  87. 


624 


INDEX 


Martin,  Luther,  biog.,  114. 

Martin,  W.  A.  P.,  Awakening  of  China,  559. 

Martin,  W.  E.,  Internal  Improvements  in 
Ala.,  401. 

Martin  v.  Hunter's  Lessee,  381. 

Martin  v.  Mott,  381. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  Retrospect,  98 ;  Society 
in  Am.,  98. 

Martyr,  Peter,  Decades,  245. 

Marvin,  W.  L. ,  Am.  Marine,  357. 

Maryland,  bibls.,  70;  hists.,  70;  records 
and  statutes,  137;  early  decisions,  151; 
hist,  soc.,  160;  charter  and  settlement, 
262;  boundary  disputes,  262,  269;  relig. 
and  polit.  dissensions,  263 ;  and  Quakers, 
284;  conditions  (1760),  294;  and  western 
claims,  312;  ratification,  341;  does  not 
secede,  470;  abolishes  slavery,  486. — 
See  also  Colonies,  South,  States. 

Maryland  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Maslin,  E.  W.,  Resources  of  Col.,  547- 

Mason,  A.  C.,  Compendium,  532. 

Mason,  E.  C.,  Veto  Power,  380. 

Mason,  E.  G.,  Illinois,  67. 

Mason,  Geo.,  biog.,  114. 

Mason,  H.  D.,  Public  Utilities,  564. 


Mason, 


.  M.,  Trent  affair,  480;  biog., 


Mason,    er.,  biog.,  114. 

Mason,    ohn,  grant,  275. 

Mason,    ohn,  Pequot  War,  282. 

Mason,  Virginia,  /.  M.  Mason,  481. 

Mason  and  Dixon  line,  269. 

Massachusetts,  general  hists.,  70,  71;  bibl. 
of  local  hist.,  71;  local  hists.,  71,  72; 
records  and  statutes,  138 ;  early  decisions, 
151;  hist,  socs.,  160;  absorbs  Plymouth, 
275;  first  settlements,  276;  grant  by 
Council  for  .N.  Eng.,  276;  charter  and 
great  settlement,  277;  institutional 
development,  278;  Roger  Williams, 
280;  Antinomianism,  280;  Gorton, 
281 ;  and  northern  settlements,  283 ;  in 
N.  Eng.  Confed.,  283;  and  Quakers, 
284;  overthrow  of  charter,  285;  govt. 
and  overthrow  of  Andros,  286;  second 
charter,  286;  under  royal  govs.,  286; 
witchcraft,  287;  conditions  (1760),  293; 
and  genesis  of  Revolution,  298,  301 ; 
western  claims,  312,  330,  332;  first 
constitution,  3 13;  emancipation  in,  335; 
Shays  rebellion,  337;  ratification,  341. 
—  See  also  Colonies,  New  England,  States. 

Massachusetts  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Living 
Conditions  of  Wage-earning  Population, 
581. 

Massachusetts  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160; 
Lowell  Lectures,  276. 

Massachusetts  State  Library,  Cat.,  35. 

Massey,  W.  N.,  England,  43. 

Massie,  D.  M.,  N.  Massie,  376. 

Massie,  J.  W.,  America,  98. 

Massie,  Natl.,  biog.,  376. 

Masson,  David,  Milton,  273. 

Materials  for  American  history,  3;  value 
of  training  in  use,  5. 

Mather,  Cotton,  biog.,  114;  Magnolia,  284; 
Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World,  287. 

Mather,  Increase,  biog.,  114;  Remarkable 
Providences,  279;  Brief  History,  285. 


Matheson,  Jas.,  Narrative,  100. 
Mathews,  J.  L.,  Remaking  the  Miss.,  578. 
Mathews,  J.  M.,  Fifteenth  Amendment,  490. 
Mathews,  L.  K.,  Expansion  of  N.  Eng.,  60; 

Erie  Canal,  401. 
Matson,  Henry,  References,  31. 
Matthews,  Brander,  Poems  of  Am.  Patriot 
ism,  190. 

Ma'umee  Valley,  history,  80. 
Maury,  Ann,  Memoirs,  261. 
Maverick,  Aug.,  H.  J.  Raymond,  394. 
Maverick,  Samuel,    settlement,    276;    De 
scription  of  N.  Eng.,  278. 
Maxcy,  Virgil,  Laws  of  Md.,  137. 
Maximilian,  in  Mexico,  480. 
Maximilian  of  Wied-Neuwied,  Travels,  98. 
May,  John,  Journal,  98. 
May,   S.   J.,   Memoirs,    173;    Anti-Slavery 

Conflict,  173. 

May,  T.  E.,  Const.  History,  291. 
Mayes,  Ed.,  Lamar,  112. 
Mayflower,  voyage,  274. 
Mayflower  compact,  274. 
Mayhew,  Jon.,  biog.,  114. 
Mayo,  A.  D.,  Common  Schools,  393 ;  Schools 

in  N.  C.,  S.  C.,andGa.,  496. 
Mayo,  Robt.,  Polit.  Sketches,  173. 
Maypenny,  G.  W.,  Indian  Wards,  506. 
Mead,  E.  D.,  Old  South  Leaflets,  179. 
Mead,  Elwood,  Irrigation  Institutions,  578. 
Meade,  E.  S.,  Story  of  Gold,  502;    Trust 

Finance,  562. 
Meade,  G.  G.,  biogs.,  114. 
Meade,  Wm.,  Old  Churches  of  Va.,  87. 
Meany,  E.  S.,  Washington,  88;    Vancouver's 

Discovery,  101. 
Meat  Inspection  act,  572. 
Medbery,  J.  K.,Wall  Street,  519. 
Medley,  D.  J.,  Eng.  Const.  Hist.,  324. 
Meeker,  Ezra,  Pioneer  Reminiscences,  88. 
Meeker,  Royal,  Shipping  Subsidies,  401. 
Meigs,  R.  J.,  biog.,  114;   Journal,  303. 
Meigs,  R.  J.,  Code  of  Tenn.,  147. 
Meigs,  W.  M.,  Benton,  105;  Ingersoll,  no; 

Growth  of  Constitution,  340. 
Melish,  John,  Information  to  Emigrants,  55  ; 

Traveller's  Directory,  55 ;  Statis.  View,  55  ; 

Travels,  98. 

Mellick,  A.  D.,  Old  Farm,  75- 
Melyn,  Cornelis,  Breeden-Raedt,  267. 
Memminger,  C.  G.,  biog.,  114. 
Memorials  concerning  Nova  Scotia,  237. 
Memorizing,  value,   199;    list  of  valuable 

facts  and  dates,  200-206. 
Menendez,  Pedro,  in  Fla.,  250. 
Mendon,  Mass.,  history,  72. 
Mercer,  John,  Abridgment,  149. 
Mereness,  N.  D.,  Maryland,  70. 
Merivale,  Herman,  Colonization,  291. 
Merriam,  C.  E.,  Am.  Polit.,  Theories,  60; 

Theory    of    Sovereignty,    344;     Primary 

Election,  574. 
Merriam,  G.  S.,  5.  Bowles,  104;  Negro  and 

the  Nation,  421. 

Merriam,  J.  M.,  Ordinance  (1787),  331. 
Merrick,  G.  B.,  Old  Times,  404. 
'Merrill,  Jos.,  Amesbury,  71. 
Merrimac,  Mass.,  history,  71. 
Merriman,  T.  M.,  Pilgrims,  280. 


MARTIN  — MONEY 


625 


34 
Ca 


Merwin,  H.  C.,  Bret  Harte,  434- 

Merry  Mount,  276. 

Merryman  case,  483. 

Metcalf,  J.  G.,  Mendon,  72. 

Metcalfe,  R.  L.,  Real  Bryan,  554. 

Method  in  American  history,  bibl.,  15,  16; 

reports  on,  16,  17;    books  on,   17,   18; 

period,    articles    on,    19-21;      collateral 

authorities,  22;  place,  22;  in  schools,  24; 

in   college,    25  ;     place   of   investigation, 

25,  26;   study  without  a  teacher,  26,  27. 

—  See  also  Reading,  Teaching. 
Mexican  war,  441. 
Mexico,   conquest,    247  ;     Am.    war,    441  ; 

Gadsden   purchase    from,   442  ;     French 

in,  480,  500.  —  See  also   Latin-America, 

Texas. 
Meyer,  B.  H.,  R.  R.  Legis.  in  Wis.,  402; 

Ry.  Legis.,  513;    Central  Utilities  Corns., 

564;      Northern    Securities    Case,     564; 

Interstate  Commerce  Com.,  564. 
Meyer,  E.  C.,  Nominating  Systems,  574. 
Meyer,  H  .  H.  B.,  Lists:    Supreme  Court, 
48  ;   Sugar,  542  ;   Wool,  542  ;    Value  and 
pitalization  of  R.    Rs.,    566;    Cost  of 

Living   and    Prices,     566;    Boycotts    and 

Injunctions,  569;  Popular  Elec.  of  Sena 

tors,  576;   City  Planning,  585;   Working- 

men's  Insurance,  585. 
Meyer,  H.  R.,  Govt.  Regulation  of  Ry.  Rates, 

5i3- 
Meyerholz,    Chas.,    Fed.    Supervision    over 

Territories,  411. 
Michaux,  F.  A.,  Travels,  08. 
Michie,  A.  H.,  Englishman  in  China,  558. 
Michie,  P.  S.,  McClellan,  113;    Upton,  119. 
Michie,  T.  J.,  Encyclopedia,  156. 
Michigan,  hists.,  72;    records  and  statutes, 

139;     hist,    soc.,    160;     territory,    375; 

admission,    409.  —  See    also    Northwest, 

States. 

Michigan  Pioneer  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 
Midnight  appointments,  361,  363. 
Mikkelsen,  M.  A.,  Bishop  Hill,  407. 
Miles,  H.  A.,  Lowell,  403. 
Miles,  N.  A.,  Recollections,  507. 
Mill,  R.  H.,  Internal.  Geog.,  48. 
Millard,  T.  F.,  New  Far  East,  558. 
Mille,  Jas.  de,  hist,  novel,  187. 
Miller,  A.  C.,  Income  Tax,  541. 
Miller,  C.  N.,  Montana,  74. 
Miller,  E.  I.,  Leg.  of  Provin.  Va.,  325. 
Miller,  F.  W.,  Cincinnati,  80. 
Miller,  John,  Description  of  N.  Y.,  268. 
Miller,  Kelley,  Race  Adjustments,  537. 
Miller,  Samuel  F.,  Reports,  155;    Constitu 

tion,  329. 

Miller,  Stephen  F.,  Bench  and  Bar,  295. 
Miller,  W.  H.,  Kansas  City,  534- 
Millet,  F.  D.,  Expedition  to  Philippines,  551. 
Milligan  case,  483. 

Mills,  D.,  Boundaries  of  Ontario,  237. 
Mills,  J.  C.,  Inland  Seas,  401. 
Mills,  Robt.,  Statistics  ofS.  C.,  84. 
Mills  and  Hick's  Register,  55. 
Mills  Tariff  bill,  522. 
Milwaukee,  history,  88. 
Miner,   Chas.,   Wyoming,   82;    antislavery 

congressman,  425. 


Mining,  development  (1820-60),  398;  gold 
in  Cal.,  434;  development  of  western 
frontier  (1859-76),  502;  traits,  502; 
Great  Lakes  iron  fields,  530;  in  Southwest, 
533;  southern  coal  and  iron  fields,  536; 
miners'  strikes  (1894-1904),  567.  —  See 
also  Economic  conditions,  and  minerals 
by  name. 

Minneapolis,  flour  mills,  530. 

Minnesota,  bibl.,  73;  hists.,  73;  records, 
140;  hist,  soc.,  160;  territory,  409; 
admission,  409.  —  See  also  Northwest, 
States,  West. 

Minnesota  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Minor,  B.  B.,  Southern  Literary  Messenger, 
394- 

Minor,  L.,  Virginian  in  N.  Eng.,  396. 

Minot,  G.  R.,  Massachusetts,  71;  Insur 
rection  in  Mass.,  339. 

Minto,  John,  Pioneers,  435  ;  Sheep  Industry, 

Miranda,  Francisco  de,  biog.,  355;  project, 
35?. 

Missionaries  in  Orient,  557. 

Mississippi,  bibl.,  73;  hists.,  73;  records 
and  statutes,  140;  hist,  soc.,  160; 
territory,  375;  admission,  375;  secession, 
466;  reconstruction,  495;  whites  regain 
control,  495- —  See  also  South,  States. 

Mississippi  Company,  319. 

Mississippi  Dept.  of  Archives,  Reports,  73. 

Mississippi  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Mississippi  River,  Span,  discovery,  248; 
French  exploration,  252;  right  of  free 
navigation,  335,  372;  commerce,  375, 
398.  —  See  also  Waterways. 

Mississippi  Valley,  history,  69. 

Mississippi  Valley  Hist.  Assoc.,  Proceedings, 
158. 

Missouri,  hists.,  73,  74;  records  and  stat 
utes,  140;  hist,  socs.,  160,  161;  settle 
ment,  375  ;  territory,  375 ;  admission  and 
Mo.  compromise,  385,  409;  enlarged,  452; 
does  not  secede,  470;  abolishes  slavery, 
486.  —  See  also  South,  States,  West. 

Missouri  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  Strike 
of  1886,  524. 

Missouri  compromise,  385 ;  and  Kan.-Neb. 
act,  453  ;  declared  unconst.,  458. 

Missouri  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

Missouri  State  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Mitchell,    A.    F.,    Westminster    Assembly, 

Mitchell,  John,  Organized  Labor,  569. 
Mitchell,  S.  A.,  Accompaniment  to  Reference 

Map,  55;  III.  in  1837,  55. 
Mitchell,  S.  W.,  hist,  novels,  187. 
Mitchell,   W.    C.,   Greenbacks,  4791    Gold 

Prices  and  Wages,  499- 
Mobile,  history,  63  ;   battle,  475- 
Mock,  H.  J.,  Man.  Blue  Book,  533- 
Mohawk  Valley,  hist.,  78;  settlement,  319. 
Moiety  system  scandal,  510. 
Mombert,  J.  I.,  Lancaster  Co.,  82. 
Monetary    Commission,    Laws    concerning 

Monette,'j.  W.,  Valley  of  Miss.,  60. 
Money,  plan  of  coinage  (1784),  233;  early 
fed.  coinage,  356;  ratio  act,  (1834),  41°; 


626 


INDEX 


specie  circular,  418. — See  also  Finance, 
Gold,  Paper  money,  Silver. 

Monitor  and  Merrimac,  475. 

Monmouth,  battle,  304. 

Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  history,  76. 

Monographs,  57  ;  guide  to,  57 ;  preparation, 
234. 

•Monroe,  Jas.,  biogs.,  114;  Calendar,  166; 
Papers,  166;  Writings,  166;  proposition 
(1785),  336;  French  missions,  354,  365; 
View,  356;  Eng.  treaty,  369;  veto  of 
internal  improvements,  379;  admins., 
383;  Mo.  compromise,  385;  Monroe 
doctrine,  386. 

Monroe,  Paul,  Cyclop,  of  Educ.,  584. 

Monroe,  W.  S.,  Henry  Barnard,  393;  Bibl. 
of  Educ.,  397. 

Monroe  doctrine,  genesis  and  statement, 
386 ;  later  applications,  387 ;  and 
Venezuela-Guiana  boundary,  543 ;  and 
forcible  collection  of  public  debts,  555; 
internal,  police  power,  555. — See  also 
Latin-America. 

Montague,  G.  H.,  Standard  Oil,  518; 
Trusts,  562. 

Montana,  Treasure  State,  55;  hists.,  74; 
hist,  soc.,  161 ;  mining  rush,  502 ; 
territory,  502;  cattle,  530;  admission, 
530.  —  See  also  Far  West,  Northwest, 
States. 

Montana  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  Quebec,  289; 
Journal,  289. 

Montesquieu,  Esprit  des  Lois,  297. 

Montgomery,  D.  H.,  Leading  Facts,  14. 

Montgomery,  T.  H.,  Univ.  of  Pa.,  294. 

Monthly  Summary  of  Com.  and  Fin. : 
Grain  Trade,  509 ;  Shipping  Industry, 
518;  Iron  and  Steel  Trade,  518;  Coal 
Trade,  518;  Lumber  Trade,  519;  Immi 
gration,  529;  Com.  Alaska,  548;  Com. 
China,  559;  Com.  Japan,  559. 

Moody's  Manual  of  Corporation  Securities, 
566. 

Moore,  Chas.,  Saint  Marys  Falls  Canal,  401. 

Moore,  F.  W.,  Representation  from  Seceding 
States,  491 ;  La.  Politics,  491. 

Moore,  Francis,  Voyage  to  Ga.,  98. 

Moore,  Frank,  Andrew  Johnson,  in;  col 
lections  of  ballads,  190;  Diary  of  Am. 
Rev.,  301 ;  Rebellion  Record,  467. 

Moore,  G.  H.,  Treason  of  Lee,  306;  Slavery 
in  Mass.,  328. 

Moore,  Jacob  B.,  Collections,  75. 

Moore,  John  B.,  Am.  Diplomacy,  60;  Digest 
of  Internal.  Law,  157;  Arbitrations,  157; 
Four  Phases  of  Am.  Development,  552. 

Moore,  John  W.,  North  Carolina,  79. 

Moore,  Jos.  W.,  Am.  Congress,  347. 

Moran,  T.  F.,  Bicameral  System,  326. 

Moravian  Diaries,  321. 

Moreau,  Celestin,  Acadie,  251. 

Morey,  W.  C.,  Genesis  of  Written  Constitu 
tion,  314;  First  State  Constitutions,  314; 
Sources  of  Am.  Federalism,  326. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  biog.,  114. 

Morgan,  J.  P.,  and  gold  reserve,  539; 
railroad  reorganizations,  560;  biog.,  562. 

Morgan,  L.  H.,  Iroquois,  241. 


Morley,  Henry,  Burke.  308. 

Morley,  John,  Gladstone,  501. 

Mormons,  rise,  406,  434;  bibl..  408;  in  111., 

434;   migration  to  Utah,  434;   war,  459; 

Anti-po'ygamy  act,  533.  —  See  also  Utah. 
Morrell,  Benj.,  Narrative,  98. 
Morrill,  J.  S.,  Tariff,  500. 
Morrill  Land  Grant  act,  507. 
Morris,  B.  F.,  T.  Morris,  115. 
Morris,   C.   N.,   Internal  Improvements   in 

Ohio,  401. 
Morris,  Gouverneur,  biogs.,  114;  Diary  and 


Letters,  173. 
Morris,  J.  E.,         „ 
Morris,  Robt.,  biogs.,  115;    land  specula- 


King  Philip's  War,  285. 


tions,  332;  goyt.  finances,  333. 
Morris,  Thos.,  biog.,  115. 
Morrison,  H.  A.,  Lists:  Interoceanic  Canal, 

452;  Official  Pubs,  of  Confed.,  474- 
Morse,   A.   D.,   Democ.  Party,  352;   Party 

Revolution  of  1800,  361 ;  Polit.  Influence  oj 

Jackson,  413;  Repub.  Party,  457. 
Morse,  A.  E.,  Federalist  Party,  338. 
Morse,  H.  B.,  Internal.  Relations  of  Chinese 

Empire,  560. 
Morse,  J.  T.,  Am.  Statesmen  Series,  102; 

John  Adams,   103 ;    /.  Q.  Adams,   103 ; 

Franklin,  108;   Hamilton,  109;  Jefferson, 

in  ;   Lincoln,  113. 
Morse,  Jed.,  Geography,  48,  55- 
Morse,  Lemuel,  Christian  Com.,  485. 
Morse,  S.  F.  B.,  biogs.,  115,  402. 
Morton,  J.  S.,  Nebraska,  74- 
Morton,  O.  P.,  biog.,  115. 
Morton,  T.  G.,  Pa.  Hospital,  395. 
Morton,   Thos.,   N.   Eng.   Memorial,   274; 

at  Merry  Mount,  276;   N.  Eng.  Canaan, 

277. 

Mosby,  J.  S.,  Reminiscences,  477. 
Mosely  Educ.  Com.,  Reports,  584. 
Moses,  Bernard,  Politics,  325;  Munic. 

Govt.  in  San  Francisco,  435- 
Moses,  Edith,  Letters,  553. 
Moses,  John,  Illinois,  67. 
Mosquito  Coast. — See  Clayton-Bulwer. 
Motley,  J.  L.,  biog.,   115;    Corresp.,  166; 

hist,  novel,  187. 

Motley,  J.  M.,  Apprenticeship,  406. 
Motolinia,  Toribio,  Nueva  Espana,  247. 
Mott,  E.  H.,  Story  of  Erie,  402. 
Mott,  Jas.,  biog.,  115. 
Mott,  Lucretia,  biog.,  115. 
Moulton,  C.  W.,  Library  of  Literary  Criti 
cism,  39. 

Moulton,  J.  W.,  New  York,  77- 
Moultrie,  Wm.,  Memoirs,  303. 
Mountain  whites.  —  See  Poor  whites. 
Mountfield,  D.,  Church  and  Puritans,  273. 
Mourt's  Relation,  274. 
Moustier,  Comte  de,  Corresp.,  343. 
Mowry,  A.  M.,  Dorr  War,  410. 
Mowry,  W.  A.,  Whitman,  435. 
MUller,  Wm.,  Religiose  Leben,  584. 
Miiller  y  Tejeiro,  Jose,  Santiago,  551. 
Miinsterberg,     Hugo,     Am.      Traits,     98; 

Amerikaner,  98;  A  us  Deutsch-Am.,  582. 
Mugwumps,  521. 

Muhlenberg,  H.  A.,  P.  Muhlenberg,  115. 
Muhlenberg,  Peter,  biog.,  115. 


MONITOR  — NEUTRAL   TRADE 


627 


Muir.     John,     Mountains    of    Cat.,     547; 

National  Parks,  579. 
Muirhead,  J.   F..  Land  of  Contrasts,  98; 

Baedeker's  United  States,  582. 
Mulford,  I.  S.,  New  Jersey,  75. 
Mullan,  J.,  Miners'  Guide,  502. 
Muller,  F.,  &  Co.,  Remarkable  Maps,  239. 
Mulligan  letters,  510. 
Munford,  B.  B.,  Va.'s  Altitude,  344. 
Municipal  government.  —  See  Cities. 
Munk,  J.   A.,  Arizona.  Bibl.,  63;    Arizona 

Sketches,  534. 
Munn  v.  Illinois,  512. 
Munro,   W.    B.,   Seigniorial   System,    252; 

Initiative,  574;   Govt.  of  Am.  Cities,  574. 
Munro,  W.  H.,  Bristol,  83. 
Munsell,    Joel,    Annals    of   Albany,    143-; 

Hist.  Series,  179. 

Murat,  Achille,  America,  98;   Lettres,  98. 
Murdoch,  Beamish,  Nova  Scotia,  251. 
Murfree,  M.  N.,  hist,  novels,  187. 
Murphy,  E.  G.,  Present  South,  496;    Basis 

of  Ascendancy,  536. 
Murphy,   H.   C.,    Verrazano,    249;     Henry 

Hudson,  266. 

Murray,  A.  M.,  Letters,  98. 
Murray,  C.  A.,  Travels,  98. 
Murray,  J.  O.,  Francis  Wayland,  393. 
Murray,  Nich.,  Elizabeth-Town,  75. 
Mussey,   H.   R.,   Combinations  in  Mining 

Industry,  532. 

Muzzey,  A.  B.,  Reminiscences,  173. 
Myers,  Gustavus,  Great  Am.  Fortunes,  407  ; 

Tammany  Hall,  411. 

Myers,  W.  S., Self '-Reconstruction  in  MA.,  491. 
Myrick,  Herbert,  Sugar  Industry,  563. 

NADAILLAC,  MARQUIS  DE,  Prehist.  Am.,  240. 

Nantucket,  hist.,  72;   papers,  139. 

Napoleon  I,  sale  of  La.,  365 ;  and  neutral 
trade,  369,  370. 

Narragansett,  R.  I.,  histories,  83,  84. 

Narratives,  collections,  176-180. 

Narvaez,  Pamfilo  de,  expedition,  248. 

Nash,  Wallace,  Handbook  of  Ore.,  547- 

Nash,  Wallis,  Two  Years,  173. 

Nashville,  hist.,  85  ;   battle,  475. 

Nason,  Elias,  Frankland,  293. 

Nast,  Tlws.,  bipg.,  511. 

Nation,  discussion  on  hist,  methods,  21. 

National  banks,  creation,  478;  reduction 
in  issues,  522;  Emergency  Currency  act, 
561.  —  See  also  Banks. 

National  Civic  Federation,  Operation  of  Pub 
lic  Utilities,  564;  labor  conference,  567  ; 
Conference  on  Indus.  Conciliation,  568. 

National  Civil  Service  Reform  League, 
Proceedings,  521. 

National  Conference  of  Charities  and 
Correction,  Reports,  394. 

National  Conference  on  City  Planning, 
Proceedings,  585. 

National  Conservation  Assoc.,  577;  Publi 
cations,  580. 

National  Conservation  Commission,  577; 
Report,  580. 

National  Conservation  Congresses,  577; 
Report,  580. 

National  Cyclop,  of  Am.  Biog.,  39. 


National  Educational  Association,  Fiftieth 
Anniversary  Volume,  15;  Report  of  Com. 
of  Ten,  16;  articles  on  hist  methods,  21. 

National  Geog.  Monographs,  48. 

National  Geog.  Soc.,  Nat.  Gcog.  Mag.,  47. 

National  Labor  Com.,  Proceedings,  569. 

National  League  for  Protection  of  Family 
Reports,  585. 

National  Progressive  Repub.  League,  572. 

National  Soc.  for  Promotion  of  Indus.  Educ., 
Bulletins,  585. 

National  Soc.  for  Sci.  Study  of  Educ., 
Year  Book,  17. 

National  Waterways  Com.,  577;  Hearings 
on  Water  Power,  580  ;  Report,  580. 

Natural  resources,  products  of  N.  Am.,  236  ; 
large  _  scale  exploitation,  560,  57.6;  pro 
spective  exhaustion,  576;  conservation 
movement,  576;  problems,  577.  —  See 
also  Agriculture,  Economic  conditions, 
Lumber,  Mining,  Public  lands,  Water 
ways. 

Navarrete,  M.  F.  de,  Viages,  245  ;  Biblioleca 
Maritima  Espanola,  245. 

Navy,  in  French  war  (1798),  358; 
Jefferson's  gunboats,  363;  in  Barbary 
wars,  363,  379;  in  War  of  1812,  372; 
in  Civil  war,  475;  Confed.  cruisers,  480; 
expenditures  (1890),  539;  in  Span,  war, 


549;   bibl.,  551. 

al,  Daniel,  Puritans,  273. 


Ne 

Nearing,  Scott,  Wages,  568;  Child  Labor 
Problem,  568;  Women  and  Social  Prog 
ress,  583. 

Nebraska,  hists.,  74;  records,  140;  hist. 
soc.,  161  ;  territory,  409,453;  admission, 
489  ;  settlement  of  western,  530.  —  See 
also  Far  West,  States. 

Nebraska  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Necessity,  Fort,  289. 

Needles,  Ed.,  Hist.  Memoir,  328. 

Neeser,  R.  W.,  U.  S.  Navy,  551. 

Negro  plot  in  New  York,  267. 

Negroes,  element  in  population,  317  ;  status 
of  free,  421,  427;  as  soldiers,  486; 
Freedmen's  Bureau,  489;  black  codes, 
489;  civil  rights  acts,  489,  495;  Four 
teenth  amendment,  489;  conditions  and 
rule  during  reconstruction,  495;  Fif 
teenth  amendment,  495  ;  failure  of  Force 
bill  (1800),  536;  present  day  conditions, 
6  ;  disfranchisement,  536.  —  See  also 
avery. 

Neill,  E.  D.,  Minn.,  73  ;  Va.  Company,  260; 
Va.  Velusta,  260;  Va.  Carolorum,  260; 
Terra  Maria,  262  ;  Founders  of  Md.,  262. 

Neill,  H.  H.,  Legal  Tender,  499- 

Neilson,  Chas.,  Burgoyne's  Campaign,  306. 

Neilson,  Peter,  Recollections,  99. 

Nelson,  Anson,  Sarah  C.  Polk,  116. 

Nelson,  Fanny,  Sarah  C.  Polk,  116. 

Nelson,  O.  N.,  Scandinavians,  529. 

Nelson,  Wm.,  Am.  Newspapers,  126. 

Netherlands,  Am.  settlement,  266;  Pil 
grims  in,  273. 

Nettleton,  A.  B.,  Trusts,  562. 

Neutral  trade,  controversy  over  rights,  368  ; 
embargo  and  non-intercourse,  370;  and 
War  of  1812,  371. 


53 
Sla 


628 


INDEX 


Nevada,  hists.,  74;  records.  141 ;  hist,  soc., 
161;  admission,  483,  502;  mining  rush, 
502 ;  territory,  502.  —  See  also  Far  West, 
States. 

Nevada  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

New  Amsterdam,  records,  143.  —  See  also 
New  York  City. 

New  Bedford  Library,  Books  on  Whale 
Fishery,  405. 

New  Empires  in  Northwest,  55. 

New  England,  before  1620,  272  ;  confedera 
tion,  283;  King  Philip's  war,  286; 
under  Andros,  286;  conditions  of  pro 
vincial,  286,  293;  and  embargo,  370; 
and  War  of  1812,  374.  —  See  also 
colonies  by  name. 

New  England  Confederation,  283 ;  and 
Quakers,  284. 

New  England  Emigrant  Aid  socs.,  454. 

New  England  Hist.  Gen.  Soc.,  pubs.,  160. 

New  England  History  Teachers'  Assoc., 
Syllabus,  13;  Publications,  17;  Hist. 
Sources,  17;  Cat.  of  Hist.  Material,  50. 

New  Granada.  —  See  Colombia. 

New  Hampshire,  bibl.,  74;  hists.,  75; 
records  and  statutes,  141 ;  hist,  soc.,  161 ; 
Mason  grant,  275;  settlement,  283; 
conditions  (1760),  203;  first  constittf- 
tion,  313;  emancipation  in,  335;  ratifi 
cation,  341. — See  also  Colonies,  New 
England,  States. 

New  Hampshire  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

New  Haven  colony,  hists.,  64,  65;  records, 
133;  settlement,  govt.,  and  union  with 
Conn.,  282. 

New  Haven  Colony  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

New  Internal.  Encyc.,  39. 

New  Jersey,  hists.,  75,  76;  records  and 
statutes,  141 ;  hist,  soc.,  161 ;  grant  and 
settlement,  268;  Quaker  control,  268; 
royal  province,  268;  conditions  (1760), 
294;  Revolutionary  campaign,  304; 
first  constitution,  314;  emancipation  in, 
335  ;  ratification,  341 ;  contested  election 
(1839),  428.  — See  also  Colonies,  States. 

New  Jersey  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

New  London,  Conn.,  history,  64. 

New  Mexico,  hists.,  76;  records,  142; 
hist,  soc.,  161 ;  Span,  in,  248;  territory, 
409,  447 ;  conquest,  442 ;  and  Wilmot 
proviso,  445;  enabling  act,  572.  —  See 
also  Southwest. 

New  Mexico  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

New  Netherland,  settlement  and  condi 
tions,  266.  —  See  also  New  York. 

New  Orleans,  hists.,  69;  founded,  253; 
battle  (1815),  372;  capture  (1862),  475. 

New  Plymouth.  —  See    Plymouth    colony. 

New  York,  bibl.,  76;  general  hists.,  76,  77 ; 
local  hists.,  77-79;  records  and  statutes, 
142;  hist,  socs.,  161 ;  Dutch  settlement, 
266;  Eng.  conquest  and  govt.,  267; 
Leisler's  rebellion,  267 ;  boundary  dis 
putes,  268;  under  Andros,  286;  condi 
tions  (1760),  294;  campaigns  in  Revolu 
tion,  304;  western  claim,  312,  330; 
first  constitution,  314;  settlement  of 
western,  319,  332;  land  settlement  with 
332;  emancipation  in,  335; 


ratification,  341;  Locofocos,  428;  anti- 
rent  agitation,  430;  Barnburners,  445; 
insurance  investigation,  561.  —  See  also 
Colonies,  States. 

New  York  City,  hists.,  78;  records  of  New 
Amsterdam,  143;  Tweed  Ring,  510. 

New  York  City  Public  Library,  Bulletin,  35. 

New  York  Gen.  and  Biog.  Soc.,  Record,  161. 

New  York  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

New  York  Legis.  Insur.  Investigating  Com., 
Testimony  and  Report,  566. 

New  York  State  Educ.  Dept.,  Syllabus,  32. 

New  York  State  Library,  Best  Books,  35. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  history,  75. 

Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  histories,  78. 

Newburgh  addresses,  334. 

Newbury,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Newburyport,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Newcomb,  H.  T.,  Interstate  Commerce 
Com.,  565. 

Newell,  F.  H.,  Agri.  by  Irrigation,  535; 
Irrigation,  578. 

Newell,  M.  A.,  Normal  Schools,  393. 

Newell,  R.  H.,  Orpheus  C.  Kerr,  485. 

Newlands,  F.  G.,  San  Domingo  Question, 
556;  and  reclamation,  578. 

Newspapers,  hist,  value,  125;  books  on, 
126;  of  special  hist,  use,  126;  select 
list,  127,  128;  first,  in  Va.,  261 ;  develop 
ment  (1820-60),  391. — See  also  Liter 
ature. 

Niagara,  Ft.,  captured,  289. 

Nicaragua.  — -  See  Isthmian  transit,  Latin- 
America. 

Nicaragua  Canal  Construction  Co..  Inter- 
oceanic  Canal,  527. 

Nichol,  John,  Am.  Literature,  393. 

Nichols,  T.  L.,  Forty  Years,  99. 

Nichols,  W.  S.,  Insurance,  394. 

Nicholson,  A.  O.  P.,  Compilation,  147. 

Nicholson,  Meredith,  Hoosiers,  377. 

Nicolay,  J.  G.,  Lincoln,  113;  Outbreak  of 
Rebellion,  470. 

Nicolet,  Jean,  exploration,  252. 

Nicoll,  Rich.,  in  New  York,  267. 

Nicolls,  W.  J.,  Am.  Coals,  400. 

Nicuesa,  Diego  de,  245. 

Nield,  Jon.,  Hist.  Novels,  183. 

Niles,  H.,  Principles  and  Acts,  178. 

Niles'  Weekly  Register,  125;   value,  126 

Nimmo,  Jos.,  Am.  Cowboy,  534;  Range  and 
Cattle  Business,  535. 

Nitobe,  I.  O.,  U.  S.  and  Japan,  558. 

Nobel  Peace  Prize  foundation,  555. 

Nolen,  John,  Am.  City  Planning,  583; 
Replanning  Small  Cities,  583. 

Nolte,  Vincent,  Fifty  Years,  99. 

Non-intercourse  act  (1809),  370. 

Nootka  Sound  question,  354. 

Nordenskiold,  A.  E.,  Atlas,  239. 

Nordhoff,  Chas.,  Communistic  Socs.,  406; 
Cotton  States,  497. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  history,  87. 

Norman,  B.  M.,  New  Orleans,  69. 

Norris,  W.  H.,  Digest,  151. 

Norsemen,  discoveries,  243,  272. 

North,  Lord,  conciliation  plan,  308. 

North,  S.  N.  D.,  Newspaper  and  Periodical 
Press,  126. 


NEVADA— PACIFIC   COAST 


629 


North  American  Conservation  Conference, 

577- 

North  American  Renew,  122,  125. 
Nnrth  Atlantic  Coast  Fisheries  Arbitration, 

North  Carolina,  bibl.,  79;  hists.,  79; 
records  and  statutes,  143;  early  deci 
sions,  151;  hist,  socs.,  161;  settlement, 
264;  conditions  (1760),  295;  western 
claim,  312,  330;  Regulation,  319; 
ratification,  341;  secession,  470;  milit. 
govt.,  489;  reconstruction,  490;  whites 
regain  control,  495-  — See  also  Carolina, 
Colonies,  South,  States. 

North  Carolina  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

North  Central  Hist.  Teachers'  Assoc., 
Proceedings,  17. 

North  Dakota,  hists.,  65;  records,  144; 
hist,  soc.,  161;  admission,  530. — See 
also  Dakota,  Northwest,  States. 

North  Dakota  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Northcote,  Stafford,  biog.,  501. 

Northeastern  boundary  controversy,  437. 

Northern  Securities  case,  560. 

Northrup,  M.  H.,  Grave  Crisis,  515. 

Northup,  S.,  Twelve  Years  a  Slave,  423. 

Northwest,  hists.  of  territory,  80 ;  statutes, 
144;  conquest,  304;  ordinances  (1784), 
330;  (1785),  330;  (1787),  33o;  land 
companies  and  settlement,  332  ;  prohibi 
tion  of  slavery,  335 ;  development  of 
farther,  after  Civil  war,  530.  —  See  also 
West,  and  states  by  name. 

Norton,  A.  B.,  Knox  County,  81. 

Norumbega,  272. 

Norwich,  Conn.,  history,  64. 

Note  taking,  use,  23;  in  home  study,  27; 
systems  in  lectures,  223,  224;  in  investi 
gation,  225,  226. 

Notes  on  Span.- Am.  War,  550. 

Notestein,  W.,  Western  Indians,  307. 

Nott,  Eliphalet,  biog.,  393. 

Nott,  Samuel,  Slavery,  422. 

Nourse,  H.  S.,  Lancaster,  139. 

Nova  Scotia,  documents,  150. — See  also 
Acadia. 

Noyes,  A.  D.,  Am.  Finance,  60;  Future  of 
High  Finance,  561. 

Noyes,  W.  C.,  Law  of  Intercorporate  Rela 
tions,  562;  Am.  R.  R.  Rates,  565. 

Nullification,  415. 

OBERHOLTZER,    E.    P.,    Jay    Cooke,    106; 

Robt.  Morris,  115;   Referendum,  574. 
Oberlin  College,  and  abolition,  423. 
Oberlin-Wellington  rescue,  449. 
O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  New   Netherland,  77; 

Doc.    Hist.,  142;    Laws  of  N.  Neth.,  142. 
Ocean  Co.,  N.  J.,  history,  76. 
Occupations,  development  (1820-60),  406. 

—  See  also  Labor,  Professions. 
Official  Records  of  the  Navies,  477. 
Ogden,  J.  C.,  Excursion,  99. 
Ogden,  Rollo,  E.  L.  Godkin,  109. 
Ogg,  F.  A.,  Opening  of  Miss.,  336;    Jay's 

Treaty,  355. 
Oglethorpe,    J.    E.,    biogs.,    115;    in  Ga., 

265. 
Ohio,  bibls.,  79;  hists.,  80,  81;  records  and 


statutes,  144;   hist,  soc.,  161 ;  admission, 

375.  —  See  also  Northwest,  States,  West. 
Ohio  Arch.  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 
Ohio  Company,  (1748),  319;    (1787),  332. 
"Ohio  idea,"  498. 

Ohio  Valley,  history,  80;  French  in,  289. 
Ohio  Valley  Hist.  Assoc.,  pubs.,  158. 
Ojeda.  —  See  Hojeda. 
Oklahoma,  hists.,  81;  opening,  533;  terri 
tory,  533. — See  also  Southwest,  States. 
Okuma,  Count,  New  Japan,  558. 
Olaf  Tryggwason,  Saga,  243. 
Old  South  Leaflets,  179. 
Olden  Time,  322. 
Oliver,  F.  S.,  Hamilton,  109. 
Oliver,  P.,  Puritan  Commonwealth,  71. 
Olmstead,  F.  L.,  Seaboard  Slave  States,  09; 

Texas,   99;    Back  Country,  99;    Cotton 

Kingdom,  99. 

Olney,  Rich.,  Internal.  Isolation,  544. 
Olney  doctrine,  543. 
Olson,  J.  E.,  Northmen,  243. 
Omaha,  meat  packing,  533. 
Onderdonk,  J.  L.,  Idaho,  533. 
O'Neil,  C.  A.,  Am.  Electoral  System,  364. 
Onis,  Luis  de,  Memoir,  384. 
Open  Door  policy,  557. 
Opium,  problem  of  trade,  557. 
Oppenheim,  S.,  Early  Cong.  Debates,  347. 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  78. 
Orchard,  Harry,  Confession,  569. 
Orders  in  council,  369;   repeal,  371. 
Ordronaux,  John,  Const.  Legis.,  324. 
Ordway,  Albert,  Index  of  Journals,  36. 
Oregon,  bibl.,  81;  hists.,  81,    82;    records, 

144;    hist,  soc.,  161 ;   territory,  409,  445 ; 

admission,    409.  —  See   also    Far    West, 

Oregon  country,  Pacific  coast. 
Oregon  country,  exploration  and  claim,  366, 

431;     Am.   settlement,   434;    boundary 

controversy,  437. 
Oregon  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 
O'Reilly,  Alex.,  Ordonnances,  136,  253. 
O'Rell,  Max.  —  See  Blouet.     » 
Orient,   relations  with   U.   S.,   557.  — See 

also  nations  by  name. 
Oriskany,  battle,  305. 
Orleans,  territory  of,  365. 
Osborn  v.  Bank,  381. 
Osgood,  H.  L.,  Am.  Colonies,  60. 
Ostend  Manifesto,  451. 
Ostrogorski,   M.,    Democracy     and     Poht. 

Parties,     352;      Democracy    and     Polit. 

System,  410. 

Oswald,  Rich.,  peace  negotiations,  31°- 
Otis,  Jas.,  biogs.,   115;     Vindication,  296; 

Rights  of  the  Colonies,  296;   Appeal,  296. 
Otto,  W.  T.,  Cases,  155. 
Oviedo,  G.  F.  de,  Historia,  245. 
Owen,  C.  H.,  Mexican  War,  442. 
Owen,  John,  Journal,  377- 
Owen,  R.  L.,  Code  of  People's  Rule,  574- 
Owen,  Robt.,  biog.,  407;  Life,  408. . 
Owen,  T.  M.,  Bibl.  of  Ala.,  63;   Bibl.   of 

Miss.,  73 ;  J.  Owen's  Journal,  377- 

PACE,  J.  W.,  Man.  Blue  Book,  533. 
Pacific     coast,     railroads    to,     530,    533 ; 
irrigation    and    fruit    raising    in   north- 


630 


INDEX 


western,  530 ;   increased  interest  in,  545 ; 

geog.,545;    commerce,  545 ;    traits,  546; 

literature  and  art,   546.  —  See  also  Far 

West,  and  states  by  name. 
Pacific  railroads,  construction,  504,  530,  533. 
Page,  T.  N.,  Old  South,  174;    hist,  novels, 

187;  Negro,  537. 
Page,  W.  H.,  Southerner,  538. 
Paget,  John,  Inquiry,  270. 
Paige,  L.  R.,  Cambridge,  71;   Hardwick,  72. 
Paine,  A.  B.,  Th.  Nast,  511 ;  Bill  McDonald, 

Paine,  R.  D.,  Greater  America,  532. 

Paine,  Thos.,  biogs.,  115  ;  Public  Good,  331. 

Palacio,  Outline  of  Revolution,  388. 

Palfrey,  J.  G.,  New  Ewg.,43;  Compendious 
History,  249. 

Palmer,  Fred.,  Klondyke,  548. 

Palmer,  P.  S.,  Lake  Champlain,  77. 

Palmer,  T.  H.,  Hist.  Register,  373. 

Palmer,  Wm.,  railroad  builder,  533. 

Panama  Congress,  388. 

Panama.  —  See  Isthmian  transit. 

Panama  Republic,  554. 

Pan-American  Congresses,  543,  555;  arbi 
tration  treaty,  555. 

Panics,  (1819),  379!  (1837),  428;  (1839), 
428;  (1857),  459;  (1873),  516;  bankers' 
(1884),  520;  (1893),  539,  566;  (1907), 
561.  — See  also  Finances. 

Paper  money,  in  provin.  Mass.,  286;  under 
Confederation,  333,  337;  state  bank  cir 
culation  under  Jackson,  418;  Civil  war 
greenbacks,  478;  tax  on  state  bank, 
498;  attempt  to  contract  greenbacks, 
498;  legal  tender  decisions,  498;  gold 
speculation  and  Black  Friday,  498;  veto 
of  inflation,  516;  Greenback  party,  516, 
520,  521;  resumption,  516;  Emergency 
Currency  act,  561.  —  See  also  Money. 

Paponot,  Felix,  Canal  de  Panama,  527. 

Pardo  de  Tavera,  T.  H.,  Bibl.  Filipina,  551. 

Paris,  Comte  de,  Civil  War,  60. 

Paris,  treaty  of  (1763),  289;  (1783),  310; 
(1898),  549. 

Parker,  A.  A.,  Trip  to  the  West,  99. 

Parker,  A.  B.,  campaign  (1904),  571. 

Parker,  E.  H.,  China  and  Religion,  560. 

Parker,  G.  F.,  Cleveland,  106. 

Parker,  Gilbert,  hist,  novel,  187. 

Parker,  Joel,  Personal  Liberty  Laws,  458; 
Const.  Law,  465;  Habeas  Corpus,  484; 
Three  Powers  of  Govt.,  484. 

Parker,  Samuel,  Journal,  99. 

Parker,  Theo.,  bipgs.,  115 ;  Hist.  Americans, 
299 ;  abolitionist,  423 ;  Speeches,  454. 

Parkinson,  Rich.,  Tour,  99. 

Parkman,  Francis,  France  and  England, 
43 ;  Pontiac,  43  ;  Oregon  Trail,  99 ;  hist, 
novel,  187;  Pioneers  of  France,  248; 
Struggle  for  a  Continent,  249 ;  La  Salle, 
252;  Old  Regime,  252;  Frontenac,  252: 
Half-Century  of  Conflict,  252;  Montcalm 
and  Wolfe,  288. 

Parmelee,  G.  W.,  Siege  of  Quebec,  289. 

Parrish,  Randall,  Great  Plains,  432. 

Parsons,  Frank,  Railways,  564;  Heart  of 
R.  R.  Problem,  564;  Legal  Doctrine  and 
Progress,  575- 


Parsons,  S.  H.,  biog.,  115. 

Parsons,  Theophilus  (i),  biog.,  115;   Essex 

Results,  314. 
Parsons,  Theophilus  (2),  T.  Parsons,  115; 

Law  of  Business,  408. 
Parson's  Cause,  295. 
Parton,  Jas.,   Burr,   105;    Franklin,   108; 

Jackson,    in;     General    Jackson,    in; 

Jefferson,    in;     Greeley,    394;     Danish 

Islands,  501. 
Paterson,  Wm.,  Laws  of  N.  J.,  142;   notes 

in  Fed.  Convention,  340. 
Patrons  of  Husbandry.  — See  Granger. 
Patroons  in  New  Netherland,  266. 
Pattee,  W.  S.,  Braintree,  71. 
Patten,  B.  A.,  San  Francisco,  436. 
Patterson,  C.  S.,  U.  S.  and  States,  350. 
Patterson,  R.  A.,  Negro,  537. 
Patton,  J.  H.,  Natural  Resources,  48. 
Patton,  J.  S.,  Je/erson  and  Univ.  of  Va., 

393; 

Paulding,  J.  K.,  John   Bull  in  Am.,  99; 

hist,  novels,  187. 
Paullin,   C.   O.,   Navy  in  Am.   Rev.,   302; 

Rodgers,  364. 

Pavie,  Theo.,  Souvenirs,  99. 
Paxson,  F.  L.,  Last  Am.  Frontier,  61 ;   Bibl. 

of  Cal.,    64;     Independence   of  S.    Am. 

Repubs.,  387;    Boundaries  of  Col.,  502; 

Ter.  of  Jejfferson,  502;   Ter.  of  Col.,  502; 

Pacific  R.  Rs.,  505;  Omnibus  States,  531. 
Payne,  E.  J.,  Elizabethan  Seamen,  179. 
Payne-Aldrich  Tariff  act,  570. 
Peabody,    A.    P.,    Harvard   Reminiscences, 

393 ;   Harvard  Graduates,  393. 
Peabody,    F.    G.,    Social    Question,    583; 

'utnam,  116;  Sullivan, 

329. 

Peabody  Institute,  Catalogue,  35. 
Peace  Conference  (1861),  468. 
Pearce,  Stewart,  Luzerne  County,  82. 
Pearson,  E.  W.,  Letters,  494. 
Pearson,  H.  G.,  Andrew,  103 ;  Am.  Railroad 

Builder,  402. 

Pearson,  Jon.,  Schenectady  Patent,  78. 
Pearson,  P.  M.,  Intercollegiate  Debates,  557. 
Peck,  C.  H.,  Jacksonian  Epoch,  389. 
Peck,  Geo.,  Wyoming,  82. 
Peck,  J.  H.,  impeachment,  412. 
Peck,    J.    M.,    Guide  for    Emigrants,    55; 

Gazetteer  of  III.,   67;    New  Guide,  376; 

Forty  Years,  377. 
Peckham,  S.  F.,  Petroleum,  400. 
Pedder,  H.  C.,  Garfield,  108. 
Peffer,  W.  A.,  Farmer's  Side,  542 ;   articles 

on  Populists,  542. 
Peirce,  D.  K.,  Debates,  342. 
Peirce,  P.  S.,  Freedmen's  Bureau,  490. 
Pellew,  Geo.,  Jay,  in. 
Pendleton,  Louis,  A.  H.  Stephens,  118.     . 
Peninsula  campaign,  475. 
Penn,  Wm.,  biogs.,   115,  116;    N.  J.,  268; 

Pa..  269,  270;   Macaulay's  charges,  269. 
Pennebecker,  Hendrich,  biog.,  271. 
Pennsylvania,  local  bibl.,  82 ;  hists.,  82,  83  ; 

records  and  statutes,  144 ;  early  decisions, 

151;  hist,  socs.,  162;  Dutch  and  Swedish, 

settlers,      269;      Penn's     charter     and 


Liquor  Problem,  583. 
Peabody,  O.  W.  B.,  Pu 


PACIFIC   RAILROADS  — PINCKNEY 


631 


settlement,  269;  boundary  disputes 
269,  332,  337;  govt.  (1685-1760), 
270;  conditions  (1760),  294;  first 
constitution,  313;  settlement  of  western, 
319;  donation  lands,  332;  Triangle,  332; 
emancipation  in,  335;  ratification,  341. 

—  See  also  Colonies,  States. 
Pennsylvania-German  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 
Pennsylvania  Hist.  Soc.,  Charlemagne  Tower 

Col.  of  Am.  Colon.  Laws,  33;  pubs.,  162. 
Pennsylvania  State  Library,  Check-List  of 

Pa.  [Local]  Histories,  82. 
Pennypacker,  I.  R.,  Meade,  114. 
Pennypacker,  S.  W.,  Pennebecker,  271. 
Pensions,   as   relief  for  surplus,   520;    act 

of  1890,  539;   investigations,  539. 
People.  —  See  Population. 
People's  (Populist)  party,  523,  539. 
Pepper,  C.  M.,  To-morrow  in  Cuba,  553. 
Pepperrell  Papers,  288. 
Pequod  war,  281. 

Peralta,  M.  M.  de,  Canal  Interocednico,  526. 
Perez,  Juan,  voyage,  431. 
Perez,  L.  M.,  Guide  to  Cuban  Archives,  181. 
Perceval,  John,  Journal  of  Trustees,  134. 
Periodicals,  indexes,  32,  33 ;   of  special  hist. 

use,  122,  123;    guides,  122;    select  list, 

123-125;    development    (1820-60),   391. 

—  See  also  Literature. 

Perkins,  F.  B.,  Check  List  for  Am.  Local 
Hist.,  62. 

Perkins,  G.  H.,  Letters,  477. 

Perkins,  J.  B.,  France  in  Am.  Rev.,  308. 

•Perkins,  J.  H.,  Annals  of  West,  61. 

Perriatn,  J.,  Groundswell,  512. 

Perrot,  Nicolas,  Memoire,  242. 

Perry,  B.  F.,  Reminiscences,  494;  Sketches, 
494. 

Perry,  M.  C.,  biog.,  116;  in  Japan,  451. 

Perry,  T.  S.,  Lieber,  112. 

Perry,  W.  S.,  Doc.  Hist,  of  Epis.  Church, 
178;  Hist.  Collections,  179. 

Perryville,  battle,  475. 

Persinger,  C.  E.,  Wilmot  Proviso,  446. 

Person,  H.  S.,  Indus.  Educ.,  584. 

Personal  liberty  acts,  426,  449. 

Perth  Amboy,  history,  76: 

Peru,  conquest,  247. 

Peschel,  Oscar,  Theilung  der  Erde,  245. 

Pet  banks,  418. 

Peters,  J.  P.,  Labor  and  Capital,  567. 

Peters,  Rich.,  Admiralty  Decisions,  151. 

Peters,  Rich*  Jr.,  Reports,  155. 

Petin,  Hector,  Doctrine  de  Monroe,  452. 

Petitions,  abolition,  425. 

Peto,  S.  M.,  Resources  of  Am.,  519. 

Petrie,  Geo.,  Church  and  State,  263. 

Petroleum,  beginning  of  industry,  398 ;  de 
velopment,  Standard  Oil,  518,  523. 

Peyton,  J.  L.,  Augusta  Co.,  87 ;  Am.  Crisis, 
474- 

Phelan,  Jas.,  Tennessee,  85. 

Phelps,  Albert,  Louisiana,  69. 

Phelps,  E.  M.,  Initiative,  576. 

Phelps  and  Gorham's  purchase,  78. 

Philadelphia,  histories,  83;  campaign  in 
Revolution,  304. 

Philanthropy,  581. 

Philip  Kearny,  Ft.,  506. 


Philipp,  E.  L.,  Polit.  Reform  in  Wis.,  573. 
Philippine  Commission,  551;   Reports,  553; 

Acts,  ^553;  Official  Gazette,  553. 
Philippine   Islands,   capture,   549;   annex., 

551;      insurrection,     551;      govt.,    551; 

tariff,  552;   Affairs  in,  553. 
Philips,  Matthew,  Memoir,  322. 
Phillips,   Henry,   Paper  Currency  of  Rev., 

313;   Continental  Paper  Money,  313. 
Phillips,  J.  B.,  Keeping  Public  Money,  516; 

Recent  State  Const.  Making,  574. 
Phillips,  P.  L.,  List  of  Maps,  317;    List  of 

Atlases,  317. 
Phillips,  U.   B.,  Ga.  and  State  Rights,  66; 

5.  C.  Federalists,  352;    Transp.  in  Cotton 

Belt,     402;     State-Owned     R.    R.,     402; 

Transp.    in    Ante-Bellum    South,    402; 

Econ.  Cost  of  Slaveholding,  422;    Black 

Belt,  422;  Economics  of  _  Plantation,  422; 

Plantation     as     Civilizing    Factor,    422, 

Southern  Whigs,  456. 
Phillips,  Wendell,    biogs.,    116;     Speeches, 

1  66;   abolitionist,  423. 
Phillips,  Wm.,  Conquest  of  Kansas,  455. 
Phinney,  E.,  Battle  of  Lexington,  302. 
Phisterer,  Fred.,  Statis.  Record,  463. 
Physical  geography,  surveys,  47;    work  of 

Geog.  Survey,  47  ;  periodicals,  47  ;  special 

works,   48;    maps  of  N.   Am.,   49,   50; 

wall  maps,  50;    importance  in  teaching 

of  history,  208;    of  N.  Am.,  236;    pre- 

Columbian  ideas,  243  ;  of  Far  West,  431, 

545  ;  of  North  and  South,  462.  —  See  also 


Geography. 

t,  Bo 
Pickard,  Mrs.  K.  E.  R.,  Kidnapped,  423. 

,  84;  New  Puritan, 


Piatt,  Bonn,  Gen.  Thomas,  119. 


Pike,  J.  S.,  Prostrate  State, 

287  ;  First  Blows,  448. 
Pickering,  Danby,  Statutes  at  Large,  130. 
Pickering,  John,  impeachment,  363. 
Pickering,  Octavius,  T.  Pickering,  116. 
Pickering,  Timothy,  biog.,  116. 
Pickett,  A.  J.,  Alabama,  63. 
Pickett,  W.  P.,  Negro  Problem,  537. 
Pierce,  E.  L.,  Sumner,  119. 
Pierce,  F.  C.,  Grafton,  72. 
Pierce,   Franklin,   biog.,   116;     and   Kan.- 

Neb.  bill,  453;  Some  Papers,  455;  elec 

tion,  456. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  Tariff  and  Trusts,  562. 
Pierce,  G.  F.,  biog.,  496. 
Pierce,  M.  F.,  Western  Records,  139. 
Pierce,  Wm.,  notes  in  Fed.  Conven.,  340. 
Pierson,  C.  W.,  Granger  Movement,  512. 
Pierson,  H.  W.,  Jefferson,  in. 
Pike,  Z.  M.,  Expeditions,  99;  Papers,  367. 
Pilgrims,   in   Eng.   and  Holland,   273;    at 

Plymouth,  274,  275. 
Pilling,  J.  C.,  bibls.  on  Indians,  242. 
Pillow,  G.  J.,  Letters  to  Polk,  441. 
Pillsbury,    Parker,   Anti-Slavery    Apostles, 

Pinchot,  Gifford,  as  chief  of  Division  of 
Forestry,  576;  Ballinger  controversy, 
577;  Fight  for  Conservation,  SIT,  Use  oj 
Nat.  Forests,  581. 

Pinckney,  C.  C.,  French  mission,  354,  358. 

Pinckney,  Chas.,  notes  in  Fed.  Conven.,  340. 

Pinckney,  Eliza.  —  See  Lucas. 


INDEX 


Pineda,  Alonzo  de,  discovery,  245. 

Pinkney,  Wm.,  biog.,  116;  Eng.  mission, 
369,  370. 

Pitkin,  Timothy,  U.  S.,  43 ;  Stotis.  View,  365. 

Pitt,  Wm.  (i).  —  See  Chatham. 

Pitt,  Wm.  (2),  biogs.,  116. 

Pittsburg  Landing,  battle,  475. 

Pittsburgh  Survey,  569. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Pizarros,  in  Peru,  247. 

Platt,  T.  C.,  Autobiog.,  521 ;  as  boss,  522. 

Platt  amendment  on  Cuba,  551. 

Plattsburg,  battle,  372. 

Ploetz,  Karl,  Epitome,  39. 

Plumer,  Wm.  (i),  biog.,  116. 

Plumer,  Wm.  (2),  W.  Plumer,  116. 

Plunkett,  H.  C.,  Rural  Life  Problem,  583. 

Plymouth,  Mass.,  history,  72;  Records,  139. 

Plymouth  colony,  hist.,  72;  records,  138; 
genesis,  273;  settlement,  274;  later 
history  and  conditions,  275;  absorbed 
by  Mass.,  275;  and  Quakers,  284.  —  See 
also  Colonies,  New  England. 

Plymouth  Company,  275. 

Plympton,  C.  W.,  Bibl.  on  Travel,  89. 

Podmore,  Frank,  Robt.  Owen,  407. 

Poems  and  collections  illustrative  of  Am. 
hist.,  189,  190. 

Polenz,  W.  von,  Land  der  Zukunft,  582. 

Political  geography.  — See  Historical  gepg. 

Politics,  colon,  parties,  291 ;  of  ratification, 
341 ;  first  federal  parties,  351 ;  era  of  good 
feeling,  383;  Am.  principles  (1820-60), 
408,  409;  parties  under  Jackson,  412; 
bosses  and  corruption,  522  ;  result  of  new 
northwestern  states  (1890),  530;  labor 
in,  567;  reform  movements,  572. — See 
also  Elections,  Government,  and  parties 
by  name. 

Polk,  J.  K.,  biog.,  116;  Diary,  174;  and 
Ore.  boundary,  437;  election,  439; 
and  war  with  Mex.,  441;  and  econ. 
questions,  443 ;  and  Wilmot  proviso,  445. 

Polk,  Sarah  C.,  biog.,  116. 

Pollard,  E.  A.,  Davis,  107 ;  Lost  Cause,  456 ; 
Southern  History,  476;  Lost  Cause  Re 
gained,  494. 

Pollock,  Fred.,  Science  of  Politics,  297. 

Pomeroy,  J.  N.,  Const.  Law,  340;  Internal. 
Law,  481. 

Pomeroy,  R.  W.,  Young  Merchant,  408. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  in  Fla.,  248. 

Pond,  Enoch,  /.  Mather,  114. 

Pond,  O.  L.,  Munic.  Control  of  Public 
Utilities,  564. 

Ponsolle,  Paul,  Tombeau  des  Milliards,  527. 

Pontiac's  conspiracy,  295. 

Pony  express,  504. 

Poole,  D.  C.,  Among  Sioux,  507. 

Poole,  Wm.,  Antislavery  Opinion,  327. 

Poole's  Index,  33. 

Pooley,  W.  V.,  Settlement  of  III.,  67. 

Poor,  H.  V.,  Internal  Improvements,  401 ; 
Manual,  505. 

Poor  Clergyman's  Almanack,  55. 

Poor  whites,  antebellum",  421 ;  changes  in 
position,  536. 

Poore,  B.  P.,  Cat.  of  Govt.  Pubs.,  35  ;  Consti 
tutions,  131;  Perley's  Reminiscences,  174. 


Pope,  John,  Tour,  99. 

Popham  colony,  272. 

Popular  Sci.  Monthly,  article  on  hist, 
methods,  21. 

Popular  sovereignty,  453 ;  and  Dred  Scott 
decision,  458. 

Population,  at  each  census,  206;  of  Am. 
colonies,  291;  elements,  317;  number, 
distribution,  and  conditions  (1820-60), 
391 ;  antebellum  southern,  421 ;  change 
in  position  of  poor  whites,  536 ;  develop 
ment  of  classes,  567  ;  present  conditions, 
581.  —  See  also  Cities,  Immigration, 
Indians,  Negroes,  Rural,  Social  condi 
tions. 

Populist  (People's)  party,  523,  539. 

Port  Royal,  captures,  288. 

Porter,  A.  T.,  Led  on,  496. 

Porter,  D.  D.,  biog.,  116;  David  Porter,  359; 
Incidents  of  Civil  War,  477. 

Porter,  David,  biog.,  359. 

Porter,  Noah,  Am.  Colleges,  396. 

Porter,  R.  P.,  The  West,  532. 

Porto  Rico,  invasion,  549 ;  annexation,  551 ; 
govt.,  551;  Laws  effective  in,  553; 
Register,  554;  Annual  Report  ofGov.,  554. 

Portola,  Gaspar  de,  in  Cal.,  431 ;  Expedition, 
433. 

Portraits',  index,  33. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  histories,  75;  records, 
141 ;  treaty  at,  557. 

Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  records,  146. 

Post,  L.  M.,  Recollections,  174. 

Post-office,  beginning  of  federal,  356; 
development,  399;  abolition  mail,  425; 
frauds  investigations,  572. 

Potter,  Alonzo,  biog.,  394. 

Potter,  C.  E.,  Manchester,  75. 

Potter,  E.  R.,  Narragansett,  83;  Paper 
Money,  287  ;  Questions  of  R.  I.,  430. 

Potter,  H.  C.,  East  of  To-day,  559. 

Potter,  M.  E.,  U.  S.  Cat.,  33- 

Pouchot,  Memoir,  289. 

Poussin,  G.  T.,  United  Slates,  403  ;  Chemins 
de  Fer,  404;  Principe  Democratique,  411. 

Powderly,  T.  V.,  Thirty  Years  of  Labor,  525. 

Powell,  F.  W.,  R.  R.  Promotion,  402. 

Powell,  J.  W.,  Physiographic  Regions,  48. 

Powell  survey,  47. 

Power,  Tyrone,  Impressions,  100. 

Pownall,  Thos.,  Memorial,  292. 

Pratt,  D.  J.,  Boundaries,  268. 

Pratt,  E.  A.,  Organ,  of  Agri.,  513. 

Pratt,  S.  S.,  Wall  Street,  519. 

Pray,  J.  C.,  Bennett,  394. 

Prebie,  G.  H.,  Steam  Navigation,  401. 

Preole,  P.,  Decision  of  King  of  Netherlands, 

Premiss,  G.  L.,  S.  5.  Prentiss,  116. 

Prentiss,  S.  S.,  biogs.,  116. 

Prescott,  W.  H.,  biog.,  116;  Peru,  247; 
Mexico,  247. 

Presidential  Succession  act,  521. 

Presidents,  list,  204,  205.  —  See  also  Elec 
tions,  Executive,  and  presidents  by  name. 

Press,  colonial,  327;  development  (1820- 
60),  391.  —  See  also  Literature,  News 
papers. 

Preston,  H.  W.,  Documents,  179. 


PIN  ED  A-RAI LROADS 


633 


Preziosi,  G.,  Italiana,  529. 

Price,  R.  R.,  Topics,  32. 

Price,  O.  W.,  Land  we  live  In,  577. 

Prigg  case,  426. 

Primary  election,  574. 

Prime,  Fred.,  Coals,  518. 

Prime,  N.  S.,  Long  Island,  78. 

Prime,  S.  I.,  Morse,  402. 

Prince,  O.  H.,  Digest,  134. 

Prince  Soc.,  Publications,  158. 

Princeton,  N.  J.,  battle,  305;   history,  306. 

Pring,  Martin,  voyage,  258. 

Prior  Documents,  131. 

Pritchett,  H.  S.,  State  Universities,  584. 

Privy  Council,  Acts,  Colon.  Series,  130. 

Proclamation  of  1763,  319. 

Proctor,  R.  G.,  Tariff  Acts,  500. 

Proctor,  Redfield,  speech  on  Cuba,  549. 

Products  of  North  Am.,  236. — See  also 
Economic  conditions. 

Professions,  colon.,  291 ;  conditions  (1820- 
60),  391,  406;  present  conditions,  581. 

Progressive  Republicans,  570,  572. 

Prohibition  party,  522. 

Proper,  E.  E.,  Colon.  Immigration  Laws,  326. 

Prosch,  Chas.,  Reminiscences,  503. 

Prothero,  G.  W.,  Select  Statutes,  324. 

Proud,  Robt.,  Pennsylvania,  82. 

Prouty,  C.  A.,  Agri.  and  Transportation,  513. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  history,  84;  records, 
146;  settlement,  280. 

Prowse,  D.  W.,  Newfoundland,  243. 

Prudden,  T.  M.,  Great  Am.  Plateau,  432. 

Pryor,  Mrs.  R.  A.,  Reminiscences,  474. 

Psychological  Review,  article  on  hist, 
methods,  21. 

Public  Archives  Com.,  Reports,  180. 

Public  debt,  under  Confederation.  333; 
Hamilton's  measures,  348;  assumption 
of  state,  348;  Jefferson's  reduction,  363; 
state  repudiation,  428;  Civil  war  loans, 
478;  postbellum  refunding,  498;  question 
of  payment  in  greenbacks,  498;  and  in 
silver,  516;  use  of  surplus  to  purchase 
bonds,  522;  issue  of  bonds  to  preserve 
gold  reserve.  539;  forcible  collection  of 
Latin-Am.,  and  Monroe  doctrine,  555. — 
See  also  Finances,  Paper  money. 

Public  lands,  laws,  46;  state  claims  and 
cessions,  312,  330,  353;  milit.  bounties, 
319,  332,  375;  ordinance  (1785),  332; 
early  proceeds,  348;  credit  and  cash  sys 
tems,  379;  educ.  and  other  grants,  391, 
419;  speculation,  419;  specie  circular, 
419 ;  preemption  act,  419,  576 ;  homestead 
act,  459,  507  ;  grants  for  railroads,  507, 
508;  grant  for  agri.  colleges,  508 ;  timber 
culture,  desert,  and  stone  acts,  508,  576; 
frauds,  508,  572,  577  ;  commission  (1879). 
508 ;  and  cattle  ranging,  533  ;  rushes  to 
opening  of  Indian  reservations,  533,  576; 
Alaska  controversy,  545,  577;  end  of 
free  land  era,  576;  forest  reserves,  576; 
conservation  movement,  576;  act  for 
entry  of  surface  only,  577;  power  of 
president  to  reserve  from  entry,  577; 
present  problems,  577.— See  also  Eco 
nomic  conditions. 

Public  Lands  Com.,  Report,  535. 


Public  Lands  Office,   Map  of  U.  S.,  50; 

Cunningham  Coal  Entries,  580. 
Public  records,  character,  128,  129;    Brit. 

statutes,  130;    Brit,  colon,  papers,  130; 

reports  of  Royal  MSS.  Com.,  130;  colon. 

statutes  and  charters,  131;  colon.,  state, 

and   local,    132-150;     federal,    152-157; 

unofficial  collections,  176-180;   guides  to 

Am.  material  in  foreign  archives,  181. 
Public  service  corporations,  state  regulation, 

561. — See  also  Railroads. 
Publicity  of  Campaign  Contributions  act, 

572. 
Pulliam,  D.  L.,  Const.  Conventions  of  Va., 

148. 

Pullman  strike,  567. 

Pulszky,  Francis,  White,  Red,  Black,  100. 
Punishment,     systems      (1820-60),     391 ; 

present  conditions,  582. — See  also  Reform. 
Purchas,  Samuel,  Pilgrimes,  242. 
Purdy,    T.    C.,    Steam    Navigation,    401 ; 

Canals,  401. 
Pure  Food  act,  572. 
Puritans,    in    Md.,    263;     in    Eng.,    272; 

Pilgrims,  273-275. 
Furry,  J.  P.,  Description,  265. 
Puter,  S.  A.  D.,  Looters  of  Public  Domain, 

578. 

Putnam,  A.  W.,  Middle  Tenn.,  332. 
Putnam,  Daniel,  Bunker  Hill,  302. 
Putnam,  F.  W.,  Collections,  240. 
Putnam,    Herbert,     Legislative     Reference 

Bureaus,  574. 

Putnam,  Israel,  biogs.,  116,  302. 
Putnam,  J.  W.,  ///.-  Mich.  Canal,  401. 
Putnam,  Rufus,  biog.,  116;   Memoirs,  322. 
Pynchon,  Wm.,  Diary,  174 

QUAINTANCE,  H.  W.,  Farm  Machinery,  508. 
Quakers,  in  N.  J.,  268;  origin  and  opinions, 

269;     in   Pa.,    269,    270;     treatment   in 

other  colonies,  284. 
,  M.  S.,  as  boss,  522. 

ebec,  founding,  251;   capture  by  Kirke, 

251 ;  by  Wolfe,  289. 
Quebec  act,  298,  319. 
Quebec  Literary  and  Hist.  Soc.,  publications, 

163. 

Queen  Anne's  war,  288. 
Quick,  H.,  Am.  Inland  Waterways,  532. 
Quincy,  Edmund,  /.  Quincy,  116. 
Quincy,  Josiah  (i),  biog.,n6:  Reports,  151. 
Quincy,    Josiah    (2),    Boston,    71;     /.    Q. 

Adams,  103;    Josiah  Quincy,  Jun.,  116; 

biog.,  1 1 6. 

Quincy,  Josiah  (3),  Figures  of  the  Past,  174. 
Quincy,  Mass.,  histories,  71. 
Quintuple  treaty,  427. 
Quitman,  J.  A.,  biog.,  121. 
Quiz,  use,  207. 

RACES.  — See  Immigration,  Population. 

Radisson,  Sieur ,  exploration,  252;  Voy 
ages,  252. 

Rafinesque,  C.  S.,  Life  of  Travels,  100. 

Rafn,  C.  C.,  Antiquilates  Am.,  243. 

Railroad  Securities  Com.,  Report,  565. 

Railroads,  rise  and  development  (1820-60), 
399;  building  of  Pacific,  504,  530,  533; 


634 


INDEX 


prairie  roads,  504;  trunk  lines,  504; 
protection  from  Indians,  506;  land 
grants,  507,  508 ;  Granger  movement  and 
laws,  512;  strikes  and  riots  (1877),  517; 


(1886),  523;  (1894),  567;  extension  to 
Northwest,  530;  state  regulation,  561; 
federal  labor  legislation,  567.—  See  also 


Commerce,  Interstate  commerce. 

Raines,  C.  W.,  Bibl.  of  Texas,  85. 

Rainey,  Thos.,  Ocean  Steam  a 89.,  405. 

Rale,  Wm.,  View  of  Constitution,  325. 

Ralegh,  Walter,  asseaman,  256 ;  colonies,  257. 

Ralph,  Julian,  Great  West,  532  ;   Dixie,  538. 

Ramsay,  David,  5.  C.,  84;  Am.  Rev.,  296; 
Revolution  of  S.  C.,  303. 

Ramsdell,  C.  W.,  Reconstruction  in  Texas, 
491. 

Ramsey,  J.  G.  M.,  Tennessee,  85. 

Ranck,  G.  W.,  Kentucky,  68;  Boones- 
borough,  320. 

Randall,  C.  S.,  Common  School,  396. 

Randall,  H.  S.,  Jefferson,  in. 

Randolph,  C.  F.,  Surplus  Rev.,  522 ;  Annex 
ation,  552. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  biog.,  116;  Vindica 
tion,  356. 

Randolph,'  Edward,  in  N.  Eng.,  285. 

Randolph,  John,  biogs.,  116,  117;  Letters, 
174;  opposition,  374. 

Randolph,  S.  N.,  Jefferson,  in. 

Rantoul,  Robt.,  biog.,  117. 

Raper,  C.  L.,  N.  C.,  79;  Why  N.  C.  refused 
to  Ratify,  342;  Ry.  Transp.,  564. 

Rastall,  B.  M.,  Labor  History  of  Cripple 
Creek,  568. 

Rather,  E.  Z.,  De  Witt's  Colony,  435; 
Recognition  of  Texas,  440. 

Ratification  of  federal  constitution,  341; 
theories,  343. 

Ratzel,  F.,.  Vereinigten  Slaaten,  48. 

Raum,  J.  O.,  N.  J.,  76;    Trenton,  306. 

Raumer,  Fred,  von,  America,  100. 

Ravenel,  Mrs.  S.  J.,  Charleston,  84. 

Rawle,  Wm.,  Constitution,  411. 

Rawson,  Ed.,  Revolution  Justified,  286. 

Ray,  P.  O.,  Repeal  of  Mo.  Compromise,  453. 

Raymond,  H.  J.,  Lincoln,  113;   biog.,  394. 

Raymond,  R.  W.,  Peter  Cooper,  106; 
Mining  Industry  of  Rocky  Mts.,  503; 
Statistics  of  Mines,  503. 

Rayon,  J.  S.,  Archivo  Mexicano,  247. 

Read,  D.  B.,  Isaac  Brock,  372. 

Read,  Geo.,  biog.,  117. 

Read,  J.  M.,  Henry  Hudson,  266. 

Read,  W.  T.,  G.  Read,  117. 

Readers'  Guide,  32. 

Reading  in  study  of  history,  necessity,  216 ; 
consecutive,  217;  topical,  217;  con 
ference  system,  217;  use  of  books,  218- 
220;  secondary  and  source  materials, 
220,  221. 

Reagan,  J.  H.,  Memoirs,  474. 

Recall,  574. 

Reciprocity,  Canadian  (1854),  451 ;  under 
treaty  of  Washington,  500;  Hawaiian, 
500,  517;  draft  Canadian  treaty  (1888), 
543;  Cuban,  551;  maximum  and  mini 
mum  tariff  negotiations,  555 ;  attempted 
Canadian  (1911),  570. 


Recitations,  use,  198;   reviews,  206;    quiz, 

207;    debates,  211;    oral  reports,  212; 

student  lectures,  212;    seminary  reports, 

213;   brief  written,  228. 
Reclamation  movement,  576. 
Reclamation  Record,  580. 
Reclus,  Elisee,  Earth,  236. 
Recollections.  —  See  Reminiscences. 
Recollections    of   Army    Life    of   N.    Eng. 

Woman,  507. 
Reconstruction,    postbellum   conditions   of 

South,    489;     northern    interests,    489; 

theories  of  status  of  seceded  states,  489; 

Lincoln's  policy,  489;    Johnson's  policy, 

489;    policy  and  acts  of  Congress,  489; 

Fourteenth  amendment,  489;    Supreme 

court   cases,   490,   495;     readmission   of 

states,  490,  495 ;   carpetbag  rule  and  fed. 

protection,   495 ;    Ku   Klux,  495 ;    white 

ascendancy,  495 ;   end,  514. 
Records.  —  See  Public  records. 
Recueil  des  Traitez,  51. 
Reddaway,  W.  F.,  Monroe  Doctrine,  61. 
Redpath,  Jas.,  John  Brown,  104;   Echoes  of 

Harper's  Ferry,  459. 
Reed,  Andrew,  Narrative,  100. 
Reed,  J.  C.,  Brothers'  War,  421. 
Reed,  J.  S.,  Old  South  and  New,  497. 
Reed,  Jos.,  biog.,  117. 
Reed,  T.  B.,  on  Reed  rules,  542. 
Reed,  W.  B.,  /.  Reed,  117. 
Reed  rules,  539. 
Reeder,  A.  H.,  in  Kansas,  454. 
Reeves,  A.  M.,  Wineland,  243. 
Reeves,  J.  S.,  Dipt,  under  Tyler,  437. 
Reference  books,  38. 
References,  methods  of  giving  out,  227. 
Referendum,  574. 
Reform    movements,  (1820-60),     391 ;     in 

civil  service,   510,   520;    in  govt.,   572; 

present    day,   582.  —  See  also    Charity, 

Punishment,  Social  conditions. 
Regel,  Fritz,  Panamakanal,  526. 
Regicides  in  N.  Eng.,  285. 
Register  of  Debates,  153. 
Registers,  53~S6. 
Regulation  war,  319. 
Reid,  J.  D.,  Telegraph,  402. 
Reid,  W.  M.,  Mohawk  Valley,  78. 
Reid,   Whitelaw,   Greeley,    109;     After  the 

War,     494;      Problems     of    Expansion, 

Reinsch,  P.  S.,  Am.  Legislatures,  347; 
Second  Hague  Conference,  555;  World 
Politics,  557 ;  Intel,  and  Polit.  Currents 
in  Far  East,  559;  Readings  on  Am.  State 
Govt.,  574. 

Reizenstein,  Milton,  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
R.  R.,  402. 

Relation  of  a  Voyage  into  N.  Eng., ^27 2. 

Relation  of  Maryland,  262. 

Religion,  Jesuits  in  Canada,  252 ;  dissenters 
in  provin.  Va.,  261 ;  contentions  in 
colon.  Md.,  263;  Penn's  charter,  269; 
Puritans,  272;  church  and  state  in  Mass., 
278;  treatment  of  Quakers,  284;  in  provin. 
N.  Eng.,  287  ;  colon,  conditions,  291,  327  ; 
conditions  (1820-60),  391;  communities, 
405;  in  new  South,  536;  missionaries 


RAINES-ROBINSON 


635 


in  Orient,  557 ;    present  conditions,  582. 

—  See  also  Mormons,  Social  conditions. 
Remington,  Fred.,  Pony  Tracks,  535. 
Reminiscences,  value,  168;  select  list,  169- 

176. 

Report  of  a  French  Protestant,  285. 

Reports  in  study  of  history,  oral,  212; 
seminaries,  213;  system  of  special,  232. 

Representation,  beginning  in  Va.,  259; 
inMd.,262;  in  Mass. ,278;  inEng.,324; 
direct  govt.  movement,  574.  —  See  also 
Government. 

Republican  party,  first.  —  See  Democratic. 

Republican  party,  second,  rise,  456;  Lib 
erals,  510;  Stalwarts  and  Half-Breeds, 
520;  Insurgents,  570,  572.  —  See  also 
Elections,  Politics. 

Repudiations,  state,  428. 

Requisitions  under  Confederation,  333. 

Resumption  of  specie  payments,  516. 

Retana,  W.  E.,  Aparato  Bibl.  de  Filipino*, 
554- 

Revenue,   first   fed.,    348;     in    1845,   443. 

—  See  also  Finances,  Public  lands,  Sur 
plus,  Taxation. 

Revenue  Commission,  498. 

Revere,  Paul,  biog.,  117. 

Reviews,  devices,  206;   written,  228. 

Revised  Statutes,  153;   Supplement,  153. 

Reynolds,  J.  B.,  Civic  Bibl.  for  N.  Y.,  585. 

Reynolds,  J.  H.,  Makers  of  Ark.,  63. 

Reynolds,  J.  S.,  Reconstruction  in  S.  C.,  491. 

Reynolds,  John,  Illinois,  67. 

Rhea  letter,  383. 

Rhees,  W.  J.,  Smithsonian  Instn.,  395. 

Rhode  Island,  bibls.,  83;  hists.,  83,  84; 
records  and  statutes,  145  ;  hist,  soc.,  162  ; 
settlement,  280;  charter  and  develop 
ment,  281;  and  N.  Eng.  Confed.,  283; 
conditions  (1760),  293;  emancipation  in, 
335 ;  ratification,  341 ;  Dorr  rebellion, 
430.  —  See  also  Colonies,  New  England, 
States. 

Rhode  Island  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Rhodes,  J.  F.,  Hist.  Essays,  18;  U.  S.,  43; 
R.  R.  Riots,  519;  Nat.  Repub.  Conven 
tions,  520;  Cleveland's  Admins.,  522. 

Rice,  A.  T.,  Lincoln,  113. 

Rice,  F.  P.,  Worcester  Records,  139. 

Rice,  Harvey,  Pioneers,  376. 

Richard,  Edouard,  Acadia,  288. 

Richardson,  A.  D.,  Beyond  the  Mississippi, 
503;  New  States,  503. 

Richardson,  A.  T.,  De  Smet,  436. 

Richardson,  C.  F.,  Am.  Literature,  393. 

Richardson,  E.  C.,  Index  to  Period.  Articles 
on  Religion,  585. 

Richardson,  J.  D.,  Messages,  157  ;  Messages 
of  the  Confederacy,  179. 

Richardson,  W.  A.,  Public  Debt,  499. 

Richie,  G.  T.,  Lincolniana,  472. 

Richman,  I.  B.,  Cal.,  64;   R.  /.,  83,  84. 

Riddle,  A.  G.,  Wade,  119;  Recollections, 
174;  hist,  novel,  188. 

Rider,  S.  S.,  R.  I.  Hist.  Tracts,  84;  Paper 
Money,  287. 

Ridgely,  David,  Annapolis,  70. 

Riedesel,  F.  A.,  Memoirs,  174. 

Riedesel,  Frederika,  Letters,  174. 


Rights,  of  Englishmen,  323;  of  colonists, 
325;  Am.  conceptions,  408.  —  See  also 
Government. 

Riis,  J.  A.,  Roosevelt,  117;  How  the  Other 
Half  Lives,  524 ;  Making  of  an  American, 
524;  Battle  with  the  Slum,  583. 

Riker,  Jas.,  Harlem,  77. 

Riley,  F.  L.,  Origins  of  Senates,  326; 
Transition  from  Span.  Rule,  355;  Span. 
Policy,  35?  ;  Diary  of  Miss.  Planter,  422. 

Riley,  I.  W.,  Founder  of  Mo'rmonism,  407. 

Rindge,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 

Rjngwalt,  J.  L.,  Transportation,  400. 

Ringwalt,  R.  C.,  Briefs  for  Debate,  32; 
Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  32. 

Rinne,  Friedrich,  Zwischen  Filipinos  und 
Amerikanern,  553. 

Ripley,  R.  S.,  War  with  Mexico,  440. 

Ripley,  W.  Z.,  Ry.  Problems,  513;  Races, 
528;  Trusts,  561;  Capitalization  of 
Public  Service  Corporations,  564;  Roose 
velt's  Ry.  Policy,  564;  Fed.  R.  R.  Regula 
tion,  564 ;  R.  R.  Rate  Making,  564. 

River  and  harbor  bills,  388,  398,  520,  522. 
—  See  also  Waterways. 

Rivers,  W.  J.,  Sketch  ofS.  C.,  264. 

Rivers. — See  Waterways. 

Rives,  G.  L.,  Spain  and  U.  S.,  355; 
Corresp.  of  Barclay,  370. 

Rives,  W.  C.,  Madison,  114. 

Roads,  Samuel,  Marblehead,  72. 

Roads,  Braddock's,  319;  Forbes's,  319; 
Cumberland,  379;  development  (1820- 
60),  399.  —  See  also  Commerce,  Internal 
improvements. 

Roberts,  A.  —  See  Hobart  (A.  G.). 

Roberts,  E.  H.,  New  York,  77;    Oriskany, 

Roberts,  E.  M.,  Govt.  Revenue,  380. 

Roberts,  I.  P.,  Fertility,  579. 

Roberts,   Peter,  Anthracite  Coal  Industry, 

518;   Coal  Communities,  529. 
Robertson,   J.    A.,    Louisiana,    69;     Docs. 

in  Span.  Archives,  181. 
Robertson,  J.  R.,  Genesis  in  Ore.,  438. 
Robertson,  Jas.,  in  Tenn.,  319. 
Robertson,  Jas.,  Few  Months  in  Am.,  100. 
Robertson,  W.  S.,  Miranda,  355;    Span.- 

Am.  Dipl.,  387. 

Robertson,  Wyndham,  Oregon,  437. 
Roberval,  Sieur  de,  249. 
Robin,  1'Abbe,  New  Travels,  100. 
Robins,  J.  J.,  Trial  of  Hanway,  450. 
Robinson,  A.  G.,  Cuba  and  Intervention,  553. 
Robinson,  C.  E.,  Shakers,  406. 
Robinson,   C.  M.,  Improvement  of  Towns 

and  Cities,  583. 
Robinson,      Chalfant,      Two      Reciprocity 

Treaties,  518. 

Robinson,  Chas.,  biog.,  H7- 
Robinson,     Doane,     South     Dakota,     65; 

Dakota  Indians,  506. 
Robinson,  H.  H.,  Loom  and  Spindle.  407. 
Robinson,  H.  P.,  Twentieth  Century  Ameri 
can,  582. 

Robinson,  J.  H.,  Constitution,  340. 
Robinson,  Rev.  John.  273. 
Robinson,  John,  correspondence,  305. 
Robinson,  R.  E.,  Vermont,  86. 


636 


INDEX 


Rogers, 
Rogers, 
Rogers, 
Rogers, 


Robinson,  S.  T.  L.,  Kansas,  455. 
Rochambeau,  Comte  de,  in  Am.  Rev.,  309; 

Memoirs  310. 

"Roche,  J.  F.,  By-ways  of  War,  452. 
Rockefeller,    J.    D.,    Standard    Oil,    560; 

Reminiscences,  566;   philanthropy,  581. 
Rockhill,  W.  W  ,  report  on  China,  559. 
Rockingham,     Marquis     of,     biog.,     117; 

first  ministry,  295;  Papers,  296;  second 

ministry,  310. 

Rockport,  Mas's.,  history,  72. 
Rodgers,  John,  biog.,  364. 
Rodrigues,  J.  C.,  Panama  Canal,  527. 
Rodriguez,  J.  I.,  Anexion  de  Cuba,  550. 
Roe,  E.  P.,  hist,  novels,  188. 
Roe,  G.  E.,  Judicial  Oligarchy,  575. 
Rogers,  E.  R.,  Four  Southern  Mags.,  393. 
Rogers,  H.  J.,  Congress  of  Arts  and  Science, 

18. 

Rogers.  H.  W.,  Const.  History,  381. 
Rogers,  J.  A.  R.,  Berea  College,  537. 
.  E.,  Am.  Newspaper,  584. 
.  E.  T.,  Protest  of  Lords,  296. 
.  M.,  Clay,  106. 
.,  Law  of  Irrigation,  578. 
Roman,  Alfred,  Beauregard,  467. 
Roman  Catholic  church,  Jesuits  in  Canada, 

252;   in  Md.,  263.  —  See  also  Religion. 
Roos,  F.  F.  de,  Personal  Narrative,  100. 
Roosevelt,   T.,   Naval   War   of  1812,   61; 

Winning  of  the  West,  61  ;   New  York,  78; 

Benton,  104:  G.  Morris,  114;  biogs.,  117, 

573;    Addresses,    167;    Pres.   Addresses, 

167;   Am.  Ideals,  522;    Ranch  Life,  535; 

Rough    Riders,    551;     Philippines,    554; 

foreign    policy,    554;     and    arbitration 

treaties,  555;   on  Monroe  doctrine,  555; 

How  we  acquired    Panama   Canal,  556; 

and  trusts,   560;    election    (1904),   561, 

571;     Works,    565;     New    Nationalism, 

566  ;    and  labor,  567  ;    Roosevelt  Policy, 

569;     vice-presidency,     571;    president, 

character,     571;      and     Congress,     572; 

and    Taft,    572;     Strenuous    Life,    575; 

African    and    Europ.     Addresses,     575; 

Real  Roosevelt,   575;    and  conservation, 

576,  577- 

Root,  F.  A.,  Overland  Stage,  504. 
Root,  Jesse,  Reports,  150. 
Ropes,  J.  C.,  Civil  War,  475. 
Rose,  G.  H.,  Am.  missions,  370. 
Rose,  J.  C.,  Negro  Suffrage,  490. 
Rosebery,  Earl  of,  Pitt,  116. 
Rosier,  Jas.,  narrative,  258. 
Ross,  Alex.,  First  Settlers,  81. 
Ross,  Chas.,  Cornwallis,  106. 
Ross,     E.     A.,     Changing    Chinese,    559; 

5m  and  Society,  561  ;    Middle  West,  577  ; 

Changing  America,  582. 
Ross,  E.  G.,  Impeachment  of  Johnson,  491. 
Ross,  J.  B.,  Agrarian  Revolution,  531. 
Rothschild,  Alonzo,  Lincoln,  113. 
Rouanet,  G.,  Complicates  du  Panama,  527. 
Rous,  John,  New  England,  284. 
Rousselot  de  Surgy,  J.  P.,  Pensylvanie,  82. 
Rousset  de  Missy,  J.,  Supplement,  52. 
Roussiers,  Paul  de,  Am.  Life,  532. 
Rowan  Co.,  N.  C.,  history,  79. 
Rowbotham,  F.  J.,  Prairie  Land,  533. 


Rowe,  L.  S.,  V.  S.  and  Porto  Rico,  552; 

Problems  of  Munic.  Govt.,  564 
Rowland,  K.  M.,  Chas.  Carroll,  105 ;    Geo. 

Mason,  114. 

Roxbury,  Mass.,  history,  72. 
Royal  Commission  on  Hist.  MSS.,  Reports, 

130;    guide  to  Am.   material,   131;    on 

Am.  Rev.,  305. 

Royal  Commissioners  in  N.  Eng.,  285. 
Royall,   W.   L.,   Jackson  and    Bank,   414; 

Va.  Debt,  496. 
Royce,  C.  C.,  Indian  Land   Cessions,  46; 

Cherokee  Nation,  420. 
Royce,  Josiah,  Cal.,  64;    Race  Questions, 

432. 

Ruffhead,  Owen,  Statutes  at  Large,  130. 
Ruge,   Sophus,   Entwickelung,  der  Kartog., 

239;   Entdeckungen,  245. 
Ruidiaz  y  Caravia,  Florida,  250. 
Rule  of  1756,  368. 

Rumple,  Jethro,  Rowan  County,  79. 
Runnels,  M.  T.,  Sanbornton,  75. 
Rupp,  I.  D.,  Western  Pa.  82 ;  Lancaster  Co., 

83 ;  Relig.  Denominations,  292 ;  Northum 
berland  Co.,  320. 
Rural  life,  conditions  (1820-60),  391,  406; 

present     conditions     and     uplift,     581 ; 

report  of  commission  on,  583.  —  See  also 

Population,  Social  conditions. 
Rush,    Rich.,    Residence   at   London,    174; 

Washington  in  Domestic  Life,  307. 
Russell,  A.  E.,  Brook  Farm,  408. 
Russell,  A.  P.,  T.  Corwin,  106. 
Russell,  C.  E.,  Greatest  Trust,  563. 
Russell,    H.     B.,    International    Monetary 

Conference,  516. 

Russell,  John,  Earl,  C.  J.  Fox,  108;   Recol 
lections,  174. 
Russell,    W.    H.,    Hesperothen,    100;     My 

Diary,  477. 
Russell,   W.   S.,   Guide  to  Plymouth,   275; 

Plymouth  Memorials,  275. 
Russell  Sage  Foundation,  Pubs.,  569. 
Russia,  and  War  of  1812,  372;   Am.  claims 

and  policy,  386,  437 ;  sale  of  Alaska,  500 ; 

Japanese  war,  557. 
Rutherfurd,  Livingston,  Zenger,  294. 
Ruttenber,  E.  M.,  County  of  Orange,  78. 
Ruville,  Albert  yon,  Chatham,  116. 
Rye,  Edgar,  Quirt  and  Spur,  535. 
Rye,  N.  Y.,  history,  78. 
Ryerson,  A.  E.,  Loyalists,  311. 

SABIN,  Jos.,  Books  relating  to  America,  28. 
Sabine,  Lorenzo,  Loyalists,  310;    Fisheries, 

400.  , 

Sackville-West  incident,  543. 
Safford,  W.  H.,  Blennerhassett,  368 ;  Blenner- 

hassett  Papers,  368. 
Sagard    Theodat,    Gabriel,     Canada,    241; 

Grand  Voyage,  241. 
Sage,  B.  J.  —  SeeCentz. 
Sahagun,  F.  B.,  Cosas  de  Nueva    Espana, 

241 ;  Conquista  de  Mexico,  247. 
Saint  Augustine,  Fla.,  hist.,  66;   founding, 

250. 
St.  Clair,  Arthur,  Papers,  167;    Indian  war, 

354- 
Saint  Denis,  J.,  exploration,  431. 


ROBINSON  —  SEABURY 


637 


St.  George's  Parish,  Va.,  history,  87. 

St.  Germain,  treaty,  251. 

St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  78. 

St.  Leger,  Barry,  expedition,  304. 

Saint  Louis,  histories,  73,  74. 

St.  Mark's  Parish,  Va.,  history,  87. 

Saint-Martin,  V.  de,  Hist,  de  Geog.,  239. 

Saint  Paul,  history,  73. 

Salary  grab,  510. 

Salem,  Mass.,  history,  72;    records,   139; 

Naumkeag  settlement,  276. 
Salisbury,  R.  D.,  To  fog.  Maps,  4%- 
Salmon,  D.  E.,  Sheep  Industry,  400. 
Salmon,   L.    M.,   Appointing  Power,   347; 

Domestic  Service,  406. 
Salt  Lake  City,  history,  461. 
Salter,  Edwin,  Monmouth  and  Ocean  Coun 
ties,  76. 

Salter,  Wm.,  Iowa,  68;   Grimes,  109. 
Samoan  Islands  controversy,  543,  551. 
Sampson,  W.  T.,  in  Span.-Am.  war,  549. 
San  Francisco,  history,  64;    founded,  431; 
earthquake  and  fire,  545  ;  labor  questions, 
545;    graft,   546;    Sand  Lots  agitation, 
557  ;  Japanese  school  question,  557. 
Sanborn,     F.    B.,    New     Hampshire,    75; 
John  Brown,  104;   Public  Charities,  394; 
Recollections,  455. 

Sanborn,  J.  B.,  Cong.  Grants  of  Land  in  Aid 
of  Rys.,  61;  Polit.  Aspects  of  Homestead 
Legis.,  508. 

Sanborn,  Kate,  Southern  Cal.,  547. 
Sanbornton,  N.  H.,  history,  75. 
Sanderson,  j.  P.,  Repub.  Landmarks,  392. 
Sanderson,  John,  Signers,  299. 
Sanford,  E.  B.,  Conn.,  65. 
Sanford,  L.  G.,  Erie  County,  83. 
Sanitary  Commission,  483. 
Santa  Fe  trail,  433- 
Santarem,  Vicomte  de,  Atlas,  239;   Vespu- 

cius,  246. 

Santiago  campaign,  549. 
Santo   Domingo,   attempted  annex.,    500; 

debt  question,  555. 
Saratoga  campaign,  304. 
Sargent,  Epes,  Clay,  106. 
Sargent,  H.  H.,  Campaign  of  Santiago,  550. 
Sargent,  Nathan,  Public  Men,  174- 
Sargent,  Winthrop,  Andre,  103 ;  Loyalist  Po 
etry,  190;  Expedition  against  Ft.  DuQuesne, 
289. 

Sato,  Shosuke,  Land  Question,  313. 
Saunderson,  H.  H.,  Charlestown,  75. 
Savage,  John,  A.  Johnson,  492. 
Savannah,    histories,    67,    134;     founded, 

265;   in  Am.  Rev.,  309. 
Sawyer,  F.  H.,  Inhabitants  of  Philippines, 

552. 

Say  and  Sele,  Lord,  and  Conn.,  281. 
Saybrook,  founded,  281. 
Scaife,  W.  B.,  America,  46. 
Schafer,  Jos.,  Pacific  Northwest,  81;   Land 
Grants  for   Educ.,    393;     Acquisition   of 
Oregon,    432;      Oregon     Pioneers,     435 
Brit.  Attitude,  438;   Pacific  Slope,  546. 
Schaff,  Philip?  Creeds,  273. 
Schaffner,    M.    A.,    Labor    Contract,    524; 

Initiative,  574. 
Schaper,  W.  A.,  Sectionalism  in  S.  C.,  84. 


Scharf,  J.  T.,  Del.,  66;  Chronicles  of  Bal 
timore,  70;  Md.,  70;  Saint  Louis,  74: 
Philadelphia,  83. 

Schenck,  David,  North  Carolina,  79. 

Schenectady,  history,  78. 

Schier brand,  Wolf  von,  Am.,  Asia,  and  the 
Pacific,  558. 

Schlaeger,  E.,  Sociale  und  polit.  Stellung  der 
Deutschen,  100. 

Schley,  W.  S.,  in  Span.-Am.  war,  549;  in 
vestigation,  549;  Forty-five  Years,  550. 

Schmeckebier,  L.  F.,  Know-Nothing,  457. 

Schmucker,  S.  M.,  Clay,  106;  Hamilton,  109. 

Schoell,  F.,  Traites,  52. 

Schoepp,  J.  D.,  Travels,  100. 

Schofield,  J.  M.,  Forty-Six  Years,  477. 

School  Review,  articles  on  hist,  methods,  21. 

Schools,  history  in,  24. —  See  also  Education, 
Teaching. 

Schoonmaker,  Marius,  Kingston,  77. 

Schouler,  Jas.,  Hist.  Briefs,  18;  U.  S.,  44; 
Hamilton,  109;  Jejfferson,  in;  Const. 
Studies,  410. 

Schuckers,  J.  W.,  Chase,  105. 

Schulze,  J.  L.,  Nachrichten,  83. 

Schurman,  J.    G.,  Philippine  Ajfairs,  554. 

Schurz,  Carl,  Clay,  106;  Lincoln,  113;  Rem 
iniscences,  174;  and  Liberal  Republicans, 
510;  Hayes,  515;  Am.  Imperialism,  553. 

Schuyler,  Eugene,  Am.  Dipl.,  310. 

Schuyler,  G.  W.,  Colon.  N.Y.,77. 

Schuyler,  Margarita,  memoirs,  171. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  biogs.,  117. 

Schuyler,  R.  L.,  Polk  and  Oregon,  438. 

Schwab,  J.  C.,  Confederate  States,  61. 

Schwatka,  F.,  Alaska's  Gt.  River,  548. 

Scidmore,  E.  R.,  Guide  Book  to  Alaska,  546. 

Scientific  institutions,  391. 

Scioto  Company,  332. 

Scisco,  L.  D.,  Polit.  Nativism,  457. 

Scoresby,  Wm.,  Am.  Factories,  407. 

Scot,  Geo.,  Model  ofGovt.,  141. 

Scotch-Irish  element,  317;  on  frontier, 
319. 

Scotch-Irish  Soc.,  pubs.,  158. 

Scott,  E.  D.,  Federalist,  179. 

Scott,  E.  G.,  Const.  Liberty,  324;  Recon 
struction,  491. 

Scott,  J.  B.,  Hague  Peace  Conferences,  556; 
Text  of  Peace  Conferences,  556;  Am. 
Addresses,  556;  Goiit.  of  U.  S.  and  For. 
Missionaries,  558. 

Scott,  Jos.,  Geog.  Diet.,  55  J  U.  S.  Gazetteer, 

Scott,  N.  N.,  H.  L.  White,  429. 

Scott,  T.  A.,  railroad  builder,  533. 

Scott,  W.  A.,  Repudiation,  429- 

Scott,  Winfield,  biogs.,  117;  Memoirs..  175  J 

in    Mex.    war,    442;     candidacy,    456; 

and  secession,  468. 
Scoville,  J.  A.,  Old  Merchants,  407. 
Scoville,  Samuel,  H.  W.  Beecher,  104. 
Scribner's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  41. 
Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas,  50. 
Scudder,  H.   E.,  Men  and  Manners,  61 ; 

Washington,    lao;     N.    Webster,    120; 

hist,  novel,  188. 
Seabury,  Samuel,  biog.,  117;  Am.  Slavery, 

422. 


638 


INDEX 


Seager,  H.  R.,  Trust  Decisions,  562;  Social 
Reform,  583. 

Seattle,  munic.  reform,  546. 

Secession,  Federalist  intrigue,  363 ;  threats 
(1850),  447;  theories,  464;  causes  and 
process,  466,  470;  attitude  of  North,  468. 
—  See  also  Civil  war,  Federal  constitu 
tion,  Reconstruction. 

Secondary  books,  use,  23. 

Secret  Journals,  153. 

Sedgwick,  C.  M.,  hist,  novels,  188. 

Sedgwick,  Ellery,  Paine,  115. 

Sedgwick,  John,  Corresp.,  443. 

Sedgwick,  Theo.,  Wm.  Livingston,  113; 
Treatise,  411. 

Seeley,  J.  R.,  Brit.  Policy,  256;  Expansion, 
324- 

Seelye,  E.  E.,  Washington,  120. 

Seignobos,  Chas.,  Etudes  Hist.,  18. 

Seligman,  E.  R.  A.,  Commercial  Policy,  518; 
Income  Tax,  541. 

Selwyn,  Geo.,  biog.,  308. 

Seminaries,  213. 

Seminole  war,  383,  419. 

Semmes,  Raphael,  Service  Afloat,  481. 

Semple,  E.  C.,  Am.  Hist,  and  Geog.  Condi 
tions,  48 ;  Geog.  Environment,  48. 

Semple,  R.  B.,  Baptists  in  Va.,  294. 

Senate. — See  Congress. 

Senior,  H.  W.,  Essays,  411. 

Senner,  J.  H.,  Immigration  Question,  528. 

Sergeant,  John,  Speeches,  167. 

Sergeant,  Thos.,  Land  Laws  of  Pa.,  332. 

Sering,  Max,  Landwirthschaftliche  Kon- 
kurrenz  Nordamerikas,  508. 

Serra,  Junipero,  in  Cal.,  431. 

Servants,  white,  327. 

Seven  Years'  war,  289. 

Sevier,  John,  biog.,  117;  in  Tenn.,  319. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  biog.,  117;  Diary,  175; 
Revolution  Justified,  286 ;  Joseph  Sold,  328. 

Seward,  F.  W.,  W.  H.  Seward,  117. 

Seward,  G.  F.,  Chinese  Immigration,  558. 

Seward,  W.  H.,  /.  Q.  Adams,  103;  biogs., 
117;  Works,  167;  Autobiog.,  175;  and 
Taylor,  447  ;  in  Senate,  447  ;  speech  on 
compromise  (1850),  447;  "irrepressible 
conflict"  speech,  460;  and  secession 
compromise,  468;  and  Ft.  Sumter,  470; 
as  sec.  of  state,  480. 

Sewel,  Wm.,  Quakers,  270. 

Seybert,  Adam,  Statis.  Annals,  365. 

Seyd,  Ernest,  California,  55. 

Seymour,  E.  S.,  Sketches  of  Minn.,  73. 

Shadrach  rescue,  449. 

Shadwell,  A.,  Indus.  Efficiency,  579. 

Shatter,  W.  R.,  Santiago  campaign,  549. 

Shakers,  405;   bibl.,  408. 

Shaler,  N.  S.,  Nature  and  Man,  48;  U.  S., 
48;  Ky.,  68. 

Shambaugh,  B.  F.,  Iowa  Biog.  Series,  68; 
Messages  of  Govs.,  135;  Fragments  of 
Debates,  135;  Consts.  of  Iowa,  410; 
Exec.  Journal,  412;  Doc.  Material,  412. 

Shambaugh,  B.  M.  H.,  Amana,  407. 

Shanghai  Opium  Conference,  557. 

Shannon,  Wils_on,  in  Kansas,  454. 

Sharpe,  Horatio,  Correspondence,  294. 

Sharpless,  Isaac,  Quaker  Govt.  in  Pa.,  83. 


Shattuck,  Lemuel,  Concord,  302. 

Shaw,  Albert,  Icaria,  407  ;   Polit.  Problems, 

573;   Cartoon  Hist,  of  Roosevelt,  573. 
Shaw,  J.,  U.  S.  Directory,  55 
Shays  rebellion,  337. 
Shea,  Geo.,  Hamilton,  109. 
Shea,  J.  G.,  Exploration  of  Miss.  Valley,  252 ; 
Early  Voyages,  252;  Catholic  Church,  292. 
Sheahan,  J.  W.,  Douglas,  107. 
Sheep. —  See  Cattle. 
Shelburne,  Earl  of,  biog.,  117;    and  peace 

negotiations,  310. 
Sheldon,  E.  M.,  Michigan,  72. 
Sheldon,  Geo.,  Deerfield,  71. 
Sheldon,  H.  D.,  Student  Life,  393. 
Shenandoah  Valley,  history,  87 ;  settlement, 

261,  319. 

Shepard,  E.  H.,  St.  Louis,  74. 
Shepard,  E.  M.,  Van  Buren,  119. 
Shepherd,  W.  R.,  Hist.  Atlas,  51 ;   Guide  to 
Span.  Archives,    181 ;    Proprietary  Govt. 
in  Pa.,  270;    Wilkinson  and  Span   Con 
spiracy,  336. 
Shepherd,   Wm.,    Prairie    Experiences    in 

Handling  Cattle,  536. 
Sheppard,  J.  H.,  S.  Tucker,  119. 
Sherburne,  Andrew,  Memoirs,  175. 
Sherburne,  J.  H.,  /.  P.  Jones,  112. 
Sheridan,  P.  H.,  biog.,  117;  Memoirs,   175. 
Sherman, 'Henry,  Slavery,  422. 
Sherman,  John,  biogs.,  117,  492;   Speeches 
and  Reports,  167  ;   Recollections,  175  ;  Let 
ters,   175;   and  resumption,   516;  candi 
dacy,  (1880),  520. 
Sherman,  Roger,  biog.,  117. 
Sherman,  W.  T.,  biog.,   118;    Letters,  175; 
Memoirs,   175;    Home  Letters,   175;    in 
Civil  war,  475. 
Sherman    Antitrust    act,    523;      Supreme 

court  decisions,  560,  561. 
Sherman  Silver  Purchase  act,  539;   repeal, 

539- 

Sherwood,  Adiel,  Gaz.  of  Ga.,  67. 
Shields,  J.  D.,  Prentiss,  116. 
Shimmell,  L.  S.,  Border  Warfare,  307. 
Shimonoseki  incidents,  557. 
Shinn,  C.  H.,  Story  of  the  Mine,  74;  Mining 

Camp,  435- 

Shipp,  Barnard,  De  Solo,  248. 
Shipp,  J.  E.  D.,  Giant  Days,  106. 
Shipping,    American,    in   early   fed.   days, 
356;     neutral    trade    controversy,    368, 
370;    influence  on  West  of  steamships, 
375;   after  War  of  1812,  379;   conditions 
(1820—60),     398;      decline,     in     foreign 
commerce,    517;     progress   of   coastwise 
and  internal,  517,  530.  —  See  also  Com 
merce. 

Shirreff,  Patrick,  Tour,  100. 
Shirtwaist  strike,  567. 
Shortt,  Adam,  Documents,  150. 
Shuman,  A.  E.,  Railroads,  402. 
Sibley,  N.  W.,  Internal.  Law  and  Russo- 

Jap.  War,  558. 

Sidney,  Algernon,  Discourses,  297. 
Siebert,  W.  H.,  Underground  Railroad,  61. 
Sigsbee,  C.  D.,  Maine,  550. 
Silver,  16  to  i  ratio,  418;    demonetization 
(1873),    516;     rise    of    question,    516; 


SEAGER  — SNOW 


639 


Bland- Allison  act,  516;  bill  (1886), 
524;  small  certificates,  524;  Sherman 
act,  539;  repeal  of  Sherman  act,  539; 
veto  of  Seigniorage  bill,  531;  propa 
ganda  and  campaign  of  1896,  539 ;  Gold 
Standard  act,  540;  in  later  campaigns, 
571.  —  See  also  Money. 

Simcoe,  J.  G.,  Queen's  Rangers,  306. 

Simms,  J.  B.,  Frontiersmen,  320. 

Simms,  W.  G.,  5.  C.,  85;  hist,  novels,  188; 
War  Poetry,  190;  Marion,  309. 

Simons,  A.  M.,  Social  Forces,  406;  Am. 
farmer,  513. 

Simpson,  J.  H.,  Great  Basin,  433. 

Sims  case,  449. 

Sinclair,  A.,  Two  Years  in  Ala.,  481. 

Sinclair,  W.  A.,  Aftermath,  496. 

Single  tax  movement,  523. 

Singleton,  Arthur,  Letters,  100. 

Sioux  Indians,  relations,  506. 

Skidmore,  T.,  Rights  to  Property,  408. 

Slade,  Win.,  antislavery  congressman,  425. 

Slater,  Samuel,  biog.,  357. 

Slaughter,  Philip,  Bristol  Parish,  87;  St. 
George's  Parish,  87 ;  St.  Mark's  Parish,  87. 

Slave  insurrections,  385,  421. 

Slave  trade,  early  Eng.,  256;  colon.,  327; 
under  Confederation,  334;  fed.  tax,  353  ; 
prohibition,  384;  piracy,  385;  domestic, 
426;  Quintuple  treaty,  427;  joint 
cruising,  427;  domestic,  in  D.  C.,  447; 
revival  threatened,  459;  treaty  with 
Eng.  (1862),  486;  interstate,  forbidden, 
486.  —  See  also  Slavery. 

Slavery,  importance  of  controversy,  6,  1 1 ; 
introduced  in  Va,,  259;  colon.,  327; 
Northwest  ordinance,  330,  334-  taxation 
question  under  Confederation,  334; 
northern  state  emancipations,  335  ;  effect 
of  cotton  gin,  353  ;  Missouri  compromise, 
385;  and  Panama  Congress,  388;  split 
of  churches  on,  391 ;  conditions  (1830- 
60),  421 ;  arguments,  423 ;  in  D.  C.,  425  ; 
foreign  relations  and  cases,  427;  and 
Texas,  434,  439;  Wilmot  proviso,  445; 
compromise  of  1850,  447 ;  Kan. -Neb. 
act,  452;  Kansas  struggle,  454;  Dred 
Scott  decision,  458 ;  John  Brown's  raid, 
458;  as  cause  of  Civil  war,  462;  in 
constitution  of  Confed.  States,  472; 
public  opinion  during  Civil  war,  485 ; 
confiscation  acts,  486;  abolished  in  D.  C. 
and  territories,  486;  Emancipation 
proclamations,  486;  southern  state 
emancipations,  486;  Thirteenth  amend 
ment  abolishes,  486,  489.  —  See  also 
Abolitionists,  Antislavery,  Colonization, 
Fugitive  slaves,  Negroes,  Slave  trade, 
Social  conditions. 

Slichter,  C.  S.,  Recent  Criticism  of  Am. 
Scholarship,  584. 

Slidell,  John,  Mex.  mission,  441;  Trent 
affair,  480. 

Sloane,  W.  M.,  French  War,  40;  Aspects  of 
La.  Purchase,  366. 

Slossen,  E.  E.,  Great  Am.  Universities,  584- 

Sluyter,  Peter,  Journal,  93. 

Small,  A.  W.,  Social  Science,  18;  Beginnings 
of  Am-  Nationality,  314. 


Smalley,  E.  V.,  N.  P.  R.  R.,  531. 

Smedes,  S.  D.,  Southern  Planter  422 

Smet,  P.  J.  de,  biog.,  436. 

Smiley,  J.  C.,  Denver,  502. 

Smith,  A.  H.,  China  in  Convulsion,  558; 

China  and  Am.,  558. 
Smith,  Adam,  Wealth  of  Nations,  292. 
Smith,  B.  E.,  Century  Cyclop,  of  Names,  39. 
Smith,  Buckingham,  Cabeza   249 
Smith,  C.  W.,  Check-List  of  Books  of  Pacific 
Northwest,  88. 

Smith,  E.  A.,  Confed.  Treasury,  473. 

Smith,  E.  F.,  Commentaries,  411. 

Smith,  Edward,  Cobbett,  106. 

Smith,  F.  E.,  Internal.  Law  and  Russo- 
Jap.  War,  558. 

Smith,  G.  G.,  G.  F.  Pierce,  496 

Smith,  G.  R.,  biog.,  118. 

Smith,  Geo.,  Delaware  County,  83. 

Smith,  Gerrit,  biog.,  118;  abolitionist,  423. 

Smith,  Goldwin,  U.  S.,  41 ;  Garrison,  108; 
Eng.  and  War  of  Secession,  481. 

Smith,  H.  K.,  Lowell  Institute,  392. 

Smith,  J.  A.,  Spirit  of  Am.  Govt.,  575 

Smith, 

Smith 

Sm 

Smith 

Smith,  James,  Tours,  100. 

Smith,  Jedediah,  exploration,  432. 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  biog.,  118;  True  Re 
lation,  259;  General  Historie,  259;  Map 
of  Va.,  259;  credibility,  259;  on  N.  Eng. 
coast,  272;  Description  of  N.  Eng.,  272; 
N.  Eng.  Trials,  272. 

Smith,  Joseph,  and  Mormonism,  434. 

Smith,  Joshua  H.,  Authentic  Narrative,  307. 

Smith,  Justin  H.,  Annex,  of  Texas,  85; 
Arnold's  March,  303. 

Smith,  P.  H.,  Acadia,  288. 

Smith,  R.  Mayo,  Emigration  and  Immigra 
tion,  61 ;  Com.  Policy,  518;  Statistics  and 
Economics,  561. 

Smith,  Richard,  Journal,  100 ;   Diary,  304. 

Smith,  Mrs.  S.  H.,  Forty  Years,  175. 

Smith,  Samuel,  Nova  Casaria,  76. 

Smith,  Seba,  Major  Jack  Downing,  188. 

Smith,  T.  C.,  Parties  and  Slavery,  392; 
Liberty  and  Free-Soil  Parties,  424;  Ex 
pansion,  500. 

Smith,  W.  B.,  Color  Line,  537- 

Smith,  W.  H.,  Indiana,  68. 

Smith,  W.  P.,  Ry.  Celebrations,  404. 

Smith,  Wm.,  New  York,  77. 

Smith,  Wm.,  Brief  State  of  Pa.,  271. 

Smith,?  Wm.  Roy,  South  Carolina,  85;  Sec 
tionalism  in  Pa.,  321. 

Smith,  Wm.  Rudolph,  Wisconsin,  88. 

Smith,  Wm.  Russell,  History  of  the  Conven 
tion,  132. 

Smith,  Z.  F.,  Kentucky,  68. 

Smucker,  S.  M.,  Mormons,  435. 

Smyth,  A.  H.,  ed.  of  Franklin's  Writings, 
165;  Philadelphia  Mags.,  393. 

Smyth,  J.  F.  D.,  Tour,  100. 

Smythe,  SirThos.,  258. 

Smythe,  W.  E.,  Arid  America,  432. 

Snedden,  D.  S.,  Vocational  Educ.,  584. 

Snow,  A.  H.,  Admin,  of  Dependencies,  552. 


640 


INDEX 


Snow,  C.  H.,  Boston,  71. 
Snow,  Freeman,  Treaties  and  Topics,  389. 
Snow,  L.  F.,  College  Curriculum  393 
Snyder,  W.  L.,  Interstate  Com.  Act,  562. 
Social   conditions,  study,    1 1 ;     in    French 
Canada,     252;      in    French    La,     253; 
frontier,     319;      colon.,     327;      pioneer 
society   and   ideals,    375;     development 
(1820-60),  391;    northern  and  southern 
(1861),  462;    single  tax  movement,  523; 
present-day  southern,  536 ;  Pacific  coast 
traits,    546;    in    20th    century,    581. — 
See  also  Cost  of  living,  Economic  con 
ditions,  Education,  Government,  Labor, 
Literature,  Occupations,  Pensions,  Popu 
lation,  Reform,  Religion,  Slavery,  Social 
life,  Socialism. 

Social  life,  colon.,  201,  327;  (1820-60), 
391;  present  conditions,  581.  —  See  also 
Social  conditions. 

Socialism,  communities  (1820-60),  405 ; 
Bellamy,  523;  and  labor,  567;  periodi 
cals,  569;  increase,  572. 

Soley,  J.  R.,  Porter,  116;    Blockade,  481. 

Somers,  Robt.,  Southern  States,  494. 

Sonnenschein,  W.  S.,  Best  Books,  34. 

Soto,  H.  de,  explorations,  248. 

Soule,  C.  C.,  Lawyer's  Reference  Manual, 
34- 

Sound  Currency,  542. 

Sound  dues,  451. 

Sources,  use,  22,  220;  in  home  study,  27; 
of  hist,  geog.,  45;  classes,  value  and 
select  lists,  122-181. 

South,  and  western  trade,  399 ;  antebellum 
whites,  421 ;  compared  with  North  (1861), 
462;  development  since  1877,  536.  —  See 
also  Civil  war,  Confederate  States,  Re 
construction,  Secession,  Slavery,  and 
states  by  name. 

South  America.  —  See  La  tin- Am. 

South  Carolina,  hists.,  84,  85;  records  and 
statutes,  146;  hist,  soc.,  162;  settlement, 
264;  conditions  (1760),  295;  western 
claim,  312,  330;  Ga.  boundary,  337; 
ratification,  341;  nullification,  415; 
negro  seamen  acts,  427;  secession,  466; 
and  Ft.  Sumter,  468,  470 ;  reconstruction, 
490;  overthrow  of  carpetbag  govt.,  514. 
—  See  also  Carolina,  Colonies,  South, 
States. 

South  Carolina  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

South  Dakota,  hists.,  65;  records,  146; 
hist,  soc.,  162:  admission,  530.  —  See 
also  Dakota,  Northwest,  States. 

South  Dakota  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  44. 

South  of  the  Ohio,  territory,  375. 

Southampton,  L.  I.,  history,  78. 

Southern  Cal.  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  159. 

Southern  Educ.  Board,  Bulletin,  537. 

Southern  Hist.  Assoc.,  pubs.,  158. 

Southey,  R.,  Eng.  Seamen,  256. 

Southold,  L.  L,  history,  79;   records,  143. 

Southwest,  development,  533.  —  See  also 
Far  West. 

Sowell,  A.  J.,  Texas  Rangers,  506. 

Spafford,  H.  G.,  Pocket  Guide,  56 ;  Gazetteer 
ofN.Y.,77. 


Spahr,  C.  B.,  Present  Distribution  of  Wealth 
561. 

Spain,  Am.  discoveries  and  conquests,  244- 
251 ;  Eng.  assaults  on  colon,  policy,  256; 
in  Am.  Rev.,  305;  intrigue  in  West,  332; 
relations  with  Confederation,  335  ;  treaty 
(1795),  354;  convention  (1802),  363; 
Am.  war  54Q-  —  Seealso  Florida,  Latin- 
America,  Louisiana. 

Spalding,  A.  G.,  Am.  National  Game,  583. 

Spalding,  H.  H.,  Missionaries,  436. 

Spangenberg,  A.  G.,  Diary,  321. 

Spanish-America.  —  See  Latin- America. 

Spanish-American  war,  549. 

Spanish  Armada,  257. 

Spanish  Dipl.  Corresp.,  550. 

Sparks,  E.  E.,  Topical  Ref.  Lists,  32;  U.  S., 
41 ;  Expansion,  61 ;  Lincoln-Douglas 
Debates,  179 ;  Men  who  made  Nation,  341 ; 
National  Development,  500. 

Sparks,  F.  C.,  Appendix,  70. 

Sparks,  Jared,  Arnold,  103;  Franklin,  108; 
Chas.  Lee,  112;  Morris,  114;  biog  ,  118; 
Washington,  120;  Dipl.  Corresp.,  157; 
ed.  of  Franklin's  Works,  165  ;  of  Washing 
ton's  Writings,  167. 

Sparks,  W.  H.,  Memories,  175. 

Sparling,  S.  E.,Mtmic.  History  of  Chicago, 411 . 

Spear,  ,S.  T.,  Extradition,  410. 

Spearman,  F.  H.,  Strategy  of  Great  Railroads, 
505. 

Spears,  J.  R.,  Our  Navy,  61 ;  Am.  Mer 
chant  Marine,  400. 

Specie  circular,  418. 

Speculation,  (1832-36),  419;  in  gold,  498; 
Wall  Street,  517;  activity  (1892),  539. 
—  See  also  Finances,  Panics. 

Spedden,  E.  L.,  Trade  Union  Label,  568. 

Speeches,  collections,  176-180. 

Speed,  Thos.,  Wilderness  Road,  320; 
Union  Cause  in  Ky.,  470. 

Speer,  W.,  Great  Revival,  377. 

Speirs,  F.  W.,  Street  Ry.,  402. 

Spelling,  T.  C.,  Injunctions,  568. 

Spelman,  H.,  Relation  of  Va.,  259. 

Spence,  Jas.,  Am.  Union,  411. 

Spencer,  D.  E.,  Local  Govt.  in  Wis.,  411. 

Spencer;  Ed.,  T.  F.  Bayard,  515. 

Spicer,  Jacob,  Grants,  142. 

Spooner  amendment  on  Philippines,  551. 

Spotswood,  Alex.,  in  Va.,  261 ;  Letters,  261 ; 
as  frontier  builder,  319. 

Sprague,  O.  M.  W.,  Crises,  61. 

Sprague,  W.  B.,  Annals,  407. 

Spring,  L.  W.,  Kansas,  68;  Mark  Hopkins, 
393- 

Spurr,  J.  E.,  Yukon  Diggings,  548. 

Squier,  E.  G.,  Ancient  Monuments,  240. 

Staatsarchiv,  481. 

Stage  travel,  399,  505. 

"Stalwarts,"  520. 

Stamp  act,  295. 

Stamp  Act  Congress,  295 ;   Resolves,  297. 

Standard  Oil,  trust,  523,  560;   case,  561. 

Stanford,  Leland,  railroad  builder,  504. 

Stanhope,  Earl,  Pitt,  116. 

Stanley,  H.  M.,  Early  Travels.  507. 

Stanton,  E.  M.,  biogs.,  118;  as  sec.  of  war, 
483- 


SNOW  — STROBRIDGE  ' 


641 


Stanton,  H.  B.,  Recollections,  175. 

Stanton,  S.  B.,  Behring  Sea,  544. 

Stanwood,  Ed.,  Tariff  Controversies,  61 ; 
Presidency,  61 ;  Elaine,  104. 

Staples,  W.  R.,  Providence,  84;  Doc.  Hist. 
of  Gaspee,  300;  R.  I.  in  Continental 
Cong.,  342. 

Stapleton,  A.  G.,  Canning,  105. 

Starbuck,  Alex.,  Whale  Fishery,  400. 

Stark,  Caleb,  /.  Stark,  118. 

Stark,  John,  biog.,  118. 

Slate  Papers  upon  Purchase  of  La.,  69. 

State  sovereignty,  under  Continental  Con 
gress,  313. —  See  also  Federal  constitution. 

Staten  Island,  history,  79. 

States,  indexes  of  pubs.,  32,  33;  general 
bibls.,  62;  collections  of  constitutions, 
131 ;  early  digests  and  decisions,  150, 
151;  lists  and  dates  of  admission,  205, 
206,  375,  409,  483,  489,  502,  530,  534, 
572;  organization,  303;  first  constitu 
tions,  313;  under  Confederation,  337; 
assumption  of  debts,  348 ;  development 
of  govt.  (1820-60),  409;  finances  (1845- 
49),  443;  govt.  reform,  572.  —  See  also 
Government,  Union,  and  states  by  name. 

Statesman's  Year  Book,  39. 

Statistical  Abstract,  318. 

Statistics  — See  Bureau. 

Statutes,    Brit.,    130;     Brit.,    relating    to 

colonies,  131;   of  individual  states,  132- 

•^  150 ;  indexes  of  federal,  152  ;  federal,  153. 

Statutes  at  Large,  153. 

Steam  navigation,  influence  on  West,  375; 
development,  379.  —  See  also  Shipping. 

Stearns,  Chas.,  H.  B.  Brown,  450. 

Stearns,  E.  S.,  Rindge,  75. 

Stebbing,  W.,  Ralegh,  256. 

Stedman,  Chas.,  Am.  War,  302.     . 

Stedman,  E.  C.,  Library  of  Am.  Literature, 
179;  poems  illustrative  of  Am.  history, 
189;  Poets  of  Am.,  393. 

Steedman,  C.  J.,  ~ 
503- 

Steele,  M.  F.,  Am.  Campaigns,  550. 

Steele,  O.  G.,  Western  Guide  Book,  56. 

Steevens,  G.  W.,  Land  of  the  Dollar,  101. 

Steffens,  Lincoln,  Shame  of  Cities,  574. 

Steiner,  B.C.,  Guilford,  65  ;  Descriptions  of 
Md.,  70;  McHenry,  113;  Beginnings  of 
Md.,  262;  Slavery  in  Conn.,  328;  Md.'s 
Adoption  of  Const.,  342;  Higher  Educ. 
in  Conn.,  393. 

Steiner,  E.  A.,  Immigrant  Tide,  528; 
Trail  of  Immigrant,  528. 

Stephen,  Jas.,  War  in  Disguise,  370. 

Stephens,  A.  H.,  War  between  the  States,  44; 
biogs.,  118;  as  vice  president  of  Con 
federate  States,  472. 

Stephens,  F.  F.,  Transitional  Period,  347. 

Stephens,  H.  B.,  Carrier,  250. 

Stephens,  J.  L.,  Travel,  242. 

Stephens,  L.  G.,  Letters  from  an  Ore.  Ranch, 

Stephenson,  G.  T.,  Race  Distinctions,  490. 
Sterns,  W.  P.,  Foreign  Trade,  400. 
Steuben,  Wm.  von,  biog.,  118. 
Stevens,  Chas.  Ellis,  Sources  of  Const.,  297. 
Stevens,  Chas.  Emery,  Anthony  Burns,  450- 


Bucking  the  Sage  Brush, 


Stevens,  F.  E.,  Black  Hawk  War,  420. 

Stevens,  Hazard,  /.  I.  Stevens,  118. 

Stevens,  Henry,  Franklin's  Life  and  Writ 
ings,  165  ;  Hist,  and  Geog.  Notes,  239. 

Stevens,  Horace,  Looters  of  Public  Domain, 
578. 

Stevens,  I.  I.,  biog.,  118. 

Stevens,  J.  A.,  Gallatin,  108. 

Stevens,  L.  T.,  Cape  May  County,  76. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus,  biog.,  118;  and  recon 
struction,  489. 

Stevens,  W.  B.,  Georgia,  67. 

Stevenson,  A.  E.,  Something  of  Men,  523. 

Stevenson,  E.  L.,  Portolan  Charts,  51 ; 
Maps  illus.  Early  Discovery,  51. 

Stewart,  A.  T.,  and  retail  trade,  406. 

Stewart,  Alvan,  Writings,  422. 

Stewart,  W.  M.,  Reminiscences,  494; 
Silver,  542. 

Stickney,  A.  B.,  Ry.  Problem,  513. 

Stickney,  Albert,  State  Control  of  Trade,  513. 

Stickney,  J.  S.,  Pioneer  Indianapolis,  376. 

Stiles,  H.  R.,  Windsor,  65;  Brooklyn,  77. 

Still,  Wm.,  Underground  Railroad,  428. 

Stille,  C.  J.,  Dickinson,  107;  Wayne,  120; 
Beaumarchais,  308;  How  a  Free  People 
conduct  a  War,  479;  Sanitary  Com.,  485. 

Stilz,  W.,  Ry.  Cooperation,  524. 

Stimson,  A.  L.,  Express  Cos.,  405. 

Stimson,  F.  ].,Law  of  Constitutions,  344; 
Am.  Constitution,  344;  Handbook  to 
Labor  Laws,  524;  Labor  in  Relation  to 
Law,  524. 

Stirling,  Earl  of.—  See  Alexander  (Wm.). 

Stirling,  Jas.,  Letters,  101. 

Stith,  Wm.,  Virginia,  88. 

Stoddard,  Amos,  Sketches  of  La.,  69. 

Stoddard,  W.  O.,  Garfield,  108;  Monroe, 
114 ;  Men  of  Business,  407. 

Stone,  A.  H.,  Miss. 's  Constitution,  490;  Race 
Problems,  496. 

Stone,  F.  D.,  Pa.  and  Fed.  Const.,  145; 
Plans  for  Union,  312. 

Stone,  W.  L.,  New  York,  78;  Wyoming,  83; 
Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  in;  Reports,  143; 
Campaign  of  Burgoyne,  306 ;  Brant,  306. 

Stone,  Wm.,  in  Md.,  263. 

Stone  River,  battle,  475. 

Storey,  Moorfield,  Sumner,  119;  E.  R. 
Hoar,  511;  Blaine's  Record,  511;  De 
pendencies,  553. 

Story,  Jos.,  biog.,  118;  Writings,  167; 
Commentaries,  304 ;  Conflict  of  Laws,  411. 

Story,  W.  W.,  /.  Story,  118. 

Stoughton,  John,  Penn,  116. 

Stovall,  P.  A.,  Toombs,  119. 

Stowe,  H.  B.,  hist,  novels,  188. 

Strachey,  W.,  Travail  into  Va.,  257. 

Strahorn,  Mrs.  C.  H.,  15,000  Miles  by  Stage, 

Strahorn,  R.  E.,  Handbook  of  Wy.,  503. 
Straus,  O.  S.,  R.  Williams,  121. 
Streeter,  S.  F.,  Maryland,  263. 
Streeter,  T.  W.,  Bennington,  306. 
Streightoff,  F.  H.,  Standard  of  Living,  583. 
Strickland,  W.  P.,  Asbury,  377. 
Strikes.  —  See  Labor. 
Strobel,  P.  A.,  Salzburgers,  265. 
Strobridge,  I.  M.,  Miners'  Mirage  Land,  534. 


642 


INDEX 


Strong,  Josiah,  Expansion.  553. 

Strong,  M.  M.,  Ter.  of  Wis.,  89. 

Strong,  W.  B.,  railroad  builder,  533. 

Stryker,  W.  S.,  Trenton  and  Princeton,  305. 

Stuart,  Granville,  Montana,  503. 

Stuart,  Jas.,  Three  Years,  101 ;  Refutation 
of  Aspersions,  101. 

Studer,  J.  H.,  Columbus,  81. 

Studies  in  Philanthropy,  583. 

Sturges  v.  Crowninshield,  381. 

Sturgis,  Wm.,  Oregon  Question,  438. 

Stuve,  Bernard,  Illinois,  67. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  "biog.,  118;  in  New 
Neth.,  266. 

Subdivisions  of  Am.  history,  12-14. 

Suffolk  Co.,  Mass.,  records,  139.  —  See  also 
Boston. 

Suffrage,  colon.,  325;  conditions  (1820-60), 
409 ;  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  amend 
ments,  489,  495  ;  Australian  ballot,  521 ; 
disfranchisement  of  negroes,  536.  —  See 
also  Government. 

Sugar,  trust  and  scandal,  560,  561. 

Sullivan,  J.  W.,  Direct  Legislation,  574. 

Sullivan,  Jas.,  Maine,  70;   biog.,  118. 

Sullivan,  John,  biogs.,  118,  329;  expedition, 
3°5  • 

Sullivan,  M.  K.,  Alaska,  548. 

Sullivan,  W.  J.  L.,  Twelve  Years  in  the 
Saddle,  535. 

Sullivan,  Wm.,  Familiar  Letters,  175. 

Sullivan  and  Cromwell,  Docs,  relative  to  a 
Trans-Isthmian  Canal,  527. 

Summerhayes,  Martha,  Vanished  Arizona, 
507- 

Summers,  L.  P.,  Southwest  Va.,  320. 

Sumner,  Chas.,  biogs.,  118,  119;  Works, 
167;  in  Senate,  447;  assault  on,  456; 
and  foreign  relations,  480;  reconstruc 
tion  theory,  489;  Lamar's  oration,  495; 
and  Alabama  claims,  500. 

Sumner,  H.  L.,  Labor  Problems,  524. 

Sumner,  W.  G.,  Hamilton,  109;  Jackson, 
in ;  Financier,  115 ;  Am.  Currency,  334; 
Conquest  of  U.  S.  by  Spain,  553. 

Sumter,  Fort,  episode,  468,  470. 

Superintendent  of  Documents,  Table  and 
Index,  37 ;  Cat.  of  Public  Docs.,  37 ; 
Monthly  Cat.,  37;  Price  Lists,  548. 

Supreme  court,  reports,  154,  155;  digests, 
156;  organization,  346;  great  const, 
decisions,  381;  Dred  Scott  case,  458; 
and  arbitrary  govt.,  483;  and  recon 
struction,  490,  495  ;  legal  tender  decisions, 
498;  Granger  decisions,  512,  523; 
income  tax  decision,  539 ;  Insular  cases, 
552;  interpretation  of  interstate  com 
merce  and  antitrust  laws,  560,  567; 
Debs  case,  567.  —  See  also  Judiciary. 

Surface,  G.  T.,  Geog.  of  Va.,  320. 

Surplus  revenue,  early  periods,  419;  dis 
tribution  (1836),  419;  problem  and  in 
creased  appropriations  (1882-90),  520, 
522,  539.  —  See  also  Finances. 

Survey,  569. 

Susquehanna  Company, -319. 

Susquehannah  Title  Stated,  271. 

Sutcliff,  Robt.,  Travels,  101. 

Sutcliffe,  A.  C.,  Robt.  Fulton,  401. 


Sutton,  R.,  Report  of  Convention,  136. 

Suttpn,  Mass.,  history,  72. 

Swain,  G.  F.,  Water-Power,  400. 

Swain,  H.  H.,  R.  R.  Receiverships,  513. 

Swain,  J.  B.,  Clay,  106. 

Swan,  J.  G.,  Northwest  Coast,  88. 

Swank,  J.  M.,  Progressive  Pa.,  83;    Iron, 

292. 

Swayze,  F.  J.,  Regulation  of  Ry.  Rates,  564. 
Swedish  settlements  on  Delaware,  269. 
Swift,  E.,  Graduates  of  West  Point  in  Indian 

Wars,  506. 

Swift,  F.  H.,  School  Funds,  393. 
Swift,  H.  W.,  Mass.  Digest,  151. 
Swift,  Lindsay,  Franklin,  108 ;  Brook  Farm, 

406. 

Sydow,  Emil  von,  N.  Am.  (map),  50. 
Syllabi,  12—14. 
Symmes  purchase,  332. 

TAFT,  LORADO,  Am.  Sculpture,  394. 

Taft,  W.  H.,  Addresses,  167  ;  in  Philippines, 
551;  provisional  govt.  in  Cuba,  552; 
Special  Report  on  Philippines,  553; 
Philippines,  554;  Four  Aspects  of  Civic 
Duty,  554;  Present  Day  Problems,  554; 
on  internal,  peace,  555;  trust  prosecu 
tions,  561;  and  tariff,  570;  election, 
572;'  legislative  program,  572;  Pol  it. 
Issues,  575;  and  conservation,  577. 

Tailfer,  Pat.,  Narrative  ofGa.,  265. 

Talbot,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  Armstrong,  496. 

Talbot,  Ethelbert,  My  People,  532. 

Tall,  L.  L.,  Bibl.  of  History,  30. 

Tallack,  Wm.,  Friendly  Sketches,  101. 

Tallent,  A.  D.,  Black  Hills,  503. 

Tallmadge,  Benj.,  Memoir,  307. 

Tallmadge,  Jas.,  Mo.  compromise,  385. 

Taney,  R.  B.,  biog.,  119;  chief  justice, 
412;  removal  of  deposits,  417. 

Tanner,  E.  P.,  Province  of  N.  J.,  268. 

Tanner,  H.  S.,  Am..  Traveller,  56;  Central 
Traveller,  56;  View  of  Central  U.  S., 
56;  Canals  and  R.  Rs.,  404. 

Tappan,  Arthur,  biog.,  395. 

Tappan,  Lewis,  A.  Tappan,  395. 

Tarbell,  I.  M.,  Lincoln,  377:  Tariff,  499; 
Standard  Oil,  518. 

Tarbox,  I.  N.,  Ralegh,  257. 

Tariff,  Townshend  acts,  298;  under  Con 
federation,  337;  first  fed.  act,  348; 
later  increases,  348;  home  market 
argument,  375;  development  of  pro 
tection  (1812-20),  379;  act  of  1824, 
388;  of  1828,  388:  Harrisburg  Conven 
tion,  388;  and  nullification,  415;  com 
promise  of  1833,  416;  Tyler's  vetoes 
and  act  of  1842,  430;  act  of  1846,  443; 
of  1857,  459;  Civil  war  acts,  478;  post- 
bellum  acts,  498,  510;  commission  (1882), 
520;  actof  1883,520;  Cleveland's  message, 
522;  Mills  bill  (1888),  522;  as  issue 
(1888),  522;  McKinley  act  (1800), 
539;  Democratic  "pop-gun"  bills,  539; 
Wilson-Gorman  act  (1894),  539;  Dingley 
act  (1897),  540;  with  dependencies,  552; 
maximum  and  minimum  negotiations, 
555.  57o;  continuance  of  Diagley  act, 
570;  basis  of  demand  for  revision,  570; 


.STRONG  —  THOMPSON 


643 


Payne-Aldrich  act  (1909),  570;  board, 
570;  public  discontent,  570.  —  See  also 
Reciprocity,  Taxation. 

Tarleton,  Banastre,  Campaigns,  309. 

Taswell-Langmead,  T.  P.,  Eng.  Const.  Hist., 
324- 

Taussig,  F.  W.,  Topics,  32;  Tariff  History, 
61 ;  State  Papers,  179;  Silver  Situation, 
516;  Iron  Industry,  532;  Treasury  in 
1894-96;  540;  Reciprocity^  540;  Eco 
nomics,  561 ;  other  tariff  articles,  570. 

Taxation,  contest  in  colon.  Pa.,  271; 
single-tax  movement,  523. — See  also 
Finances,  Internal  revenue,  Tariff. 

Taylor,  F.  W.,  Scientific  Management,  579; 
Shop  Management,  579. 

Taylor,  H.  C.,  Econ.  Problems  in  Agri.  by 
Irrigation,  578. 

Taylor,  Hannis,  Eng.  Constitution,  279. 

Taylor,  J.  H.,  Frontier  and  Indian  Life,  507  ; 
Kaleidoscopic  Lives,  507. 

Taylor,  J.  W.,  Ohio,  81. 

Taylor,  John,  Letters,  371 ;  Construction 
Construed,  382;  New  View,  411. 

Taylor,  R.  C.,  Coal,  403. 

Taylor,  Rich.,  Destruction,  477. 

Taylor,  T.  E.,  Running  Blockade,  477. 

Taylor,  W.  B.,  Henry  and  Telegraph,  402. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  biog.,  119;  in  Mex.  war, 
441 ;  Letters,  443 ;  election,  445 ;  and 
Southern  Whigs,  445;  and  compro 
mise,  447;  death,  447. 

Teachers'  College  Record,  article  on  hist, 
methods,  21. 

Teaching,  training  and  function  of  teachers, 
23 ;  use  of  libraries,  191-197 ;  class 
exercises  and  tests,  198-215;  reading, 
216-221;  lectures,  222-227;  written 
work,  228-235. 

Teggart,  F.  J.,  Notes  to  Lewis  and  Clark,  366. 

Telegraph,  development,  399;  Atlantic 
cable,  399. 

Tello  Mendozo,  R.,  Venezuela,  556. 

Temperance  movement,  (1820—60),  391 ; 
Prohibition  party,  522;  present  condi 
tions,  582. 

Temperley,  H.  W.  V.,  Canning,  105; 
Latin-Am.  Policy  of  Canning,  387. 

Temple,  Geo.,  Am.  Tourist's  Companion, 
56. 

Ten  Brook,  Andrew,  Am.  State  Universi 
ties,  393. 

Tennessee,  hists.,  85  ;  records  and  statutes, 
147;  hist,  soc.,  162;  settlement,  319, 
33i,  332;  State  of  Franklin,  337;  Ter. 
South  of  the  Ohio,  375  ;  admission,  375 ; 
secession,  470;  milit.  govt.,  489;  Demo 
crats  regain  control,  495.  —  See  also 
South,  States,  West. 

Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  incident,  561. 

Tennessee  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Tenure  of  Office  act,  489;   repeal,  521. 

Ternaux-Compans,  H.,  Voyages,  245. 

Territories,  Organic  Acts,  46;  ordinances 
under  Confederation,  330;  slavery  ques 
tion  under  Confederation,  335  ;  organ,  of 
La.  purchase,  365;  list  and  dates  of 
formation,  375,  409,  502,  533;  Mo. 
compromise  on  slavery,  385;  govt., 


409;  Wilmot  proviso,  445;  theories  of 
control,  445 ;  compromise  of  1850,  447 ; 
Kan. -Neb.  act,  452;  slavery  and 
Dred  Scott  decision,  458;  slavery  abol 
ished  in,  486.  —  See  also  Dependencies. 

Territory,  European  claims,  236,  255;  by 
treaty  of  1783,  310,  316;  state  claims 
and  cessions,  312,  330,  353;  Indian 
cessions,  319,  354,  375,  419.—  See  also 
Annexations,  Boundaries,  Geography, 
Public  lands,  Territories. 

Terry,  B.,  HeimstattenrGesetz-Bewegung, 
508. 

Terry,  S.  H.,  Retailer's  Manual,  408. 

Texas,  bibl.,  85;  hists.,  85,  86;  records 
and  statutes,  147;  hist,  soc.,  162; 
and  La.  purchase,  365;  admission,  409; 
settlement  and  independence,  433 ;  an 
nex.,  439 ;  act  of  1850, 447  ;  secession,  466 ; 
reconstruction,  495;  Democrats  regain 
control,  495 ;  growth,  534.  —  See  also 
South,  Southwest,  States. 

Texas  Hist.  Assoc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Texas  v.  White,  490. 

Textbooks,  character,  3;  list,  13,  14; 
use,  199. 

Textor,  L.  E.,  Official  Relations  with  Sioux, 
506. 

Thacher,  J.  B.,  Columbus,  244. 

Thacher,  Jas.,  Journal,  175;  Plymouth, 
274. 

Thackery,  W.  M.,  hist,  novel,  188. 

Thayer,  Eli,  Kansas  Crusade,  455. 

Thayer,  J.  B.,  Marshall,  114;  Cases,  179; 
Legal  Tender,  499. 

Thayer,  W.  M.,  New  West,  533. 

Thayer,  Walter,  Transp.  on  Gt.  Lakes,  532. 

Thesis  system,  232-234. 

Thevet,  Andre,  France  Antarctique,  250. 

Things  as  They  Are,  91. 

Thirteenth  amendment,  486,  489. 

Thomas,  C.,  N.  Am.  Archaology,  240. 

Thomas,  D.  Y.,  Milit.  Govt.,  446;  Southern 
Non-Slaveholders,  460. 

Thomas,  E.  S.,  Reminiscences,  175. 

Thomas,  F.  W.,  Randolph,  117. 

Thomas,  G.  H.,  biogs.,  119. 

Thomas  Gabriel,  Pensilvania,  83;  West- 
New-Jersey,  269. 

Thomas,  IsaiaTi,  Printing,  126. 

Thomas,  J.  J.,  Fruit  Cullurist,  403. 

Thomas,  Jos.,  Diet,  of  Biog.,  40. 

Thomas,  T.  P.,  Govt.  of  Baltimore,  411. 

Thomas,  W.  H.,  Am.  Negro,  537. 

Thomas,  W.  I.,  Source  Book,  243. 

Thompson,  B.  F.,  Long  Island,  78. 

Thompson,  C.  M.,  Admin,  of  Ford,  401. 

Thompson,  C.  W.,  Movement  of  Wheat- 
Growing,  531. 

Thompson,  D.  P.,  hist,  novel,  188. 

Thompson,  David,  journals,  93. 

Thompson,  F.  M.,  Complete  Guide,  503. 

Thompson,  F.  M.,  Greenfield,  72. 

Thompson,  Geo.,  Eng.  abolitionist,  423. 

Thompson,  Geo.,  Prison  Life,  425. 

Thompson,  H.  C.,  China  and  Powers,  558. 

Thompson,  J.  G.,  Wheat  Growing,  400. 

Thompson,  J.  W.,  Bibl.  upon  leaching 
History,  15. 


644 


INDEX 


Thompson,  L.  A.,  Manual,  134. 
Thompson,  Maurice,  Louisiana,  70. 
Thompson,  R.  W.,  Recollections,  175. 
Thomson,  P.  G.,  Bibl.  of  Ohio,  79;    Cat. 

of  Books  relating  to  Ohio,  79. 
Thornton,  J.  Q.,  Ore.  and  Cat.,  81. 
Thornton,  J.  W.,  Pulpit  of  Am.  Rev.,  179. 
Thorpe,  F.  N.,  Const.  Hist,  of  Am.  People, 

44;     Const.   Hist,   of   U.   S.,   44;    Am. 

People,  44;    Constitutions  and  Charters, 

131 ;  Recent  Const.  Making,  531. 
Three  Years  on  the  Kansas  Border,  93. 
Thruston,  G.  P.,  Tenn.  Antiquities,  242. 
Thurston,  R.  H.,  Fulton,  108. 
Thwaites,  R.  G.,  Colonies,  41;    Wisconsin, 

89 ;    Early  Western  Travels,  go ;    Jesuit 

Relations,  go;    ed.  of  Lewis  and  Clark, 

97;    Boone,  104;    France  in  Am.,  252; 

Rev.  on  Upper  Ohio,  307;    How  Clark 

won   Northwest,    307 ;    Dunmore's    War, 

323 ;   Lead  Mining,  400. 
Thwing,  C.  F.,  Higher  Educ.,  393;    Educ. 

since  Civil  War,  584. 
Ticknor,  Geo.,  Prescott,  116. 
Ticonderoga,  capture,  (i759>,  289;    (1775), 

301. 
Tiedeman,  C.  G.,   Unwritten  Constitution, 

464. 

Tiernan,  M.  F.  S.,  hist,  novel,  188. 
Tiffany,  Francis,  D.  L.  Dix,  107. 
Tiffany,  Joel,  Treatise  on  Govt.,  344. 
Tiffany,  N.  M.,  hist,  novels,  188. 
Tiffany,  O.  E.,  Canadian  Rebellion,  429. 
Tilden,   S.   J.,   biog.,    119;    Writings   and 

Speeches,  167;    Letters,  494;    election  of 

1876,  514. 

Tillinghast,  J.  A.,  Negro,  496. 
Timber  and  Stone  act,  508. 
Timber  Culture  act,  508;  repeal,  576. 
Tipple,  E.  S.,  Asbury's  Journal,  378. 
Titherington,  R.  H.,  Span.-Am.  War,  61. 
Tobacco,   culture,    398;     trust,   560,    561. 

—  See  also  Agriculture. 
Tocqueville,  Alexis  de,  Democracy,  316. 
Todd,  C.  B.,  New  York,  78. 
Toleration  act  in  Md.,  263. 
Tolman,  W.  H.,  Handbook  of  Sociological 

Information,  525  ;  Social  Engineering,  567. 
Tompkins,  D.  B.,  Public  Papers,  373. 
Tompkins,  H.  B.,  Bibl.    Jejfersonia,   in; 

Burr  Bibl.,  368. 
Toombs,  Robt.,  biog.,  119. 
Topeka,  history,  68. 
Topical  outlines,  31,  32. 
Topical    system    of    written    work,    229; 

subjects,  230;    composition,  231. 
Topics  in   Am.  history,  works  containing 

lists,  12-14. 

Toppan,  R.  N.,  Randolph,  285. 
Torfams,  Thormodus,  Hist.  Vinlandia,  243. 
Tourgee,  A.  W.,  hist,  novels,  188,  497. 
Tower,  Charlemagne,  La  Fayette,  112. 
Tower,  W.  S.,  Am.  Whale  Fishery,  400. 
Town    government.  —  See    Local    govern 
ment. 

Townsend,  E.  D.,  Anecdotes,  477. 
Townsend,  G.  A.,  N  on-Combatant,  477. 
Townshend  acts,  298. 
Tracy,  F.  B.,  Canada,  372. 


Tracy,  H.  A.,  Sutton,  72. 

Trans-Missouri  Freight  Assoc.  case,  560. 

Transportation.  —  See  Commerce. 

Transylvania  Company,  319. 

Travel,  use  of  books  on,  89;  bibl.  and 
criticisms,  89;  collections,  90;  select 
list,  90-102;  conditions  (1820-60),  399; 
overland  stage,  505.  —  See  also  Commerce. 

Travis,  I.  D.,  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty,  452. 

Treasury,  independent,  first  act  and  repeal, 
428;  revived,  443. — See  also  Finances. 

Treat,  P.  J.,  Land  System,  61. 

Treaties,  collections,  51,  52;  affecting 
European  claims  to  N.  Am.,  237;  St. 
Germain  (1632),  251;  Utrecht  (1713), 
251;  Paris  (1763),  289;  French  alliance 
(1778),  308;  Paris  (1783),  310;  Ft. 
Stanwix  (1768),  319;  Jay  (1794),  3545 
Escutial  (i795),  354;  various  Indian, 
354;  La.  purchase  (1803),  365;  Ghent 
(1814),  372;  Eng.  commercial  and 
fishery  (1815, 1818),  379;  Spanish  (1819), 
383;  Quintuple  (1841),  427;  Ash- 
burton  (1842),  427,  437;  on  Oregon 
boundary  (1846),  437;  Guadaloupe 
Hidalgo  (1848),  442;  New  Granada 
(1846),  451;  Clayton-Bulwer  (1850), 
451;  Washington  (1871),  500;  Paris 
(1898),  549;  Hay-Pauncefote  (1901), 
554;  Panama  (1903),  554;  Hague  con 
ference,  555;  Chinese,  557;  Portsmouth 
(1905),  557.  —  See  also  Foreign  relations. 

Trego,  C.  B.,  Geog.  of  Pa.,  320. 

Tremain,  Mary,  Slavery  in  D.  C.,  353. 

Trent,  W.  P.,  R.  E.  Lee,  112;  Am.  Litera 
ture,  393;  Southern  Statesmen,  416; 
Dominant  Forces,  536.;  Tendencies  of 
Higher  Life,  536. 

Treat  affair,  480. 

Trenton,  battle,  304;   history,  306. 

Trescot,  W.  H.,  Dip},  of  Rev.,  308;  Dipl. 
Hist,  under  Washington,  354;  Narrative 
of  Negotiations,  469;  Reconstruction  in 
S.  C.,  494- 

Trevelyan,  G.  O.,  Am.  Revolution,  61. 

Trinity  Col.  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  161. 

Tripolitan  war,  363. 

Trist,  N.  P.,  Mex.  mission,  442. 

Trollope,  Anthony,  North  America,  101. 

Trollope,  F.  M.,  Domestic  Manners,  101. 

Trott,  Nich.,  Laws  of  Brit.  Plantations,  131 ; 
LawsofS.C.,  146. 

Troup,  G.  M.,  biog.,  121. 

Trowbridge,  J.  T.,  hist,  novel,  188;  South, 
494. 

Trowbridge,  John,  Morse,  115. 

Truck  gardening  in  South,  536. 

True,  F.  W.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  392. 

True  and  Impartial  State  of  Pa.,  271. 

True  Declaration  of  Va.,  259. 

True  Relation  concerning  N.  Eng.,  279. 

Trumbull,  Benj.,  Conn.,  65. 

Trumbull,  J.  H.,  Books  printed  in  Conn., 
64;  Hartford  Co.,  65;  Blue  Laws,  283; 
Hist.  Notes,  394. 

Trumbull,  John,  Autobiog.,  175. 

Trusts,  early,  523;  antitrust  act,  523; 
rise,  560;  decisions  limiting  scope  of 
antitrust  act,  560;  special,  560,  561; 


THOMPSON  —  VEBLEN 


645 


state  regulation,  561 ;  investigations  and 
prosecutions,  561 ;  attitude  toward  fed. 
regulation,  561. — See  also  Economic 
conditions,  Interstate  commerce. 

Tryon  Co.,  N.  Y.,  history,  79. 

Tucker,  G.  F.,  Monroe  Doctrine,  387; 
Internal.  Law,  481 ;  Income  Tax,  541. 

Tucker,  G.  M.,  Am.  Agri.  Periodicals,  377. 

Tucker,  Geo.,  U.  S.,  44;   Jefferson,  in. 

Tucker,  H.  St.  G.,  Const.  Law,  314. 

Tucker,  J.  R.,  Constitution,  344. 

Tucker,  St.  G.,  hist,  novel,  188;  Black- 
stone's  Commentaries,  345. 

Tucker,  Samuel,  biog.,  119. 

Tuckerman,  Bayard,  Lafayette,  112;  Stuy- 
vesant,  118. 

Tuckerman,  H.  T.,  America,  89. 

Tuckerman,  Jos.,  and  the  poor,  397. 

Tudor,  Wm.,  Otis,  115. 

Tullidge,  E.  W.,  Salt  Lake  City,  461. 

Tunell,  G.  G.,  Ry.  Mail  Service,  402; 
Statis.  of  Lake  Commerce,  518;  Transp. 
on  Gt.  Lakes,  518;  Flour  and  Grain 
Traffic,  518;  Second  Income  Tax,  540. 

Turner,  F.  J.,  Old  West,  319;  Western 
Stale-Making,  321;  Significance  of 
Frontier,  332  ;  Genet's  Attack  on  La.,  355  ; 
Policy  of  France,  355;  Dipl.  Contest  for 
Miss.  Valley,  355  ;  New  West,  375  ;  Pio 
neer  Ideals,  377;  Middle  West,  508; 
Problem  of  West,  541 ;  Social  Forces  in 
Am.  History,  573;  Contributions  of  West, 

Turner,  O.,  Holland  Purchase,  77;  Phelps 
and  Gorham's  Purchase,  78. 

Turot,  Henri,  Aguinaldo,  553. 

Tuttle,  C.  R.,  Ind.,  68;    Wis.,  89. 

Tuttle,  D.  S.,  Reminiscences,  503. 

Tutuila,  annexation,  551. 

Twain,  Mark.  —  See  Clemens  (S.  L.). 

Tweed  Ring,  510. 

Twentieth  Century  Biog.  Diet.,  38. 

Twichell,  J.  H.,  J.  Winthrop,  121. 

Twining,  Thos.,  Travels,  101. 

Twiss,  Travers,  Oregon  Ter.,  438;  Law  of 
Nations,  481. 

Twitchell,  R.  E.,  New  Mexico,  76. 

Twitchell,  W.  I.,  Pathfinder,  18. 

Tyler,  John,  biog.,  119;  admin.,  bank  and 
tariff  vetoes,  430;  northeastern  bound 
ary,  437;  Texas,  439;  and  election 
of  1844,  439. 

Tyler,  L.  G.,  Tylers,  119;  England  in  Am., 
256;  Parties  and  Patronage,  410;  Habeas 
Corpus,  484. 

Tyler,  M.  C.,  Am.  Lit.  during  Colon.  Times, 

•  61;  Lit.  Hist,  of  Am.  Revolution,  61; 
Henry,  no. 

Tyler,  Samuel,  Taney,  119. 

Tyson,  P.  T.,  Geol.  of  Cal.,  432. 

ULMANN,  ALBEPT,  Landmark  History,  267. 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  449. 

Underground  railroad,  426,  449. 

Underbill,  John,  N  ewes  from  Am.,  282. 

Union,  N.  Ens.  Confederation,  283 ;  Albany 
Congress,  289 ;  Stamp  Act  Congress,  295  ; 
first  Continental  Congress,  298;  Associa 
tion,  298 ;  committees  of  correspondence, 


301;  summary  of  early  efforts,  311; 
state  sovereignty  under  Continental 
Congress,  313. —  See  also  Confederation, 
Dependencies,  Federal  constitution,  Re 
construction,  Secession,  Territories. 

Union  leagues,  49?. 

Union  party,  483. 

United  Netherland  Co.,  266. 

United  States. — Bureaus,  departments, etc., 
will  be  found  under  these  words. 

United  States  Brewers'  Assoc.,  Year  Book, 
583- 

United  Slates  Catalog,  33. 

United  States  Reports,  155. 

United  States  Steel  Corporation,  560; 
investigation,  563. 

United  States  v.  Peters,  381. 

Updike,  Wilkins,  Episcopal  Church  in 
Narragansett,  84. 

Upham,  C.  W.,  Pickering,  116;  Witchcraft, 
287. 

Upham,  W.  P.,  Salem  Records,  139. 

Upham,  Warren,  Verendrye,  432. 

Upshur,  A.  P.,  Fed.  Govt.,  411. 

Upton,  Emory,  biog.,  119. 

Upton,  J.  K.,  Money  in  Politics,  499. 

Utah,  hists.,  86;  records,  148;  territory, 
409,  447;  admission,  534. —  See  also  Far 
West,  Mormons,  States. 

Utrecht,  treaty,  251,  288. 

VALENTINE,  D.  T.,  New  York,  78. 

Vallandigham,  C.  L.,  biog.,  119;  Record, 
167;  and  secession  compromise,  468; 
milit.  trial,  483. 

Vallandigham,  J.  L.,  C.  L.  Vallandigham, 
119. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  biogs.,  119,  429; 
Polit.  Parlies,  352;  Calendar  of  Papers, 
414;  admin.,  428;  defeat  (1840),  430; 
campaign  of  1844,  440;  Bancroft  Corresp., 
441 ;  campaign  of  1848,  445. 

Vancouver,  Geo.,  Discovery,  101;  voyage, 
43i- 

Vandalia,  319. 

Vanderbilt,  G.  L.,  Flatbush,  77. 

Van  Dyke,  Henry,  Am.  Spirit,  582. 

Van  Dyke,  J.  C.,  Am.  Art,  61 ;  Desert,  432. 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  biog.,  119;  in  Mass.,  280. 

Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  Conservation,  48;  Con 
centration  and  Control,  562. 

Van  Home,  T.  B.,  Gen.  Thomas,  119. 

Van  Oss.,  S.  F.,  Am.  Railroads  as  Invest 
ments,  513. 

Van  Santvoord,  C.,  E.  Nott,  393. 

Van  Santvoord,  Geo.,  Chief  Justices,  335. 

Van  Schaack,  H.  C.,  P.  Van  Schaack,  119. 

Van  Schaack,  Peter,  biog.,  119. 

Van  Tramp,  J.  C.,  Prairie  and  Rocky  Ml. 
Adventures,  503. 

Van  Tyne,  C.  H.,  U.  S.  for  Schools,  13; 
Am.  Revolution,  296;  Loyalists,  311. 

Varigny,  C.  V.  C.  de,  Women  of  U.  S.,  583. 

Varney,  G.  J.,  Maine,  70. 

Varnhagen,  F.  A.  de,  Nouvelles  Recherches, 
246. 

Varnum,  J.  M.,  Trevett  against  Weeden,  338. 

Vaughn,  Robt.,  Then  and  Now,  503. 

Veblen,-T.  B.,  Price  of  Wheat,  513. 


646 


INDEX 


Veech,  Jas.,  Monongahela,  83;  Mason  and 
Dixon's  Line,  270. 

Veiller,  L.,  Tenement  Problem,  583. 

Velasquez,  Diego,  conquers  Cuba,  247. 

Venable,  W.  H.,  Buckeye  Boyhood,  396. 

Venezuela- Guiana  boundary,  543. 

Verein  fUr  Socialpolitik,  Schriften,  518. 

Verendrye  family,  exploration,  431;  jour 
nals,  433. 

Vergennes,  Comte  de,  Memoire  Hist.,  254. 

Vermont,  bibl.,  86;  hists.,  86;  records  and 
statutes,  148;  hist,  soc.,  162;  emancipa 
tion  in,  335 ;  movement  for  statehood, 
337;  admission,  375. —  See  also  New 
England,  States. 

Vermont  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Vernon,  Thos.,  Diary,  175. 

Verrazano,  Giovanni  da,  voyage,  249. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  246. 

Viallate,  Achille,  Etats-Unis  et  le  Canal,  544- 

Vicksburg,  capture,  475. 

Victor,  F.  A.,  Eleven  Years,  503;  River  of 
the  West,  503. 

Victor,  F.  F.,  Atlantis  Arisen,  533. 

Victor,  O.  J.,  Gen.  Scott,  117. 

Vignaud,  Henry,  Toscanelli  and  Columbus, 
244. 

Vigne,  G.  T.,  Six  Months,  101. 

Viles,  Jonas,  Mo.  before  1804,  376. 

Villard,  Henry,  Memoirs,  519. 

Villard,  O.  G.,  John  Brown,  104. 

Villiers  du  Terrage,  Marc  de,  Louisiane 
Frdnqaise,  69. 

Vilmorin,  H.  L.,  Agriculture,  531. 

Vincent,  Francis,  Delaware,  269. 

Vining,  E.  P.,  Inglorious  Columbus,  243. 

Vinland,  243. 

Violette,  E.  M.,  Early  Mo.,  376. 

Virginia,  bibl.,  86;  hists.,  86-88;  records 
and  statutes,  148;  early  decisions,  151; 
hist,  soc.,  162;  Ralegh's  colony,  257; 
charters,  settlement,  and  early  years, 
258,259;  first  assembly,  259;  beginning 
of  slavery,  259;  charter  annulled  ,259; 
development  (1624-89),  260;  Bacon's 
rebellion,  260;  provincial  (1689-1760), 
261;  and  Quakers,  284;  conditions 
(1760),  294;  resolves  (1769),  298; 
(1773),  298;  and  independence,  303; 
western  claim,  312,  330;  first  constitu 
tion,  313;  settlement  of  western,  319; 
Pa.  boundary,  332;  milit.  lands,  332; 
ratification,  341;  secession,  470;  re 
construction,  495;  Democrats  regain 
control,  495;  "readjusters,"  536;  debt 
controversy,  555. —  See  also  Colonies, 
South,  States. 

Virginia  and  Maryland,  263. 

Virginia  Company,  records,  260;  and 
Pilgrims,  274. 

Virginia  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Virginia  Military  Tract,  375. 

Virginia  resolutions,  360. 

Virginia  State  Library,  Bibl.  of  Colon.  Va., 
86. 

Virginius  incident,  500. 

Virtue,  G.  O.,  Anthracite  Combinations,  565. 

Visit  to  Texas,  91. 

Vivian,  T.  J.,  Resources  of  Cal.,  547. 


Vizcaino,  Sebastian,  voyage,  431. 

Vogt,  P.  L.,  Sugar-Refining  Industry,  563. 

Von  Hoist.—  See  Hoist. 

Voyage  to  Sagadahoc,  272, 

Voyages. — See  Discovery. 

Vries,  D.  P.  de,  Korte  Historiael,  267. 

Vrooman,  C.  S.,  Am.  Ry.  Problems,  564. 

WABASH  DECISION,  523. 

Wachovia,  N.  C.,  history,  79. 

Waddell,  J.  A.,  Augusta  County,  88. 

Wade,  B.  F.,  biog.,  119;  in  Senate,  447. 

Wade-Davis  bill,  489. 

Wages.  —  See  Cost  of  living,  Labor. 

Wagner,  Chas.,  Impressions  of  America,  582. 

Wait,  T.  B.,  State  Papers,  254. 

Wakarusa  war,  454. 

Wakeman,  H.  O.,  C.  J.  Fox,  108. 

Waldseemiiller,      Martin,      246;       Cosmo- 

graphie  Introductio,  247;   map,  247. 
Walker,  A.  H.,  Sherman  Law,  524;  Standard 

Oil  and  Tobacco  Cases,  562. 
Walker,  C.  M.,  Athens  County,  81. 
Walker,  C.  S.,  Farmer's  Movement,  541. 
Walker,  F.  A.,  Making  of  the  Nation,  40; 

Hancock,    no;     Indian    Question,    506; 

Internal.  Bimetallism,  540. 
Walker,  Felix,  Autobiog.,  322. 
Walker,  G.  L.,  T.  Hooker,  no. 
Walker,  J.  B.,  N.  H.  Convention,  342. 
Walker,  R.  J.,  and  tariff,  443;   in  Kansas, 

454- 

Walker,  T.  A.,  Internal.  Law,  544. 
Walker,  Thos.,  exploration,  319. 
Walker,  Tim.,  Am.  Law,  411. 
Walker,  W.,  Congregationalism,  273. 
Walker,  Wm.,  filibustering,  451. 
Wall  Street,  517;   groups,  560. 
Wallace,  Henry,  Trusts,  562. 
Wallace,  J.  W.,  Cases,  155;   Wm.  Bradford, 

305- 

Wallace,  John,  Carpet  Bag  Rule  in  Fla.,  66. 
Wallace,  Lewis,  hist,  novel,  189. 
Walpole,  Horace,  Letters,  296;   Memoirs  of 

George  III,  308. 
Walton,  J.  S.,  Weiser,  320. 
Wansey,  Henry,  Journal,  101. 
War  of  1812,  371 ;   opposition,  374. 
War  of  the  Rebellion,  Official  Records,  467. 
Ward,  G.  W.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 

389. 

Ward,  J.  H.,  Bishop  White,  120. 
Ward,  Natl.,  Simple  Cobbler,  279. 
Ward,  Townsend,  Insurrection,  357. 
Warden,  D.  B.,  Slatis.  Account,  56. 
Warden,  R.  B.,  Chase,  105;   Douglas,  107. 
Ware,  J.  E.,  Emigrant's  Guide,  436. 
Warfield,  E.  D.,  Ky.'s  Struggle,  338;  Ky. 

Resolutions,  360. 
Warne,  F.  J.,  Slav  Invasion,  529. 
Warner,   A.   G.,   Cooperation,   512;   R.    R. 

Problems,  513. 

Warner,  Alan,  Real  Roosevelt,  575. 
Warner,   C.   D.,  Studies  in  the  South  and 

West,    101 ;     Irving,    no;     Capt.    John 

Smith,    118;    On  Horseback,   538;    Our 

Italy,  547. 

Warner,  Seth,  biog.,  306. 
Warner,  N.  H.,  history,  75- 


VEECH  — WEST 


647 


Warren,  Chas.,  Am.  Bar,  61 ;  Harvard 
Law  School,  393. 

Warren,  Ed.,  /.  Warren,  iig. 

Warren,  J.  P.,  Confederation  and  Shays 
Rebellion,  338. 

Warren,  John,  biog.,  119. 

Warren,  Jos.,  biog.,  119;  Massacre  oration, 
300. 

Warren,  Josiah,  biog.,  407. 

Warren,  Mercy,  Revolution,  296. 

Washburn,  Emory,  Judicial  History.  279. 

Washburn,  Israel,  Northern  Boundary,  437. 

Washburne,  E.  B.,  Edwards  Papers,  377. 

Washington,  B.  T.,  Story  of  Negro,  318; 
Douglass,  422;  Up  from  Slavery,  496; 
Future  of  Am.  Negro,  496 ;  Negro  Problem, 
496;  Negro  in  the  South,  496;  Working 
with  Hands,  538 ;  Tuskegee,  538. 

Washington,  Geo.,  biogs.,  120;  Calendar 
of  MSS.,  167;  Calendar  of  Corres p.,  167; 
Writings,  167;  Letters  to  Friends,  167; 
Letters  to  Tobias  Lear,  168;  Irvine 
Corresp.,  168;  Wills,  168;  Letters  to, 
168;  Corresp.  of  Rev.,  168;  Journal,  175; 
Itinerary,  175;  4/ter  /Ae  Revolution,  176; 
at  Ft.  Necessity,  289;  commands  army', 
301 ;  in  Revolution  (see  American 
Revolution);  and  western  lands,  323; 
Crawford  Corresp.,  323;  administrations, 
346-358;  farewell  address,  358. 

Washington,  H.  A.,  ed.  of  Jefferson's 
Writings,  165. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  capture,  372.  —  See  also 
Capital,  District  of  Columbia. 

Washington,  State  of,  bibl.,  88;  hists., 
88;  statutes,  149;  hist,  soc.,  162; 
territory,  409;  admission,  530.  —  See  also 
Far  West,  Oregon  country,  Pacific  coast, 
States. 

Washington  Co.,  Pa.,  history,  82. 

Washington  High  Schools,  Course  of  Study, 

Washington,  treaty  of,  500. 

Washington  Univ.  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Wassenaer,  N.  J.  de,  Historic,  267. 

Waterbury,  Maria,  Freedmen,  496. 

Waterhouse,  Benj.,  Oregon,  82. 

Waterpower,  combinations,  561 ;  question, 
577- 

Waters,  T.  F.,  Ipswich,  72. 

Watertown,  Mass.,  Records,  139. 

Waterways,  improvement  of  harbors  (1820- 
60),  398;  coastwise  trade  (1820-60),  398; 
river  and  lake  commerce  (1820-60), 
375,  398;  canals  (1820-60),  398;  river 
and  harbor  bills,  388,  398,  520,  522; 
development  of  commerce  of  Great 
Lakes,  517,  530;  deep  waterways  con 
ventions,  530,  576;  reclamation  move 
ment,  conservation  act,  577.  —  See  also 
Commerce,  Internal  improvements. 

Watkins,  J.  E.,  Am.  Rail,  402. 

Watkins,  R.,  Digest,  134. 

Watson,  D.  K.,  Am.  Coinage,  516. 

Watson,  Elkanah,  Memoirs,  101. 

Watson,  J.  F.,  Annals  of  New  York,  78; 
Annals  of  Philadelphia,  83. 

Watson,  P.  B.,  Pre-Columbian  Bibl.,  244. 

Watson,  R.  G.,  South  America,  247. 


Watson,  T.  E.,  Je/erson,  in. 

Watts,  M.  S.,  hist,  novel,  189. 

Wayland,  Francis,  biog.,  393. 

Wayland,  J.  W.,  Ger.  Element,  320. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  biogs.,  120,  310;  Indian 
war,  354. 

Weale,  B.  L.  P.,  Reshaping  of  Far  East,  558; 
Truce  in  East,  558. 

Wealth. —.See  Capital. 

Weare,  C.  E.,  Cabot's  Discovery,  255. 

Weatherford,  W.  D.,  Negro  Life,  537. 

Weaver;  C.  C.,  Internal  Improvements  in 
N.  C.,  401. 

Weaver,  J.  B.,  Call  to  Action,  542. 

Webb,  S.  B.,  Corresp.,  176.     ' 

Webb.  W.  S.,  Col.  and  Alaska,  533- 

Weber,  A.  F.,  Growth  of  Cities,  392. 

Webster,  Daniel,  biogs.,  120;  Letters,  168; 
Works,  1 68;  Corresp.,  168;  reminiscences 
of,  172;  Hayne  debate,  415;  Calhoun 
debate,  416;  and  Tyler,  430;  Ash- 
burton  treaty,  437;  and  compromise 
(1850),  447. 

Webster,  H.  J.,  Harrison's  Admin,  of  Ind. 
Ter.,  376. 

Webster,  Noah,  biog.,  120;  Essays,  168; 
Am.  Policy,  337. 

Webster,  Pelatiah,  Polit.  Union,  337. 

Webster,  W.  C.,  Commerce,  400. 

Weed,  Thurlow,  biog.,  120;   Autobiog.,  176. 

Weeden,  W.  B.,  New  Eng.,  6t ;  R.  I.,  84; 
Representation,  278;  War  Govl.,  484. 

Weeks,  J.  D.,  Coke,  400;  Glass,  400. 

Weeks,  L.  H.,  Provincial  Press,  126. 

Weeks,  S.  B.,  Bibl.  of  N.  C.,  79;  Church 
and  State  in  N.  C.,  321;  Relig.  Develop 
ment  in  N.  C.,  327;  Southern  Quakers 
and  Slavery,  328;  Jos.  Martin,  332; 
Beginnings  of  Schools  in  S.  C.,  393; 
Negro  Suffrage,  490. 

Weems,  M.  L.,  Washington,  120. 

Weik,  J.  W.,  Lincoln,  112. 

Weir,  H.  C.,  Conquest  of  Isthmus,  555. 

Weiser,  Conrad,  biog.,  320. 

Weiss,  John,  Parker,  115. 

Welby,  Adlard,  Visit  to  N.  Am.,  101. 

Weld,  Isaac,  Travels,  101. 

Welde,  Thos.,  Short  Story,  280. 

Wellcome,  H.  S.,  Metlakahtla,  548. 

Weller,  D.,  Sullivan's  Campaign,  307. 

Welles,  Gideon,  Diary,  176;  Lincoln  and 
Seward,  482. 

Welling,  J.  C.,  Addresses,  362. 

Wells,  D.  A.,  Merchant  Marine,  357; 
Reports  of  Revenue  Com.,  500;  Recent 
Finan.  Experiences,  500;  Recent  Econ. 
Changes,  531. 

Wells,  H.  G.,  Future  in  Am.,  101. 

Wells,  W.  V.,  S.  Adams,  103. 

Welsh,  M.  J.,  Recollections,  378. 

Wendell,  Barrett,  Lit.  Hist,  of  Am.,  61 ; 
Cotton  Mather,  114;  Liberty,  Union, 
and  Democracy,  583. 

Wentworth,  John,  Reminiscences,  176. 

Wessagusset,  settlement,  276. 

West,  importance  of  settlement,  6;  settle 
ment  of  Shenandoah  Valley,  261 ;  in 
Am.  Rev.,  304 ;  state  claims  and  cessions, 
312,  330,  353;  development  under  Eng., 


648 


INDEX 


318;  settlement  (1775-89),  331;  colon, 
contest  with  coast,  319;  Span,  intrigue, 
332;  movement  for  new  states,  337; 
frontier  posts  question,  330,  334 ;  Indian 
wars  and  foreign  relations  (1780-98),  354; 
Span,  treaty  (i?95),  354 ;  purchase  of  La., 
365;  Burr  conspiracy,  367;  settlement 
(1789-1820),  375;  Yazoo  grants,  375; 
pioneer  society  and  ideals,  375  ;'  sectional 
rivalry  for  trade,  399;  Granger  move 
ment,  512;  later  agri.  discontent,  523, 
539.  —  See  also  Far  West,  Northwest, 
Pacific  coast,  Southwest,  Territories. 

West  Florida,  claim  and  occupation,  365. 

West  Indies,  Am.  trade,  335,  379,  388. 
See  also  islands  by  name. 

West  Virginia,  bibl.,  88;  hist.,  88;  records, 
149;  hist,  soc.,  162;  admission,  483; 
abolishes  slavery,  486.  —  See  also  South, 
States. 

West  Virginia  Dept.  of  Archives,  Report,  88. 

West  Virginia  Hist.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 

Westcott,  Thompson,  Philadelphia,  83. 

Westerly,  R.  I.,  history,  293. 

Western  Federation  of  Miners,  566. 

Western  Reserve,  353,  375. 

Westminster  Confession,  273. 

Weston,  G.  M.,  Slavery,  463. 

Weston,  P.  C.  J.,  Docs.  ofS.  C.,  146. 

Weston,  Thos.,  settlement,  276. 

Weston,  Mass.,  records,  139. 

Weyl,  W.  E.,  New  Democracy,  573- 

Weymouth,  Geo.,  voyage,  258. 

Wharton,  Francis,  Rev.  Dipl.  Corresp.,  157; 
Digest,  308;  State  Trials,  358. 

Wheat,  culture,  398 ;  new  regions  and  roller 
flour  mills,  530.  —  See  also  Agriculture. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  Pinkney,  116;  Reports, 
155- 

Wheeler,  B.  I.,  Unterricht  und  Demokratie 
in  Am.,  584. 

Wheeler,  E.  P.,  Supreme  Court,  347. 

Wheeler,  H.  G.,  Hist,  of  Congress,  176. 

Wheeler,  J.  H.,  Hist.  Sketches  of  N.  C.,  79; 
Reminiscences  of  N.  C.,  79. 

Wheeler,  Jos.,  Santiago  Campaign,  551. 

Wheeler,  O.  D.,  Wonderland,  533. 

Wheeler  survey,  47. 

Whelpley,  J.  B.,  Problem  of  Immigrant, 
528;  Nation  as  Land  Owner,  578. 

Whig  party,  origin,  412;  breach  with 
Tyler,  430;  split  on  slavery,  447; 
breaking  up,  456.  —  See  also  Elections, 
Politics. 

Whipple,  H.  B.,  Long  Episcopate,  507. 

Whiskey  rebellion,  357. 

Whiskey  trust,  560. 

Whitaker,  Epher,  Southold,  79. 

Whitcomb,  S.  L.,  Chronol.  Outlines,  183. 

White,  A.  D.,  Autobiog.,  176. 

White,  Andrew,  Relatio  Jtineris,  262. 

White,  Anna,  Shakcrism,  406. 

White,  Bouck,  Daniel  Drew,  519. 

White,  E.  E.,  Service  on  Indian  Reserva 
tions,  507. 

White,  G.  S.,  Slater,  357. 

White,  Geo.,  Georgia,  295. 

White,  H.  K.,  U.  P.  R.  R.,  505. 

White,  H.  L.,  Memoif,  429. 


White,  Horace,  Money  and  Banking,  349. 

White,  J.  M.,  Collection  of  Laws,  136. 

White,  John,  colony,  257. 

White,  John,  Planter's  Plea,  277. 

White,  P.  A.,  biog.,  532. 

White,  R.   G.,  Poetry  of  Civil  War,  477; 

New  Gospel  of  Peace,  485. 
White,  W.  A.,  hist,  novels,  189;    Kansas, 
542 ;    Typical  Kansas  Community,  542  ; 
Old  Order  Changeth,  573. 
White,  Wm.,  biog.,  120. 
Whitefield,  Geo.,  Journal,  101. 
Whitehead,  John,  New  Jersey,  268. 
Whitehead,    W.    A.,    Perth    Amboy,    76; 
East  Jersey,   76;    Contributions   to  East 
Jersey  History,  268. 
Whitelock,  Wm.,  Jay,  in. 
Whitford,  N.  E.,  Canal  System,  401. 
Whiting,  Wm.,  War  Powers,  425. 
Whitman,  Marcus,  in  Oregon,  434;    "sav 
ing  Oregon"  controversy,  434. 
Whitmore,  W.  H.,  Bibl.  Sketch  of  Laws,  138. 
Whitney,  E.  L.,  Govt.  of  S.  C.,  265. 
Whitney,  Eli,  Corresp.,  353. 
Whitney,  J.  D.,  U.S.,  48;  Report  on  Cop 
per  Lands,  403;    Metallic   Wealth,    403; 
Geol.  of  Cal.,  432. 

Whitney,  L.  G.,  Burning  of  Convent,  397. 
Whitney,  O.  F.,  Utah,  86. 
Whitten,  R.  H.,  Admin,  of  Mass.,  410. 
Whittier,  J.  G.,  biogs.,  120;    poems  illus 
trative  of  Am.  history,  189;   abolitionist, 
423. 

Whittlesey,  Chas.,  Cleveland,  8j. 
Who's  Who,  40. 
Wickersham,  G.  W.,  Recent  Interpretations 

of  Sherman  Act,  563. 

Wickes,  Stephen,  Medicine  in  N.  J.,  294. 
Widney,  J.  P.,  Cal.  of  South,  547- 
Widtsoe,  J.  A.,  Dry  Farming,  579. 
Wilcox,  A.  J.,  Fed.  Govt.  and  Slavery,  450. 
Wilcox,   D.   F.,   City  Govt.,   424;     Munic. 
Franchises,  564;    Govt.  by  all  the  People, 
574;   Am.  Cities,  583. 
Wild,  Ebenezer,  Journal,  303. 
Wilder,  D.  W.,  Annals  of  Kan.,  68. 
Wilderness,  battle,  475. 
Wildman,  Edwin,  Aguinaldo,  553. 
Wildman,  M.  S.,  Money  Inflation,  540. 
Wilgus,  H.  L.,  U.  S.  Steel  Corporation,  563. 
Wilhelm,  L.  W.,  Local  Institutions  in  Md., 

326. 

Wilkes,  Geo.,  Oregon,  82. 
Wilkeson,  Frank,  Recollections,  477. 
Wilkins,  M.  E.,  hist,  novels,  189. 
Wilkinson,  Jas.,  Memoirs,  176;    and  Span. 

intrigue,  336,  337. 
Wilkinson,  John,  Narrative,  477. 
Willard,  Emma,  biog.,  393. 
Willard,  J.  F.,  Tramping  with  Tramps,  569. 
Willcox,  W.  F.,  Distribution  of  Immigrants, 

528. 

William  and  Mary  College,  261. 
Williams,  A.  M.,  Sam  Houston,  no. 
Williams,  Edwin,  Statesman's  Manual,  180. 
Williams,  F.  W.,  China,  558. 
Williams,  G.  F.,  Mass.  Citations,  151. 
Williams,  G.  W.,  Negro  Race,  62;    Negro 
Troops,  463. 


WEST   FLORIDA  — WOOLEY 


649 


Williams,  Corner,  Liverpool  Privateers,  373. 

Williams,!.  F.,  Bibl.  of  Minn.,  73;  Saint 
Paul,  73- 

Williams,  J.  L.,  Ter.  of  Fla.,  66. 

Williams,  Jas.,  South  Vindicated,  463; 
Model  Republic,  463. 

Williams,  O.  H.,  Narrative,  309. 

Williams,  R.  D.,  P.  A.  White,  532. 

Williams,  R.  H.,  Border  Ruffians,  506. 

Williams,  Roger,  biogs.,  120,  121 ;  in  Mass., 
and  R.  I.,  280. 

Williams,  S.  W.,  China,  558;  Middle 
Kingdom,  558 ;  Life  and  Letters,  559. 

Williams,  Samuel,  Vermont,  86. 

Williams,  Thos.,  biog.,  429. 

Williamson,  Hugh,  North  Carolina,  79. 

Williamson,  Jos.,  Bibl.  of  Maine,  70. 

Williamson,  Passmore,  case,  449. 

Williamson,  W.  B.,  Maine,  70. 

Willis,  B.,  Appalachians,  48. 

Willis,  H.  P.,  Reciprocity,  518;  Philippine 
Problem,  552;  Tariff  of  IQOQ,  570. 

Willis,  N.  P.,  Hurry-Graphs,  396. 

Willis,  Wm.,  Portland,  283. 

Williston,  E.  B.,  Eloquence,  343. 

Williston,  Samuel,  Semi-Arid  Kan.,  541. 

Willoughby,  W.  F.,  Territories  and  De 
pendencies,  552;  Integration  of  Industry, 

Willoughby,  W.  W.,  Const.  Law,  318;  Am. 
Const.  System,  344;  Supreme  Court,  347. 

Willsey,  J.  H.,  Harper's  Book  of  Facts,  40. 

Willson,  Beckles,  Wolfe,  121;  Great  Com 
pany,  252. 

Wllmer,  R.  H.,  Recent  Past,  494. 

Wilmot  proviso,  445. 

Wilson,  Adelaide,  Savannah,  67. 

Wilson,  C.  H.,  Wanderer  in  Am.,  101. 

Wilson,  D.,  Lost  Atlantis,  243. 

Wilson,  D.  L.,  Ku  Klux,  496. 

Wilson,  F.  T.,  Federal  Aid,  491. 

Wilson,  G.  G.,  Inter  rial.. Law,  481. 

Wilson,  H.  M.,  Irrig.  Engineering,  581. 

Wilson,  H.  W.,  Downfall  'of  Spain,  550. 

Wilson,  Henry,  Stanton,  118;   Slave  Power, 

Wilson,  J.  G.,  Appletons'  Cyclop,  of  Am. 

Biog.,  40;    New  York,  78;    Grant,  109; 

Grant's  Letters,  521. 
Wilson,   J.    H.,   Grant,    109;     Dana,   394; 

Far  East,  558. 

Wilson,  T.  R.,  Oregon  Question,  438. 
Wilson,  Jas.,  Works,  168. 
Wilson,  Peter,  Acts  of  N.  J.,  142. 
Wilson,  S.  T.,  Southern  Mountaineer,  377. 
Wilson,  W.  B.,  Pa.  R.  R.  Co.,  402. 
Wilson,  Woodrow,  Division  and  Reunion, 

41;  Am.  People,  44;  State,  325;  Making 

of  the  Nation,  541;    biog.,  574;    Const. 

Govt.,  576;   Civic  Problems,  576. 
Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  act,  539. 
Windham  Co.,  Conn.,  history,  65. 
Windom  report,  512. 
Windsor,  Conn.,  history,  65. 
Wines,  E.  C.,  State  of  Prisons,  395;  Report 

on  Prisons,  397. 
Wines,  F.  H.,  Punishment,  395. 
Wingfield,  E.  M.,  Discourse,  259. 
Winser,  H.  J.,  Great  Northwest,  56. 


Winship,  G.  P.,  Sailors'  Narratives,  go; 
Coronado  Expedition,  241 ;  Cabot  Bibl., 

Winslow,  Ed.,  Hypocrisy  Unmasked,  281. 
Winsor,    Justin,    Reader's    Handbook,    31; 

America,  44;    Cartier  to  Frontenac,  62; 

Miss.   Basin,   62;     Westward  Movement, 

62;    Boston,   71;   Columbus,  106;   Index 

to  Hist.  Fiction,  184 ;  Kohl  Collection,  240 ; 

Bibl.  of  Ptolemy,  240. 
Winter,  W.  H.,  Route  across  Rocky  Mts., 

436. 

Winter,  Wm.,  Jejfersons,  394. 
Winthrop,  John,  New  England,  168,  277; 

Life  and  Letters,  165;    life  and  services, 

277  ;   and  Vane,  280. 
Winthrop,  Margaret,  biog.,  277. 
Winthrop,     R.     C.,     /.     Winthrop,     121; 

Addresses,  168;   biog.,  442;  speaker,  445. 
Winthrop,  R.  C.,  Jr.,  R.  C.  Winthrop,  442. 
Winthrop,  Theo..  hist,  novel,  189. 
Wirt,    Wm.,    Henry,     no;     biog.,     121; 

Arguments  in  Trial  of  Burr,  368. 
Wisconsin,    hists.,    88,    89;     records    and 

statutes,    149;     hist,    socs.,    162,    163; 

territory,  409 ;   admission,  409.  —  See  also 

Northwest,  States,  West. 
Wisconsin  Academy,  pubs.,  162. 
Wisconsin  Hist.   Soc.,  Cat.  of  Newspaper 

Files,  126;   pubs.,  163. 
Wise,  B.  H.,  H.  A.  Wise,  410. 
Wise,  H.  A.,  Seven  Decades,   176;    biog., 

410. 

Wise,  J.  S.,  End  of  an  Era,  474. 
Wister,    Owen,    Grant,    109;     hist,    novel, 

189;  Cow  Puncher,  534. 
Witchcraft  delusion,  287. 
Withers,  A.  S.,  Border  Warfare,  88. 
Witherspoon,  John,  Works,  168. 
Wolcott,  Oliver,  in  cabinet,  361. 
Wolfe,  Jas.,  biog.,  121 ;   Quebec,  289. 
Wollaston,  Capt.,  settlement,  276. 
Woman,    rights,    391,    582;     labor,    405, 

-523,  536,  568. 

Wood,  C.  J.,  Reminiscences,  176. 
Wood,  Leonard,  in  Cuba,  551. 
Wood,  Silas,  First  Settlement  of  Towns  on 

Long  Island,  78. 

Wood,  Stanley,  Over  the  Range,  533. 
Wood,  W.  B.,  Civil  War,  475- 
Wood,  W.  C.  H.,  Fight  for  Canada,  289. 
Wood,  Wm.,  N.  Eng.  Prospect,  278. 
Woodberry,  G.  E.,  America  in  Literature, 

Woodburn,  J.  A.,  Am.  Politics,  62;  Am. 
Orations,  178;  Am.  Republic,  344;  Am. 
Polit.  History,  351;  Mo.  Compromise, 
385  ;  Stevens  and  Civil  War,  484. 

Woodbury,  Levi,  Writings,  168. 

Woodruff,  C.  R.,  City  Govt.  by  Commission, 

Woods,  H.  F.,  Brookline,  71. 

Woods,  John,  Two  Years'  Residence,  101. 

Woods,  R.  A.,  Americans  in  Progress,  529; 
City  Wilderness,  529. 

Woodward,  W.  E.,  Records  of  Salem  Witch 
craft,  287. 

Wooldridge,  John,  Nashville,  85. 

Wooley,  E.  C.,  Reconstruction  in  Ga.,  491. 


650 


INDEX 


Wooley,  J.  G.,  Temperance,  394. 
Woollen,  Evans,  Labor  Troubles,  406. 
Woolman,  John,  Journal,  176. 
Woolsey,  S.  C.,  Philadelphia,  83. 
Woolsey,  T.  D.,  Internal.  Law,  481. 
Woolsey,  T.  S.,  Am.  For.  Policy,  526. 
Wooten,  D.  G.,  Texas,  85. 
Worcester,  D.  C.,  Philippine  Islands,  552. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  records,  139. 
Worcester  Soc.  of  Antiq.,  pubs.,  160. 
Worcester  v.  Georgia,  381,  419. 
Works  of  statesmen,  list,  163-168. 
Worley,  J.  L.,  Eng.  and  Texas,  440. 
Wormeley,  K.,  Other  Side  of  War,  485. 
Wormley  agreement,  514. 
Worth,  Jon.,  Carres  p.,  494. 
Worth,  Nich.  —  See  Page  (W.  H.). 
Wortley,  Lady  E.  S.,  Travels,  102. 
Wright,    C.    D.,   Practical  Sociology,   318; 

Indus.  Evolution,  400;    Factory  System, 

400 ;   Labour  Organisations,  568. 
Wright,  C.  W.,  Wool-Growing,  389. 
Wright,  Frances,  Views  of  Society,  102. 
Wright,  G.  F.,  Ice  Age,  240;  Finney,  394. 
Wright,  H.  M.,  Handbook  of  Philippines, 

552. 

Wright,  J.  H.,  History  of  all  Nations,  42. 
Wright,  M.  J.,  Gen.  Scott,  117. 
Wright,  R.  R.,  Negro  Educ.  in  Ga.,  496. 
Wright,  Rpbt.,  Oglethorpe,  115;    Wolfe,  289. 
Wright,  Silas,  bipg.,  121. 
Wright,  Wm.,  Big  Bonanza,  504. 
Writings  on  Am.  Hist.,  34. 
Writs  of  Assistance,  295. 
Wiirtemberg,  Herzog  von,  Reise,  102. 
Wyandotte  Convention,  454. 
Wyatt,  T.,  Memoirs  of  Generals,  299 
Wyckoff,  W.  C.,  5*7*," 400. 
Wyer,  J.  I.,  Bibl.  of  Study  of  History,  16. 
Wyer,  J.  L,  Jr.,  U;S.  Does.,  35. 
Wyeth,  N.  J.,  Corresp.  and  Journals,  102; 

Memoir,  436. 
Wyman,   Bruce,   Control  of  Market,    562; 

Public  Service  Corporations,  564;   Law  of 

R.R.   Rate    Regulation,    564;     Cases    on 

Restraint  of  Trade,  565. 
Wyoming,  hists.,  89;   records,  150;   mining 

rush,  502;    territory,  502 ;    cattle,  530; 

admission,    530.  —  See   also    Far   West, 

States. 


Wyoming,  Pa.,  histories,  82,  83;   massacre, 

305- 

Wyoming  Hist.  Geol.  Soc.,  pubs.,  162. 
Wyse,  Francis,  America,  102. 
Wyse,  L.  N.  B.,  Rapports,  527 ;    Canal  de 

Panama,  527. 

X.  Y.  Z.  EPISODE,  358. 

YALE  TODD  CASE,  381. 

Yale  University,  Morals  in  Modern  Busi 
ness,  561. 

Yancey,  W.  L.,  biogs.,  121. 

Yates,  J.  V.  N.,  New  York,  77. 

Yates,  Robt.,  notes  in  Fed.  Convention, 
340. 

Yazoo  lands,  332,  353,  354,  375;  case, 
381. 

Yesterday  and  To-day,  505. 

Yoakum,  Henderson,  Texas,  86. 

Yonge,  Francis,  Proceedings  ofS.  C.,  264. 

York,  James,  duke  of,  Duke  of  Yorke's 
Laws,  145,  267;  grants,  267. 

York  Deeds,  137. 

Yorktown,  campaign  (1781),  309. 

Young,  Alex.,  Chronicles  of  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
274;  Chronicles  of  Mass.,  274. 

Young,  Ed.,  Customs-Tariff  Legis.,  349. 

Young,  F.  ,C-,  Across  the  Plains,  503. 

Young,  F.  G.,  Corresp.  of  Wyeth,  102;  Ore 
gon  Trail,  435;  Columbia  River  Improve 
ment,  546. 

Young,  J.  R.,  Around  the  World  -with  Grant, 
492: 

Young,  J.  S.,  Cumberland  Road,  380. 

Youngblood,  C.  L.,  Ten  Years  on  the  Plains, 
503. 

Younghusband,  G.  J.,  Philippines,  552. 

Youngman,  Anna,  Great  Am.  Fortunes,  407; 
Modern  Combination,  561. 

Yucatan,  Cordoba's  voyage,  247;  proposed 
annex  (1848),  451. 

Yung  Wing,  Life,  559. 

ZAVALA,  LORENZO  DE,  Viage  a  los  Estados- 

Unidos,  102. 

Zeisberger,  David,  Diary,  176. 
Zeni  brothers,  story,  243. 
Zeno,  Nicolo,  Voyages,  244. 
Zueblin,  Chas.,  Am.  Munic.  Progress,  583. 


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Brigham  :  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History    ....  1.25 
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States,  1765-1860 2.75 

Cannon  :   Reading  References  for  English  History 2.50 

Channing  and  Hart :  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History    .  2.00 

Davidson  :  Reference  History  of  the  United  States 80 

Dyer:  Machiavelli  and  the  Modern  State net  i.oo 

Getchell:   Study  of  Mediaeval  History  by  the  Library  Method      .  .50 
Handbooks  on  the  History  of  Religions 

Hopkins  :  Religions  of  India 2.00 

Jastrow  :  Religion  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria 3.00 

Saussaye  :  Religion  of  the  Teutons 2.50 

Keller :  Colonization 3.00 

^Mace  :  Method  in  History i.oo 

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Richardson,  Ford,  and  Durfee :    Syllabus  of  Continental  Euro 
pean  History 75 

Riggs  :  Studies  in  United  States  History 60 

Robinson:  Readings  in  European  History 

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Volume  II 1.50 

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Robinson  and  Beard  :   Readings  in  Modern  European  History 

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